1. The arguments presented in this section are developed in Guillermo O'Donnell, "Apuntes para una teoría del estado," Documento CEDES/G.E. CLACSO 9, Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (Buenos Aires, 1977); also published in Revista Mexicana de Sociología 1 (1979): 1157-99.

2. The reflections on the pueblo set forth here and in the following section draw on the contributions of Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory (London: New Left Books, 1977) and Oscar Landi, "Sobre lenguajes, identidades y ciudadanías políticas" in Estado y política en América Latina, ed. Norbert Lechner (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1981).

3. The state as a pact of domination is discussed in Fernando Henrique Cardoso, "Estado Capitalista e Marxismo," Estudos CEBRAP 21 (1977).

4. For a similar definition, which also underscores the distinction between state and regime, see David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 402-403.

5. The implantation of the 1966 Argentine BA is analyzed in more detail in O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, and in Guillermo O'Donnell, "Modernization and Military Coups: Theory, Practice and the Argentine Case" in Armies and Politics in Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal and J. Samuel Fitch (New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1978).

6. This concept is taken from Weffort, O populismo na política brasileira.

7. Cf. esp. the pioneering and still unsurpassed work of Cardoso and Faletto, Dependencia y Desarrollo en América Latina.

8. One suggestive effort along these lines is Norbert Lechner, ed., La crisis del estado en América Latina (Buenos Aires: El Cid Editores, 1977). The world capitalist center's view of itself is also open to question; Nicos Poulantzas undertook an interesting analysis of this problem in "La internacionalización de las relaciones capitalistas de producción y el estado nacional" in Las clases sociales en el capitalismo de hoy (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1975).

9. On the worldwide expansion of TNCs, see Myra Wilkins, The Making of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974). There are also several good studies of TNC expansion in specific Latin American countries. On Brazil, Carlos von Dellinger and Leonardo Cavalcanti, Empresas multinacionais na industria brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: IPEA, 1975), and Fernando Fajnzlber, Estrategia industrial e empresas internacionais: posição relativa de América Latina e do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: IPEA/INPES, 1971). On Mexico, Fernando Fajnzlber and Trinidad Martínez Tarragó, Las empresas transnacionales: Expansión a nivel mundial y proyección en la industria mexicana (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1976). On Argentina, Juan V. Sourrouille, El impacto de las empresas transnacionales sobre el empleo y los ingresos: el caso de la Argentina (Geneva: International Labor Office, World Employment Program, 1976), and "La presencia y el comportamiento de las empresas extranjeras en el sector industrial argentino," Estudios CEDES 1, no. 2 (1978), and the data compiled in O'Donnell and Linck, Dependencia y Autonomía, ch. 3.

10. The most comprehensive study of the characteristics of Latin American industrialization is Juan Ayza, Gerard Fichet and Norberto González, América Latina: Integración económica y sustitución de importaciones (Mexico City: ECLA, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1976). Two interesting attempts to conceptualize the specificities of industrialization in Argentina are Richard D. Mallon and Juan V. Sourrouille, Economic Policy-Making in a Conflict Society: The Argentine Case (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), and Marcelo Diamand, Doctrinas económicas, desarrollo e independencia (Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidós, 1973).

11. See Albert O. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), and "The Political Economy of Import-substituting Industrialization in Latin America," in A Bias for Hope (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).

12. On this and related points, see Lechner, ed., La crisis del estado en América Latina.

13. Within the literature on this topic, see James March and Herbert Simon, Organizations (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1958); Richard Cyert and James March, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963); and the pertinent articles in Handbook of Organizations, ed. James March (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965).

14. David Apter, Choice and the Politics of Allocation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).

15. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).

16. On corporatism, see Philippe Schmitter, "Still the Century of Corporatism?" in The New Corporatism, ed. Frederick Pike and Thomas Stritch (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1974); also Guillermo O'Donnell, "On 'Corporatism' and the Question of the State," in James Malloy, ed., Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1977), 47-88.

1. For an overview of this period see my Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism and "Modernization and Military Coups." The basic work on the armed forces of Argentina is Alain Rouguié, Pouvoir militaire et société politique en republique argentine (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1978). Cf. also Carlos A. Fayt, El político armado: dinámica del proceso político Argentino (1960-1971) (Buenos Aires: Pannedille, 1971) and Robert Potash, El ejército y la política en la Argentina, 1945-1962: De Perón a Frondizi (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1981).

2. On these patterns of behavior and related themes, see Marcelo Cavarozzi, "Sindicatos y política en Argentina, 1955-1958," Estudios CEDES 1, 1982. See also Rubén Zorrilla, Estructura y dinámica del sindicalismo argentino (Buenos Aires: Editorial La Pléyade, 1974).

3. On this cycle see my Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, 115-63.

4. The ways in which these shifting sociopolitical alliances evolved between 1955 and 1966 are analyzed in my "State and Alliances in Argentina, 1956-1976," Journal of Development Studies 15, no. 1 (October 1978): 3-33.

5. Calculated from FIEL, Indicadores de coyuntura, various issues.

6. Juan Linz, "An Authoritarian Regime: Spain," in Mass Politics, ed. Eric Allardt and Stein Rokkan (New York: Free Press, 1970), 251-83.

7. Mensaje de la Junta Revolucionaria al Pueblo Argentino and Acta de la Revolución Argentina, anexo 3: Políticas del Gobierno Nacional, Secretaría de Prensa de la Presidencia de la Nación, Buenos Aires, June 28, 1966.

8. Mensaje de la Junta Revolucionaria.

9. Mensaje de la Junta Revolucionaria.

10. On the liberal, internationalist and pro-capitalist ideology of Castelo Branco and his group, see Alfred Stepan, The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), and Luis Viana Filho, O Governo Castelo Branco (Rio de Janeiro: Livraría José Olympo Editora, 1975).

11. For discussion of these divergences in the paths of the BAs, see O'Donnell, "Reflections on the Patterns of Change," and "Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy," in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, ed. David Collier (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979). A more detailed, and updated, discussion of these and related themes is Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, "Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Transitions," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe and Latin America, ed. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).

12. Statements along these and similar lines can be found in Planeamiento y desarrollo de la acción de gobierno-directiva (Buenos Aires: Secretaría de Prensa de la Presidencia de la Nación, 1966), and in the speech by Onganía published in La Prensa, September 15, 1966, p. 1.

13. See Mensaje de la Junta Revolucionaria al Pueblo Argentino and Mensaje del Teniente General Onganía al Pueblo de la República con motivo de asumir la Presidencia de la Nación (Buenos Aires: Secretaría de Prensa de la Presidencia de la Nación, June 30, 1966).

14. Law 16,894, July 3, 1966.

15. Law 16,940, October 8, 1966. See also the subsequent Law 17,401 on the "Repression of Communism." For a commentary on this legislation from the perspective of national security doctrines, see the book by the first Secretary of CONASE, General Osiris Villegas, Políticas y estrategias para el desarrollo y la seguridad nacional (Buenos Aires: Editorial Pleamar, 1969).

16. For a description of this intervention and of the violence with which university buildings were cleared, see "Crónica de un conflicto," Revista Latino-americana de Sociología 2/3 (1966): 84-96.

17. See La Nación, October 26, 1966, p. 1.

18. On the first mass layoffs in the central administration, see La Nación, September 1, 1966, p. 1. On the "Railroad Restructuring Plan," see La Nación, December 3, 1966, p. 1.

19. On the "rationalization" of the port facilities (which resulted in a notable improvement in operations), see La Nación, October 8, 1966, p. 1. On the strike, see La Nación, October 19, 1966, p. 1.

20. For the announcement of the Plan Tucumán and the strikes and field burnings it provoked, see La Nación, August 22, p. 1, and August 28, p. 1, 1966.

21. La Nación, August 27, 1966, p. 1.

22. See the statements of the CGT in La Nación, August 13, p. 16, October 4, p. 4, November 14, p. 1, and December 9, p. 1, 1966.

23. For complaints about the reimposition of price controls and the allegedly resurgent statism, see statements by the UIA (La Nación, September 3, p. 1, and November 1, p. 1, 1966); the ACIEL (La Nación, November 5, 1966, pp. 1-18); and the CAC (La Nación, December 10, 1966, p. 1).

24. On university students' strikes and demonstrations, see La Nación, August 20, p. 16 (Córdoba); August 23, p. 4 (Buenos Aires); August 24, p. 18 (Córdoba); September 8, p. 4 (national strike); September 10, p. 18 (Córdoba); September 12, p. 1 (Tucumán); October 2, p. 16 (Tucumán); October 6, p. 4 (Córdoba); and October 6, p. 20 (Rosario), all in 1966.

1. See Primera Plana, November 22, 1966, p. 18. For information on Krieger Vasena's extensive connections with large national and transnational corporations, as well as with ADELA and other agencies of transnational capital, see Rogelio García Lupo, Mercenarios y monopolies en la Argentina, de Onganía a Lanusse: 1966-1973 (Buenos Aires: Editora Achával Solo, 1973), 116-21; and Gregorio Selser, El Onganiato: la espada y el hisopo, vol. 1 (Buenos Aires: Carlos Samonta Editor, 1973), 283-91.

2. See, for example, Primera Plana, November 22, 1966, p. 18.

3. Law 19,656 of September 24, 1966.

4. La Razón, March 15, p. 1, and June 27, p. 1, 1967 (Borda), and La Nación, June 24, 1967, p. 1 (Díaz Colodrero). See also the collective volume Cinco discursos y una Revolución, Movimiento Humanista de Derecho, Buenos Aires, 1968.

5. These references to economic policy in Brazil and Chile after their respective coups are based mainly on the following sources. For Brazil, Thomas Skidmore, "The Years between the Harvests: The Economics of the Castelo Branco Presidency, 1964-1967," Luso-Brazilian Review 15, no. 2 (Winter 1978): 4-42; Edmar Bacha, Os mitos de uma década (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1976); Albert Fishlow, "Some Reflections on Post-1964 Brazilian Economic Policy," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies and Future, ed. Alfred Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 69-113; Paulo Singer, A crise do Milagre (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1976); André Lara Resende, "A política Brasileira de estabilização: 1967-1968," PUC-IRI (Rio de Janeiro, 1980); Francisco de Oliveira, A economía da dependencia imperfeita (Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1977); Maria de Conceição Tavares, "Acumulação de capital e industrialização no Brazil," Tesis de Livre Docencia, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, 1978; and José Serra, "O crecimento económico brasileiro (1967-1980) e seus principais problemas, " CEPAL-CEBRAP (São Paulo, 1981), mimeo. For Chile, Tomás Moulián and Pilar Vergara, "Políticas de estabilización y comportamientos sociales, 1973-1978," CIEPLAN (Santiago de Chile, 1979); Alejandro Foxley, "Hacia una economía de libre mercado: Chile, 1974-1979," CIEPLAN (Santiago de Chile, 1980), mimeo; and Joseph Ramos, "Inflación persistente, inflación reprimida e hiperinflación: lecciones de inflación y estabilización en Chile," Cuadernos de Economía, no. 43 (December 1977): 2-46. Interesting comparative studies include Carlos Díaz Alejandro, "Southern Cone Stabilization Plans," PUC-IRI (Rio de Janeiro, 1980), mimeo; Alejandro Foxley, "Inflación: Brazil y Chile," Estudios CIEPLAN, no. 1 (1979); and, for a broader perspective, Thomas Skidmore, "Toward a Comparative Analysis of the Link between Politics and Economic Development in Argentina and Brazil," University of Wisconsin, 1980, mimeo.

6. On these problems and their implications for economic policy in Argentina, and for references to the extensive literature on this theme, see Adolfo Canitrot, "La experiencia populista de distribución de ingresos," Desarrollo Económico 59 (October-December 1975): 331-52. For a more sociologically oriented treatment of this theme, covering a broader period, see O'Donnell, "State and Alliances in Argentina, 1956-1976," Journal of Development Studies 15, no. 1 (October 1978): 3-33.

7. On the adoption of the Plan of Action and the hardening of the rhetoric, but not of the demands formulated, see La Razón, February 19, 1967, p. 15.

8. Statement by CONASE in La Nación, February 15, 1967, p. 1.

9. Statement by CONASE in La Nación, February 11, p. 1, and February 25, p. 1, 1967.

10. Statement by CONASE in La Nación, February 19, 1967, pp. 1, 16.

11. La Nación, February 21, 1967, p. 12, and CGE, Memoria anual (Buenos Aires, 1967).

12. La Nación, March 6, p. 1; March 7, p. 1; March 9, p. 1; and March 10, p. 1, 1967.

13. See, for example, Confirmado, March 14, 1967, p. 14.

14. Crónica, June 15, 1967, p. 6.

15. La Nación, March 8, 1967, p. 1.

16. La Nación, March 11, 1967, p. 1.

17. Primera Plana, April 11, 1967, p. 18.

18. La Nación, March 17, 1967, p. 18; statements to this effect by Krieger Vasena in La Nación, March 23, 1967, p. 6; and communiqués from the Labor Secretary in La Nación, March 4, p. 1; March 14, p. 1; and August 21, p. 1, 1967.

19. For a valuable comparative analysis of various dimensions of corporatism, see Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, "Inducements vs. Constraints: Disaggregating 'Corporatism,'" American Political Science Review 73, no. 4 (December 1979): 1046-62.

20. La Nación, January 18, 1967, p. 1.

21. For the text of this speech, see Ministerio de Economía y Trabajo, Política económica argentina—discursos del Ministro de Economía y Trabajo, vol. 1 (Buenos Aires, 1968), 25-36.

22. Law 17,224 of March 31, 1967.

23. Law 17,253 of April 27, 1967.

24. La Nación, May 16, 1967, p. 1. For the terms of this agreement, see Ministerio de Economía y Trabajo, Política económica Argentina, 49-50.

25. Law 17,330 of July 5, 1967. Shortly after this law took effect, import duties on capital goods were reduced significantly; La Nación, June 11, 1967, pp. 1, 18.

26. Law 17,335 of July 10, 1967.

27. La Nación, July 28, 1967, p. 1.

28. La Nación, August 5, 1967, pp. 1, 12.

29. See the AP and UPI cables in La Nación, March 21, 1967, p. 1.

30. La Nación, March 23, 1967, p. 1. Portions of the IMF agreement with the Argentine government are reprinted in Economic Survey, May 3, 1967, pp. 9, 18.

31. La Nación, April 18, p. 1; May 2, p. 1; and May 3, p. 1, 1967.

32. La Nación, April 10, 1967, p. 1.

33. For an expanded treatment of this theme and related ones, see Roberto Frenkel and Guillermo O'Donnell, "The 'Stabilization Programs' of the International Monetary Fund and Their Internal Impacts," in Capitalism and the State in US—Latin American Relations, ed. Richard Fagen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1979), and the bibliography cited therein. For other studies of the Argentine case, see Juan de Pablo, "Precios relativos, distribución de ingreso y planes de estabilización: la experiencia Argentina durante 1967-1970," Desarrollo Económico 57 (April-June 1975): 247-72, and Política antiinflacionaria en la Argentina, 1967-1970 (Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores, 1972); Mallon and Sourrouille, Economic Policy-Making; Mario Brodersohn, "Política económica de corto plazo, crecimiento e inflación en la Argentina," in Jornadas de Economía, Problemas económicos argentinos. Diagnóstico y política (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Macchi, 1974), 3-64; and Marcelo Diamand, Doctrinas económicas, desarrollo e independencia (Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidós, 1973).

34. This theme is discussed in Frenkel and O'Donnell, "The 'Stabilization Programs' of the International Monetary Fund."

1. Juan de Pablo, Política antiinflacionaria en Argentina, 1967-1970 (Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores, 1971).

2. See esp. Lucio Reca and Ernesto Gaba, "Poder adquisitivo, veda y substitutos: un reexamen de la demanda interna de carne vacuna en la Argentina, 1950—1972," Desarrollo Económico, no. 50 (July-September 1973): 333-346.

3. See Frenkel and O'Donnell, "Stabilization Programs."

4. Juan Sourrouille, El impacto de las empresas transnacionales sobre el empleo y los ingresos: el caso de la Argentina (Geneva: International Labor Office, 1976); and "La presencia y el comportamiento de las empresas extranjeras en el sector industrial argentino," Estudios CEDES, no. 2, Buenos Aires, 1978.

5. Sourrouille, El impacto de las empresas transnacionales and "La presencia y el comportamiento."

6. My interviews.

1. For outlines of this "maximum program" see CAC, La Nación, March 28, p. 16, and December 21, pp. 1, 10, 1968; ACIEL, La Nación, October 10, 1968, pp. 1, 14; and UIA, La Nación, December 5, 1968, pp. 1, 20, and Memoria Anual, 1968-1969 (Buenos Aires, 1969).

2. On these strikes and demonstrations see La Nación, May 2, p. 20; June 29, p. 1; October 18, p. 1; and November 11, p. 6, 1968. La Nación, December 11, 1968, p. 12, gives a clear picture of the decline of this organization.

3. La Nación, April 5, 1968, p. 10.

4. La Nación, August 13, 1968, p. 1.

5. La Nación, August 14, 1968, p. 11.

6. Statements in La Nación, August 31, 1968, pp. 1, 4.

7. Speech in La Nación, September 19, 1968, p. 10.

8. See La Nación, December 8, 1968, p. 6.

9. See Primera Plana, all issues of May and June, 1968. On Paladino's appointment as Secretary-General of Justicialism, see La Nación, May 21, 1968, p. 4.

10. La Nación, November 9, 1968, p. 1.

11. The existence of such efforts was reported in my interviews with Vandorists and paternalists.

12. See La Nación, December 24, 1968, p. 1, and the wage and salary data in chapter 4.

13. La Nación, December 30, 1968, p. 6.

14. La Nación, February 10, 1969, p. 6.

15. Crónica, May 2, 1969, pp. 5, 7.

16. La Nación, May 16, p. 1, and May 18, pp. 1, 24, 1969.

17. These considerations are inspired by Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969).

1. See La Nación and La Prensa, both June 1, 1969, p. 6.

2. These and other calls for the consolidation of orthodox economic policies and for the application of more repression may be found in the Memorias Anuales of the UIA, of the ACIEL, and of the CAC, all 1969-1970.

3. Ministerio de Economia y Trabajo, Informe económico 1969, 4th trimester, Buenos Aires. This publication explicitly attributes these and other changes to the negative expectations generated by the Cordobazo.

4. BCRA, Boletín Estadístico, December 1969, p. 14.

5. Ministerio de Economia y Trabajo, Informe económico 1969.

6. On similar attempts during the 1955-66 period, see Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, chapters 2 and 4.

7. See, for example, La Nación, August 8, p. 1 and December 17, p. 16, 1969.

8. See, for example, La Nación, November 25, 1969, p. 1; March 1, 1970, p. 6; and May 30, 1970, pp. 1, 22.

9. La Nación, July 15, 1969, p. 1.

10. La Nación, September 5, 1969, pp. 1, 22.

11. La Nación, September 23, 1969, p. 1.

12. La Nación, September 25, p. 12 and September 27, p. 1, 1969. For a subsequent meeting see La Nación, October 4, 1969, p. 1.

13. La Nación, September 28, p. 1 and October 2, p. 1, 1969.

14. La Nación, October 10, 1969, p. 1.

15. La Nación, November 1, 1969, p. 1, gives the text of this "Accord."

16. See, among others, La Nación, August 26, 1969, p. 1 (ACIEL); October 1, 1969, p. 1 (UIA); October 5, 1969, p. 8 (UIA and CAC).

17. The data that support this assertion are given in chapter 9.

18. On the appearance of this development plan, see La Nación, February 20, 1970, pp. 1, 24; for the criticisms leveled at it by the UIA and the SRA, see La Nación, April 24, 1970, p. 9 and March 21, 1970, p. 9, respectively. Dagnino Pastore's public statements and speeches are reprinted in Ministerio de Economía y Trabajo, Política Económica Argentina, 1969-1970, Buenos Aires, 1970.

19. See the bitter reactions of the UIA (La Nación, December 18, 1969, p. 1 and January 30, 1970, p. 7) and of the ACIEL (La Nación, February 6, 1970, p. 9), as well as the CGE's criticisms (La Nación, January 31, 1970, p. 1).

20. This information comes from my interviews.

21. La Nación, December 5, 1969, pp. 1, 12.

22. La Nación, February 27, 1970, p. 1.

23. See esp. La Nación, January 12, 1970, p. 11.

24. For some of the protests of the Pampean bourgeoisie, see La Nación, July 27, p. 1; November 14, p. 1; November 22, pp. 1, 6; and December 19, p. 1, 1969.

25. La Nación, April 16, 1970, p. 1.

26. La Nación, April 15, p. 1 and April 16, p. 24, 1970. A good analysis of these issues is Nidia Margenat, "Las organizaciones corporativas del sector agrario." See also Gerardo Duejo, El Capital monopolista y las contradicciones secondarias en la sociedad argentina (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1973).

27. On these episodes, see La Nación, June 27, 1969, pp. 1, 18.

28. I have seen three slightly different drafts of this document.

29. La Nación, May 30, 1970, p. 1.

30. La Nación, June 3, p. 22 and June 6, pp. 1, 22, 1970.

31. La Nación, June 9, 1970, p. 1.

32. For a fuller development of these themes, see O'Donnell, "Apuntes para una teoría del estado."

33. These themes are discussed in O'Donnell, "Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State."

1. See especially the special edition of Panorama, June 10, 1970.

2. Amendment to the "Acts of the Argentine Revolution" in La Nación, June 21, 1970, p. 1.

3. This assessment of how Levingston was viewed by his comrades is based on my interviews.

4. La Nación, June 18, p. 6, and July 24, pp. 1, 6, 1970.

5. La Nación, June 25, 1970, p. 5.

6. La Nación, June 21, 1970, pp. 1, 20.

7. La Nación, June 30, 1970, pp. 1, 6.

8. Statements of the CAC, UIA, and the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange in La Nación, June 29, 1970, pp. 1, 4.

9. See, among others, Economic Survey, July 21, 1970, p. 1.

10. See Levingston's speeches in La Nación, July 13, pp. 1, 5 and September 28, pp. 1, 3, 1970; see also the interview with Levingston in Confirmado, September 23, 1970, pp. 14, 18.

11. See Levingston's press conference in La Nación, October 11, 1970, p. 14, and his speech in La Nación, September 30, 1970, pp. 1, 12.

12. For an excellent analysis of the theme of political space, see Alfred Stepan, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).

13. See La Nación, November 27, p. 1 and November 29, p. 9, 1970.

14. See, among others, Primera Plana, December 15, 1970, p. 15.

15. For example, La Razón, September 29, 1970, p. 16.

16. On these and related themes see the data in chapter 9. For the alarm these trends caused, see Economic Survey, October 6, p. 1; November 3, p. 6; November 10, p. 1 (which also expressed concern about the "tremendous prospects for inflation"); and December 9, p. 7, 1970.

17. See the angry complaints of CARBAP in La Nación, July 27, 1970, p. 4, and of the "Assembly of Agricultural and Livestock Producers" (which included the SRA and CARBAP) in La Nación, November 18, 1970, pp. 1, 6.

18. La Nación, October 14, 1970, p. 1. For a review of the events leading to these resignations, see Panorama, October 16, 1970, pp. 1, 6.

19. La Nación, November 12, 1970, p. 6.

20. On this theme see O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, chapter 3, and "Modernization and Military Coups."

21. Dealings between the parties in La Hora del Pueblo and the military liberals were widely rumored and were confirmed in my interviews.

22. Lanusse, Mi Testimonio.

23. La Nación, November 10, 1970, pp. 1, 22.

24. La Nación, January 2, 1971, pp. 1, 18.

25. For Levingston's announcement of the upcoming enactment of the "buy national" law as part of an effort to "Argentinize the economy," see La Nación, December 24, 1970, p. 22.

26. See the UIA in La Nación, December 29, 1970, p. 14, the ACIEL in La Nación, January 6, 1971, p. 3, and the CAC in La Nación, January 16, 1971, p. 7.

27. La Nación, January 31, 1971, p. 10.

28. See the CGE's Memoria anual, 1968-1969 and 1969-1970.

29. Perhaps the most persistent criticism of these policies came from Economic Survey between November 1970 and March 1971.

30. See Levingston's speech in La Nación, February 5, 1971, pp. 1, 7, and his press conference in La Nación, March 20, 1971, p. 4.

31. La Nación, January 23, 1971, pp. 1, 16.

32. Text in La Nación, December 5, 1970, pp. 1, 22.

33. See La Nación, December 17, 1970, pp. 1, 6.

34. See for example La Nación, December 6, 1970, p. 6, and Primera Plana, December 15, 1970, pp. 14, 15.

35. La Nación, December 12, 1970, p. 6.

36. See among others La Nación, January 17, p. 8 and February 28, p. 8, 1971; Análisis, February 16, 1970, pp. 7, 10; and Panorama, February 16, pp. 8, 10; March 2, pp. 16, 20; and March 9, pp. 8, 13, 1971.

37. La Nación, February 17, 1971, p. 4.

38. La Nación, March 3, 1971, p. 3.

39. La Nación, March 16, 1971, pp. 1, 22. On this episode, see Balvé et al., Lucha de calles—lucha de clases.

40. The data referred to here and in the rest of this section are included in the complete series for the whole period, presented in chapter 9.

41. See Reca and Gaba, "Poder adquisitivo," and Juan Carlos de Pablo, Política Antiinflacionaria en la Argentina, 1967-1970 (Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores, 1972).

42. See Dagnino Patore's Discursos (Ministry of Economy and Labor, Buenos Aires, 1970).

1. Statement of the military junta upon taking charge of the government (La, Nación, March 24, 1971, p. 1)

2. See the "Guidelines for Governmental Action" that Lanusse imparted to the cabinet (La Nación, April 1, 1971, p. 1).

3. La Nación, March 25, 1971, p. 1. Once again, this promise went unfulfilled; collective bargaining was not reintroduced until 1973.

4. La Nación, March 30, 1971, p. 1.

5. La Nación, April 24, 1971, p. 1.

6. La Nación, April 14, 1971, p. 1.

7. My interviews. Lanusse, in his Mi Testimonio, elaborates on these and related themes.

8. Lanusse, Mi Testimonio.

9. A good approximation to the positions of these radicalized sectors may be found in Cristianismo y Revolución, no. 29 (July 1971), pp. 11-14. See also the 1971 issues of Jerónimo, especially numbers 4 and 5; América Latina, no. 12 (July 1971), no. 13 (September 1971), and no. 14 (November 1971); !Ya! no. 8 (August 16, 1973); and Nuevo Hombre, August 28, September 8, and November 3, 1971. On Córdoba unions that would become the most important expressions of classist, non-Peronist, working-class rank-and-file movements, see Natalia Duval, "Argentina: sindicatos y movimientos de masas," Historia del movimiento obrero, no. 95 (1974); Juan Carlos Torre, "Una nueva opción social," Los libros, August 1971; the text of "El programa de SITRAC-SITRAM" in Los libros, August 1971; Zorrilla, Estructura dinámica del sindicalismo argentine; and Delich, Crisis y protesta social, and "Córdoba, la movilización permanente," Los libros, August 1971.

10. On these attempted "political solutions" during the 1955-66 period see Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, chaps. 3 and 4, and "State and Alliances in Argentina."

11. Primera Plana, September 7, 1971, p. 9.

12. Increasingly hopeless complaints by the organizations of the upper and Pampean bourgeoisies over political and economic prospects may be found in La Nación: June 25, 1971, p. 6 (ACIEL); September 3, 1971, p. 6 (UIA); September 16, 1971, p. 3 (UIA and SRA); September 17, 1971, p. 10 (CAC, asserting nostalgically that "the fundamental cause of the present situation is the abandonment of the economic policies initiated on March 13, 1967"); October 27, 1971, p. 5 (UIA); November 6, 1971, p. 6 (editorial summary of many of these complaints); November 27, 1971, p. 1 (CARBAP); December 11, 1971, p. 14 (Buenos Aires Stock Exchange); December 17, 1971, p. 1 (SRA); December 23, 1971, pp. 1, 9 (SRA); January 5, 1972, p. 1 (SRA); January 12, 1972, pp. 1, 12 (CAC and UIA); February 12, 1972, p. 1 (SRA); March 3, 1972, p. 12 (CAC); July 19, 1972, pp. 1, 12 (UIA); July 20, 1972, pp. 1, 10 (CAC); August 16, 1972, p. 10 (UIA); September 5, 1972, p. 10 (UIA); September 11, 1972, p. 1 (joint statement of the UIA, SRA, CAC, and Buenos Aires Stock Exchange); and September 21, 1972, p. 6 (CAC).

13. For statements to this effect by Lanusse in the first stage of his government, see La Nación, April 14, p. 2 and May 2, p. 1, 1971.

14. Information on the content of these first proposals to Perón comes from the meeting that took place in Madrid between one of Lanusse's military aides and Perón and Lopez Rega. The meeting was recorded, and parts of it were made public about a year later.

15. We shall examine in chapter 9 the data on guerrilla activity. For an incomplete but eloquent inventory of the most spectacular guerrilla actions, see Donald Hodges, Argentina, 1943-1976; Charles Russell, James Miller and James Schenkel, "Urban Guerrillas in Argentina: A Select Bibliography," Latin American Research Review 9, no. 3 (Autumn, 1974); and James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974). See also the chronology compiled by Andrew Graham-Yooll in Tiempo de tragedia. Cronología de la revolución Argentina (Buenos Aires: Ediciones de la Flor, 1972).

16. La Nación, May 27, 1971, p. 1.

17. La Nación, October 9, p. 1 and October 10, p. 1, 1971.

18. These feelings of entitlement were expressed in my interviews and, more obliquely, in Lanusse's Mi Testimonio.

19. Among many similar statements, see Las Bases, September 10, 1972, p. 5 and La Nación, July 5, 1972, p. 10.

20. See the joint statement by the UIA, the CAC, the SRA, and the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange in La Nación, September 11, 1972, p. 1 (see also note 12).

21. On this theme, see Botana et al., El régimen militar, 1966-1973.

22. Some of these surveys may be found in Panorama, February 8, 1973, p. 19 (which gives the results of a survey predicting that Peronism would obtain only 29 percent of the vote) and March 8, 1973, pp. 14, 18; La Nación, January 25, p. 8, and March 4, p. 6, 1973; and Análisis—Confirmado, December 19, 1972, p. 10 and February 13, 1973, pp. 10, 13.

23. The text of this legislation may be found in La Nación, September 26, 1971, pp. 1, 14.

24. La Nación, June 1, 1972, pp. 1, 16.

25. Lanusse, Mi Testimonio, p. 288. The possibility of a coup was being openly discussed (La Nación, July 6, 1972, pp. 1, 20).

26. La Nación, July 8, 1972, p. 1, 20.

27. For these protests see La Nación, July 14, 1972, p. 6.

28. La Nación, September 20, 1972, p. 1.

29. La Nación, November 1, 1972, pp. 1, 16.

1. "Adam Przeworski, "Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, ed. O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); and Guillermo O'Donnell, "Notas para el estudio de procesos de democratización a partir del Estado burocratico-autoritario," Estudios CEDES, Buenos Aires, 1979.

2. A contemporary analysis of the characteristics and potential of what the source terms the "new social opposition" is given in Pasado y Presente 4, no. 1 (esp. pp. 3-29) and no. 2 (esp. pp. 179-203) (Buenos Aires: 1973).

3. Among the numerous collections of Perón's speeches and statements that were published or reprinted during this period, the ones that bear most directly on the themes discussed here are La comunidad organizada (Buenos Aires: Editorial CEPE, 1973), Doctrina peronista (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Macacha Güemes, 1973), La tercera posición (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Argentinas, 1974), and Perón y los empresarios (Buenos Aires: Confederación General Económica, 1973).

4. For an analysis from this perspective, see Antropología Tercer Mundo, no. 11 (December 1972) and no. 12 (February/March 1973). This source is noteworthy because it combines a quite lucid discussion of some of the contradictions and ambiguities of those radicalized tendencies with an exaltation of Perón and typical expressions of hostility toward the "union bureaucracy" and the Peronist political personnel.

5. Among the abundant literature on this theme see esp. Walter Laqueur, ed., Fascism: A Reader's Guide. Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976).

6. An illustrative diatribe against these "bureaucrats" is Jorge Correa's Los Jerarcas sindicales (Buenos Aires: Editorial Obrador, 1974).

7. Among the data to which I had access, only the survey of March 1971 contains this disaggregation.

8. La Nación, October 3, 1972, p. 6, among many others.

9. See, for example, La Nación, October 7, p. 6 and October 22, p. 6, 1972, the latter reporting what was confirmed in my interviews: neither the government nor the political parties thought Perón would return.

10. La Nación, November 17 and 18, 1972. A good account of these events may be found in the "Cultural Supplement" of La Opinión, November 11, 1973, pp. 1-7.

11. See, among many others, La Nación, December 31, 1972, p. 6, and January 21, 1973,p. 6, and Análisis-Confirmado, January 16, 1973, p. 8.

12. La Nación, November 21, 1972, p. 1.

13. La Nación, January 14, 1973, p. 8.

14. La Nación, February 8, 1973, pp. 1, 18. Only one army general declined to sign.

15. According to my interviews. On this trip, see La Nación, February 24, 1972, p. 1.

16. Barrington Moore, On Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (New York: M. E. Sharp, 1978), p. 376.

17. Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism.

18. For a good discussion of this theme and related ones, see Tulio Halperín Donghi, Argentina en el callejón (Montevideo: Editorial Arcos, 1964).