1. Mirella Servodidio and Marcia L. Welles, eds., From Fiction to Meta Fiction: Essays in Honor of Carmen Martín Gaite (Lincoln, Nebr.: Society of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies, 1983). See also Joan Lipman Brown, Secrets from the Back Room: The Fiction of Carmen Martín Gaite (University of Mississippi: Romance Monographs, 1987). Carmen Martín Gaite, The Back Room , trans. Helen R. Lane (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).

2. Carmen Martín Gaite, El proceso de Macanaz. Historia de un empapelamiento (Madrid: Moneda y crédito, 1970; reprinted as Macanaz como otro paciente de la Inquisición , Madrid: Taurus, 1975).

3. Carmen Martín Gaite, El cuento de nunca acabar 2d ed. (Madrid: Trieste, 1983).

1. Manuel Antonio Ramírez y Góongora, The Escort Seen Through a Magnifying Glass (Córdoba, 1774), 35—37.

2. Abbé de Vayrac, Present State of Affairs in Spain (Amsterdam, 1718), 1:56.

3. Ramón de la Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays (Madrid, 1843), 414.

4. María Rosa Gálvez de Cabrera, "Literary Figureheads," Complete Works (Madrid, 1804), 1:307.

5. One can find the original meaning of cortejo in some works of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For example: Bretón de los Herreros, "The Two Nephews," in Complete Works (Madrid, 1883-1884), act 1, sc. 3. B. Pérez Galdós, The Great Orient (Madrid: n.p., 1903), 175. E. Pardo Bazán, Memoirs of a Bachelor (Madrid: n.p., 1911), 26. Chichisveo is spelled chichisbeo in some texts of the period; as such it comes closer to the Italian cicisbeo .

6. Benigno Natural, Definition of the Cortejo (Málaga, 1789).

7. Juan Salazar y Ontivero, Catholic Protest Against the Custom of the Chichisveo (Madrid, 1737), 6. break

8. Franco Meregalli, "Goldoni and Ramón de la Cruz"; A. Mariutti, "Goldoni's Influence in Spain in the Eighteenth Century," Studies on Goldoni (Venice and Rome: Institute per la Collaborazione Culturale, 1959), 315-338.

9. Giuseppe Baretri, An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy with Observations on the Mistakes of Some Travelers with Regard to that Country , (London, 1769), 1:101.

10. It seems peculiar to find chichisbear with the meaning of "to murmur" in a contemporary novel by Pérez de Ayala, Tigre Juan (N.p., n.d.), 10.

11. Constantino Roncaglia, Modern Conversations Commonly Termed of the Cicisbei (Lucca, 1753), 3-4.

12. F. J. del Corral, Some Advice to a friend Enthusiast About the Cortejo Defended by E. G. Lobo (Madrid, 1717), 6-7.

13. Luis de Granada, On Prayer and Thought , quoted in Julia Fitzmaurice Kelly, "Women in the Sixteenth Century," Revue Hispanique 70 (1927).

14. Philarète Chasles, Studies on Spain and on the Influence of Spanish Literature in France and in Italy (Paris, 1847).

15. Lope de Vega, The Right Moment , quoted in R. del Arco Garay, Spanish Society in the Works of Lope de Vega (Madrid: n.p., 1942).

16. Ernest Martinenche, Spanish Drama in France (Paris, 1900), 81.

17. Mme d' Aulnoy, 1679—Travel Notes in Spain , quoted in José Deleito Piñuela, The King is Having Fun (Madrid; n.p., 1955), 155.

18. Lope de Vega, To Guard and be on Guard (Guardar y Guardarse), vol. 12 of Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (Madrid: Real Academía Española).

19. E. Rodacanachi, Italian Women Before, During and After the Renaissance (Paris: Hachette, 1922), 324.

20. Gabriel Quijano, Six Dialogues Between a Clergyman and a Lady on the Vices of . . . Modern Conversations Otherwise Called Cortejo . . . . (Madrid, 1784) 220 ff. This book is an almost literal translation of an Italian work by Abbe S. Zucchino Stefani, The Mirror of Disillusion (Rome, 1751).

21. A. Salza, The Cicisbei in the Life and Literature of the Eighteenth Century (Rome: n.p., 1910). See also:

G. Natali, Ideas, Ways, and Men of the Eighteenth Century (Turin: n.p., 1926).

L. Valmaggi, The Cicisbei (N.p.: n.p., 1927).

Charles Rabany, Carlo Coldoni (Paris: n.p., 1896).

22. Jean Sarrailh, Mid-Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment in Spain , trans. A. Alatorre (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1957), 375. break

23. Mariano Francisco Nipho, Answer to the Insults of "The Thinker" and its Followers Against Spain (Madrid, 1764), 32.

24. Salazar y Ontivero, "Dedication to the Duke of Arcos," Catholic Protest Against the Custom of the Chichisveo .

25. Sarrailh, 376.

26. A. Ossorio de la Cadena, Virtue in the Drawing Room: Judicious Guests (Salamanca, 1739), 96.

27. Baretti, 80.

28. Roncaglia, 219.

29. Ibid., 326.

28. Roncaglia, 219.

29. Ibid., 326.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker: Critical Articles on Matters Pertinent to Society (Madrid, 1762-1767), 4:291.

2. E. and J. Goncourt, Women in the Eighteenth Century (Paris, 1878), 39-40.

3. Mateo Alemán, Guzmán de Alfarache , vol. 3 of Biblíoteca de Autores Españoles (Madrid: Real Academía Española), 554. Henceforth abbreviated BAE and RAE, respectively.

4. C. B. Bourland, "Family Life in Seventeenth-Century Spain," Homage to Menéndez y Pidal (N.p., 1925), 2:349.

5. Jean Francois Bourgoing, Travels in Spain: Contains a New, Accurate & Comprehensive View of the State of that Country to the Year 1806 , Trans. from the French, with engravings (London: Richard Phillips, 1808), 284. All passages from Bourgoing were extracted from this English translation rather than from the original French—Trans.

6. Nipho, Odds and Ends , (Madrid, 1781), 2:60.

7. Luis de León, The Perfect Married Woman , vol. 37 of BAE, 220.

8. Francisco Osuna, A Guide for Different Roles in Society , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, 610.

9. León, 218.

10. Antonio de Guevara, Familiar Letters , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, 601.

11. M. Fernández de Navarrete, On the Stability of Monarchies , Discourse 23 (Madrid, 1626).

12. Bourgoing, 101 and 154.

13. G. Desdevises Du Dézert, Old-Regime Spain (Paris, 1879-1904), 1:164ff.

14. Louis, Duke of Saint Simon, Complete and Authentic Memoirs of Louis XIV and the Regency 2, ch. 16 (Paris, 1856-1858).

15. Leopoldo Augusto Cueto y Ortega, Marquis of Valmar, Literary History of Spanish Poetry in the Eighteenth Century (Madrid, 1893), 1.271. break

16. Nipho, Odds and Ends 2:202.

17. Juan Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury and on the Sumptuary Laws in Spain (Madrid: Royal Press, 1788), 203-205.

18. Sarrailh, 244.

19. Nipho, Odds and Ends 4:77-78.

20. Joseph Townsend, A Journey Through Spain in the Years 1786- 1787 (London, 1791), 2:138.

21. Karl Vössler, Lope de Vega and His Time (Madrid: n.p., 1933), 184.

22. Antonio Muñoz, "Adventures in Verse and Prose, 1739" in Gesellschaft für Romantische Literatur (Dresden; n.p., 1907), 148.

23. Eloína Vílez López, "The Role of Women in Eighteenth-Century Spain" (M.A. thesis, Madrid, 1970).

24. Auguste Geffroy, The Unpublished Letters of the Princess of Ursini (Paris, 1887). See also: Carmen Martín Gaite, The Inquisitional Case of Macanaz (Madrid: Moneda y Crédito, 1970), 43.

25. Bourgoing, 284.

26. Alexandre, Laborde, Descriptive Itinerary of Spain and a Basic Table of its Different Administrative and Industrial Branches (Paris, 1808), 5:340-343.

27. Muñoz, 151

28. Juan Antonio Zamácola, Elements of the Contredance (Madrid, 1796).

29. Jose Cadalso, The Complete Works (Madrid, 1818), 1:311.

30. Zamácola, 62.

31. Ibid., 68.

32. Ibid., 70-71.

30. Zamácola, 62.

31. Ibid., 68.

32. Ibid., 70-71.

30. Zamácola, 62.

31. Ibid., 68.

32. Ibid., 70-71.

33. Charles Kany, Life and Manners in Madrid , 1750-1800 (Berkeley: University Press, 1932), 279.

34. Zamácola, 21.

35. Ibid., 112.

34. Zamácola, 21.

35. Ibid., 112.

36. Ossorio, 99-100

37. Alejo de Dueñas, Up-to-date Education of Young Girls (Pamplona, 1786), 9-10.

38. The Censor 3:148. Periodical founded by Luis Cañuelo in 1781. For more information see Richard Herr, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958).

39. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 178.

40. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:503.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., 407.

40. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:503.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., 407.

40. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:503.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., 407.

43. Quijano, 167.

44. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:102. break

45. José Luis Velázquez, Marquis de Valdeflores, Collection of Various Writings on the Cortejo (Madrid, 1764), 25.

46. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 177.

47. Diego Torres Villarroel, Moral Dreams (Madrid, 1794), 1:79.

48. Alfred Morel-Fatio, Studies on Spain (Paris: n.p., 1904), 3:252.

49. E. Gigas, "A German-Danish Traveler in the Spain of Charles III," Revue Hispanique 69 (1927) 459.

50. Zamácola, 128.

51. Esteban Terreros y Pando, Spanish Dictionary with Up-to-date Terms in French, Italian and Latin , vol. 1, entry abanico = "fan" (Madrid 1786-1793).

52. Muñoz, 20.

53. Ibid., 147-148.

52. Muñoz, 20.

53. Ibid., 147-148.

54. Luis de Eijoeceme, A Book on the Art of Pleasing (Madrid, 1785), 19-20.

55. Kany, 193.

56. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 3:294.

57. Luis Carmena y Millaá, Chronicle of Italian Opera in Madrid (Madrid, 1878), 7 ff.

58. Luis Coloma, Portraits of Yore (Madrid, 1895), 1:256-257.

59. Ibid., 26off.

58. Luis Coloma, Portraits of Yore (Madrid, 1895), 1:256-257.

59. Ibid., 26off.

60. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 48.

61. Eijoecente, 41-43.

62. Literary Report . . . from Madrid , June 1989.

63. Nipho, A Friend to Women (Madrid, 1763), trans. and adapted by Mirabeau, 84. This little book must have been quite popular by 1801 when the Inquisition forbade its circulation, because "It is difficult to expurgate and, as it stands, it may be an eye opener for young people." The censors, nevertheless, were aware that "its goal is to correct and teach women." A.H.N., National Archive of History, State papers. Document 4.492, no. 5. The L.o refers to legajo = bundle (bundle of papers). From this point on I shall omit this Spanish abbreviation. Estado, L.o 4.492, no. 5.

64. Coloma 1:258.

65. Nipho, Odds and Ends , 82.

66. Ossorio, 298.

67. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 4:299.

68. Juan Ignacio Gonzalez del Castillo, The Cradle of Desires (Madrid: Royal Spanish Academy, 1914), 1:293.

69. Muñoz, no and 112.

70. Leandro Fernández de Moratín, "The Baron," Dramatic and Lyrical Works (Madrid, 1840), 1:80.

71. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 2:422. break

72. The Censor 2:449.

73. The Spanish Theater: History and Anthology (Madrid: Aguilar, 1943), 5:461ff.

74. The Censor 3:148.

75. The Diligent Escort , MS no. 14. 526, National Library, Madrid.

76. Ibid.

75. The Diligent Escort , MS no. 14. 526, National Library, Madrid.

76. Ibid.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1:314.

2. Ibid., 99.

3. Ibid., 55 and 309.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1:314.

2. Ibid., 99.

3. Ibid., 55 and 309.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1:314.

2. Ibid., 99.

3. Ibid., 55 and 309.

4. Nipho, A friend to Women , 128.

5. Herr, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958), 74.

6. The Thinker , Thought 19, quoted in A. Morel-Fatio, Jovellanos' Satire on the Deficient Education of the Nobility (Paris, 1899).

7. Tomás de Iriarte, The Ill-bred Young Lady (Barcelona: n.d.), act 1.

8. J. Clavijo y Fajardo, Decree on Jealousy and the Vindication of Women (Madrid, 1755), 47 and 55.

9. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 4: 55 and 319.

10. Nipho, Answer to the Insults  . . . , 55.

11. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 4:318.

12. Cruz, "The Dandy," Farces in Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (Madrid: Real Academia Española, 1915).

13. Kany, 55 and 172.

14. Gigas, 464.

15. Bourgoing, 296.

16. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 4:54, 317.

17. Salazar y Ontivero, 3-4.

18. Zamácola, 18.

19. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 179.

20. Eijoecente, 61ff.

21. Juan Antonio Mercadal, The 'Goblin" Speculating on Society (Madrid, 1761), 359, 374-375.

22. Ramírez y Góngora, 7.

23. Clavijo y Fajardo, Decree on Jealousy and Apology to Ladies , 7.

24. Eijoecente, 44.

25. Ibid., 49-51.

26. Ibid., 59-60.

24. Eijoecente, 44.

25. Ibid., 49-51.

26. Ibid., 59-60.

24. Eijoecente, 44.

25. Ibid., 49-51.

26. Ibid., 59-60.

27. Coloma 2:22.

28. Moreto's fashionable Love was one of the most polished and intelligent plays of the seventeenth century. Moreto took a skeptical view of continue

many customs and institutions of his day; thus the play was bound to be considered subversive in a period in which the theater rarely adopted a critical stance.

29. Quijano, 53-54.

30. Zamácola, 25.

31. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:87ff.

32. The Ill-bred Young Lady , quoted in E. Cotarelo y Mori, Iriarte and His Time (Madrid, 1897), 357.

33. Velázquez, 11.

34. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:293.

35. Gálvez De Cabrera, 327.

36. Torres Villarroel, Dreams  . . ., 152.

37. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 1:344.

38. See Introduction, note 15.

39. Corral, 11.

40. Velázquez, 14.

41. See ch. 1, note 12.

42. Kany, 189.

43. Ossorio, 9.

44. Quijano, 21.

45. It would be worthwhile to study the popular verses and pamphlets satirizing the aristocracy. Though I have encountered quite a few, I have not been able to delve into them.

46. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:131.

47. Quijano, 36-37.

48. Ibid., 13-14.

49. Ibid., 39-40.

47. Quijano, 36-37.

48. Ibid., 13-14.

49. Ibid., 39-40.

47. Quijano, 36-37.

48. Ibid., 13-14.

49. Ibid., 39-40.

50. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 2:4.

51. Ibid., 1:98.

50. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 2:4.

51. Ibid., 1:98.

52. Quijano, 34.

53. The Sham Escort , MS no. 14.603/10, National Library, Madrid.

54. There are two possible etymologies for the eighteenth-century neologism majo/maja . It may be related to the argot majar/machacar (standard Spanish), meaning to pound, to crush, figuratively to bother, to pester somebody. The adjective "majo"—deriving from "majar," meaning impertinent, bothersome, was probably extended to characterize the arrogant, sharp-tongued artisans of Madrid and other large towns. On the other hand, it may be linked with the ancient May festivities, the highlight of which was the May queen, chosen from among the prettiest young girls in the popular sectors of Madrid. She would be accompanied by her young friends, singing and playing tambourines, castanets and guitars, to a portal adorned with mirrors, or to a window bedecked with flowers. May = mayo/majo. The passage of mayo to majo would have entailed a phonetic change: from a yod ( y ) to a velar fricative, unvoiced x . break

55. Coloma 2:270.

56. Bourgoing, 297.

57. The Censor 4:216.

58. Morel-Fatio, Jovellanos's Satire , 8.

59. Laborde, 5:340ff.

60. Kany, 313.

61. Cotarelo y Mori, History of Stagecraft in Spain (Madrid, 1896), 1:17.

62. Cueto, 311.

63. Morel-Fario, Jovellanos's Satire , 30.

64. Cotarelo y Mori, History of Stagecraft 2:62.

65. Ibid., 59.

64. Cotarelo y Mori, History of Stagecraft 2:62.

65. Ibid., 59.

66. "A famous actress called María Ignacia Ibáñez, the most talented woman I ever met, was extravagant enough to fall in love with me when my spirits and my finances were at the lowest ebb. Her company alleviated me greatly in my misfortune." "Autobiographical Notes," Boletín de la Real Academia de Historia 161, no. 2 (October-December 1967): 132-133.

67. Morel-Fatio, Jovellanos's Satire, 35.

68. Gigas, 514.

69. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:320.

70. The Fair of Valdemoro , quoted in Morel-Fatio, Jovellanos's Satire , 12.

71. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:166ff. 72. Langle, Travel in Spain (Paris, 1796), 161. See also: C. Blanco Soler, The Duchess of Alba and Her Time (Madrid, 1949).

72. Langle, Travel in Spain (Paris, 1796), 161. See also: C. Blanco Soler, The Duchess of Alba and Her Time (Madrid, 1949).

73. Gigas, 363-364.

74. Yebes, The Countess-Duchess of Benavente (Madrid, 1954), 72ff.

1. Juan de Mora, Moral Discourses , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, 751.

2. Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote , part 2, chapter 22.

3. Ibid., part 1, chapter 28.

2. Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote , part 2, chapter 22.

3. Ibid., part 1, chapter 28.

4. Antonio de Guevara, Familiar Letters , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, n.p.

5. Josefa Amar Borbón, On the Physical and Moral Education of Women (Madrid, 1790), 265.

6. Vélez López, The Role of Women .

7. The Censor , Discourse 152.

8. The Censor , Discourse 131.

9. L. Fernández de Moratí'n, "When the Maiden Says Yes," Dramatic and Lyrical Works 1:51. break

10. Corral, 12.

11. Natural, 13.

12. Corral, 13.

13. F. M. Melo, Guide for the Married and Warnings to Courtiers (Madrid, 1724), 78.

14. Nicolás Fernández de Moratín, "The Fashionable Lady," The Spanish Theater: History and Anthology 5:118.

15. Ibid., 77.

14. Nicolás Fernández de Moratín, "The Fashionable Lady," The Spanish Theater: History and Anthology 5:118.

15. Ibid., 77.

16. Literary Report from Madrid , September 1787.

17. Ramírez y Góngora, 12.

18. Ibid., 6-7.

17. Ramírez y Góngora, 12.

18. Ibid., 6-7.

19. Zamacola 52-53.

20. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 1:451.

21. Fernández de Moratín, Dramatic and Lyrical Works 2:10.

22. Torres Villarroel, Moral Dreams 1:42.

23. J. Esteban Colomer, Men's Fickleness (Madrid, 1781), 98.

24. Nipho, Odds and Ends 5:439ff.

25. The Censor 5:508.

26. Juan Pablo Forner, A Modish Young Lady 63 of BAE.

27. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:402.

28. Ibid., 386.

27. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:402.

28. Ibid., 386.

29. Ossorio, 51, 75-78.

30. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 1:505.

31. The Censor's Correspondent , letter 6 (Madrid, 1787).

32. J. Ruiz de Alarcón, A Doubtful Truth , 20 of BAE, act 1, scene 3.

33. Cristóbal de Fonseca, On the Love of God , quoted in Fitzmaurice Kelly, 565.

34. Ossorio, 182.

35. Fernández de Moratín, "The Fashionable Lady," The Spanish Theater: History and Anthology 5:146-147.

36. Nipho, Odds and Ends , 6:3.

37. The Censor's Correspondent , letter 6.

38. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 2:3.

39. Ramírez y Góngora, 76-77.

40. Gigas, 458.

41. Fulgencio Afán De Ribera, The Modern Approach to Modesty and Mysticism , 33: of BAE.

1. Gálvez de Cabrera, "A Madman Makes One Hundred," New Spanish Theater (Madrid, 1801), 5:366ff. break

2. Velázquez, 10.

3. Quijano, 58-59.

4. Roncaglia, 219.

5. Salazar y Ontivero, 13, 17.

6. Journal of Spanish Men of Letters (Madrid, 1738), 4: 286.

7. Natural, 38.

8. Quijano, 202.

9. Ibid., 205—206.

8. Quijano, 202.

9. Ibid., 205—206.

10. Ossorio, 97.

11. The Censor , 6: 1004.

12. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:85.

13. J. Cadalso, "Autobiographical Notes." Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (October-December 1967): 175.

14. J. Garcña De León y Pizarro, Memoirs (Madrid, 1894), 105-106.

15. William Beckford, The History of the Caliph Vathek and European Travels (London, 1891), 461-462.

16. Gigas, 362.

17. Blanco Soler, 55.

18. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 1:139.

19. Ramírez y Góngora, 37.

20. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 1:139.

21. García De León y Pizarro, 12.

22. Ibid., 37.

23. Ibid., 49.

21. García De León y Pizarro, 12.

22. Ibid., 37.

23. Ibid., 49.

21. García De León y Pizarro, 12.

22. Ibid., 37.

23. Ibid., 49.

24. The Censor's Correspondent , letter 12.

25. The Censor , vol. 5, Discourse 131.

26. F. Count of Cabarrus, Letters . . . on the Obstacles Placed by Nature, Public Opinion and the Law to the Citizens' Well-Being , vol. 62 of BAE, letter 5.

27. AHN, "Councils," Document 11.925 (Hearing of Ramón Salas).

28. AHN, "State," Document 3.158/8.

29. For similar cases see: AHN, "State," Document 4.828.

30. Antonio Matheu y Borja, "On the Harm Caused by Heavy Taxation on Dowries," Literary Report from Madrid (June 1794).

31. Josefa Amar Borbón, "On Ladies' Luxury: Proposal for a National Dress," Literary Report from Madrid ( July 1788).

32. Matheu y Borja, "On the Harm Caused by Excessive Taxation on Dowries," Literary Report from Madrid (June 1794).

33. J. A. Piñán y Zúñiga, A Guide for Bachelors (Madrid, 1774).

34. Sempere y Guarinos, Essay on Luxury , 183-184.

35. AHN, "State," Document 3.467.

36. Vayrac 1:64.

37. Gigas, 363. break

38. Literary Report from Madrid (June 1765).

39. Gálvez De Cabrera, 369.

40. Quijano, 208.

41. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 2:3.

42. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1. Thought 4.

43. Torres Villarroel, Moral Dreams , 258-266.

44. The Censor 5:509.

45. Nipho, Odds and Ends 2:53.

46. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays 1:344.

47. The Censor 5:504ff.

48. Laborde 5:367.

49. Tirso De Molina, The Mistrustful Condemned , vol. 5 of BAE, act 2, scene 3.

50. Pedro Luján, Matrimonial Dialogues (Seville, 1550), Dialogue 3.

51. Nipho, Answer to the Insults Perpetrated by "The Thinker" and His Followers , 24-26.

52. AHN, "State," Document 5.554, No. 91.

53. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 3:38.

54. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 151-154.

1. Ossorio, 324.

2. For example, Josefa Amar Borbón. One of the first feminists in the eighteenth century upheld Vives's ideas in her book On the Physical and Moral Education of Women .

3. Luis Vives, The Education of a Christian Woman (Saragossa, 1555), b. 1, ch. 19.

4. Coloma, Portraits of Yore , n.p.

5. Thoughts on the Conduct Between Husband and Wife (Madrid, 1792), prologue, 9.

6. The Censor 5:654ff.

7. Anonymous, 4.

8. Anonymous, 4.

9. AHN, "State," Document 4.828/13.

10. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 61.

11. Rojas Zorrilla, There is Something Brewing There , vol. 54 of BAE, act 1, scene 1.

12. Lope de Vega, When the Master is Absent There is Grief , quoted in R. Arco. Garay, Spanish Society in Lope de Vega's Works (Madrid: n.p., 1942), 455.

13. Fitzmaurice Kelly, 571.

14. Ibid., 582. break

13. Fitzmaurice Kelly, 571.

14. Ibid., 582. break

15. Pedro Calatayud, Tracts and Doctrines (Logroño, 1754), 3:10.

16. Calatayud, 3:10.

17. Ibid., 16-17.

16. Calatayud, 3:10.

17. Ibid., 16-17.

18. Bourgoing, 2.88.

19. Rojas Zorrilla, vol. 54 of BAE, act 1, scene 1.

20. Lope de Vega, The Defense of Truth , quoted in Arco, 431.

21. Lope de Vega, The Secret Wedding , quoted in Arco, 433.

22. Terreros y Pando, entry "Gallant."

23. Ramírez y Góngora, 53.

24. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 150.

25. Cruz, "The Fastidious Young Ladies," The Spanish Theater (Madrid: Aguilar, 1943), 5:467.

26. Townsend 2:144-145.

27. Gigas, 469.

28. Zamácola, 64-65: see also Townsend 2:144.

29. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:101.

30. Ibid., 101, 112.

29. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:101.

30. Ibid., 101, 112.

31. Cruz, "The Exam of the Cortejo," Farces 2:138.

1. Bourgoing, 276-277.

2. Laborde, 5:377.

3. Bourgoing, 276.

4. Ibid., 276.

3. Bourgoing, 276.

4. Ibid., 276.

5. Duchess d'Abrantes, Remembrances of a Diplomatic Mission and a Stay in Spain and Portugal from 1801 to 1811 (Paris, 1837), 2:4-5.

6. Gigas, 364.

7. MS 4.045, National Library, Madrid.

8. Townsend 2:142-143.

9. Fitzmaurice Kelly, 564.

10. Arco, 431.

11. Fitzmaurice Kelly, 600.

12. Gigas, 424-425.

13. Ibid., 422.

12. Gigas, 424-425.

13. Ibid., 422.

14. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 3:13.

15. Nipho, Odds and Ends 4:235-236.

16. Sarrailh, 687.

17. Quijano, 208-209.

18. Ibid., 279.

17. Quijano, 208-209.

18. Ibid., 279.

19. Townsend 2:147-149.

20. Ibid., 150.

19. Townsend 2:147-149.

20. Ibid., 150.

21. Calatayud, vol. 3, Introduction, notes 11 and 12. break

22. Salazar y Ontivero, 50.

23. Martín Gaite, The Inquisitional Case of Macanaz , 171-172.

24. Torres Villarroel, Moral Dreams , 102.

25. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Censor 3: 273.

26. Quijano, 77.

27. Ibid., 67.

28. Ibid., 81.

29. Ibid., 110.

26. Quijano, 77.

27. Ibid., 67.

28. Ibid., 81.

29. Ibid., 110.

26. Quijano, 77.

27. Ibid., 67.

28. Ibid., 81.

29. Ibid., 110.

26. Quijano, 77.

27. Ibid., 67.

28. Ibid., 81.

29. Ibid., 110.

30. Morel-Fatio, Jovellanos's Satire , 38.

31. Salazar y Ontivero, 57.

32. Quijano, 92.

33. AHN, "State," Document 4.459, No. 22.

34. Ibid.

33. AHN, "State," Document 4.459, No. 22.

34. Ibid.

35. Manifesto on the Definition of Love , MS 4.045, National Library, Madrid, 8.

36. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:110.

37. See ch. 4, note 13.

38. Account of the "auto de fe" celebrated by the Holy Inquisition in the Church of San Domingo el Real , R 24.571 (R refers to raros , rare papers).

39. Velázquez, 47.

40. Journal of Spanish Men of Letters 4:289.

41. AHN, "State," Document 4.502, no. 5.

42. See ch. 1; also Cueto y Ortega, 1:265ff.

43. V varios/especiales, ca. 335, no. 36 (ca. refers to caja = box).

44. Velázquez, 1.

45. Ibid., 6.

44. Velázquez, 1.

45. Ibid., 6.

46. Cueto y Ortega, 1:311.

47. AHN, "State," Document 5.293, no. 179.

48. Ibid., Document 4.482, no. 19,

47. AHN, "State," Document 5.293, no. 179.

48. Ibid., Document 4.482, no. 19,

49. Quijano, 217.

50. Velázquez, 41.

1. See Introduction, note 9.

2. Veáazquez, 22-23.

3. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 4: 319ff.

4. Clavijo y Fajardo, vol. 2, Thought 28.

5. Mateo Alemán, vol. 3, b. 3, p. 2, ch. 3.

6. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 90-91.

7. Ibid., 10. break

6. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 90-91.

7. Ibid., 10. break

8. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1: 43.

9. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 93.

10. Ibid., 65.

11. Ibid., 93.

9. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 93.

10. Ibid., 65.

11. Ibid., 93.

9. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 93.

10. Ibid., 65.

11. Ibid., 93.

12. Terreros y Pando, entry coqueta .

13. Cadalso, Complete Works 1:134.

14. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , vol. 2: Thought 18.

15. Velázquez, 45.

16. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 129.

17. Eijoecente, 69-70.

18. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 19-20.

19. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:309.

20. Cruz, Collection of One-Act Plays , 134.

21. Ramírez y Góngora, 45.

22. Melo, 50.

23. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , vol. 3: Thought 31.

24. Gigas, 458.

25. Ramírez y Góngora, 96.

26. Amar Borbón, "On Ladies' Talents and Aptitudes," Literary Report from Madrid , 215.

27. Duchess Abrantes, 78.

28. Quijano, 177.

29. Ibid., 130.

28. Quijano, 177.

29. Ibid., 130.

30. Muñoz, 163-164.

31. There were some exceptions, of course, and one of them is the Countess-Duchess of Benavente, praised for her enlightened ideas and culture. See Yebes and Cotarelo y Mori, Iriarte and His Time (Madrid, 1897).

32. Bourgoing, 283.

33. Eijoecente, 71-74.

34. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 70.

35. Duchess Abrantes, 1:30-31.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1:30.

2. Ibid., 39.

3. Ibid., 177.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1:30.

2. Ibid., 39.

3. Ibid., 177.

1. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , 1:30.

2. Ibid., 39.

3. Ibid., 177.

4. Mercadal, 39-40.

5. Nipho, A Friend to Women , 69.

6. Pedro Malon De Chaide, Magdalen's Conversation , vol. 27 of BAE, 279.

7. Rojas Zorrilla, vol. 54 of BAE, act 1, scene 1.

8. Lope de Vega, The Foolish Lady , vol. 24 of BAE, act 3, scene 10. break

9. María de Zayas y Sotomayor, Amorous and Exemplary Novels (Madrid: RAE, 1948), 21.

10. Lope de Vega, A Woman Vindicator of Womanhood , quoted in Arco.

11. Lope de Vega, A Maiden Called Theodorus , quoted in Arco, 320.

12. Lope de Vega, The Foolish Lady , act 3, scene 3.

13. Carmen Bravo-Villasante, Women Disguised as Men: An Aspect of the "Golden Age" Theatre (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1955).

14. Muñoz, 73.

15. The Censor's Correspondent , letter 47.

16. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:38.

17. Iriarte, The Ill-bred Young Lady act 2.

18. Literary Report from Madrid (June 1875).

19. Nipho, A Friend of Women , 6.

20. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker , vol. 2, Thought 28.

21. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:166.

22. Amar Borbón, On the . . . Education of Women , 229.

23. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:37.

24. Amar Borbón, On the . . . Education of Women , 91.

25. Ibid., xiii.

26. Ibid., xv, xviii .

24. Amar Borbón, On the . . . Education of Women , 91.

25. Ibid., xiii.

26. Ibid., xv, xviii .

24. Amar Borbón, On the . . . Education of Women , 91.

25. Ibid., xiii.

26. Ibid., xv, xviii .

27. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:90.

28. Ibid., 2:34ff.

29. Ibid., 6:180.

27. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:90.

28. Ibid., 2:34ff.

29. Ibid., 6:180.

27. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:90.

28. Ibid., 2:34ff.

29. Ibid., 6:180.

30. Jovellanos, "Report on the Freedom of the Arts," Works (Madrid, 1846), 4:66ff.

31. Amar Borbón, "Essay on Women's Talents and Aptitudes" Literary Report from Madrid (Madrid , 1786), 5.

32. Coloma 1:257.

33. Muñoz, 148ff.

34. Amar Borbón, Essay , prologue, xii .

35. Ibid., xxi ; also Sarrailh, 257ff.

34. Amar Borbón, Essay , prologue, xii .

35. Ibid., xxi ; also Sarrailh, 257ff.

36. Manuel Godoy, Memoirs , vol. 88 of BAE, xxxi .

37. Literary Report from Madrid ( April 1786).

38. Nipho, Journal from Abroad: Tempting News for Those Interested in Arts and Sciences (Madrid, 1763), 217.

39. Literary Report from Madrid (April 1786).

40. J. Sempere y Guarinos, Preliminary for a Collection of the Best Spanish Writers' Works During Charles III's Reign (Madrid, 1785-1789), 3:215.

41. See ch. 4, note 29.

42. "Letter to Lady Josefa Amar Borbón from Don Juan Antonio Hernández de Larrea," Literary Report from Madrid (August 1786).

43. The ladies referred to in the article are the Duchess Cayetana of continue

Alba; her mother, Mariana de Silva, Duchess of Arcos through her third marriage; and the Marchioness of Peñafiel, who is also the Countess-Duchess of Benavente.

44. "Letter to Lady Josefa Amar Bourbón."

45. Ibid.

44. "Letter to Lady Josefa Amar Bourbón."

45. Ibid.

46. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:293.

47. Ibid., 2:28.

48. Ibid., 1:39.

46. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:293.

47. Ibid., 2:28.

48. Ibid., 1:39.

46. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 1:293.

47. Ibid., 2:28.

48. Ibid., 1:39.

49. Amar Borbón, "Essay," (June 1768).

50. María Pilar Oñate, Feminism in Spanish Literature (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1938), 162ff.

51. Amar Borbón, "Essay," 257-259.

52. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 3:32-34.

53. Ibid., 40-45.

52. Clavijo y Fajardo, The Thinker 3:32-34.

53. Ibid., 40-45.

54. Literary Report (June 1785).

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

54. Literary Report (June 1785).

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

54. Literary Report (June 1785).

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

54. Literary Report (June 1785).

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. Amar Borbón, On the . . . Education of Women, xxi , 200. break