1. "To the Graduating Class, 1935," published in R. M. Hutchins, No Friendly Voice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), pp. 1-4.

2. Hutchins, Radio address, April 18, 1935, broadcast by the National Broadcasting Company under the auspices of the National Congress of Parents and Teachers; published in No Friendly Voice , pp. 5-11.

1. Hutchins' account of this is given in "Conversation with Eric Sevareid," transcript of CBS television broadcast, August 31, 1975, p. 8.

1. Hutchins, "The Sentimental Alumnus" (Oberlin College commencement address, June 4, 1934), published in No Friendly Voice , pp. 87-94.

2. Hutchins, interview with Frank K. Kelly, "Trees Grew in Brooklyn," Center Magazine , November 1968, p. 17.

3. Hutchins, interview with the author, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Santa Barbara, October 3 and 4, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 19.

4. Hutchins, "The Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," in Education for Freedom (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1943), p. 1.

5. Ibid.

4. Hutchins, "The Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," in Education for Freedom (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1943), p. 1.

5. Ibid.

6. Nathaniel Howard, "Further Particulars of the Great Oberlin Auto Heist," The Cleveland Plain Dealer , August 4, 1977.

7. William G. Hutchins, letter to the author, September 17, 1972.

8. Ibid.

7. William G. Hutchins, letter to the author, September 17, 1972.

8. Ibid.

9. William G. Hutchins, letter to the author, November 5, 1972.

10. R. M. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 10.

11. Cf. Hutchins, testimony before the Broyles Commission, Illinois state legislature, April 1949; ''The Freedom of the University" (Speech to the Parents Association, University of Chicago Laboratory School, November 1, 1950); "Academic Freedom," in Freedom, Education and the Fund (New York: Meridian Books, 1956), pp. 38-40; "Education and Independent Thought," in ibid., pp. 158-59.

10. R. M. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 10.

11. Cf. Hutchins, testimony before the Broyles Commission, Illinois state legislature, April 1949; ''The Freedom of the University" (Speech to the Parents Association, University of Chicago Laboratory School, November 1, 1950); "Academic Freedom," in Freedom, Education and the Fund (New York: Meridian Books, 1956), pp. 38-40; "Education and Independent Thought," in ibid., pp. 158-59.

12. Hutchins, introduction to Freedom, Education and the Fund , p. 14.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., p. 15.

15. Ibid.

12. Hutchins, introduction to Freedom, Education and the Fund , p. 14.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., p. 15.

15. Ibid.

12. Hutchins, introduction to Freedom, Education and the Fund , p. 14.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., p. 15.

15. Ibid.

12. Hutchins, introduction to Freedom, Education and the Fund , p. 14.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., p. 15.

15. Ibid.

16. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 17.

17. Hutchins, "Sentimental Alumnus," p. 90.

18. "Sound Portrait of Robert Maynard Hutchins," radio broadcast with Paul Newman, July 17, 1969, transcript p. 4.

19. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 2.

20. Ibid., p. 3.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

19. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 2.

20. Ibid., p. 3.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

19. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 2.

20. Ibid., p. 3.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

19. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 2.

20. Ibid., p. 3.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

19. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 2.

20. Ibid., p. 3.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Hutchins, "Sentimental Alumnus," p. 87.

25. Ibid., p. 88.

24. Hutchins, "Sentimental Alumnus," p. 87.

25. Ibid., p. 88.

26. Thornton Wilder, conversation with the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 1974.

1. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 34.

2. Ibid., p. 27.

1. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 34.

2. Ibid., p. 27.

3. William G. Hutchins, "Prize Code of Morals for Children," American Magazine , April 7, 1918, pp. 26-27.

4. Cf. R. M. Hutchins, "Sentimental Alumnus," p. 93; "Morals and Higher Education," University of Chicago Round-Table no. 16, January 15, 1950; "Morals, Religion, and Higher Education" (Bedell Lecture, Kenyon College, October 4, 1948), Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 3, transcript p. 20.

5. Thornton Wilder, Theophilus North (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), p. 2.

1. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," pp. 4-5.

2. William G. Hutchins, letter to the author, September 17, 1972.

3. R.M. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 18.

4. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 5.

5. "Sound Portrait of Robert Maynard Hutchins," transcript p. 5.

6. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 17.

1. Sidney Hyman, The Lives of William Benton (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 48.

2. Ibid., p. 68.

1. Sidney Hyman, The Lives of William Benton (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 48.

2. Ibid., p. 68.

3. William G. Hutchins, letter to the author, November 5, 1972; and conversation with the author, Black Mountain, North Carolina, May 1981.

4. Hyman, Benton , p. 51.

5. "Sound portrait of Robert Maynard Hutchins," transcript p. 24.

6. R. M. Hutchins, "Working Your Way through College," (Draft typescript prepared for the editors of Liberty Magazine , November 25, 1940).

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid. Cf. Hutchins, speech to Wolf's head, Yale senior honor society, January 1923.

6. R. M. Hutchins, "Working Your Way through College," (Draft typescript prepared for the editors of Liberty Magazine , November 25, 1940).

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid. Cf. Hutchins, speech to Wolf's head, Yale senior honor society, January 1923.

6. R. M. Hutchins, "Working Your Way through College," (Draft typescript prepared for the editors of Liberty Magazine , November 25, 1940).

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid. Cf. Hutchins, speech to Wolf's head, Yale senior honor society, January 1923.

9. Hutchins, "The Education We Need" (speech at the installation of the new president of the University of Illinois, May 16, 1947), published as Human Events Pamphlet no. 22 (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1947), p. 7.

10. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 8.

11. Ibid., pp. 7-8.

10. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 8.

11. Ibid., pp. 7-8.

12. Hyman, Benton , p. 68.

13. Hutchins, Class Day speech, Yale University, 1921.

14. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 13.

15. Hyman, Benton , p. 68.

16. Cf. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 19.

1. See Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 18.

2. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," pp. 9-10.

3. Reported by William G. Hutchins in a letter to the author, September 17, 1972.

1. Hutchins, "Get Ready for Anything: A Conversation with Clifton Fadiman," Center Report 8 (June 1975): 20.

2. Ibid., p. 21.

1. Hutchins, "Get Ready for Anything: A Conversation with Clifton Fadiman," Center Report 8 (June 1975): 20.

2. Ibid., p. 21.

3. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," p. 10.

4. Hutchins often expressed himself on this subject. See, e.g., "The Bar and Legal Education" (Speech to the American Bar Association, September 29, 1937).

5. Hutchins, "The Autobiography of an Ex-Law Student," in No Friendly Voice , pp. 45-46.

6. See Hutchins, "The Bar and Legal Education."

7. Hutchins, "The Political Community: The Black Country" (Address to the Fund for the Republic dinner in honor of Justice Hugo Black, June 1, 1961).

8. Hutchins, remarks delivered at the dedication of the new Graduate Studies and Research Center, California State University at Long Beach, published under the title "All Our Institutions Are in Disarray," Center Report 7 (December 1974); see pp. 20-21.

9. Hutchins, "Political Community."

10. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man," pp. 11-12.

1. Hutchins, address delivered at the Sixth Annual Dinner of the ALI, published in American Law Institute Proceedings 6 (July 1927-June 1928): 592-602.

2. Ibid.

1. Hutchins, address delivered at the Sixth Annual Dinner of the ALI, published in American Law Institute Proceedings 6 (July 1927-June 1928): 592-602.

2. Ibid.

3. This conviction is one Hutchins expressed early and late: as early as the 1920s, when he was a law school lecturer and dean; and as late as 1974, when the quotation appears in "All Our Institutions Are in Disarray," p. 20.

4. Another wording of the same idea is provided in "Toward a World Community," the address Hutchins gave for the Jane Addams centennial, Simmons College, November 22, 1960.

5. Ibid.

4. Another wording of the same idea is provided in "Toward a World Community," the address Hutchins gave for the Jane Addams centennial, Simmons College, November 22, 1960.

5. Ibid.

6. Hutchins, "Connecticut and the Yale Law School" (Speech delivered at Waterbury, Connecticut, April 20, 1928).

7. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Ex-Law Student," pp. 48-49.

8. Ibid., p. 47.

7. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Ex-Law Student," pp. 48-49.

8. Ibid., p. 47.

9. Hutchins, "The New Atlantis" (Berea College commencement address, June 1, 1931; Convocation Address, University of Chicago, June 16, 1931), published at Chicago in The University Record 17 (July 1931).

10. Ibid.

9. Hutchins, "The New Atlantis" (Berea College commencement address, June 1, 1931; Convocation Address, University of Chicago, June 16, 1931), published at Chicago in The University Record 17 (July 1931).

10. Ibid.

11. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Ex-Law Student," p. 50.

12. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man — The Early Years (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 166.

13. Ibid., p. 163.

14. Ibid., p. 165.

15. Ibid.

12. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man — The Early Years (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 166.

13. Ibid., p. 163.

14. Ibid., p. 165.

15. Ibid.

12. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man — The Early Years (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 166.

13. Ibid., p. 163.

14. Ibid., p. 165.

15. Ibid.

12. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man — The Early Years (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 166.

13. Ibid., p. 163.

14. Ibid., p. 165.

15. Ibid.

16. Hutchins, "Experiments in Legal Education at Yale" (Address delivered to the Association of American Law Schools, Chicago, Illinois, December 28, 1928).

17. Hutchins, address delivered at the Yale Law School Alumni luncheon, June 1928.

18. Douglas, Go East, Young Man , p. 170.

19. Ibid., p. 182.

18. Douglas, Go East, Young Man , p. 170.

19. Ibid., p. 182.

1. Hutchins, interview with Donald McDonald, Columbia University Oral History Project, November 1967, parts 1 and 2, transcript pp. 1-2.

2. Ibid., pp. 2-4.

1. Hutchins, interview with Donald McDonald, Columbia University Oral History Project, November 1967, parts 1 and 2, transcript pp. 1-2.

2. Ibid., pp. 2-4.

3. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, pp. 19-20.

4. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 6-7.

5. Ibid., p. 5. Also Hutchins' speech at Dedication of the University's Laird Bell Quadrangle, October 12, 1966, describes this embarrassment at more length.

4. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 6-7.

5. Ibid., p. 5. Also Hutchins' speech at Dedication of the University's Laird Bell Quadrangle, October 12, 1966, describes this embarrassment at more length.

6. Winthrop S. Dakin, letter to the author, May 23, 1976.

7. Hutchins, 155th Convocation address, University of Chicago, June 11, 1929.

8. Inaugural Address of Robert Maynard Hutchins, Fifth President of the University of Chicago , November 19, 1929, p. 13.

9. Quoted in "Splendor Marks Induction of Dr. Hutchins," Chicago Tribune , November 19, 1929.

1. Felix Frankfurter, letter to Hutchins, January 4, 1933.

2. Hutchins, letter to Frankfurter, April 4, 1933.

3. Frankfurter, letter to Hutchins, April 15, 1933.

4. University Senate vote, October 22, 1930. See The Idea and Practice of General Education: An Account of the College of the University of Chicago (Chicago University Press, 1950), pp. 49-50. Also Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript p. 21.

5. The College faculty adopted the new program (widely referred to as the New Plan) March 5, 1931. Idea and Practice of General Education , pp. 50-51.

6. Ibid., p. 53.

7. Ibid., pp. 51-52, 56.

6. Ibid., p. 53.

7. Ibid., pp. 51-52, 56.

6. Ibid., p. 53.

7. Ibid., pp. 51-52, 56.

8. See also George W. Dell, "Robert Hutchins' Philosophy of General Education and the College at the University of Chicago," Journal of General Education 30 (Spring 1978): 45-58.

9. Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936), p. 85.

1. Mortimer Adler, Philosopher at Large (New York: Macmillan, 1977), pp. 109-11.

2. Gertrude Stein, Everybody's Autobiography (New York: Random House, 1937), pp. 205-7.

1. John U. Nef, The Search for Meaning: The Autobiography of a Non-Conformist (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1973), p. 125.

2. Dodd's view of their disagreement appears in William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd's Diary , ed. William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), pp. 96, 335-36.

3. Ibid., p. 337.

2. Dodd's view of their disagreement appears in William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd's Diary , ed. William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), pp. 96, 335-36.

3. Ibid., p. 337.

4. Adler, Philosopher at Large , p. 49.

5. Hutchins, letter to Felix Frankfurter, n.d.

6. Richard McKeon, "The Battle of the Books," in The Knowledge Most Worth Having , ed. Wayne C. Booth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 192.

7. Irene Tufts Mead, interview with Lloyd E. Stein, reported in "Hutchins of Chicago: Philosopher-Administrator," (Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1971), pp. 99 ff.

8. Adler's summary of this period appears in Philosopher at Large , pp. 127-34, 145-48.

1. Hutchins, "The Y.M.C.A." (Speech to the Employed Officers Association of the YMCA, College Camp, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, June 9, 1933), published in No Friendly Voice ; see pp. 132-33, 134-35.

2. Hutchins, introduction, to Freedom, Education and the Fund , p. 18.

3. "Sound Portrait of Robert Maynard Hutchins," transcript pp. 21-23; Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 20.

4. Hutchins, letter to Harold H. Swift, July 18, 1936.

1. Hutchins, "Y.M.C.A.," p. 135.

2. John Gunther, Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960), p. 225.

3. Hutchins, "Gate Receipts and Glory," Saturday Evening Post , December 3, 1938, p. 23.

4. Hutchins, "Football and College Life" (Address to undergraduates, Mandel Hall, University of Chicago, January 12, 1940).

1. An earlier version of this chapter appeared as an article in The Massachusetts Review 16, no. 3 (Summer 1975): 520-50.

2. Hutchins, "The Tenure of Professors" (Address delivered to the annual meeting of the American Association of University Professors, November 27, 1931).

3. Franklin D. Roosevelt, letter to Hutchins, July 1, 1935.

4. Harold L. Ickes, The First Thousand Days: 1933-1936 , vol. 1 of The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935), p. 376.

5. Hutchins, "What It Means to Go to College," CBS radio address, October 2, 1935, No Friendly Voice , p. 22.

1. Idea and Practice of General Education , p. 54.

2. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 79-80.

3. Scott Buchanan, "A Crisis in Liberal Education," Amherst Graduate's Quarterly 27 (February 1938): 117.

1. Hutchins, "Reply to Professor Whitehead," Atlantic Monthly , November 1936, pp. 582-88.

2. Hutchins, letter to Richard McKeon, September 8, 1936.

3. E.g., Hutchins, "The Atomic Bomb versus Civilization" (chapel sermon, University of Chicago, October 14, 1945), published as Human Events Pamphlet no. 1 (Chicago: Human Events, 1945); "How to Blunder into War with Russia" (Lecture to Modern Forum, Inc., Los Angeles, March 25, 1946), later published in Western World , March 1959, pp. 12-15; "Science, Technology, and Political Community" (Speech at University of California Extension at Los Angeles, June 30, 1960); also "Science and Politics'' (Speech at a dinner for the Twelfth Region U.S. Government Civil Service Commission, Santa Barbara, January 23, 1962).

4. Hutchins, "How to Blunder into War with Russia," p. 12.

5. Hutchins, "Autobiography of an Uneducated Man."

6. The letters quoted here are from a collection entitled "The Voluptuous Paragraph: A Critical Study of the Correspondence of Robert Maynard Hutchins," prepared by "an Admirer," June 30, 1948.

7. Hutchins, letter to Felix Frankfurter, April 4, 1933. Hutchins to William O. Douglas, June 5, 1956. Hutchins to Adlai Stevenson, January 13, 1937. Hutchins to Edward H. Levi, February 15, 1968. Hutchins to Henry R. Luce, December 6, 1949.

8. Hutchins, "Education at War," in Education for Freedom , p. 90.

9. Hutchins, "What Kind of World," typescript for Los Angeles Times Syndicate, September 1, 1963.

10. Hutchins, "Back to Galen," in No Friendly Voice , p. 51.

1. Hutchins, speech given at Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, Aspen, Colorado, July 5, 1969.

2. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 21.

3. Hutchins, response at a dinner in his honor, New York, February 20, 1965.

4. Hutchins, "What Kind of World," typescript for Los Angeles Times Syndicate, November 8, 1969.

5. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape 4, transcript p. 20.

6. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 20.

7. Ibid., p. 22.

6. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 20.

7. Ibid., p. 22.

8. Hutchins, "Materialism and Its Consequences," in Education for Freedom , p. 46.

9. Hutchins, "A Democratic Platform" (Speech to the Young Democratic Clubs, Chicago, June 27, 1932).

10. Hutchins, interview with the author, 1973, tape Z-32, transcript p. 15.

11. Harold L. Ickes, The Inside Struggle, 1936-1939 , vol. 2 of The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes , p. 384.

12. Hutchins, conversation with Eric Sevareid, CBS television broadcast, August 31, 1975, transcript p. 14.

13. Ibid., p. 15.

12. Hutchins, conversation with Eric Sevareid, CBS television broadcast, August 31, 1975, transcript p. 14.

13. Ibid., p. 15.

1. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, p. 21.

2. Harper's Magazine , November 1938, pp. 561-71.

3. Milton Mayer, "The Case against the Jew," Saturday Evening Post , March 28, 1942, pp. 18-19.

1. Harold L. Ickes, The Lowering Clouds, 1939-1941 , vol. 3 of The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes , pp. 256-59.

2. New York Herald Tribune , October 9, 1944.

3. Hyman, Benton , p. 138.

4. Alexander Woollcott, "Town Crier," broadcast 1944.

5. Hyman, Benton , pp. 230-31.

6. Hutchins, "What Shall We Defend?" reprinted in Vital Speeches of the Day 6 (July 1, 1940): 547-49.

7. Hutchins, "Higher Education and National Defense" (Speech to the Chicago Association of Commerce, January 29, 1941).

8. Harry Hopkins, letter to his brother, Emory Hopkins. Quoted in Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate Portrait (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), pp. 123-24.

9. Hutchins, "Democracy, Defense, and War" (Edward Douglas White lecture, Louisiana State University, April 25, 1941), printed as "Education at War" in Education for Freedom .

10. Quoted in Hyman, Benton , p. 239.

11. Ickes, Lowering Clouds , p. 472.

12. John Gunther Papers, box XXV, F. 14, Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.

13. Hutchins, letter to Philip Jessup, April 22, 1941.

14. Wayne S. Cole, America First: The Battle against Intervention, 1940-41 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953), p. 174.

15. Chester Bowles, letter to Hutchins, June 16, 1941.

16. Joseph L. Jaffe, Jr., "Isolation and Neutrality in Academe, 1938-1941" (Doctoral dissertation, Department of History, Case Western Reserve University, 1979), p. 31.

17. Hutchins, letter to Charles Lindbergh, April 14, 1952.

18. Clarence B. Randall, letter to Hutchins, March 31, 1941.

19. Hutchins, letter to Clarence B. Randall, April 2, 1941.

20. Richard H. Goldstone, Thornton Wilder (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1975), pp. 140-41.

21. Hutchins, speech at memorial service for Thornton Wilder, New Haven, Connecticut, January 18, 1976.

22. John Gunther, Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker (New York: Harper, 1960), pp. 181-82.

23. Ibid., pp. 265-66. [Editor's note: To this information, Gunther adds the following sentences (that Mayer omits to include or to mention): "But this had not been Mayer's title. He had called the article 'The Wondering Jew' and the Post , without his knowledge or consent, changed it to 'The Case Against the Jew.' But Lasker would not be mollified" (p. 266).

Whether or not this is correct about the titles, or as to what presumably Lasker was told, Mayer apparently refrained from public comment or dis-

claimer, and stoically assumed, then and thereafter, the consequences of the printed (and eventually reprinted) title appearing over his name. From among Mayer's papers, drafts, notes, marginalia, or surviving associates, I discover no evidence to confirm (or deny) the version Gunther gives in his biography of Albert Lasker.

But many years later—in a speech at Chicago in 1967 to receive the University's "Communicator of the Year" award—Mayer said this about this controversial article and its title: "My thesis was the well-worn platitude that Gentiles are no good and nobody should imitate them. I was, in a word, making out a case for the Jew. The title I used was 'The Case Against the Jew.'" Mayer, "The Remote Possibility of Communication,'' University of Chicago Magazine (November 1967), p. 21.]

22. John Gunther, Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker (New York: Harper, 1960), pp. 181-82.

23. Ibid., pp. 265-66. [Editor's note: To this information, Gunther adds the following sentences (that Mayer omits to include or to mention): "But this had not been Mayer's title. He had called the article 'The Wondering Jew' and the Post , without his knowledge or consent, changed it to 'The Case Against the Jew.' But Lasker would not be mollified" (p. 266).

Whether or not this is correct about the titles, or as to what presumably Lasker was told, Mayer apparently refrained from public comment or dis-

claimer, and stoically assumed, then and thereafter, the consequences of the printed (and eventually reprinted) title appearing over his name. From among Mayer's papers, drafts, notes, marginalia, or surviving associates, I discover no evidence to confirm (or deny) the version Gunther gives in his biography of Albert Lasker.

But many years later—in a speech at Chicago in 1967 to receive the University's "Communicator of the Year" award—Mayer said this about this controversial article and its title: "My thesis was the well-worn platitude that Gentiles are no good and nobody should imitate them. I was, in a word, making out a case for the Jew. The title I used was 'The Case Against the Jew.'" Mayer, "The Remote Possibility of Communication,'' University of Chicago Magazine (November 1967), p. 21.]

24. Hutchins, letter to Thornton Wilder, February 22, 1941.

25. Hutchins, "America and the War," NBC radio address, January 23, 1941, printed in the University of Chicago Magazine (February 1941), p. 7.

26. Ibid.

25. Hutchins, "America and the War," NBC radio address, January 23, 1941, printed in the University of Chicago Magazine (February 1941), p. 7.

26. Ibid.

27. Hutchins, "Democracy, Defense, and War" (Edward Douglas White Lecture, Louisiana State University, April 25, 1941); "Education and the Defense of Democracy" (Loyola University [Chicago] Convocation, May 13, 1941).

28. Hutchins, "Political Community."

29. Hutchins, "Proposition Is Peace."

30. Hutchins, "America and the War," p. 5.

31. Hutchins, "Proposition Is Peace."

1. Hutchins, "The University at War" (Speech given at the trustee-faculty dinner, South Shore Country Club, January 7, 1942), published in the University of Chicago Magazine , January 1942, pp. 1-7.

2. Ibid., p. 1.

3. Ibid., p. 3.

4. Ibid.

1. Hutchins, "The University at War" (Speech given at the trustee-faculty dinner, South Shore Country Club, January 7, 1942), published in the University of Chicago Magazine , January 1942, pp. 1-7.

2. Ibid., p. 1.

3. Ibid., p. 3.

4. Ibid.

1. Hutchins, "The University at War" (Speech given at the trustee-faculty dinner, South Shore Country Club, January 7, 1942), published in the University of Chicago Magazine , January 1942, pp. 1-7.

2. Ibid., p. 1.

3. Ibid., p. 3.

4. Ibid.

1. Hutchins, "The University at War" (Speech given at the trustee-faculty dinner, South Shore Country Club, January 7, 1942), published in the University of Chicago Magazine , January 1942, pp. 1-7.

2. Ibid., p. 1.

3. Ibid., p. 3.

4. Ibid.

5. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 128-31.

6. Hutchins, "How to Save the Colleges" (Dinner speech, May 26, 1942), published in Education for Freedom , pp. 65-79. The quotations are from pp. 65-67, 69-70.

7. Hutchins, Western Union cable to Chancellor O.C. Carmichael, Vanderbilt University, February 8, 1942.

8. January 19, 1943.

9. November 13, 1942.

10. Hutchins, "Education at the University" (Address given at the trustee-faculty dinner, South Shore Country Club, January 12, 1944.

11. Hutchins, "University at War," p. 1.

12. Hutchins, letter to Malcolm Sharp, January 19, 1943.

13. Hutchins, typed draft of column for the Los Angeles Times (among Mayer's papers).

14. "University at War," p. 7.

15. Hutchins, "Blueprint for Wartime Education," Saturday Evening Post , August 15, 1942, p. 17.

1. Wilbur C. Munnecke, letter to the author, July 2, 1981.

2. Hutchins, "Democracy and the War" (University Chapel sermon, April 12, 1942).

3. Hutchins, "The Press and Education" (Address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington, DC, April 18, 1930).

4. Hutchins, remarks to the National Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington, DC, April 21, 1955, published in Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 56-67; the quotation is from p. 58.

5. Hutchins, speech to the National Conference of Editorial Writers, Louisville, Kentucky, November 19, 1948, published in Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 46-56.

6. Time , March 31, 1947, pp. 67-68. Fortune , April 1947, pp. 2-5; see also supplement of same date, pp. 1-21.

7. The Knickerbocker News . See Hutchins, Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 47-48.

1. Diary entry for July 25, 1945, in Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman , ed. Robert S. Ferrell (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), pp. 55-56.

2. Hutchins, "Atomic Force: Its Meaning for Mankind," University of Chicago Round-Table of the Air, NBC broadcast, August 12, 1945, transcript p. 12.

3. Quoted in The New Yorker , March 17, 1973, p. 89.

4. Hutchins, "V-E Day" (Address delivered at the Special Assembly, University Chapel, May 8, 1945).

5. As president of the Committee to Frame a World Constitution, organized in 1946, Hutchins expressed his views in a forty-page lead article entitled "1950," published in the first issue of Common Cause (June 30, 1947), a monthly report published by the committee; see the New York Times , June 29, 1947. In the last year of his life Hutchins published "Why We Need World Law," World Issues , December 1976 / January 1977.

6. Hutchins, "1950."

7. Hutchins, "The New Realism" (University of Chicago convocation address, June 15, 1945).

8. Hutchins, "Atomic Force," transcript pp. 7, 9, 12.

9. Stanley Blumberg and Gwinn Owens, Energy and Conflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1976), pp. 154-57.

10. Ibid. See also James F. Byrnes, All in a Lifetime (New York: Harper, 1958), p. 284.

9. Stanley Blumberg and Gwinn Owens, Energy and Conflict: The Life and Times of Edward Teller (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1976), pp. 154-57.

10. Ibid. See also James F. Byrnes, All in a Lifetime (New York: Harper, 1958), p. 284.

11. See, e.g., Hutchins, "Atomic Bomb versus Civilization"; "Peace and the Atom Bomb," University of Chicago Round-Table of the Air, NBC broadcast, November 11, 1945; "Government Control of Atomic Energy," Hutchins' testimony to the Special Committee on Atomic Energy, US Senate, Washington, DC, January 25, 1946.

12. Ernest Borek, "Cheating in Science," New York Times , January 22, 1975.

13. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 98-99.

14. John Gunther, Chicago Revisited (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

15. Major General L.R. Groves, letter to Hutchins, September 15, 1945. [Editor's note: Groves's letter was intimidating, but it did not quite flatly ask for a cancellation of the conference. Groves did insist, however, that all conferees be given copies of security regulations.]

16. Hutchins, letter to Major General L.R. Groves, September 17, 1945.

17. This was a debating strategy Hutchins consistently repeated to expose the logical consequences of certain Cold War zealotry. It is repeated, for example, in "What Should Be Our Policy Toward Russia?" Town Meeting of the Air, New York City, April 25, 1946, published in Town Meeting 11, no. 52; see pp. 8, 10.

18. Hutchins, press conference, August 9, 1945 (Statement issued by University of Chicago office of press relations).

19. Dixon Wector, "Can Metaphysics Survive?" Saturday Review of Literature , April 10, 1948, p. 7.

20. Hutchins, letter to Colonel Charles Lindbergh, December 20, 1945.

21. Hutchins, press conference, August 9, 1945, quoted from the Chicago Sun , August 10, 1945.

1. As for the utility of science in confrontation with problems of human life—on June 3, 1966, the Dow Chemical Company issued this statement: "Our position on the manufacture of napalm is that we are a supplier of goods to the Defense Department and not a policy-maker. Simple good citizenship requires that we supply our government and our military

with those goods which they feel they need whenever we have the technology and capability and have been chosen by the government as the supplier." Quoted in Robert I. Heilbroner, In the Name of Profit (New York: Doubleday, 1972), p. 142.

2. Hutchins, "How to Blunder into War with Russia."

3. Hutchins in "Atomic Force."

1. Hutchins in "Atomic Force."

2. Hutchins, "Atomic Bomb versus Civilization," p. 11.

3. G. A. Borgese, A Proposition to History (Chicago: Committee to Frame a World Constitution, 1948). Borgese, Foundations of the World Republic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953).

4. "The Problem of World Government," University of Chicago Round-Table of the Air, NBC broadcast, April 4, 1948.

5. Hutchins, Atomic Bomb versus Civilization," pp. 11-12.

1. Bernard M. Loomer, "An Atomic Energy Proposal," University of Chicago Magazine , Autumn 1979, p. 21.

2. Ibid., p. 23.

3. Ibid., p. 24.

4. Ibid., p. 26.

1. Bernard M. Loomer, "An Atomic Energy Proposal," University of Chicago Magazine , Autumn 1979, p. 21.

2. Ibid., p. 23.

3. Ibid., p. 24.

4. Ibid., p. 26.

1. Bernard M. Loomer, "An Atomic Energy Proposal," University of Chicago Magazine , Autumn 1979, p. 21.

2. Ibid., p. 23.

3. Ibid., p. 24.

4. Ibid., p. 26.

1. Bernard M. Loomer, "An Atomic Energy Proposal," University of Chicago Magazine , Autumn 1979, p. 21.

2. Ibid., p. 23.

3. Ibid., p. 24.

4. Ibid., p. 26.

1. Hutchins, "The Basis of Education," in The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society (New York: Harper, 1953), pp. 75-76.

2. Hutchins, "Where Do We Go from Here in Education?" (address to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 12, 1947).

3. Hutchins, "The Education We Need," p. 9.

4. Hutchins, "Where Do We Go from Here in Education?"

5. Ibid.

4. Hutchins, "Where Do We Go from Here in Education?"

5. Ibid.

1. Hutchins, letter to William Benton, February 11, 1937.

2. Hyman, Benton , pp. 556-57.

3. Harvey Einbinder, The Myth of the Britannica (New York: Grove Press, 1964).

4. In the Matter of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc ., 59 F.T.C. 24 (1961).

5. Adler, Philosopher at Large , p. 259.

6. Hutchins, introduction to Education For Freedom , University of Chicago Round-Table of the Air radio discussion, NBC, March 21, 1943, p. 1.

1. Quoted in Don Sider, "The Midway and the Potomac," University of Chicago Magazine , Summer 1976, p. 13.

2. Stein, Everybody's Autobiography , pp. 212-13.

3. Hutchins, interview with Kelly, pp. 21-22. See also interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 88-90.

4. Daniel Bell, The Reforming of General Education (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), p. 32.

1. Newsweek , June 20, 1938, p. 18.

2. Hutchins, memorandum to the board of trustees, July 18, 1942.

1. Victor Hugo, Ninety-Three (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1903) 1:54-59.

2. Hutchins, speech given at the trustee-faculty dinner, South Shore Country Club, January 12, 1944, published in the University of Chicago Magazine , April 1944.

1. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 76-78.

2. Hutchins, speech given in Chicago, June 27, 1932.

3. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 115-20.

4. "Surplus value is the difference between the price paid for a product and the price paid labor for its manufacture." William L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980).

1. Hutchins, luncheon speech to the American Association of University Professors, Evanston, Illinois, February 14, 1944.

2. Chicago Daily News , March 2, 1944.

3. Letter to President R. M. Hutchins, February 28, 1944, signed by six faculty members: Jacob Viner, R. S. Crane, Sewall Wright, A. O. Craven, E. J. Kraus, and Frank H. Knight.

4. Hutchins, letter to the six faculty members, March 2, 1944.

5. Letter from the six faculty members to Hutchins, March 18, 1944.

6. Hutchins, letter to the six faculty members, March 25, 1944.

7. "Memorial to the Board of Trustees on the State of the University," resolution adopted by the university senate, May 22, 1944. The text of the memorial, the reply of the board of trustees through its chairman, and the statement made by President Hutchins after the board had taken its action, appear in the University of Chicago Magazine , June 1944, pp. 5-9, 11.

8. Board of Trustees, Harold H. Swift, chairman, "To the Senate," ibid., pp. 8-9.

9. "Statement by the Chairman of the Board of Trustees," ibid., p. 9.

10. "Statement by the President after the Board of Trustees' Meeting," ibid., pp. 9, 11.

7. "Memorial to the Board of Trustees on the State of the University," resolution adopted by the university senate, May 22, 1944. The text of the memorial, the reply of the board of trustees through its chairman, and the statement made by President Hutchins after the board had taken its action, appear in the University of Chicago Magazine , June 1944, pp. 5-9, 11.

8. Board of Trustees, Harold H. Swift, chairman, "To the Senate," ibid., pp. 8-9.

9. "Statement by the Chairman of the Board of Trustees," ibid., p. 9.

10. "Statement by the President after the Board of Trustees' Meeting," ibid., pp. 9, 11.

7. "Memorial to the Board of Trustees on the State of the University," resolution adopted by the university senate, May 22, 1944. The text of the memorial, the reply of the board of trustees through its chairman, and the statement made by President Hutchins after the board had taken its action, appear in the University of Chicago Magazine , June 1944, pp. 5-9, 11.

8. Board of Trustees, Harold H. Swift, chairman, "To the Senate," ibid., pp. 8-9.

9. "Statement by the Chairman of the Board of Trustees," ibid., p. 9.

10. "Statement by the President after the Board of Trustees' Meeting," ibid., pp. 9, 11.

7. "Memorial to the Board of Trustees on the State of the University," resolution adopted by the university senate, May 22, 1944. The text of the memorial, the reply of the board of trustees through its chairman, and the statement made by President Hutchins after the board had taken its action, appear in the University of Chicago Magazine , June 1944, pp. 5-9, 11.

8. Board of Trustees, Harold H. Swift, chairman, "To the Senate," ibid., pp. 8-9.

9. "Statement by the Chairman of the Board of Trustees," ibid., p. 9.

10. "Statement by the President after the Board of Trustees' Meeting," ibid., pp. 9, 11.

11. Hutchins, "Personal Aspects" (Memorandum to Harold H. Swift, for distribution to the Board of Trustees Committee on Instruction and Research, May 31, 1944).

12. Hutchins, "The Organization and Purpose of the University" (Address to the students and faculty, Rockefeller Chapel, University of Chicago July 20, 1944).

1. Hutchins, "The Administrator" (University of Chicago lecture, April 23, 1946), revised for Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 167-185.

2. Hutchins, letter to Laird Bell, December 1, 1944.

3. Writing in the University of Chicago Magazine , (Winter 1985), pp. 37-38, Donald N. Levine, dean of the College, said: "No sooner did Hutchins leave the University than the key elements of the colleges that had taken shape under his leadership began to wither away. Without the protection he afforded them, one by one, most of the great staff-taught general education courses that developed during his tenure were dissolved. The independent Board of Examiners was disbanded. The comprehensive examinations as a substitute for course credits disappeared. The custom of carefully constructed course syllabi vanished. The notion of sequential work in the disciplines faded away. And the lynch-pin . . . which Hutchins cherished so much—the awarding of the B.A. after a program of general education co-extensive with the old junior college—was pulled out."

4. Quincy Wright, "What Is a University?" Bulletin of the Association of University Professors 30, no. 2 (Summer 1944), p. 175.

5. Harry Woodburn Chase, "Hutchins' Higher Learning Grounded," The American Scholar , June 1937, pp. 236-44.

6. John Dewey, "Challenge to Liberal Thought," Fortune , August 1944, pp. 154-57.

7. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 130-31.

8. Ibid., pp. 131-32.

9. Ibid., pp. 17-18.

7. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 130-31.

8. Ibid., pp. 131-32.

9. Ibid., pp. 17-18.

7. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 130-31.

8. Ibid., pp. 131-32.

9. Ibid., pp. 17-18.

10. Hutchins, "The Administrator," p. 175.

11. Hutchins, "The Administrator Reconsidered" (Address to American College of Hospital Administrators, Atlantic City, NJ, September 19, 1955), revised for Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 185-196; the quotation is from pp. 187-88.

1. Paul Jacobs, memorandum to the author, May 28, 1969.

2. Maude Phelps McVeigh Hutchins, A Diary of Love (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1950).

3. Wilbur C. Munnecke, letter to the author, April 16, 1981.

1. Hutchins, "Atomic Bomb versus Civilization," p. 9.

2. Ibid., p. 10.

1. Hutchins, "Atomic Bomb versus Civilization," p. 9.

2. Ibid., p. 10.

3. Hutchins, "Atomic Energy: Peace or War with Russia," CBS Radio Address, March 5, 1946.

4. Ibid.

3. Hutchins, "Atomic Energy: Peace or War with Russia," CBS Radio Address, March 5, 1946.

4. Ibid.

5. Hutchins, "The Good News of Damnation" (Speech at St. Louis, Missouri, March 4, 1947), published in the University of Chicago Magazine , April 1947, pp. 5-8.

6. Hutchins, "How to Blunder into War with Russia," p. 15.

7. Hutchins, "Where Do We Go from Here in Education?"

8. Hutchins, "How to Blunder into War with Russia," p. 15.

9. Hutchins, "Good News of Damnation," p. 7.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

9. Hutchins, "Good News of Damnation," p. 7.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

9. Hutchins, "Good News of Damnation," p. 7.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

9. Hutchins, "Good News of Damnation," p. 7.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. "Truman seldom was briefed on developing nuclear strategy and had only a cursory knowledge." Robert J. Donovan, Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949-1953 (New York: Norton, 1982), p. 100.

14. Richard G. Hewlitt and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The New World, 1939-1946: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962) 1:455-56.

15. Hutchins, "Peace and the Atom Bomb." pp. 7, 8, 11.

16. Hutchins, testimony before the House of Representatives Military Affairs Committee, Washington, DC, February 18, 1946, published in Presbyterian Tribune , April, 1946, pp. 13-14.

17. Hutchins, "How to Blunder into War with Russia," p. 15.

1. Hutchins, "The Task for Intellectuals and the Need for World Government," (Address to German National Assembly, Frankfurt, Germany, May 18, 1948).

2. At the Aspen Convocation Hutchins gave an address entitled "Goethe and the Unity of Mankind," July 13, 1949.

3. Hutchins, "What Should Be Our Attitude Toward Russia?" Town Meeting of Air broadcast, New York, April 25, 1946.

4. Hutchins, "How to Blunder into War with Russia," p. 14.

5. Hutchins, "St. Thomas and the World State" (Lecture delivered at Marquette University, March 6, 1949), printed in Hutchins, Saint Thomas and the World State (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1949).

6. Hutchins, "An American Road to a World Society" (Address given at Santa Barbara, California); highlights from this talk appear in "Why We Need World Law," World Issues 1 (December 1976 / January 1977): 29-30. Cf. Hutchins, "1950."

7. Hutchins, testimony to the Illinois Seditious Activities Investigation Commission, published in the commission's Special Report (1949), p. 21.

8. Robert MacIver, Academic Freedom in Our Time (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), p. 35.

9. Illinois Seditious Activities Investigation Commission, Report of Proceedings (1949), quoted in Robert Lasch, "Two Intrepid Colleges," The Reporter , June 21, 1949, p. 23.

1. Dwight Macdonald, The Ford Foundation: The Men and the Millions (New York: Reynal and Co., 1959), p. 1.

2. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript p. 127.

3. Hutchins, typescript for the Los Angeles Times , November 8, 1964. Cf. Hutchins, interview with McDonald, transcript pp. 67-68.

4. Joseph Schwab, undated conversation with the author.

5. Hutchins, farewell address, University of Chicago, February 2, 1951, published with some revision as "A Message to the Young Generation," in Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 75-80.

6. Ibid., p. 80.

5. Hutchins, farewell address, University of Chicago, February 2, 1951, published with some revision as "A Message to the Young Generation," in Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 75-80.

6. Ibid., p. 80.

7. This passage is omitted in this published version of the address, but it appears in the reprint of the speech for the university's Tower Topics (March 1951).

8. Freedom, Education, and the Fund , p. 80.

1. Thomas C. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation: The Fund for the Republic in the Era of McCarthyism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), pp. 13-14.

2. Dwight Macdonald, "Profile," New Yorker , December 17, 1955. See also Macdonald, Ford Foundation , p. 153.

3. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 5-6.

4. Ibid.

3. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 5-6.

4. Ibid.

5. Hutchins, "Education and Independent Thought" (Speech given at Santa Monica, California, Town Hall, February 20, 1952), published in Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 152-66; the quotation is from p. 161. Cf. Hutchins, "Can We Preserve Freedom and Achieve Security?" (Hillman Lecture, Sidney Hillman Foundation, Harvard University, February 16, 1951).

6. Hutchins, "Education and Independent Thought," pp. 165-66.

7. Ibid., pp. 156-57.

8. Ibid., pp. 157-59.

9. Ibid., pp. 159-60.

6. Hutchins, "Education and Independent Thought," pp. 165-66.

7. Ibid., pp. 156-57.

8. Ibid., pp. 157-59.

9. Ibid., pp. 159-60.

6. Hutchins, "Education and Independent Thought," pp. 165-66.

7. Ibid., pp. 156-57.

8. Ibid., pp. 157-59.

9. Ibid., pp. 159-60.

6. Hutchins, "Education and Independent Thought," pp. 165-66.

7. Ibid., pp. 156-57.

8. Ibid., pp. 157-59.

9. Ibid., pp. 159-60.

10. Hutchins, "The Civilization of the Dialogue" (Speech given at the Free University of Berlin, August 6, 1951).

11. The congressional investigation of tax-exempt foundations, under the direction of Representative Brazilla Carroll Reece of Tennessee, was authorized in the 83d Congress, 1st Session, 1953. The 432-page Reece Report was published in late December 1954. See Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 56, 78-79, 102-4, 107-9.

1. Quoted in MacDonald, "Profile," p. 53.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 54.

1. Quoted in MacDonald, "Profile," p. 53.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 54.

3. Philip M. Stern, "An Open Letter to the Ford Foundation," Harper's Magazine January 1966, p. 85.

4. Quoted in Victor Lasky, Never Complain, Never Explain: The Story of Henry Ford II (New York: Marek, 1981), p. 205.

5. Ibid., p. 172.

5. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 80-81. Much of the documentary material in this chapter, and the next, is from Professor Reeves' book.

4. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 161.

6. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 133-34.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 63.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 25.

9. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 133-34.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 63.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 25.

9. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 133-34.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 63.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 25.

9. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 133-34.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 63.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 25.

9. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 133-34.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 63.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 25.

9. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

6. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , pp. 133-34.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 63.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 25.

9. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

10. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

12. W.H. Ferry, memorandum, September 11, 1951, quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 24.

13. Hutchins, memorandum, October 15, 1951, quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 31.

14. New York Times , July 28, 1953.

15. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 56.

16. Ibid., pp. 51-52, 307n.

17. Ibid., p. 73.

15. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 56.

16. Ibid., pp. 51-52, 307n.

17. Ibid., p. 73.

15. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 56.

16. Ibid., pp. 51-52, 307n.

17. Ibid., p. 73.

18. Lasky, Never Complain , p. 198.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 118.

2. Ibid., pp. 119-21.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 121.

4. Ibid., p. 122.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 142.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 118.

2. Ibid., pp. 119-21.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 121.

4. Ibid., p. 122.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 142.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 118.

2. Ibid., pp. 119-21.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 121.

4. Ibid., p. 122.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 142.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 118.

2. Ibid., pp. 119-21.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 121.

4. Ibid., p. 122.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 142.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 118.

2. Ibid., pp. 119-21.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 121.

4. Ibid., p. 122.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 142.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 118.

2. Ibid., pp. 119-21.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 121.

4. Ibid., p. 122.

5. Quoted in ibid., p. 123.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 142.

7. Hutchins, speech to the National Press Club, Washington, DC, January 26, 1955, published under the title "The Fund, Foundations and the Reece Committee," in Freedom, Education, and the Fund , pp. 201-12.

8. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 227.

9. Ibid., p. 253.

8. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 227.

9. Ibid., p. 253.

10. Paul Harvey, ABC network broadcast, August 28, 1955, quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 131.

11. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 191.

12. John Cogley, Fund for the Republic press release, June 28, 1956.

13. Alfred Kazin, Starting Out in the Thirties (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), pp. 71-73.

14. Sidney Hook, The New Leader , March 19, 1956, p. 28.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 189.

2. Ibid., p. 184.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 162. Hutchins' views on this subject are explained in detail in a speech he gave three-and-a-half years earlier at Santa Monica, California, February 20, 1952, published as "Education and Independent Thought" in Freedom, Education, and the Fund ; see pp. 157-59, 161. See also Hutchins, Education for Freedom , pp. 22-23, 41-42.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 189.

2. Ibid., p. 184.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 162. Hutchins' views on this subject are explained in detail in a speech he gave three-and-a-half years earlier at Santa Monica, California, February 20, 1952, published as "Education and Independent Thought" in Freedom, Education, and the Fund ; see pp. 157-59, 161. See also Hutchins, Education for Freedom , pp. 22-23, 41-42.

1. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 189.

2. Ibid., p. 184.

3. Quoted in ibid., p. 162. Hutchins' views on this subject are explained in detail in a speech he gave three-and-a-half years earlier at Santa Monica, California, February 20, 1952, published as "Education and Independent Thought" in Freedom, Education, and the Fund ; see pp. 157-59, 161. See also Hutchins, Education for Freedom , pp. 22-23, 41-42.

4. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 161.

5. Ibid., p. 172.

6. "Meet the Press," radio and television broadcast, November 20,

1955, reprinted in the National Review , December 7, 1955, p. 7. The panelists were Lawrence Spivack, moderator; James McConnaughy, Jr., of Time ; Frederick Woltman of the New York World Telegram and Sun ; and May Craig of the Portland, Maine, Press Herald .

7. From the text of the broadcast by Fulton Lewis, Jr., over WOR and MBS Network, November 21, 1955, prepared for the Fund for the Republic by Radio Reports, Inc.

8. Paul Jacobs, Is Curley Jewish? (New York: Athenaeum, 1965), p. 223.

9. Paul Hoffman, letter to Mrs. Roger D. Lapham, November 23, 1955, quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 173.

10. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 117.

11. Los Angeles Times , April 11, 1974.

12. Maxine Green, ''Robert M. Hutchins—Crusading Metaphysician," School and Society , May 12, 1956, pp. 162-66.

13. Washington Post , December 29, 1957.

14. Ibid.

13. Washington Post , December 29, 1957.

14. Ibid.

1. Hutchins, memorandum to the board of trustees, April 18, 1956, quoted in Frank K. Kelly, Court of Reason: Robert Hutchins and the Fund for the Republic (New York: Free Press, 1981), p. 118.

2. Hutchins, letter to William Benton, June 8, 1953.

3. Hutchins, memorandum to the board of trustees, May 4, 1956, quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 120.

4. Hutchins to Benton, June 8, 1953.

5. Ibid.

4. Hutchins to Benton, June 8, 1953.

5. Ibid.

6. Roger Lapham, letter to Paul Hoffman, October 26, 1956, quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 247.

7. Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 129.

8. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 263.

9. Ibid., p. 271.

8. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 263.

9. Ibid., p. 271.

10. New York Times , July 19, 1957.

11. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 162.

12. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 275.

13. Quoted in ibid., 273.

12. Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 275.

13. Quoted in ibid., 273.

14. Hutchins, letter to Adler, October 14, 1957. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 273.

15. Quoted in ibid., p. 275.

14. Hutchins, letter to Adler, October 14, 1957. Quoted in Reeves, Freedom and the Foundation , p. 273.

15. Quoted in ibid., p. 275.

16. Hutchins, memorandum to the board of trustees, May 7, 1959, quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 169.

17. Quoted in ibid., p. 170.

16. Hutchins, memorandum to the board of trustees, May 7, 1959, quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 169.

17. Quoted in ibid., p. 170.

1. Quoted in James Real, "Meanwhile, Back on Mount Olympus," West , October 5, 1969.

2. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 359, 361.

1. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 348-49.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 340-41.

3. Ibid., p. 367.

4. Quoted in ibid., p. 341.

1. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 348-49.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 340-41.

3. Ibid., p. 367.

4. Quoted in ibid., p. 341.

1. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 348-49.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 340-41.

3. Ibid., p. 367.

4. Quoted in ibid., p. 341.

1. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 348-49.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 340-41.

3. Ibid., p. 367.

4. Quoted in ibid., p. 341.

1. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 256.

2. John K. Jessup, "Search for Something More than a Community of Fear," Life , March 5, 1965, pp. 34-36.

3. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 282-83, 293, 297-99.

4. Ibid., p. 304.

5. Ibid., p. 203.

6. Ibid., p. 271.

3. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 282-83, 293, 297-99.

5. Ibid., p. 203.

6. Ibid., p. 271.

3. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 282-83, 293, 297-99.

4. Ibid., p. 304.

5. Ibid., p. 203.

6. Ibid., p. 271.

3. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 282-83, 293, 297-99.

4. Ibid., p. 304.

5. Ibid., p. 203.

6. Ibid., p. 271.

1. Quoted in Real, "Meanwhile, Back on Mount Olympus."

2. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 342-44, 350-52, 357.

3. Quoted in Real, "Meanwhile, Back on Mount Olympus."

4. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 361-62.

5. Hutchins, letter to Ferry, June 4, 1969.

6. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 363, 378, 445, 455.

7. Quoted in ibid., pp. 371-72.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 373.

9. Quoted in ibid., p. 376.

6. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 363, 378, 445, 455.

7. Quoted in ibid., pp. 371-72.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 373.

9. Quoted in ibid., p. 376.

6. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 363, 378, 445, 455.

7. Quoted in ibid., pp. 371-72.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 373.

9. Quoted in ibid., p. 376.

6. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 363, 378, 445, 455.

7. Quoted in ibid., pp. 371-72.

8. Quoted in ibid., p. 373.

9. Quoted in ibid., p. 376.

1. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 493.

2. New York Times , June 8, 1974.

3. Ibid.

2. New York Times , June 8, 1974.

3. Ibid.

4. Joan Didion and John Gregory Dunne, "California Dreaming," Saturday Evening Post , October 21, 1967, p. 26.

5. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 490-91, 519.

6. Ibid., pp. 508-9.

5. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 490-91, 519.

6. Ibid., pp. 508-9.

5. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 490-91, 519.

7. Ibid., p. 558.

1. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 602, 614.

2. Quoted in ibid., pp. 612-14.

3. Ibid., pp. 615-16.

4. Ibid., pp. 611-12.

5. From a transcript of Dr. Comfort's deposition, quoted in ibid., p. 628.

1. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 602, 614.

2. Quoted in ibid., pp. 612-14.

3. Ibid., pp. 615-16.

4. Ibid., pp. 611-12.

5. From a transcript of Dr. Comfort's deposition, quoted in ibid., p. 628.

1. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 602, 614.

2. Quoted in ibid., pp. 612-14.

3. Ibid., pp. 615-16.

4. Ibid., pp. 611-12.

5. From a transcript of Dr. Comfort's deposition, quoted in ibid., p. 628.

1. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 602, 614.

2. Quoted in ibid., pp. 612-14.

3. Ibid., pp. 615-16.

4. Ibid., pp. 611-12.

5. From a transcript of Dr. Comfort's deposition, quoted in ibid., p. 628.

1. Kelly, Court of Reason , pp. 602, 614.

2. Quoted in ibid., pp. 612-14.

3. Ibid., pp. 615-16.

4. Ibid., pp. 611-12.

5. From a transcript of Dr. Comfort's deposition, quoted in ibid., p. 628.

6. Quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 636-37.

1. Hutchins, report for a meeting of the directors in Chicago, April 13, 1976, quoted in Kelly, Court of Reason , p. 634.

2. Hutchins, "Why We Need World Law," World Issues , December 1976 / January 1977, pp. 29-30; "The Intellectual Community," Center Magazine , January-February 1977, pp. 2-9.

3. Hutchins, "Why We Need World Law," p. 30.

4. Hutchins, "Intellectual Community," p. 3.

5. Ibid., pp. 8-9.

4. Hutchins, "Intellectual Community," p. 3.

5. Ibid., pp. 8-9.