1. The quotations are from Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Marble Faun, chapter 12.

2. The quotations are from The Marble Faun, chapters 34 and 12.

3. The Roman Journals of Ferdinand Gregorovius 1852-1874, ed. Fried-rich Althaus, trans. Annie (Mrs. Gustavus W.) Hamilton (London, 1907), 26. For Margaret Fuller, see Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli (Boston, 1852), II, 216; my attention was drawn to her remarks by Giuliana Artom Treves, The Golden Ring, The Anglo-Florentines, 1847-1862, trans. Sylvia Sprigge (London, 1956), 160. Renan's Letters from the Holy Land, trans. Lorenzo O'Rourke (New York, 1904), 33.

4. Codice topografico della città di Roma, ed. Roberto Valentini and Giuseppe Zucchetti (Rome, 1940-1953), III, 143-144.

5. The quotations are from Edward Gibbon, Memoirs of My Life and Writing .

6. The Roman Journals, 2.

7. Ferdinand Gregorovius, History, VIII, 725; V, 660 n.; VIII, 705. This preface was written sometime before the publication of Ferdinand Gregorovius, Rome and Medieval Culture, ed. K. F. Morrison (Chicago, 1971), to which Professor Leonard Krieger has prefixed three intensely enlightening pages (vii-ix). He speaks of Gregorovius as "an outstanding representative of that pungent mid-nineteenth-century historiography . . ." (vii). "Pungent" is exactly right for Gregorovius.

8. Gregorovius, History, VIII, 765; The Marble Faun, chapter 12; Passages from the French and Italian Note-books of Nathaniel Hawthorne (Boston, 1884), 221, 219, 496-497, 506; or Fuller, Memoirs, "The whole heart must be yielded up to it {Rome}."

9. The quotations are from Leopold Ranke, Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome, trans. Sarah Austin (London, 1840), III, 73; and from History of the Popes, trans. Mrs. Foster (London, 1913), I, 382.

10. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, ed. and trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962), 382.

1. For population and size, see particularly J. C. Russell, Late Ancient and Medieval Population (Philadelphia, 1958), 109-110, and J. Beloch, Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens (Berlin and Leipzig, 1937-1961), II, 1-2, 19; but see Giovanni Mossa and Maurizio Baldassari, La vita economica di Roma nel medioevo (Rome, 1971), 15. Georgina Masson is particularly interested in, and interesting about, Roman flora--see, for example, The Companion Guide to Rome, 357. The best introduction to the type of thought represented by pseudo-Bede and the literary tradition concerning the Colosseum is probably Theodor E. Mommsen, "Augustine and the Christian Idea of Progress: The Background of the City of God," in Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ed. Eugene F. Rice (Ithaca, 1959), 265-298 (originally, Journal of the History of Ideas, XII {1951}, 346-374), 271. See Riccardo's Chronica, ed. Carlo Alberto Garufi, in Rerum italicarum scriptores, ed. Ludovico Antonio Muratori (hereafter, Muratori, RIS ), new series VII (Bologna, 1938), 174. In general, the history of Rome for the period is covered in two volumes, X and XI, of the Storia di Roma, published by the Istituto di Studi Romani; vol. X is Paolo Brezzi, Roma e l'Impero medioevale (Bologna, 1947), and vol. XI is Eugenio Dupré Theseider, Roma dal Comune di popolo alla Signoria pontificia ( 1252-1377 ) (Bologna, 1952).

2. Le liber censuum de l'église romaine, ed. Paul Fabre and L. Duchesne (Paris, 1889-1952), I, 566.

3. This account of John of Matha is based on an article in the Bibliotheca Sanctorum, VI, 828-838, by Ignazio del Santissimo Sacramento; for the medieval Claudia, see pasquale Adinolfi, Roma nell'età di mezzo (Rome, 1881-1882), I, 159. For the necessary reservations about John's historicity, see Paul Deslandres, L'Ordre des Trinitaires (Toulouse and Paris, 1903), 1-19. See Vincenzo Forcella, Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma (Rome, 1869-1884), VII, 193, nos. 396, 397.

4. Codice topografico, III, 303 (Catalog of Turin, for San Salvatore); "Regesto del Monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria (hereafter, ASRSP ), XXIII (1900), 97-98, no. 124 (Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 119), for Gregorio. The detailed description of action at Sant'Angelo is actually from the fourteenth century, see below. For monumental names, see Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi, I Boveschi e gli Orsini (Rome, 1960), 57.

5. For papal vineyards, see Adinolfi, Roma, II, 215, and Via del Corso (Rome, 1961). For the wall, see Ian Richmond, The City Wall of Imperial Rome (Oxford, 1930), particularly 10, 43-52, 89.

6. Le opere di Ferreto de' Ferreti Vicentini, ed. Carlo Cipolla (Rome, 1908-1920) {Istituto storico italiano: Fonti per la storia d'Italia}, I, 164.

7. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito in Sassia, Coll. B, 5, for San Paolo. Carlo Cecchelli, in his extreme lamentations (and perfectly understandable ones) over the destruction of medieval Rome in his own time, suggests places like Anagni: Topografia e urbanistica di Roma, ed. Ferdinando Castagnoli, Carlo Cecchelli, Gustavo Giovannoni, Mario Zocca (vol. XXII of the Storia di Roma of the Istituto di Studi Romani), 326. For towers, see particularly Francesco Tomassetti, "Torri di Roma," Capitolium (1925), 266-277, and A. W. Lawrence, "Early Medieval Fortifications near Rome," Papers of the British School at Rome, XXXII (1964), 89-122.

8. For a sense of the country feudal holdings of the Roman nobility, see G. Tomassetti, "Documenti feudali della provincia di Roma nel medio evo," Studi e documenti di storia e diritto, XIX, (1898), 291-320, particularly 296-304.

9. For Antonio (or Antonano) and Pietro, see "Regesto di Monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 101-102, 418, nos. 174, 129 (Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 161, 125). For the rione Ripa or Sant'Angelo and the Campo Marzio, see Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito in Sassia, Coll. B, 72, 106 (for 1325 and 1340), and 2, for Malaspina. See Brezzi, Roma, 325, 334; Dupré Theseider, Roma, 28; and Cecchelli in Topografia, 198; particularly Dupré Theseider for the twenty-six rioni of 1267. See Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 31, and San Cosimato, 317, for a notary (in 1283) of the city de dicta contrata Trastibere ; Gonippo Morelli, Le Corporazioni Romane di arti e mestieri del XIII al XIX secolo (Rome, 1937), 12; A. de Boüard, Le régime politique et les institutions de Rome au moyen-âge, 1251-1347 (Paris, 1920), 47-48.

10. In general, for a rather limited introduction, see Ottorino Montenovesi, "L'Archiospedale di S. Spirito in Roma," ASRSP, LXII (1939), 17-229. A number of related works about the hospital and order have been written by Pietro de Angelis; among these the most significant is probably L'Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Saxia (Rome, 1960-62), but one should also know of the existence of L'Ospedale apostolico di Santo Spirito in Saxia nella mente e sul cuore dei papi (Rome, 1956), and Regula sive Statuta hospitalis Sancti Spiritus (Rome, 1954). See, here, particularly L'Ospedale di Santo Spirito, I 373-384. For Thomas Anglicus, see Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 32 (1290).

11. Innocent III, Opera omnia, IV, in J.-P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus . . . Latina (hereafter, Migne, Patrologia Latina ) CCXVII (Paris, 1855), cols. 345-350 (sermon for the Sunday after the octave of the Epiphany), particularly 348, 350. De Angelis, L'Ospedale di Santo Spirito, I, 375-377, 380. S. J. P. van Dijk and J. Hazelden Walker, The Origins of the Modern Roman Liturgy (Westminster, Maryland, and London, 1960), 95, 102-103, 460-461. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, A, 2; for expenses of the procession in the late thirteenth century, see Friedrich Baethgen, "Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der päpstlichen Hof- und Finanzerwaltung unter Bonifaz VIII," Quellen und Forschungen, XX (1928-1929), 114-237, 209. See Carlo Bertelli, "Storia e vicende dell' immagine edessena," Paragone, no. 217, Arte (1968), 3-33, 3-4.

12. Vincenzo Monachino, et al., La Carita Cristiana in Roma (Bologna, 1968), 125-187; Mariano da Alatri, "Il Medio Evo," 140. The rule is, in my opinion, still most easily read in manuscript: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Borghesiani 242, fos. 1-8, here particularly, fos. 3, 3 ^v , 4, 3, 1 ^v -2, 7-7 ^v , (and chapters 36, 41, 55, 35, 8). For a description of the manuscript, see Anneliese Maier, Codices Burghesiani Bibliothecae Vaticanae, Studi e Testi, CLXX (Città del Vaticano, 1952), 290-292, no. 242. See also Innocent III, Opera omnia, IV, cols. 1137-1158.

13. L. Schiaparelli, "Alcuni documenti dei magistri aedificiorum Urbis (secoli xiii e xiv)," ASRSP, XXV (1902), 5-60, 50-53, no. 10 (1306), 26-27, no. 1 (1233), 33-35, no. 5 (1279); Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 2, 4, 59, 61, 64, 108, for archival marks--2 and 4 are fourteenth-century transcriptions of thirteenth-century business; the seal is described, in Santo Spirito, B, 119, as being on a 1348 document, and in green wax, with a dove above its cross: "on the middle of the seal is carved a great double cross like the cross of the Hospital of Santo Spirito in Sassia of the City"; and see a set of crosses marking property at Nepi in 1349 in Santo Spirito, B, 123. For the crux gemina, see Herbert Paulus, "Doppelkreuz," in Otto Schmitt, et al., eds. Reallexicon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, IV (Stuttgart, 1958), cols. 215-223, particularly col. 220. Roman monasteries other than Santo Spirito used monuments as markers, for example, a Santa Maria in Campo Marzio monument in the Trevi (Arcione), "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 513, no. 47; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 44; Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Borghesiani 242, fo. 3 ^v (chapter 53). For business documents discussed here, see Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 7, 149, 38, 26, 36, 6, 5, 123; and see also de Angelis, L'Ospedale di Santo Spirito, I, 380-381.

14. Codices Borghesiani, 242, fos. 2-2 ^v , 3-4, 5 ^v -6, 7 (particularly chapters 8, 12, 35, 36, 40, 41, 47, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 107). For Eynsham, see Antonia Gransden, ed., The Customary of the Benedictine Abbey of Eynsham: Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum, II (Siegbury, 1963), 90-91.

15. A. Monaci, "Sant'Alessio all'Aventino," ASRSP, XXVIII (1905), 41-112, 151-200, 155-157, 173-174, 180.

16. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 16; "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 113, no. 145; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 138, San Cosimato, 296.

17. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 131. Recipes are hard to date and place, but see, for example, Ludovico Frati, Libro di cucina del secolo XIV (Leghorn, 1899).

18. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 244, (San Biagio), 188 (example of triangle); "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 525, no. 61. For a feudal tenement in 1207, see Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 59; for women and the law, in Brezzi, Roma, see P. S. Leicht's "Lineamenti del diritto a Roma dal IX al XII secolo," particularly 588-589, and Camillo Re, Statuti della Città di Roma (Rome, 1880), for example, 63.

19. See "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 95-96, no. 122; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 117; Santo Spirito, B, 10. See also Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.33(ol.31).

20. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 6. For a convenient and bright introduction to "consortial" family holdings, see David Herlihy, "Family Solidarity in Medieval Italian History," in Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy, ed. David Herlihy, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev (Kent, Ohio, 1969), 173-184, particularly 174-175, 176-178; also notes 6-7 and 10-13. For a convenient definition of various types of leases and alienations in medieval Italy, see Carlo Calisse, A History of Italian Law (Boston, 1928), 721-728.

21. "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 111-112, no. 142; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 136. For Victor IV's family, see Brezzi, Roma, 350-351, Paul Kehr, "Zur Geschichte Victors IV," Neues Archiv, XLVI (1925-26), 53-85, and, particularly, Hansmartin Schwarzmaier, "Zur Familie Viktors IV in der Sabina," Quellen und Forschungen, XLVIII (1968), 64-79, 74.

22. "Regesto del monastero di San Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 111-112, 110-111, nos. 142, 141; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 136.

23. "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 109-110, no. 140; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 134.

24. "Regesto del monastero di San Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 518, no. 54; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 51.

25. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 230; Archivio segreto vaticano, Instrumenta Miscellanea, 145, and cf. 137, and Liber censuum, II, 53-54.

26. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 266, 212. For emphyteusis, see Calisse, History, 726.

27. "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 508, no. 38; XXIII (1900), 84-85, no. 106; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 35, 102; Tabularium Ecclesiae S. Mariae in Via Lata, ed. L. M. Hartmann and M. Mezores (Vienna, 1913), 99-100, no. 260.

28. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 4; San Silvestro, 84; "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 69-70, no. 87.

29. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 93; for a very long and detailed article on the Calcarario, see Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi, "Le Contrade della zona 'in circo Flaminio': Il Calcarario," ASRSP, XLII (1919), 401-535.

30. Gregorovius, History, V, 632; Studi e documenti per la storia del Palazzo Apostolico Vaticano, ed. F. Ehrle and Hermann Egger (Vatican City, 1935), II, 37-52 (and, for an illustration of Nicholas's inscription, plate II); "Martini Poloni Continuationes," MGH,SS, XXII, 476; Liber censuum, II, 43-60, particularly, 49-54; Friedrich Baethgen, "Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der päpstlichen Hof- und Finanzerwaltung unter Bonifaz VIII," Quellen und Forschungen, XX (1928-29), 114-237, 210; Necrologi e libri affini della provincia Romana, ed. Pietro Egidi (Rome, 1908-1914), I, 262-263.

31. "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 71-72, no. 90; XXII (1899), 531-532, no. 73; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 86, 70. For a three-generation alienation of a house "in the vicolo before the church," see "Tabularium S. Mariae Novae," ed. P. Fedele, ASRSP, XXVI (1903), 130-131, no. 166. For the Orsini, see particularly Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.47(ol.44), II.A.II.48(ol.45), II.A.I.25(ol.24), II.A.II.29(ol.27), II.A.II.36(ol.34), II.A.II.42(ol.40), II.A.I.50(ol.44), II.A.I.51(ol.49), II.A.II.2. I should like specifically to thank Mr. Richard Mather for having called my attention to this rich collection. It has an unusually helpful calendar-catalog: Cesare de Cupis (fu Natale), Regesto degli Orsini, I (Sulmona, 1903), a copy of which is conveniently kept on hand in the Vallicelliana, as is a copy of Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi, I Boveschi e gli Orsini (Rome, 1960), a small book which attempts, although sometimes more bravely than successfully, to sort out a number of Orsini problems like genealogy, and which makes helpful suggestions, like those echoed here about Donna Maralda and arpacasella, and which indicates the centers of Orsini urban properties and their connection with the Boveschi (particularly 41-58, 55, 59). For the Theater of Pompey and the Orsini area around it see also Cecilia Pericoli Ridolfini, Guide rionali di Roma: Rione VI--Parione, II (Rome, 1971), 147-174. Saba Malaspina, Historia, in Muratori, RIS, VIII (Milan, 1726), cols. 785-874, see particularly 864, but also 813-814, and 835.

32. Axel Boëthius, Golden House of Nero (Ann Arbor, 1960), throughout chapter IV and its plates. For the Boveschi tower (Turris Johannis Bovis), see Marchetti-Longhi, I Boveschi, 45, 48, plate 1.

33. Rieti, Archivio capitolare, III, D, 1, and the less important III, D, 2 and 3. For the neighborhood Tor di Nona, see Carlo Pietrangeli Guide rionali di Roma: Rione V--Ponte, I (Rome, 1968), 49, 51, 59-60.

34. For colonnaded houses, see Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 186, 200--186 is from 1310 and the rione Sant'Eustachio; 200 is from 1352, rione Colonna. In the latter document the abbess of San Silvestro, Jacoba Annibaldi, rents to Petruccio di Silvestro, for ten soldi and two denari each year for a period of nineteen years, a house in the Colonna, between the public road and the old wall of the monastery, a house with a garden behind it and a colonnade in front of it--rented in the presence of a Franciscan witness, Hugone de Anglia (Hugh of England).

35. The notarial books in the Archivio di stato begin in the mid-fourteenth century. They are discussed in an article by Clara Gennaro, "Mercanti e bovattieri nella Roma della seconda metà del Trecento," Bulletino dell'Istituto storico italiano, LXXVIII (1965), 155-203. But they (even Archivio del Collegio de' notari capitolini, 475, 849, and 1703) are considerably less concentrated and interesting than the cartularies from Sant'Angelo of which nineteen (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1-19) are fourteenth-century. There is also an interesting notarial fond, partly Roman, from 1344, at Farfa; see I. Schuster, "Un protocollo di Notar Pietro di Gregorio nell'archivio di Farfa," ASRSP, XXXV (1912), 541-582.

36. For Cola, see particularly, Gregorovius, History, VI, 232, 240, 372-373.

37. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. Vat. Lat. 10372; I should like to thank Mr. Anthony Luttrell, who is working with this manuscript, for having pointed it out to me.

38. The first cartulary is Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1. For a drawing of another secondary church in the neighborhood, San Nicola in Carcere, only some forty years later, and for a discussion of the conflation of ancient memories and contemporary life, see Theodor E. Mommsen, "Petrarch and the Decoration of the Sala Virorum Illustrium in Padua," in Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ed. Eugene F. Rice, 30-174 (originally, The Art Bulletin, XXXIV [1952], 95-116), fig. 23, 160-162, 165. For drawings and photographs of the neighborhood see Carlo Pietrangeli, Guide rionali di Roma: Rione XI--S.Angelo (Rome, 1967).

39. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 10, 17, 7 ^v -8, 43-44 ^v , 14 ^v , 19 ^v , 176-176 ^v , 182 ^v , 190-191; I, 3, fos. 230-230 ^v .

40. Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 180-182 ^v , 5 ^v , 125-128, 41 ^v -42 ^v , 16 ^v , 192-195; I, 2, 10 ^v -11.

41. Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 105-106, 10-13 ^v , 114 ^v -115, 145-146 ^v , 9-10, 58-59 (for the Soricara, see Tomasetti, "Torri," 273); Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.47(ol.44), II.A.II.48(ol.45).

42. Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 44 ^v -45, 158 ^v -159, 113 ^v -114, 107 ^v -108 ^v , 54-55, 112-113.

43. Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 145-146 ^v , 30 ^v -32, 52 ^v -53 ^v , 81-83 ^v , 16 ^v , 118 ^v -119.

44. Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 84 ^v -86, 87 ^v -89, 164 ^v -165 ^v (and unnumbered folio), 75-77, 2 ^v , 32 ^v -33, 36 ^v , 101-103 ^v , 125-128, 161-164, 150 ^v , 173 ^v -174 ^v , 99-100, 34 ^v -35, 41 ^v -42, 4 ^v -5 ^v , 54-55, 16 ^v , 10, 115 ^v , 111-111 ^v , 165 ^v -166.

45. See Emmanuel Rodocanachi, Le Saint-Siège et les Juifs, Le Ghetto à Rome (Paris, 1891), 321-323, 137-140, 163, 132, 244; Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fo. 104. See Marchetti-Longhi, "Calcarario," 488, for the name "de Judeis" (and, also, Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 93 (1332) with its three "de Judeis" witnesses). For a general discussion, see Hermann Vogelstein, Rome , trans. Moses Hadas, Jewish Communities Series (Philadelphia, 1940), particularly 168, 175, 181 (popes), 183 (Elijah de Pomis), 179-180 (Isaac ben Mordecai, Abu'lafia), 188, 201 (citizenship). For Abu'lafia, see also the original German edition of Vogelstein, Geschichte der Juden in Rom (Berlin, 1895-1896), I, 247-249. This matter has been discussed recently in Edward A. Synan, The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages (New York, 1967).

46. Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.51(ol.49), II.A.II.2, II.A.I.46(ol.44); Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, fos. 191 ^v -192, 101-104; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 247; Schiaparelli, "Alcuni," 29-30. For cloaca , see Marchetti-Longhi, 492-494.

47. Rodocanachi, 28, 29, 31, 33; Cecchelli in Topografia, 200; Hawthorne, The Marble Faun, chapter 42; for the annual fast on the anniversary of the synagogue's burning, see Vogelstein, Rome, 173. For the 1300 evidence see Francesco Savini, "Il Cardinale Tommaso 'de Ocra o de Aprutio' e il suo testamento del 1300," Archivio storico italiano, series 5, XXII, 87-101, 95; for the 1404 evidence see Ermanno Loevinson, "Documenti del Monastero di S. Cecilia in Trastevere," ASRSP, XLIX (1926), 355-404, 374-375, and for the further use of curia Judeorum, in 1438, see also 377.

48. Cecchelli in Topografia, 312, 313; Marchetti-Longhi is interesting on churches in the Calcarario, 403-404, but also palazzi and towers, for example, 439, the house with stone in front of it. See also Giorgio Falco, "Il Catalogo di Torino delle chiese, degli ospedali, dei monasteri di Roma nel secolo XIV," ASRSP, XXXII (1909), 413-443 (and in Codice topografico, III). For the Ripa, see Theodor Hirschfeld, "Genuesische Dokumente zur Geschichte Roms und des Papsttums im XIII. Jahrhundert," Quellen und Forschungen, XVII (1914), 108-140, 136-140.

49. Rieti, Archivio di stato, Fondo Comunale, 26, calendared in Alessandro Bellucci, ''Inventario dell'Archivio Comunale di Rieti,'' 6, no. 18.

50. Gregorovius, History, V, 660; see Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Agostino, 7, for Pietro di Bartolomeo, macellario of the Torre Conti, in 1308. For Conti involvement with Sant'Eufemia, see Sant'Angelo in Pescheria I, 1, fos. 112-113.

51. Liber censuum I, 566; Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 5; San Cosimato, 260.

52. Gregorovius, History, V, 366; Angelo Celli, Storia della malaria nell'agro Romano (Città di Castello, 1925), for example, 175; Schiaparelli, 37; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 264, 269; San Silvestro, 102. "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 84-85, no. 106--it must always be kept in mind that medico may be a name as well as an occupation. For the names of possible patients used here, see Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 27, 16; San Silvestro, 68, 133, 66, 73; "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 530-531, no. 71, 529, no. 69, 532-533, no. 75; XXIII (1900), 108, no. 137. For the shrewd German, see "Annales Stadenses auctore Alberto," ed. I. M. Lappenberg, MGH,SS, XVI (Hanover, 1859), 271-379, 340; for communes and doctors, see William M. Bowsky, "Medieval Citizenship: the Individual and the State in the Commune of Siena, 1287-1355," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, IV (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1967), 195-243, 213-214; for the Talmudic sons, see Vogelstein, Rome, 194. For Nicola "One-Hundred Lire" acting as a proctor for the Magnifico Napoleone di Matteo Rosso Orsini in 1249, see Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.33(ol.31).

53. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 5, 27, 41; San Cosimato, 261, 264, 269, 285, 295 Sant'Agostino, 8 (1314), for a combmaker and spicers; San Silvestro, 60, 68, 75, 86, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108 123, 129, 133; Rieti, Archivio di stato, Fondo comunale, 4, 5 (the Giunta Pisano documents); Liber censuum, I, 566; II, 47 (Cosmato); "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 526, no. 62, 530-531, no. 71, 534, no. 77; XXIII (1900), 71-72, no. 90, 82, no. 104, 85-86, nos. 107, 108, 87-88, no. 110, 89-90, no. 113, 100, no. 127, 106, no. 134, 108, no. 137. The reason that a man called "Smith" only seems to be a smith is suggested by the name of "Magister Thomasius Ferrarius" (Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.51 [ol.49]), who may have been an artisan with a title Messer, in a city in which that was certainly still unusual, but who may have been a more normal magister, a notary, named "Smith."

54. Morelli, Le Corporazioni, 22; Emmanuel Rodocanachi, Les Corporations ouvrières à Rome depuis la chute de l'Empire Romain (Paris, 1894), x, xi, xiv; Cesare De Cupis, Per gli usi civici nell'agro Romano (Rome, 1906), 3-6; Brezzi, Roma, 353, 363; Cecchelli in Topografia, 208; Dupré Theseider, Roma, 28; Liber censuum, I, 304-358.

55. Giuseppe Gatti, Statuti dei Mercanti di Roma (Rome, 1885), xli-xlii, 1-57.

56. Gatti, 44-45. For a photograph of an inscription from 1285 on a tablet once within S. Salvatore in pensili and referring to its reconstruction, see Pietrangeli, S. Angelo, 81.

57. For Saint Paul's, see Gulielmus Ventura, "Memoriale," RIS, XI, col. 192. The development of Vatican booths is explored in an article by Pio Pecchiai, "Banchi e botteghe dinanzi alla Basilica Vaticana nei secoli XIV, XV, e XVI," Archivi, ser. 2, XVIII (1951), 81-123, here especially 91-94, 95, 97, 99. For the license to the canons of Saint Peter's, see Die Register Innocenz' III, I, ed. Othmar Hageneder and Anton Haidacher (Graz and Cologne, 1964), 772-773.

58. The Chronicle of St. Mary's Abbey, York, ed. H. H. E. Craster and M. E. Thornton (Durham: Surtees Society, 1934), 31, 132, 30.

59. Codice diplomatico del Senato Romano MCXLIV-MCCCXLVII, Fonti per la storia d'Italia, 87 (Rome, 1948), 131-134, no. 81, 143-145, no. 86; "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 431, no. 186; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 173.

60. Villani's Chronicle, ed. Philip H. Wichsted and trans. Rose E. Selfe (London, 1906), 326 (Book VIII, 36); "Historie fiorentine di Giovanni Villani," RIS, XIII (Milan, 1728), col. 367. For Ventura, see Chronicon Astense, RIS., XI (Milan, 1727), cols. 191-192; Giacomo Stefaneschi, L'anno santo del 1300 (Rome, 1900), 17; Gregorovius in his History (V, 562) translates Villani: ". . . the Romans all grow wealthy by the sale of their goods." See also Ptolemy of Lucca, Annales, ed. Bernhard Schmeidler, MGH, New Series, VIII (Berlin, 1930), 236 (daily offerings of 1,000 li. prov., and also see an editorial cross reference to Historia Ecclesiastica ), and G. C. Bascapè, "Le vie dei pellegrinagi medioevali . . . ,'' Archivio storico della Svizzera italiana, XI (1936), 129-169.

61. Cesare Pinzi, Storia della Città di Viterbo, II (Rome, 1889), 59, n. 1.

62. Rose Graham, "Archbishop Winchelsey from His Election to His Enthronement," Church Quarterly Review, CXLVIII (1949), 161-175, particularly 168-172. For the number of members within foreign cardinals' households, see Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, "Un frammento del testamento del cardinale Stephanus Hungarus ( 1270) nel codice C 95 dell'Archivo del capitolo di San Pietro," Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, XXV (1971), 168-182, 176-179; and now see the full study by Paravicini, Cardinali di curia e 'familiae' cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Italia Sacra, XVIII (Padua, 1972), and particularly I, 158, 366-379, for the full households of Riccardo Annibaldi and Ottobuono Fieschi.

63. Canterbury Cathedral Archives, Ch. Ant. P 58, 59.

65. Saba Malaspina, Historia, cols. 815, 842. it seems to me that Kantorowicz, in a wonderfully surprising turn, rather plays down Corradino's procession (Ernst Kantorowicz, Frederick the Second [New York, 1957], 675-676), although his explanation for the brilliant reception is neither played down nor convincing.

66. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 33, sin., fo. 32; Reinhard Elze, Ordines Coronationis Imperialis (Hanover, 1960); G. Rohault de Fleury, Le Latran au Moyen Age (Paris, 1877), 153-199; P. Lauer, La Palais du Latran (Paris, 1911); A. Cempanari and T. Amodei, La Scala Santa (Rome: Le Chiese di Roma illustrate, 1963); "petri Mallii Descriptio Basilicae Vaticanae aucta atque emendata a Romano Presbitero," and "Descriptio Lateranensis Ecclesiae," in Codice topografico, III, 375-381 and 319-373, quotations from 424 and 342. For Innocent and Gregory, see Gesta Innocentii III, Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXIV, col. xxi, and Pietro Maria Campi, Dell'Historia Ecclesiastica di Piacenza (Piacenza, 1651-1662), II, 343-349 (Gregory X), 346.

67. Brilliantly, if conflatedly, described by Gregorovius in History, V, 6-15; Michel Andrieu, Le Pontifical Romain au Moyen-Age: II, "Le Pontifical de la Curie Romaine au XIII ^e siècle" (Studi e Testi, 88) (Vatican City, 1940), 665-669. For some of the places along the way, see Mariano Borgatti, Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome, 1930), 110-115; Gregorovius, History, V, 440-441 (Campo dei Fiori), and Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 145; Gian Filippo Carettoni, "Il Foro Romano nel medio evo e nel rinascimento," Studi Romani, XI (1963), 406-416; Ettore de Ruggiero, Il Foro Romano (Rome, 1913), 85-124; Richard Brilliant, The Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum (American Academy in Rome, Memoirs, 29, 1967), 254-257; P. Fedele, "Una chiesa del Palatino: S. Maria 'in Pallara,'" ASRSP, XXVI (1903), 343-380, 377-379. The quotation is a much used one from Acts 3:6. For a brief, recent consideration of "The Processional Character of Society,'' with helpful bibliography, see Samuel Berner, ''Florentine Society in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries," Studies in the Renaissance, XVIII (1971), 203-246, 221-227.

68. "Regesto del monastero di S. Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 74-75, no. 94; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 90.

69. Francesco Fabi Montani, Feste e spettacoli di Roma dal secolo X a tutto il XVI (Rome, 1861), 33, 4, 5-7; Gregorovius, History, V, 418; Cecchelli in Topografia, 208; Liber censuum, II, 42-43, 172; Filippo Clementi, Il Carnevale Romano, I (Città di Castello, 1949), 31-69; Re, Statuti, 241-242. See also Luigi Fiorani, Giuseppe Mantovano, Pio Pecchiai, Antonio Martini, Giovanni Orioli, Riti ceremonie feste e vita di popolo nella Roma dei Papi (Bologna, 1970), 55-120. Two essays should press the reader to a more serious and interesting consideration of the significance of games, and particularly the games of elite youth in society: Natalie Zemon Davis, "The Reasons of Misrule: Youth Groups and Charivaris in Sixteenth-Century France," Past and Present, no. 50 (1971), 41-75, and Georges Duby, "Dans la France du Nord-Ouest. Au XII siècle: les 'jeunes' dans la société aristocratique," Annales, XIX (1964), 835-846. The Duby essay has been translated by Frederic L. Cheyette, in his Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe (New York, 1968), 198-209, as "In Northwestern France, The 'Youth' in Twelfth-Century Aristocratic Society.''

70. Liber censuum, II, 172.

71. G. Tomassetti, La campagna romana antica, medievale, e moderna (Rome, 1910), I, 317-318. I should like to thank Mr. Randolph Starn for helping me to understand the charm of the hair and the grain in the glass of water. Since I wrote this paragraph, I have watched both Professor Richard Krautheimer of New York University and Professor Ronald Malmstrom of Williams College dating brick walls with tape measures, and I would now speak less negatively. I have also read Professor Ignazio Baldelli, sensitively working with the date of charms, in Medioevo volgare da Montecassino all'Umbria (Bari, 1971), vii-xiii, 93-110 (particularly 98, 99), 126-127.

72. Marco Vattasso, Anedotti in dialetto Romanesco del sec. XIV (Studi e Testi, 4) (Rome, 1901), 8, and Per la storia del dramma sacro in Italia nel sec. XV e XVI (Studi e Testi, 10) (Rome, 1903), particularly part II, "Le Rappresentazioni sacre al Colosseo," 71-89, 73-74; Brezzi, 413; Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 52. For the Blancis, see Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.46(ol.44), and cf. II.A.I.49(ol.47), a related 1270 disposition, and II.A.I.33(ol.31), the witness list for October 1.

73. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 22; see also Friedrich Baethgen, "Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Päpstlichen Hof- und Finanzerwaltung unter Bonifaz VIII," Quellen und Forschungen, XX (1928-29), 209.

74. Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, ed. F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden, II (Oxford, 1936), 28-31, 38-39. For a serious impression of learning and teaching at the curia, one should see Richard Mather's University of California Ph.D. dissertation on Matthew of Acquasparta now in process of publication by the German Institute in Rome; for libraries, see Mather, "The Codicil of Cardinal Comes of Casate and the Libraries of Thirteenth-century Cardinals," Traditio, XX (1964), 319-350, particularly 321; also 327 for the ranking of curial Latinists in the register of Urban IV. For very recent work on cardinals' libraries, see Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, "Le biblioteche dei cardinali Pietro Peregrosso ( 1295) e Pietro Colonna 1326)," Zeitschrift für schweizerische Kirchengeschichte, LXIV (1970), 104-139. See Re, Statuti, 244-246, for the attempt to reestablish the studium and professors in Trastevere. For a stunning reevaluation of learning in thirteenth-century Italian cities, see Helene Wieruszowski, "Rhetoric and the Classics in Italian Education of the Thirteenth Century" (Collectanea Stephan Kuttner, I), Studia Gratiana, XI (1967), 171-207. For cardinals' households, in this connection, see Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, "Gregorio da Napoli, biografo di Urbano IV," Römische Historische Mitteilungen, XI (1969), 59-78, especially 69, and the same author's Cardinali di curia, throughout, but for variety within households particularly I, 158, and for chapel and chaplains, II, 478-495; for papal chaplains, see Reinhard Elize, "Die päpstliche Kapelle im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung, XXXVI (1950), 145-204. For a specific man of learning, see Paravicini's "Un matematico nella corte papale del secolo XIII: Campano da Novara ( 1296),'' Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, XXVII (1973), 1-32.

75. Gregorovius, History, V, 655-666. For a general statement about Byzantine influence, see Ernst Kitzinger, "The Byzantine Contribution to Western Art of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, XX (1966), 25-47, and particularly 45 for "the deliberate effort to revive the ancient native heritage . . . in Rome . . . [where] Torriti 'recreated' in the apse of S. Maria Maggiore an early Christian type of mosaic. . . ." On late thirteenth-century classicism and on Tre Fontane, see an important article by Carlo Bertelli, "L'Enciclopedia delle Tre Fontane," Paragone, N.S., XX, no. 235, Arte (1969), 24-49, and see also the same author's "Opus Romanum," in the forthcoming collection of essays to be presented to Otto Pächt and published in Kunsthistorische Forschungen . For a rich miscellany of small plates illustrating Roman art at the end of the thirteenth century, see Antonio Muñoz, Roma di Dante (Milan and Rome, 1921).

76. It seems to me that all older general work on art in late thirteenth-century Rome is now superseded by Julian Gardner's unfortunately unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, "The Influence of Popes' and Cardinals' Patronage on the Introduction of the Gothic Style into Rome and the Surrounding Area, 1254-1305." The passages quoted here are from pages 103 and 145, but the work is valuable for every aspect of artistic activity and patronage considered here. A suggestion of the value of the total work can be gotten from one of its details published by the author as "The Capocci Tabernacle in S. Maria Maggiore," Papers of the British School at Rome, XXXVIII (1970), 220-230, and much more from his full very recent article, "Pope Nicholas IV and the decoration of Santa Maria Maggiore" in Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte (1973), which among much else includes interesting references to and plates from Nicholas III's Vatican palace. Roman mosaics have recently been cataloged and illustrated in Guglielmo Matthiae, Mosaici medioevali delle chiese di Roma (Rome, 1967): for Torriti at Santa Maria Maggiore, see I, 355-366 (dating, 355); for Cavallini at Santa Maria in Trastevere, see I, 367-368; for Rusuti at Santa Maria Maggiore, see I, 381-384; plates are in II. For Torriti, Cavallini, and Arnolfo, see White, Art and Architecture, 100, 97-99, 55, 61-63; see also Hetherington, "The Mosaics of Pietro Cavallini"; Bertelli, "L'Enciclopedia," 35-36; the "Rusuti" dates are readjusted by Gardner, ''The Influence," 244-250, and "Pope Nicholas IV," 28-33. Very recent work on Arnolfo's Roman period is to be found in an essay by Joachim Poeschke, ''Betrachtung der römischen Werke des Arnolfo di Cambio," Römische Quartalschrift, LXVII (1972), 175-211, plates 8-24. See too Matthiae's Pittura Romana del Medioevo, II (Rome, 1966). For illustrations of the Tre Fontane "Coronation of the Virgin" and "Nativity," which are very closely related to the Torriti mosaics at Santa Maria Maggiore and which are still in clausura , see Restauri della Soprintendenza alle gallerie e alle opere d'arte medioevali e moderne per il Lazio (1970-1971) (Rome, 1972), plate 9. Figures closely related to the Tre Fontane fisherman are to be found at San Lorenzo fuori le mura, on the Pisano Fontana Maggiore (a February panel) at Perugia, and in copies after Giotto's Navicella, for example.

77. Gregorovius, History, V, 641; for a recent discussion of the tombs, see Mather, "The Codicil of Cardinal Comes," 324. The most fascinating aspect of the redating of the bronze Saint Peter, which has often been considered late antique, is its chemical analysis, for which see the two connected essays of Mario Salmi, "Il problema della statua bronzea di S. Pietro nella Basilica Vaticana," and of Bruno Bearzi, "Esame tecnologico e metallurgico della statua di S. Pietro," Commentari, XI (1960) 22-32; Salmi speaks of the "tono antichizzante" of the period, 26. It is perhaps misleading to imply that the effigy of Surdi presses itself upon the viewer, since the church in which it is preserved, Santa Balbina, has been closed pending another restoration for more than a decade; for its inscription see Forcella, Iscrizioni, 331, no. 1070.

78. For recent careful dating in a work not specifically devoted to this period, see Richard Krautheimer, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae (English edition, Vatican City, 1959), for example, II, 13, 42, 46, 183, 210, 276, 280; for bridges and gates, see Cecchelli, 199, 203; for an interestingly integrated guidebook to Christian Rome (to which Professor Stephan Kuttner drew my attention), see Noële Maurice-Denis and Robert Boulet, Romée (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1963); for a guide to medieval remains in Rome, see Léon Homo, Rome médiévale, 476-1420 (Paris, 1934), appendix, 291-323, "Les vestiges de la Rome medievale." Mr. Ronald Malmstrom's forthcoming work on thirteenth-century Aracoeli should change the look of this whole field. For the date of destruction of a Corso arch, together with an eleventh-century church, see C. Bertelli and C. Galassi Paluzzi, S. Maria in Via Lata, I (Rome, 1971), 13.

79. I have chosen the most common and likely, but not the only, translation of spetiarius , which could also mean a piecer in the cloth trade or a dealer in specie among the moneyers. For drawings of Matteo's and Giovanni's tombs see Muñoz, Roma, 381.

1. See, for example, R. H. Hilton, A Medieval Society (Letchworth, New York, 1966), 7. For a description of the way in which thirteenth-century news was carried, see C. R. Cheney, "Gervase, Abbot of Prémontré," 39-40.

2. For the altar of the apostles, see The Chronicle of Bury St. Edmunds, 1212-1301, ed. Antonia Gransden (London, Edinburgh, 1964), 82. For Matthew's maps and plans, see Richard Vaughan, Matthew Paris (Cambridge, 1958), 235-250, particularly 247-248.

3. The reader will find parts of two books particularly helpful for the matter of this chapter, the first being the old standard work, the second a recent, brilliant summary and analysis: Arturo Graf, Roma nella memoria e nelle immaginazioni del medio evo, I (Turin, 1882), "I tesori di Roma," 152-181; Charles Till Davis, Dante and the Idea of Rome (Oxford, 1957), particularly 1-22, 33-34.

4. I am following the stories in Graf, particularly from the Gesta Romanorum , supplemented with William of Malmesbury in the Gesta Regum: Graf, 161-164. For the notarial date, see Rome, Archivio di stato, archivio del Collegio de' Notari Capitolini, vol. 1236, fos. 31 ^v -32.

5. Codice topografico, III, 143-167: "Magistri Gregorii de mirabilibus urbis Romae," 145-147. This edition of the topographical texts of Rome, by Roberto Valentini and Giuseppe Zucchetti, includes a set of elaborate notes identigying objects and relating texts. The introductions attempt to survey earlier discussions of the texts and to date them. See too M. R. James, "Magister Gregorius de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae," English Historical Review, XXXII (1917), 531-554.

6. Codice topografico, III, 17-65: "La più antica redazione dei Mirabilia, " 32-33. The oldest redaction was put together in its present form and written in existing manuscripts before the end of the twelfth century. But it was probably composed, its parts assembled, by about 1140 at the latest.

7. Codice topografico, III, 40-42. See too Joseph van der Straeten, "Les Chaines de S. Pierre," Analecta Bollandiana, XC (1972), 413-424.

8. Codice topografico, III, 34-35; the vernacular is in Codice topografico III, 116-136: "Le Miracole de Roma," 126-127. Readers may be more familiar with the slightly later version of this and other Roman stories in the Legenda aurea .

9. Codice topografico, III, 28-29; for Nero, see Graf, 332-361 (where his complexity in memory is exposed), but particularly, 332, 353-359. The quotation from Eclogue IV is verse 3. For the exemplum for sermons, see Liber exemplorum ad usum praedicantium , ed. A. G. Little (Aberdeen, 1908), 19-20.

10. Codice topografico, III, 24 (Saint Sebastian), 23 ( Quo vadis ). In general, for the genre of city descriptions, see J. K. Hyde, "Medieval Descriptions of Cities," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XLVIII (1965-1966), 308-340.

11. Codice topografico, III, 77-109: Graphia Aureae Urbis, 95-97 (and see Mirabilia , 31), 98-109. John White, "The Reconstruction of Nicola Pisano's Perugia Fountain," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XXXIII (1970), 70-83, 80-81.

12. Codice topografico, 51-53.

13. Codice topografico, III, 77-79; Graf, Roma, 80-84. See Joseph R. Berrigan, "Benzo d'Alessandria and the Cities of Northern Italy," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, IV (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1967), 127-192, particularly 132-136, for Benzo's attack upon the Janus legend. For the names Enea and Ottaviano, see, for example, "Regesto del Monastero di San Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP , XXII (1899), 529-531, nos. 70, 71, and Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 69, 70.

14. Vogelstein, Rome , 1-3, 122-124; Graf, 91-92.

15. Quotation from The Oracle of Baalbek , ed. Paul J. Alexander (Dumbarton Oaks, 1967), 23.

16. A convenient source for imperial attitudes to Rome is Eugenio Dupré Theseider, Idea imperiale di Roma nella tradizione del medioevo (Milan, n.d.), particularly, in the introduction, pages 49-76 and, in the documents, for Frederick II, 173-196. On Frederick in general, one should read Ernst Kantorowicz, Frederick the Second , trans. E. O. Lorimer (New York, 1957), a magnificent book no matter how much one disagrees with it.

17. Kantorowicz, Frederick , 56, 107, 451 (the quotation)-452.

18. Kantorowicz, Frederick , 437-438, 448-450 (quotation 448-449). See also Paolo Brezzi, Roma e l'Impero medioevale (Bologna, 1947), 427-440, particularly plate XVII facing 432.

19. Kantorowicz, Frederick , 676; for the importance of an Italian city's carroccio (including Cremona's which was called "Bertha"), see Waley, The Italian City-Republics , (New York, Toronto, 1969) 138-140.

20. Kantorowicz, Frederick , 438 (for the shades), 451-452 (for the fiefs).

21. For Peter and Paul, see Nicholas III's Senatorial statute (Theiner, Codex diplomaticus , I, 216-218, no. 371, or Les Registres de Nicolas III , ed. Jules Gay (Paris, 1898), 106) or the urban statutes (Re, Statuti , 3). For the use of propaganda, see G. Ladner, "I Mosaici e gli affreschi ecclesiastico-politici nell'antico palazzo Lateranense," Rivista di ar cheologia cristiana , XII (1935), 265-292. For Innocent's sermon, see Opera omnia , IV, cols. 481-484, particularly cols. 481 and 484. For Nicholas, see Theiner and Gay, as above.

22. The forthcoming work of Charles Till Davis on Roman republicanism and late thirteenth-century thought and papal politics will, I think, drastically change our whole notion of the period; it will particularly affect our understanding of Nicholas III, who seems increasingly to have been a man, a Roman, and a ruler of the first importance. Professor Davis's first pertinent essay is called "Ptolemy of Lucca and Roman Patriotism"; it should be published shortly. For republicanism, see also Beryl Smalley, "Sallust in the Middle Ages," Classical Influences on European Culture , ed. R. R. Bolgar (Cambridge, 1971), 165-194. For the capitol as a wonder of the world, see H. Omont, "Les sept merveilles du monde au moyen âge," Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , XLIII (1882), 40-59, 431-432, and particularly 47 for the sentence: ''Primum miraculum est Capitolium Rome que totius mundi civitatum civitas est.'' On the movement of Jerusalem to Rome, see a work focusing on the seventeenth century but reaching back into the past: Irving Lavin, Bernini and the Crossing of Saint Peter's , College Art Association of America (New York, 1968), perhaps particularly 33-35 on "the process of what might be called 'topographical transfusion.'" Dante speaks of the Veronica in the Paradiso , XXXI, 204-206. There are good examples of earlier medieval (for example, ninth-century) pilgrims' cases for the relic earth of the Holy Land in the first room of the old Vatican galleries of Christian antiquities between the Sistine Chapel and the Library. On another face of Christ in Rome in the later thirteenth century, the Mandylion, see Carlo Bertelli, "Storia e vicende dell'Immagine Edessena," Paragone , N.S. XXXVII, no. 217--Arte (1968), 3-37.

23. See G. Falco, "Il catalogo di Torino," ASRSP , XXXII (1909), 411-443, discussed in Robert Brentano, Two Churches (Princeton, 1968), 232.

24. Falco, 443.

25. For the feast of the snows, see van Dijk and Walker, The Origins of the Roman Liturgy , 376-377. For the indulgences, see G. Ferri, "Le carte dell' archivio Liberiano dal secolo X al XV," ASRSP , XXVII (1904), 145-202, 441-459, XXVIII (1905), 23-39, XXX (1907), 119-168, XXX, 120-121, of which the originals are in the Vatican library.

26. The poem is quoted by Graf, Roma , I, 42, and the pilgrims' hymn, Graf, 57. The whole first two chapters of Graf are pertinent (1-77). The theme of the foreigner's view of Rome is treated at some length in the first chapter of Brentano, Two Churches; see also John A. Yunck, "Economic Conservatism, Papal Finance and the Medieval Satires on Rome," Mediaeval Studies , XXIII (1961), 334-351, and George B. Parks, The English Traveller to Italy , I (Palo Alto, 1954); all give abundant references. For Rome from the point of view of Spain and the Spanish see Peter Linehan, The Spanish Church and the Papacy in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1971), 251-255.

27. Vita Edwardi Secundi , ed. N. Denholm-Young (London, Edinburgh, 1957), 46.

28. For Canterbury, see Epistolae Cantuarienses , ed. William Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1865), 191-192. For Walter of Chatillon, see Moralisch-satirische Gedichte Walters von Chatillon , ed. Karl Strecker (Heidelberg, 1929), particularly 19 (poem 2, line 13, the quoted line), 77 (poem 5, line 69, the quoted phrase), 5, 18, 25, 26, 70, 75, 110-112, 114 (particularly poems 1, 2, 5, 10, 11); see too Charles Witke, Latin Satire (Leiden, 1970), 233-266; I hope that my words will convince Mr. Richard Hunt that I am grateful for his having pushed me toward Walter. For the de consideratione , see Saint Bernard, Opera omnia , III, ed. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome, 1963), 381-493, 440 ("Quando hactenus aurum Roma refudit?"), 448-466, particularly 450, 456 (the scorpion's tail); see too, Saint Bernard, Opera omnia , I, ed. J. Mabillon, in Migne, Patrologia Latina , CLXXXII, cols. 422-431, 438-440, letters no. 238, 243, 244, particularly cols. 439, 442; Josef Benzinger, Invectiva in Romam , Historische Studien, 404 (Lübeck, Hamburg, 1968), generally valuable, but for Bernard, 83-91; Elizabeth Kennan, "The 'De Consideratione' of St. Bernard of Clairvaux and the Papacy in the Mid-Twelfth Century: A Review of Scholarship," Traditio , XXIII (1967), 73-115.

29. Codice topografico , III, 135.

30. I have provided examples of the problems of paying debts and have discussed at slightly greater length the rustics' fear in Two Churches , particularly 10-13, 43-44.

31. Brentano, Two Churches , 19-20.

32. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora , ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London, 1872-1883), IV, 61. (The quotation is Proverbs 17:22).

33. The phrases are quoted from Charles Till Davis, Dante , 33.

34. Codice topografico , 150-151 (Master Gregory), 65 ( Mirabilia ).

1. Davis, Dante , 33.

2. Quotation from Sylvia L. Thrupp, "The City as the Idea of Social Order," in The Historian and the City , ed. Oscar Handlin and John Burchard (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1963), 121-132, 125.

3. For the city seal, see, as an example, Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico , 206, and A. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus dominii temporalis S. Sedis , I (Rome, 1861), 248-251, no. 395; for the coinage, see Paolo Brezzi, Roma e l'Impero medioevale (Bologna, 1947), 488-490, and particularly plate XIV, facing 320 (misbound and mislabeled in the book as plate XII); and V. Capobianchi, "Appunti per servire all'ordinamento delle monete coniate dal senato romano dal 1184 a 1439," ASRSP , XVIII (1895), 417-445, XIX (1896), 75-123, particularly XVIII, 426-427 and plate I, and XIX, 75-84. See Eugenio Dupré Theseider, Roma dal Comune di Popolo alla Signoria pontificia (1252-1377) (Bologna, 1952), 40-42, 50-52, 252, and plate II, particularly for the moneys of Brancaleone and Charles of Anjou, and for the grosso; Mossa and Baldassari, La vita economica , plate 13; Louis Halphen, Etudes sur l'administration de Rome au moyen-âge (Paris, 1907), 82, n. 3. For a relatively recent bibliography particularly helpful for political history, see Waldemar Kampf's edition of Gregorovius ( Geschichte der Stadt Rom ) (Basel, 1954), particularly II, 908-920.

4. A. de Boüard, Le régime politique et les institutions de Rome au moyen-âge , 1251-1347 (Paris, 1920), 159-165; Brezzi, 392; Waley, The Italian City-Republics , 76-77, 83-86, 132-135.

5. Gregorovius, History , V, 163.

6. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico , 134-135, no. 82; see Waley, The Italia City-Republics , 60. In general, besides Bartoloni, for the senate, see Franco Bartoloni, Per la storia del senato romano nei secoli XII e XIII (Rome, 1946) [extract from Bulletino dell'Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo , LX]; A. Salimei, Senatori e statuti di Roma nel medio evo (Rome, 1935); Francesco Antonio Vitale, Storia diplomatica dei senatori di Roma (Rome, 1791); Luigi Pompili-Olivieri, Il senato romano (Rome, 1886); Halphen, particularly 60ff., and 167-179; Boüard, particularly 135ff., and 235-250. For relatively recent additions to the list of senators, see Pietro Gasparrini, Senatori romani della prima metà del XIII secolo finora ignorati (Rome, 1938), and my, "A New Roman Senator," Quellen und Forschungen , LIII (1973), 789-796, with the additional evidence of Petrus Petri Angeli Siniorilis active in 1261 from Ferri, ASRSP , XXX, 120-121.

7. In, for example, Gegorovius, Brezzi, Dupré Theseider ( Roma ), Halphen, Boüard; more specifically in W. Gross, Die Revolutionen in der Stadt Rom 1219-1254 (Berlin, 1934). Daniel Waley, The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century (London, 1961) is constantly helpful and informative.

8. See particularly Halphen, Etudes , and Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico and Per la storia . The definition and significance of "money" in this sense will be clarified in the forthcoming work of Thomas Noel Bisson.

9. Regesta pontificum romanorum , II, ed. P. Jaffé (Leipzig, 1888), 81, no. 9606; Halphen, 69.

10. See, specifically, Friedrich Bock, "Le trattative per la senatoria di Roma e Carlo d'Angiò," ASRSP , LXXVIII (1955), 69-105. See too Dupré Theseider, L'Idea imperiale , 211-213; F. Liebermann, "Zur Geschichte Friedrichs II. und Richards von Cornwall," Neues Archiv , XIII (1887-1888), 217-222 (221-222 are interesting for the problem of rioni ); and, most valuable, Karl Hampe, "Ungedrukte Briefe zur Geschichte König Richards von Cornwall aus der Sammlung Richards von Pofi," Neues Archiv , XXX (1905), 675-690, especially 686-688.

11. Dupré Theseider, Roma , 122; Vitale, Storia diplomatica , 137-141; Registres de Clément IV , ed. Edouard Jordan (Paris, 1893-1945), 351, no. 892; E. Martène and U. Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum , II (Paris, 1717), cols. 96-98. Charles climbing is from Saba Malaspina, Historia , col. 864. M.-H. Laurent, Le Bienheureux Innocent V , Studi e Testi, 129 (Città del Vaticano, 1947), 418.

12. For an example of a "nervous" document, see Archivio segreto vaticano, Instrumenta Miscellanea, 108; see also Waley, 172-175; Boüard, Le Régime , 14; Dupré Theseider, Roma , 103-125.

13. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus , I, 216-218, no. 371; Registres de Nicolas III , ed. Jules Gay (Paris, 1898-1938), 106-108, no. 296; Friedrich Bock, "Il R(egistrum) super senatoria Urbis di papa Nicolò III," BISI , LXVI (1954), 78-113.

For Charles of Anjou's opposition to the election of Nicholas III and for his rather surprisingly intense vocabulary, see Friedrich Baethgen, Ein Pamphlet Karls I. von Anjou zur Wahl Papst Nikolaus III. [Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-Hist. Klasse] (Munich, 1960); for use of Charles of Anjou's propaganda, see Partner, The Lands of St. Peter , 275, and particularly Charles Till Davis's forthcoming essay on Nicholas III and Ptolemy of Lucca.

14. Theiner, I, 248-251, no. 395; for the action of 1284 and the coalition of 1292, see Dupré Theseider, Roma , 231-232, 271.

15. Waley, The Italian City-Republics , 39; an article by Achille Luchaire, "Innocent III et le peuple romain," Revue historique , LXXXI (1903), 225-257, has been much used by historians dealing with this period. The major general narrative source for the dispute is Gesta Innocentii III , which is rich but confusing. For recent work on the Gesta , see Volkert Pfaff, "Die Gesta Innocenz' III und das Testament Heinrichs VI," Zeitschrift der Savigny Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte , Kanonische Abteilung, I (1964), 78-126, 81-84.

16. Gesta Innocentii III , col. cxc. For an illustration of the Conti and Capocci towers, see Brezzi, plate XVIII, facing 464. Another bean-beech-cloth tower--this one called "faiolum"--seems to have existed in Orsini territory near the (now) Ponte Sant'Angelo in 1262: see Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro in Vaticano, caps. 61, fasc. 225. For the distance controlled by medieval weapons, see for example Lynn White, Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford, 1962), 103; Milton Lewine has in preparation a work on the church of the Madonna dei Monti in Rome which will explore the problem of weapons and distances between towers in connection with a Suburra tower.

17. Gesta Innocentii III, col. clxxxiii.

18. Gesta Innocentii III, col. clxxv-clxxxvi.

19. Gesta Innocentii III, col. clxxxvi-clxxxvii.

20. Gregorovius, History, V, 41-42, 164.

21. For the dying Boniface, see Le Opere di Ferreto de' Ferreti Vincentino , ed. Carlo Cipolla (Rome, 1908-1920) {Istituto storico italiano}, I, 156. For Boniface's appointment of Fortebraccio and Riccardo, see Les Registres de Boniface VIII, ed. Georges Digard, Maurice Faucon, Antoine Thomas, Robert Fawtier (Paris, 1884-1939), IV, 57-58.

22. Vita Gregorii IX (Liber censuum , II), 25 cap. 19. Brezzi, 418 (S.P.Q.R.).

23. Karl Hampe, Ein ungedrukter Bericht über das Konklave von 1241 im römischen Septizonium (Heidelberg, 1913) {Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, IV, 3-134} 27-31; for the dictatorship of Matteo Rosso, see Brezzi, 441-451.

24. A study of Brancaleone (which I have never seen) is G. Rovere, Brancaleone degli Andalò (Udine, 1895). See the biographical notice by E. Cristiani, "Andalò, Brancaleone," in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, III (Rome, 1961), 45-48.

25. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series, (London, 1872-1883), V. 709.

26. Paris, V, 723.

27. Paris, V, 417-418, 662, 664, 699, 709, 723; for Belvoir, see Dupré Theseider, L'Idea imperiale, 197, 207-208.

28. Gregorovius, V, 310-311.

29. Paris, V, 723.

30. Boüard, Le régime, 14; Hampe, "Ungedrukte Briefe," Neues Archiv, XXX, 687. F. Liebermann, "Zur Geschichte Friedrichs II und Richards von Cornwall," Neues Archiv, XIII (1887-1888), 217-222, 221. Heinrich Finke, Acta Aragonensia (Berlin and Leipzig, 1908-1923), I, 15-17, no. 11 (16).

31. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, I, 251. An extremely helpful model and guide for the study of citizenship in medieval Italian cities is now to be found in William M. Bowsky, "Medieval Citizenship: the Individual and the State in the Commune of Siena, 1287-1355," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, IV (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1967), 195-243. See too the suggestive essay by Peter Riesenberg, "Civism and Roman Law in Fourteenth-Century Italian Society," in Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy, 237-254.

32. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 97-98, no. 61; Gay, Nicolas III, 107. See too Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.29(ol.27), II.A.II.36(ol.34).

33. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito in Sassia, Coll. B, 4; see too an Astalli in 1335 described as a citizen of Rome and now habitator in the rione Ripa: Santo Spirito, B, 132. Technical meanings of habitator are discussed in Dina Bizzarri, Studi di storia del diritto italiano (Turin, 1937), 63-158, particularly 86ff.

34. Re, Statuti, 79, 274.

35. Re, 63.

36. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 54; see Re, 122-123.

37. See particularly Halphen, Etudes, 63, n. 2; for a discussion of the popular party in Rome, see A. de Boüard, "Il Partito popolare e il governo di Roma nel medio evo," ASRSP, XXXIV (1911), 493-512. The best guide for the early thirteenth century is the material within Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico .

38. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 204-206, no. 128.

39. Halphen, 173; Boüard, Le régime, 70; Riccardo of San Germano, Chronica . See too Cesare de Cupis, Regesto, I, 106-119 (Archivio Orsini, II.A.III.16) for the popolo agreeing in 1312. See also Waley, The Italian City-Republics, 53, 61-62. See too Thierry de Vaucouleurs, Vita Urbani IV, in Muratori, RIS, III, 2 (Milan, 1734), col. 413.

40. The change from primitive representative assembly to one or two nobles is discussed with misleading overemphasis by Boüard, Le régime, 135-139, particularly 136, because of his romantic view of the earlier assembly.

41. See Gregorovius, History, V, 295-296; Halphen, Etudes, 64. In thirteenth-century Rieti, special councils seem, at least sometimes, to have been committees of general and special councils, as in a 1284 example recorded in Rieti, Archivio capitolare (communal collection), II.E.4.

42. Boüard, Le régime, 245.

43. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 163-166, no. 99.

44. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 161-162, no. 98.

45. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 216-224, no. 136; the document dates the first action Tuesday March 5, but Tuesday was March 6 (neither scribe nor editor seems to have been bothered by the impossible sequence of days) -- I assume that the day of the week would be better remembered than the date. For anziani, in general, see Waley, The Italian City-Republics, 186-187.

46. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 43, 132; Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, fo. 113. Rome, Vallicelliana, II.A.I.33(ol.31) for Magnifico Napoleone di Matteo Rosso, early; see too II.A.II.47(ol.44) and 48(ol.45); Waley, The Italian City-Republics, 165-167. The quick acceleration of self-conscious nobility is suggested by one of the documents which are connected with the Sant'Eustachio family and which are now preserved in the capitular archives at Rieti; it is Rieti, Archivio capitolare (communal collection), III.A.I (from 1308). It is a variously interesting document: One of its Sant'Eustachios is also a canon of the church of Sant'Eustachio; two of its witnesses are the chamberlain of the "advocates and judges" and the rector of the "judges and advocates" of the City (Rome).

47. Antonio Rota, "Il Codice degli 'Statuta urbis' del 1305," ASRSP, LXX (1947), 147-162, 160-161. Re, Statuti, 172-173, 108-109; Saba Malaspina, Historia, col. 815; Boüard, Le régime, 298, 299, app, xiii; see also Re, 101-102, 104, 109-110. The importance of the distinction between horse and foot is underlined by the division into categories of Ottobuono Fieschi's household legacies; see Federico Federici, Della Famiglia Fiesca (Genoa, n.d. [1641]), 131.

48. Saba Malaspina, cols. 834, 864; Finke, Acta Aragonensia, II, 614-618, no. 393, particularly 615, 616; Peter Partner, The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972), 298. See too Waley, The Italian City-Republics, 200-218.

49. Halphen, Etudes, 61; for the Vico, see Halphen, 23; see also Carlo Calisse, I Prefetti di Vico (Rome, 1888), 18, also 3-5 (also in ASRSP, X (1887), 1-136, 353-594). I do not mean to imply that the Vico were not a powerful family in the thirteenth century.

50. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 192-199, nos. 119-123. For the mosaic senators, see particularly Livario Oliger, "Due Musaici con S. Francesco della Chiesa di Aracoeli in roma," Archivum Francis canum Historicum, IV (1911), 213-251.

51. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 190-192, no. 118; see also 188, no. 101.

52. Boüard, Le régime, 148; Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 201-203, no. 126.

53. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 190-192, nos. 117-118.

54. Halphen, 21, 41, 48, 85; Boüard, Le régime, 149-151, 292; Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 137-141, no. 84 (139), 299-311, no. 130; Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 60.

55. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, I, 365, no. 537.

56. See particularly Bartoloni, Per la storia, 3-10, but also his Codice diplomatico, throughout.

57. Bartoloni, Per la storia, 5, n. 2; also Codice diplomatico, 91, 93.

58. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 216-224, no. 136 (224), 121-123, no. 75 (123), 204-206, no. 128 (205); Boüard, Le régime, 292. See too A. de Boüard, "Les notaires de Rome au moyen âge," Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, XXXI (1911), 291-307, particularly 305, n. I. For podestàs' bringing judges, see Waley, The Italian City-Republics, 86; and for a Sorrentine judge palatine in 1270, see Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.49(ol.47).

59. Halphen, Etudes, 75; Boüard, Le régime, 292.

60. Boüard, Le régime, 298-299, app. xiii.

61. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 137-141, no. 84.

62. Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 137-141, no. 84.

63. Boüard, Le régime, 290-293, app. ix; see also Theiner, I, 260-261, no. 414; Halphen, 81; G. Tomassetti, "Del sale e focatico del comune di Roma nel medio evo," ASRSP, XX (1897), 313-368.

64. Schiaparelli, "I 'Magistri aedificiorum Urbis,'" 35-37, 52-53.

65. Schiaparelli, 26-27.

66. Schiaparelli, 33-35, 50-53.

67. Schiaparelli, 29-30, 37, 53, 46. For a private contract which selects the Masters as arbiters, see Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.50(ol.48).

68. For example, Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 326.

69. Boüard, Le régime, 180-186; Tomassetti, "Del sale," 318; Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, I, 267-268, no. 426.

70. Boüard, Le régime, 297-298, app. xii; Gatti, Statuti dei Mercanti, 32; Bartoloni, Codice diplomatico, 211-213, no. 131.

71. Waley, 171.

72. Peter Herde, "Papal Formularies for Letters of Justice," Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Medieval Canon Law (Vatican City, 1965), 321-345, 340.

73. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 185.

74. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 199.

75. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 261.

76. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 52; also 45.

77. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 328.

78. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 328.

79. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 322 (dated on dorse 1291, but by indiction 1290).

80. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, B, 51.

81. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 233, 208 (connection in 1216), 307, 231, 232, 243, 301.

82. Re, Statuti, 90-93, 101, 182-183.

83. Re, 93.

84. Re, 99, 94, 125-126.

85. Re, 95-96, 123-124, 101-102, 109-110, 104-105.

86. Re, 172, 111, 113, 108, 107, 114, 114, 117.

87. See, for example, the edited statutes in Statuti della Provincia Romana, Fonti per la storia d'Italia, vols. 48 and 69.

88. Re, 125, 142, 140-141, 172, 170; for the terrible depredations of wolves later in 1443, see Pietro de Angelis, L'Ospedale di Santo Spirito, II, 61.

89. Re, 102-103.

90. In The First Century of English Feudalism.

91. Rieti, Archivio di stato, Fondo comunale, 4, 5.

92. For a hostile character sketch of Rainerio, see Kantorowicz, Frederick the Second, 584.

93. For renunciation, see, for example, Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.2. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro, 147; ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 120-121, no. 153. Also San Silvestro, 146; ASRSP, XXIII (1900), 118-120, no. 152. For an example of counselors (a Capoferro and a Malabranca to a Cenci), see Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.25(ol.24).

94. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 204.

95. Re, 54, 189.

96. ERASE ME

97. Ira Marvin Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967), 187. Of exposing documents, see, for example, Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.29(ol.27A), II.A.I.27(ol.26), II.A.I.46(ol.44), II.A.I.25(ol.24), II.A.I.49(ol.47); and see Halphen, Etudes, 84 and n. 1, for Martina. For Martino, see D. Waley, "Annibaldo Annibaldi," Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, III (Rome, 1961), 340-342, 341, where he speaks of Annibaldo as senator stopping the bad custom of the canons' of Saint Peter's offering banquets to the popular magistrates, the iudices Sancti Martini .

98. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, A, 23; Santo Spirito, B, 55. For a reflection in written records of the actual involvement of Boniface VIII, see Heinrich Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII (Münster.i.W., 1902), xli-xlviii. For the hostile observer, see Finke, Acta Aragonensia , I, 119-121, no. 83 (121).

99. Strecker, Moraliscb-satiriscbe Gedichte Walters von Chatillon, 110-112 (poem 10); Ernest H. Kantorowicz, Laudes Regiae (Berkeley, 1958), 6 and n. 17 and 18.

1. Carroll Winslow Brentano has informed me that Urban IV also was considered to be a saint both in Perugia and Troyes. The best modern introductions to the papal chancery for this period are, in my opinion, Peter Herde, Beiträge zum päpstlichen Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen im 13. Jahrbundert, 2nd ed. (Kallmünz, 1967), and the incisive introduction to C. R. and Mary G. Cheney, The Letters of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) (Oxford, 1967), particularly, xi-xviii. They should be supplemented with one of the excellent editions of papal registers prepared by the French Schools of Athens and Rome, for example, Les Registres d'Innocent IV, ed. Elie Berger (Paris, 1884-1911), or Les Registres de Boniface VIII, ed. Georges Digard, Maurice Faucon, Antoine Thomas, and Robert Fawtier (Paris, 1907-1939), and particularly the essay by Fawtier in vol. IV. One should now also see O. Hageneder and A. Haidacher, Die Register Innocenz' III [Publikationen der Abteilung für historische Studien des österreichischen Kulturinstituts in Rom. Quellen] I (1964). The best general introduction to the history of the papacy is probably Johannes Haller, Das Papsttum (Urach, 1950, Stuttgart, 1953). A much quicker introduction is available in Geoffrey Barraclough's recent and remarkable, The Medieval Papacy (London and New York, 1968). A serious discussion of a chronological segment of papal bibliography exists in Robert E. McNally's essay, "The History of the Medieval Papacy: a Survey of Research, 1954-1959," Theological Studies, XXI (1960), 92-132. Although Daniel Waley's The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century is not specifically a history of the popes, it is very revealing of them. English readers will find Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages (London, 1902-1932), helpful and informative. The Italia Pontificia volumes edited by Paul Kehr and Walther Holtzmann, although they purportedly deal with a period prior to that of this book, are still, like the companion volumes for other countries, an invaluable introduction not only to the products of the papal curia but also to the archives in which they may be found.

2. For a convenient guide to the cardinalate, see Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I (Münster, 1913), 3-13, particularly, here, 9-10. For the meaning and history of the dignity, see Stephan Kuttner, "Cardinalis: the History of a Canonical Concept," Traditio, III (1945), 129-214. See too Hans-Walter Klewitz, Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg (Darmstadt, 1957) and Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, with its bibliography.

3. For Boniface, see T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (London, 1933). This seems to me an insufficiently valued book, perhaps because it stresses neither the sort of specifically archival history nor the sort of legal learning which have been popular among scholars in recent years. It is a perceptive study in total personality, and as such, I now think, superior to all other biographies of thirteenth-century popes, although these include some major works like Achille Luchaire, Innocent III (Paris, 1904-1908). Thirteenth-century popes can now best be looked at, although seldom if ever in actual portrait likeness, in Gerhart Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse des Altertums und des Mittelalters, II: von Innozenz II zu Benedikt XI (Vatican City, 1970), which is vol. IV, ser. II of the Monumenti di antichità cristiana published by the Pontificio istituto di archeologia cristiana.

4. Boase, Boniface VIII 124, 258-259, 286-288; Heinrich Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII (Münster, 1902), il-l, and also particularly xlv; Pierre Dupuy, Histoire du differend d'entre le Pape Boniface VIII et Philippes le Bel Roy de France (Paris, 1655), 339; "Annales Genuenses Georgii Stellae," RIS, XVII (Milan, 1730), col. 1019.

5. Karl Hampe, Ein ungedrukter Bericht über das Konklave von 1241, 27-31; Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages, XVI (London, 1932), 28; Saba Malaspina, Historia, cols. 783-874, 871-872 Boase, 29-41 (33 for the Stefaneschi translation). See too the conclave where multi multa loquuntur, the verse description of which is edited in Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, "Versi duecenteschi su un conclave del secolo XIII," Miscellanea Gilles Gerard Meersseman, Italia Sacra, 15 (Padua, 1970), 151-169. Although the Septizonium's remaining ruins were destroyed during the pontificate of Sixtus v (1585-1590), it can still be seen in Renaissance drawings; see for example in Il Paesaggio nel disegno europeo del XVI secolo, Mostra all'Accademia di Francia, Villa Medici, 1972-1973 (Rome, 1972), 158-161, nos. 108, 109 by Marten van Heemskerck.

6. Rose Graham, "Archbishop Winchelsey from His Election to His Enthronement," Church Quarterly Review, CXLVIII (1949), 161-175, 170.

7. Boase, 41; Arsenio Frugoni, "Laudi Aquilane a Celestino v," Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, V (1951), 91-99, 93.

8. Ptolemy of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica, RIS, XI (Milan, 1727), cols. 743-1242, 1200; R. Brentano, "'Consolatio defuncte caritatis': a Celestine V letter at Cava," English Historical Review, LXXVI (1961), 298-303; Boase, 45. For a Sulmona representation which, surely inadvertently, suggests this Celestine, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plate LVIIIa.

9. Saba Malaspina, Historia, col. 835; Ptolemy of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica, col. 1191. See the similar evaluation in "Alia continuatio" (of Martinus Oppaviensis), ed. Ludwig Weiland, MGH,SS, XXII (Hanover, 1872), 482.

10. Chronicon de Lanercost, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1839), 115; and see Salimbene de Adam, Cronica, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH,SS, XXXII (1905-1913), 618. See also the Lanercost verse in translation: The Chronicle of Lanercost, trans. Herbert Maxwell (Glasgow, 1913), 38.

11. Liber censuum, I, 117. For two particularly attractive visual representations of Honorius III, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, III, plates XIV and XVb. See too Raoul Manselli, ''S. Domenico, i papi e Roma,'' Studi Romani, XIX (1971), 133-143, 137.

12. Waley, The Papal State, 213; for the Crescenzi and Savalli, see Carlo Cecchelli, I Crescenzi, i Savelli, i Cenci (Rome, 1942).

13. Registres d'Honorius IV, ed. Maurice Prou (Paris, 1888), 267. For the swarming Boccamazzi, see I. Walter, "Giovanni Boccamazza," Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, XI, 20-24; M. T. Maggi, "Nicola Boccamazza," Dizionario, 24-25; Necrologi e libri affini della provincia Romana, ed. Pietro Egidi, I, 198/9, 200/1, 238/9, 240/1, 254/5, 266/7; Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Santa Maria in Via Lata, cassetta 300-301A, no. 65 alias 909, no. 66 alias 239, no. 73 alias 380; Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.51(ol.49).

14. The incident is used in F. M. Powicke, Stephen Langton (Oxford, 1928), 51.

15. Mann, The Lives, XVI, 28; Natalie Schöpp, Papst Hadrian V (Heidelberg, 1916), 309.

16. Canon Nicholas, Clément IV (Nîmes, 1910), 142. For Clement's splendid sepulchral head, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plates XXXIIa and XXXIIb.

17. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, V (London, 1880), 471; Jacopo da Varagine, Cronaca di Genova, II, ed. Giovanni Monleone (Rome, 1941), 399; Mann, XVI, 29. Federici, Della Famiglia Fiesca, 129, 132, 140; Santa Maria in Via Lata was planted by the fourteenth-century cardinal, Luca Fieschi.

18. "Continuationes breves chronici Martini Oppaviensis," ed. O. Holder Egger, MGH,SS, XXX, part 1, 711. For Ottobuono's foreign prebends, see Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, I, 360.

19. Etienne Georges, Histoire du Pape Urbain IV et de son temps (Arcissur-Aube, 1886), 2. Otto Schiff, Studien zur Geschichte Papst Nikolaus' IV, Historische Studien, V (Berlin, 1897), 11.

20. Decretals of Gregory IX: c.10, X, i, 9. For a quick English introduction to Innocent III and some of the problems of interpreting his thought and action, see James M. Powell, Innocent III, Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World (Boston, Massachusetts, 1963); for an even quicker introduction, and one that fits Innocent into a history of medieval theories of church and state, see Brian Tierney's brilliant The Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964), 127-138, or the introduction to C. R. Cheney and W. H. Semple, Selected Letters of Innocent III (London and Edinburgh, 1953), particularly ix-x.

21. Gesta Innocentii III, cols. xix-xxi.

22. Gesta Innocentii III, col. clxxxvii.

23. Gesta Innocentii III, col. lxxx.

24. Again, for a short, powerful discussion of Innocent's position, see Tierney, The Crisis, 127-131.

25. Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXVII, col. 494; also cols. 465-466. For a clear appreciation of the antiquity of the topos militia spiritualis, see Hilarius Edmonds, "Geistlicher Kriegsdienst. Der Topos der militia spiritualis in der antiken Philosophie," Heilige Uberlieferung (supplement to Beiträge zur Ge- schichte des alten Mönchtums und des Benediktinerordens) (Münster, 1938), 21-50.

26. Innocent III, Opera omnia, IV: Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXVII, cols. 773-916, particularly 851-886; cols. 761-764; cols. 745-762. J. de Ghellinck, "Eucharistie au XII ^e siècle en occident," Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique, V, 1 (Paris, 1913), cols. 1233-1302, 1266-1267.

27. Gesta Innocentii III, cols. xviii, ccxiv.

28. Gesta Innocentii III, cols. cciv-ccx.

29. Lotharii cardinalis (Innocentii III) De miseria humane conditionis, ed. Michele Maccarone (Lucca, 1955), 16.

30. Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXVII, col. 504.

31. Cheney, "The Letters of Pope Innocent III," 33-39 (particularly 33 for change, 35 especially referring to A. Fliche, and 36, 37, 39), 41. See too, Cheney and Semple, Selected Letters, xv. For what follows, see Helene Tillmann, Papst Innocenz III (Bonn, 1954), particularly 5. For the moustache, see Gerhart B. Ladner, "Eine Prager Bildnis-Zeichnung Innocenz III," Collectanea Stephan Kuttner, I, 25-35, 32-35 and fig. 1, particularly 34.

32. Gesta Innocentii III, col. lxxx.

33. Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, ed. W. D. Macray, Rolls Series (London, 1863), 152, 189.

34. Karl Hampe, "Eine Schilderung des Sommeraufenthaltes der römischen Kurie unter Innocenz III in Subiaco 1202," Historische Vierteljahrschrift, VIII (1905), 509-535, 528-535, particularly 534 and 535.

35. William of Malmesbury, Historia Novella, ed. K. R. Potter (Edinburgh, 1955), 11-12.

36. See, for example, Tillmann, 234-236.

37. Boase, Boniface VIII, 357, 360-362, 369.

38. For a directly opposite point of view, see Leonard E. Boyle, "An Ambry of 1299 at San Clemente, Rome," Mediaeval Studies, XXVI (1964), 345, where Father Boyle finds the accusations connected with the trials "ludicrous and unlikely." This in an essay rich in complex evidence about Boniface, particularly concerning his devotion to the Eucharist and his halo (332, 343-346). The public controversy about the trial has been a long one; a first step into it could be made through Antonio Corvi, Il processo di Bonifazio VIII. Studio critico (Rome, 1948). For Boniface's headwear (discussed in Boyle), see also Gerhart Ladner, ''Die Statue Bonifaz' VIII in der Lateranbasilika und die Entstehung der dreifach gekrönten Tiara," Römische Quartalschrift, XLII (1934), 35-69. For Boniface iconography, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, 285-340, and for particular and probably surprising pleasure, plates LXVIII and LXIXa and LXIXb. See too the specific collection of material in Clemens Sommer, Die Anklage der Idolatrie gegen Papst Bonifaz VIII. und seine Porträtstatuen (Freiburg i. Br., 1920).

39. Dupuy, Histoire, 541-542.

40. Dupuy, 527, 539-541.

41. Dupuy, 562-563, 529, 570-572, also 551.

42. Dupuy, 568, 338.

43. Dupuy, 526-527, 536, 550, 552.

44. Dupuy, 539, 560-561.

45. Dupuy, 339; Boase, Boniface VIII, 124; Finke, Aus den Tagen, xlv-l.

46. Laude di fratre Jacopone da Todi, ed. Giovanni Ferri (rome, 1910) [Società filologica romana], 87, lauda 58, 11.19-20.

47. Dupuy, 570.

48. Tierney, The Crisis, 172-173. (My view of Boniface's personality is obviously very different from Tierney's.)

49. Finke, xxxix; Boase, Boniface VIII, 286; Gelasio Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I (Perugia, 1925), 109-110; see Waley, The Papal State, 230-249, for Boniface's actual dealing with papal territories.

50. Boase, 161. See too the magnificent description of Boniface in 1301, "nothing but eyes and tongue in a wholly putrefying body," quoted from an Aragonese source in Partner, The Lands of St. Peter, 292.

51. See Villani, Historie, col. 397, for his intelligent Boniface, and Ptolemy of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica, col. 1203, for his impressive Boniface, and Jacopo da Varagine, Cronaca di Genova, II, 410, for his learned Boniface.

52. Gregorovius, History, V, 590; Boase, 346-348, 344, n. 5; Walther Holtzmann, "Zum Attentat von Anagni," Festschrift Albert Brackmann (Weimar, 1939), 492-507, particularly 495; "Relatio de Bonifacio VIII: de horribili insultatione et depredatione," ed. F. Liebermann, MGH,SS, XXVIII (Hanover, 1888), 621-626, 623. For the treasure see Emile Molinier, "Inventaire du Trésor du Saint Siège sous Boniface VIII,'' Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, XLIII-XLIX (1882-1888); and see to Luisa Mortari, Il Tesoro della Cattedrale di Anagni (Rome, n.d.)

53. Boase, 182; "Martinus Oppaviensis Chronicon: Continuationes Anglicae Fratrum Minorum," ed. Ludwig Weiland, MGH,SS., XXIV (Hanover, 1879), 253-259, 254-255 (earthquake). See Friedrich Bock, "Musciatto dei Francesi," Deutsches Archiv für Geschichte des Mittelalters, VI (1943), 521-544, particularly 533-536, for one the interesting men connecting complexly and importantly Italian affairs and the court of France.

54. It seems to me that Father Boyle's remarks about Bolsena and the San Clemente ambry make an excellent starting point for considering Boniface and the Eucharist, "An Ambry of 1299," particularly 332.

55. See Ludovico Gatto, Il Pontificato di Gregorio X (1271-1276) (Rome, 1959) [Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, Studi storici], 28-30 and the "Life" in Pietro Maria Campi, Dell'historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza (Piacenza, 1651-1662), II, 343-349; E. Martène and U. Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, II (Paris, 1717), cols. 96-97, and the Registres de Clément IV, ed. Edouard Jordan (Paris, 1893-1904), 253-268, nos. 691-703. The consideration of Celestine v should now begin with Edward Peters, The Shadow King (New Haven, 1970). For the Arezzo, visual Gregory x, Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plate XXXVI.

56. Boase, Boniface VIII, 4. For a more general examination of Alexander, see Salvatore Sibilia, Alessandro IV (1254-61) (Anagni, 1961); for a summing up of recent work on Alexander's family, see particularly 49-50.

57. Gregorovius, History, V, 514-515.

58. See Brentano, Two Churches, 3-61, and, for example, Rieti, archivio capitolare, VII.E.8.

59. Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 76-86; for Caetani holdings, see Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi, I Caetani (Rome, 1942), particularly 20-24. For Boniface's spending and its bibliography, see Peter Partner, "Camera Papae: problems of Papal Finance in the later Middle Ages," The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, IV (1953), 55-68, particularly 55; but see too, particularly for his method of collecting property, in this case around Cecilia Metella, Georges Digard, "Le domaine des Gaetani au tombeau de Cecilia Metella," Mélanges G. B. de Rossi, being Supplement XII to Mélanges d'archéologie et d'historie (Paris and Rome, 1892), 281-290, which includes references to the pertinent documents within boniface's registers which Digard was then in process of editing. For the arrangements concerning the creation and erection of one of the statues of Boniface, the metal one in Bologna, see Maria Cremonini Beretta, "Il Significato politico della statua offerta dai Bolognesi a Bonifacio VIII," Studi di storia e di critica dedicati a Pio Carlo Falletti (Bologna, 1915), 421-431; and in connection with these statues, see again Boyle, ''An Ambry of 1299."

60. Papal itineraries are not only clear from registers and from other extant papal letters, but also they have been outlined by their editors in the printed registers.

61. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, I, 360-366; Friedrich Baethgen, "Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der päpstlichen Hof-und Finanzerwaltung unter Bonifaz VIII," Quellen und Forschungen, XX (1928-1929), 114-237, 229.

62. "Barbarously involved" is from Gregorovius (V, 630) and springs from the irritation anyone must feel as he tries to read Stefaneschi's sort of verse in which, as Father Boyle has written very nicely, "sometimes, indeed, words are switched around like so many checkers, but without any regard to position or sense, for the sake of his not always happy hexameters" ("An Ambry of 1299," 339). For a very sympathetic treatment of Stefaneschi, see Arsenio Frugoni, "Il Cardinale Jacopo Stefaneschi, Biografo di Celestino v,'' Celestiniana (Rome, 1954), 69-124.

63. Baethgen, 207-210.

64. "Continuationes breves chronici Martini Oppaviensis," ed. O. Holder-Egger, 711; for Nicholas's translation to his sepulcher in his chapel on May 16, see Egidi, Necrologi, I, 212; the first numbering of days is correct, counting from Nicholas's election (November 25, 1277), not from his consecration (December 26, 1277): C. R. Cheney, Handbook of Dates (London, 1970), 38.

65. The quotation is from Tierney, The Crisis, 150; Gerard E. Caspary, "The King and the Two Laws: A Study of the Influence of Roman and Canon Law on the Development of Ideas on Kingship in Fourteenth-century England," an unpublished Harvard Ph.D. thesis; for Innocent seen in another light, see M. D. Lambert, Franciscan Poverty (London, 1961), 95-97. For Innocent's sepulchral head, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plate XXIIb.

66. See the discussion in Mann, The Lives, XVI, 23-24; but compare the very attractive image of the family that can emerge from Fieschi wills in Federici, Della Famiglia Fiesca, for example 131, Ottobuono's treasuring Innocent IV's own copy of his "Apparatus."

67. I have discussed this more thoroughly in "Innocent IV and the Chapter of Rieti," Studia Gratiana, XIII [Collectanea Stephan Kuttner III] (1967), 383-410.

68. F. Pagnotti, "Niccolò da Calvi e la sua vita d'Innocenzo IV," ASRSP, XXI (1893), 7-120; the life is edited on 76-120.

69. By Herde in Beitràge .

70. In general, see Waley, The Papal State, and particularly here, 157.

1. Gregorovius, V, 297, and through 300; also 45.

2. Les Registres d'Honorius IV, 577-583, no. 823, 578.

3. Livario Oliger, "B. Margherita Colonna," Later anum, New Series, I (2) (1935), 83; its introduction and two lives are the source of almost all that follows on Margherita. For Sciarra, see Holtzmann, "Zum Attentat von Anagni," 497.

4. Oliger, 142-143 (and 211-212); compare Confessions, Book IX, chapter 10. See Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley, 1969), 128-131, for the stay in Ostia.

5. Oliger, 143, 212-213.

6. Oliger, 152-153, 127; on the Veronica see, for example, Peter Brieger, English Art, 1216-1307 (Oxford, 1957), 137, Brentano, Two Churches, 56-57, and Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio di San Pietro, V, 10, "85" (a 1272 letter of Gregory X ordering the canons to allow a private viewing by a countess and her entourage, a letter called a licentia ostendendi vultum sanctum ); also on the Veronica, see Arsenio Frugoni, "Il Giubileo di Bonifacio VIII," Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano, LXXII (1950), 1-121, 23. The reference to Altruda's visits ad limina, of course, suggests the familiar devotion to the apostles Peter and Paul, but the description of Altruda's behavior, the prolixitas, and the varying time, surely seems to refer to a more sprawling and varying visitation of relics and churches, and not even just the addition of San Lorenzo: compare de Angelis, L'Ospedale di Santo Spirito, I, 101, 63. See André Vauchez, "Sainteté laïque au XIII ^e siècle: La vie du bienheureux Facio de Crémone," Mélanges de l'école française de Rome, LXXXIV (1972), 13-53, particularly 39 for Facio's eighteen visits to the Limina apostolorum Petri et Pauli et aliorum sanctorum.

7. Oliger, 212-213.

8. In general, see Oliger's introduction, and particularly 80-82, but for the name of Margherita's mother and for her genealogy, see Cesare de Cupis, Regesto, I, 45-51 (Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.20), the will of the older Margherita's father, Giovanni Gaetani (or Giangaetano) di Orso di Bobone di Pietro, from 1232.

9. Oliger, 115.

10. Oliger, 132.

11. Oliger, 221.

12. Compare Dupuy, 29, and Les Registres de Boniface VIII, I, cols. 961-967, no. 2388, col. 962.

13. Oliger, 84, 213-214.

14. Waley, The Papal State, 214.

15. For a general introduction to the family, see Pio Paschini, I Colonna (Rome, 1955).

16. Paschini, 9-10.

17. I have particularly in mind the apse mosaic of Santa Maria Maggiore and Giovanni's senatorial mosaic now in the Palazzo Colonna. For Gregorovius's use of Petrarch's Colonna letters, see Gregorovius, History, VI, 306; and see Petrarch, Epistolae de rebus familiaribus et variae (Florence, 1859), I, 255 (Book V, Ep. 3). For a reward to a loyal family, see Giacomo's receiving Bartolomeo de Rocca, a canon of Rieti, as a member of his consortium of chaplains in 1308--moved, he says, by the continued loyalty of Bartolomeo's relatives: Rieti, archivio capitolare, VII.A.4. See Regestum Clementis Papae V (Rome, 1886), 323-324, no. 3535, for Clement's granting Giacomo the care of San Lorenzo in Lucina, from which his (Giacomo's) letter is dated. For Giovanni's connection with the Franciscans, see Herbert Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter, Historische Studien: 267 (Berlin, 1935), 129-133.

18. Ludwig Mohler, Die Kardinäle Jakob und Peter Colonna (Paderborn, 1914), 216, within a general body of Caetani-Colonna material, 215-277. For Pietro and San Salvatore, see Pietro de Angelis, L'Arcispedale del S. Salvatore (Rome, 1958), 10. For Pietro and San Giacomo, see L'Arcispedale di San Giacomo in Augusta (Rome, 1955), 6. For Pietro's library, a significant part of which he admittedly bought already assembled, see Paravicini, "Le Bibliotheche dei Cardinali Pietro Peregrosso (+1295) e Pietro Colonna (+1326)," particularly 109, 125, 129, 131, 134-135.

19. See particularly Giuseppe Presutti, "I Colonna di Riofreddo (sec. xiii e xiv)," ASRSP, XXXIII (1910), 313-332, 328-331. On Colonna family divisions, see Waley, The Papal State, 213-214, Gregorovius, V, 541-542, and Les Registres de Boniface VIII, I, cols. 961-967, no. 2388, col. 963. On Colonna background and holdings, see, as Waley suggests, Richard Neumann, Die Colonna und ihre Politik, 1288-1328 (Langensalza, 1916), 48-59. On family structure, see Oliger, 70-75.

20. By Oliger, 100.

21. Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam ordinis minorum, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH,SS, XXXII, part iii (Hanover and Leipzig, 1913), 169-170.

22. Les Registres d'Honorius IV, 577-583, no. 823.

23. Cecchelli, I Crescenzi, 23-25; see too, A. Proia and P. Romano, Il Rione S. Angelo (Rome, 1935), 102-103; "Alia continuation," MGH,SS, XXII, 482; Mann, The Lives, XVI (London, 1932), 361.

24. For Stefaneschi, see "Opus Metricum," in Monumenta Coelistiniana, ed. Franz Xaver Seppelt (Paderborn, 1921), 97; the Pandulfo bell is one of a pair of Saint Peter's Guidotto bells preserved together in the galleries. For the language of bells in medieval Rome and Lazio, see Alberto Serafini, Torri campanarie di Roma e del Lazio nel Medioevo (Rome, 1927), 76.

25. Gelasio Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 57-58. For the loggia, see Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro, caps. 61, fasc. 225. For a plan and drawings of Monte Giordano, see Carlo Pietrangeli, Guide rionali di Roma: Rione V--Ponte, II (Rome, 1968), 33, 35, 37.

26. Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.III.1 (the act of 1300), II.A.II.38(ol.36) (sisters, Girardi, to brothers); for family action and involvement, see particularly II.A.III.27, but also II.A.II.36(ol.34), II.A.II.42(ol.40), II.A.II.47(ol.44), II.A.II.48(ol.45); for women, see II.A.I.29(ol.27A), II.A.II.42(ol.40), II.A.II.50(ol.47), II.A.III.27. For uncle and nephews, see Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro in Vaticano, caps, 61, fasc. 225. Among cardinal priests of Santa Cecilia, Tommaso da Ocre lived next to his church but his predecessor Jean Cholet lived next to the church of San Crisogono, as their wills make clear; for a photographic copy and transcription of Cholet's will I should like to thank Agostino Paravicini Bagliani.

27. For Latino, see Angelus Maris Walz, I Cardinali domenicani (Florence and Rome, 1940), 17-18; Seppelt, Monumenta, 37; Salimbene, 436. For Matteo Rosso, see R. Morghen, "Il Cardinale Matteo Rosso," ASRSP, XLVI (1923), 271-372, 274-275. For Orsini and Santo Spirito, see Pietro de Angelis, L'Ospedale, II, 517, 545.

28. The classical monograph on Nicholas as cardinal is Richard Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaëtan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277 (Berlin, 1905).

29. Salimbene, 169-170; Dante, Inferno, canto xix, ll.70-71; Waley, The Papal State, 192; Boase, Boniface VIII, 246; see too the implications of Boniface VIII's letter condemning the Colonna in Les Registres de Boniface VIII , I, cols. 961-967, no. 2388, col. 962.

30. Waley, The Papal State, 192; Ferreto de' Ferreti, Le opere, I, 156. For the chapter of Saint Peter's, see Albert Huyskens, "Das Kapitel von St. Peter in Rom unter dem Einflusse der Orsini (1276-1342)," Historisches Jahrbuch, XXVII (1906), 266-290.

31. Seppelt-Stefaneschi, "Opus Metricum," 97; Frugoni, "Il Cardinale Jacopo Stefaneschi," 69-70, for Stefaneschi antiquity, and 104, for Stefaneschi manuscripts; for the Stefaneschi family, see also Frugoni's "La figura e l'opera del Cardinale Jacopo Stefaneschi (1270c.-1343)," Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, series 8, V (1950), 397-424, and particularly 398; for the manuscripts, see also Gardner, ''The Influence of Popes' and Cardinals' Patronage," 336-341. The term mecenatismo was applied to Stefaneschi by Muñoz, Roma di Dante, 404. For the clustering at Saint Peter's, see Huyskens, "Das Kapitel," 284, 285.

32. Francis Roth, Cardinal Richard Annibaldi, First Protector of the Augustinian Order, 1243-1276 (Louvain, n.d.) {being extracts from Augustiniana, II-IV (1952-1954)}, 3-4; Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, I, 118. For a convenient summary of Roman familial country-feudal activities, see Tomassetti, "Documenti feudali," particularly 296-304. Milton Lewine's forthcoming work on the Madonna dei Monti will deal with the tactical distance of these Annibaldi towers from the Colosseum.

33. Roth, 4; Waley, "Annibaldo Annibaldi," 341.

34. Roth, 5-6, 12-13; Waley, The Papal State, 307, 187; Walz, I Cardinali, 16 (for Annibaldo degli Annibaldi di Molara); Friedrich Bock, "Le Trattive per la senatoria di Roma e Carlo d'Angio," ASRSP, LXXVIII (1955), 69-105, 78; D. Waley, "Riccardo Annibaldi (Riccardo della Molara)," Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, III, 348-351. For the date of Riccardo's elevation, see Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, I, 143-144.

35. Roth, 14-15.

36. Roth, 9, 17-22, 25, 27, 31; Waley, The Papal State, 200-201; for the gossip about Ancher, see Salimbene, 170; for his murder, see B. M. Apolloni Ghetti, Santa Prassede, Le Chiese di Roma illustrate, 66 (Rome, 1961), 86-89; but for the obscurity of his life, see Paravicini, "Gregorio da Napoli," 75-76, n., and G. Mollat, "Anchier (Pantaléon)," Dictionnaire d'historie et de géographie ecclésiastique, XII (Paris, 1914), col. 1514.

37. Roth, 24, 34.

38. Roth, 29.

39. Roth, 30, 29; Dupré Theseider, Roma, 314; Gelasio Caetani, Domus Caetani, I (San Casciano, 1927), 114, 146; Regesta Chartarum, I, 44-45, and 98-102, 114-132; Waley, The Papal State, 243; Gregorovius, History, V, 543; Boase, Boniface VIII, 164; "Annales Caesenates," RIS, XIV (Milan, 1729), 1115; "Annales Forolivienses," RIS, XXII (Milan, 1733), cols. 135-240. Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi, "La carta feudale del Lazio,'' Quellen und Forschungen, XXXVI (1956), 324-327. V. de Donato, "Riccardo Annibaldi," Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, III, 351-352.

40. Roth, 42-49, 78-82, 97-101. The Aracoeli documents within the Bullarium Franciscanum do not suggest the involvement of Santa Maria del Popolo, but Annibaldi's position on the committee which got the Aracoeli for the Franciscans should be noted: Bullarium Franciscanum, I, ed. G. H. Sbaralea (Rome, 1759), 521-522, no. 288. On the other hand, other cardinals were also involved with the Augustinian Hermits, for example, see Bullarium Franciscanum I, 656-657, no. 475 (Cardinal Guglielmo Fieschi in 1253). For the Annibaldi scholar, see A. L. Redigonda, "Annibaldo Annibaldi," Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, III, 342-344. For Riccardo Annibaldi's chaplains, see Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, I, 153, 158-159.

41. Carlo Cecchelli, S. Maria in Via, English edition (Rome, n.d.), 19-21; Carlo Cecchelli, I Margani, I Capocci, I Sanguigni, I Mellini (Rome, 1946), 20-25; Vincenzo Forcella, iscrizioni delle chiese di Roma (Rome, 1869-1884), II, 495, no. 1494, VIII, 357, no. 845, XI, 387, nos. 596, 597; Ragna Enking, S. Andrea Cata Barbara e S. Antonio sull'Esquilino, Le Chiese di Roma illustrate, 83 (Rome, 1964), 45-57, 109-114. Waley, The Papal State, 147-154; and, in general, Friedrich Reh, Kardinal Peter Capocci, ein Staatsman und Feldherr des XIII Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1933). See too Gardner, "Capocci Tabernacle." Berger, Innocent IV, III, 84, no. 5847. Ferri, ASRSP, XXVII, 166-167. Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, I, 300-306. For Valleranum, see too Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.2.

42. Pietro Egidi, Necrologi e libri affini della provincia Romana, I (Rome, 1908), 160. Regesta Honorii Papae III, ed. Pietro Pressutti (Rome, 1888-1895), II, 86, no. 4078, 472-473, no. 6203.

43. P. Fedele, "Tabularium S. Praxedis," ASRSP, XXVII (1904), 27-78, XXVIII (1905), 91-114, XXVII, 30. For the Savelli cloth, see Molinier, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, XLVII, 646-667, no. 1218.

44. Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant' Agostino, 6.

45. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 303. The Suburra will be more fully exposed in Milton Lewine's forthcoming work on the Madonna dei Monti.

46. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro in Capite, 156 ("Regesto," ASRSP, XXIII, 412-413, no. 165); Brezzi, Roma, 301; Rota, "Il Codice," ASRSP, LXX, 160-161.

47. Gasparrini, Senatori Romani, 13-18, 20-21; Acta Sanctorum, Maius, V (Antwerp, 1685), 85-100 (May 21).

48. Brezzi, 363; Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 39-41, 44-45. But to the simple followers of Francis at least Giacomina did not seem romantically impoverished or decayed, but rather very noble and very rich: de nobilioribus et ditioribus totius Urbis: The Writings of Leo, Rufino, and Angelo, Companions of St. Francis (Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli sociorum S. Francisci) , ed. and trans. Rosalind B. Brooke (Oxford, 1970), 266-267.

49. Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 226-227. The continuing importance of falling families like the Frangipane can be seen in their continued presence in the papal registers, and their indexes.

50. Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 221-222.

51. Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 235.

52. Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Alessio, 34.

53. Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 61-64.

54. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro in Capite, 341. For a Roman proconsul, see D. Waley, "Annibaldo Annibaldi," Dizionario, III, 344-345.

55. Gelasio Caetani, "Margherita Aldobrandesca e I Caetani," ASRSP, XLIV (1921), 5-36; D. Waley, "Boniface VIII and the Commune of Orvieto," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (London), Series 4, XXXII (1950), 121-139. The importance of marriage is readily apparent in the collection of documents within the Archivio Orsini: for a quick suggestion of its contents, see Cesare de Cupis, Regesto, I, 56, 64, 74-75.

56. Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.32(ol.30); F. Olivier Martin, et al., eds., Les Registres de Martin IV (Paris, 1935), 141-142, no. 337.

57. Re, Statuti, 175, 114, 93. For Giangaetano, see Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro in Vaticano, caps. 61, fasc. 225.

58. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 188. Again see Herlihy, "Family Solidarity," and its terms and references.

59. See above, chapter 1, for Locrerengo; for Napoleone, see Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro in Vaticano, caps. 64, no. 181, where this extract of a will now resides in a wrapper which is supposed to contain the will of Cardinal Stefaneschi.

60. Les Registres de Boniface VIII, I, col. 886, no. 2264.

61. Boüard, Le Régime, 52.

62. Proia and Romano, Il Rione S. Angelo, 102.

1. Giorgio Falco, "Il Catalogo di Torino delle chiese, degli ospedali, dei monasteri di Roma nel secolo XIV," ASRSP, XXXII (1909), 413-443 (and in Codice topografico, III, 291-318).

2. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro, V, 10 (Alexander IV, June 4, 1258); Rieti, archivio capitolare, III.B.4; Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.47(ol.44), II.A.II.48(ol.45), II.A.I.46(ol.44); Liber censuum, I, 565-567, II, 49. For a clear introduction to the problem of dealing with the fraternity, see Paul F. Kehr, Italia Pontificia, I: Roma (Berlin, 1906), 8-10. For the ten rectors, see Ferri, ASRSP, XXVIII, 24-25; for San Tommaso, see Carlo Pietrangeli, Guide Rionali di Roma: Rione VII--Regola, I (Rome, 1971), 58-60. The photograph is Gabinetto fotografico nazionale, E--16156.

3. See, for example, Augustus J. C. Hare, Walks in Rome (London, 1876), II, 404; Idelfonso Schuster, Le Basilica e il Monastero di S. Paolo fuori le mura (Turin, 1934), 274.

4. White, Art and Architecture, 62-63, 94-97; for the church in general, see Emilio Lavagnino, San Paolo sulla Via Ostiense, Le Chiese di Roma illustrate, 12 (Rome, n.d.); more specifically, John White, "Cavallini and the Lost Frescoes in S. Paolo," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XIX (1956), 84-95. Schuster, 104, 106-107, 110, 139, plates 1, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18. Gardner, "Capocci Tabernacle," 225, and Otto Demus, whom Gardner cites (n. 34), for the Saint Paul's mosaicists and their probable Constantinople origins.

5. Dupuy, Histoire, 536; Schuster, 121-123, 127, 135, 145. But see Tommaso da Ocra's debt to Saint Paul's in Savini, "Il Cardinal Tommaso," 95.

6. Basilio Trifone, "Le Carte del monastero di San Paolo di Roma del secolo XI al XIV," ASRSP, XXXI (1908), 267-313, XXXII (1909), 29-106, XXXI, 294-300, no. 16. In general, on Italian monasticism, see Gregorio Penco, Storia del monachesimo in Italia (Rome, 1961). One may look also at Giulio Salvestrelli, "Lo Stato feudale dell'abazia di San Paolo," Roma, I (1923), 221-231, 419-431.

7. Trifone, "Le Carte," ASRSP, XXXI, 305-311, no. 24. One can compare the monastery partially described in these documents with the roughly contemporary one in The Customary of the Benedictine Abbey of Eynsham, ed. Antonia Gransden.

8. David Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, I (Cambridge, 1950), 281-283. For reform of Saint Paul's, see Schuster, 102.

9. Evelyn Underhill, "A Franciscan Mystic of the Thirteenth Century. The Blessed Angela of Foligno," Franciscan Essays by Paul Sabatier and Others (Aberdeen, 1912) {British Society of Franciscan Studies, Extra Series, I}, 88-107, particularly 95, 101, 102; J. R. H. Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order (Oxford, 1968), 263-264; see also Brentano, Two Churches, chapter 3. See note 14, this chapter.

10. The problems are exposed in M. D. Lambert, Franciscan Poverty (London, 1961), 1-30: "The Problem of Saint Francis"; but one should at least be aware of J. R. H. Moorman, Sources for the Life of St. Francis (Manchester, 1940), and M. Bihl, "Contra duas novas hypotheses prolates a Ioh. R. H. Moorman, " Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, XXXIX (1946), 3-37; a reassembled Francis, after criticism, is presented in the first chapter of Moorman's history, and a most recent and more optimistic study of some of the most important sources exists in the introduction to Rosalind Brooke, The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo.

11. Brooke, 234-235 (the cicada).

12. Brooke, 21, and, for example, 94-95, 124-125, 264-269, 274-275, 296-299. (Not all of the pertinent material is of course included in the Brooke texts.)

13. Brooke, 212-215. The theme of Francis as romantic is gracefully developed in A. G. Little, "The Seventh Centenary of St. Francis of Assisi (1226-1926)," Franciscan Papers, Lists and Documents (Manchester, 1943), 1-150; for the round table and Roland quotations, see Brooke, 212-213, 214-215; the Lancelot who is suggested here is a character, of course, from the world of R. W. southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953).

14. Lester K. Little has been much concerned with the theme of Franciscan poverty in a newly moneyed society; he is in process of presenting his conclusions in a series of publications, the first of which is Lester K. Little, "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom," American Historical Review, LXXVI (1971), 16-49.

15. The skin and the fire are Brooke, 178-179. On poverty, see Father Cuthbert, "Saint Francis and Poverty," Franciscan Essays (Aberdeen, 1912), 18-30, 24; Lambert, Franciscan Poverty, 38-67.

16. Lester K. Little will write at length on the jingling, see note 14; for Lazarus and Dives, see Brieger, English Art, 132 n. 2.

17. Gino Sigismondi, "La 'Legenda Beati Raynaldi' le sue fonti e il suo valore storico," Bollettino della deputazione de storia per l'Umbria, LVI (1960), 5-111, 42.

18. For these scholars, see John W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes, and Merchants, the Social Views of Peter the Chanter and his Circle (Princeton, 1969).

19. For a recent learned and intelligent discussion and defense of Bonaventure's approach, see Rosalind B. Brooke, Early Franciscan Government (Cambridge, 1959), particularly 272-275; see also Lambert, 137, 140, and Moorman, History, 260-261.

20. See Moorman, History, 5, 29, and particularly 18-19 for doubts about Francis's Roman activity; see too Brooke, The Writings, 248-253, 258-259. "Mirror of Perfection," chapter cxii, and Brooke, The Writings, 266-269, 274-277, for the quotation see 266-267; I have very slightly altered the wording of Mrs. Brooke's translation to make this clause intelligible out of context; see also Brezzi, Roma, 302. See too W. R. Thomson, "The Earliest Cardinal-Protectors of the Franciscan Order," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, IX (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1972), 27-39. For Dominic in Rome, see Manselli, Studi Romani, XIX, 133-143.

21. This is discussed more fully with bibliographical references in Brentano, Two Churches, chapter 4. See Moorman, History, 209 n. 1 and Bullarium Franciscanum, III, ed. D. A. Rosso (Rome, 1765), 244-246, for the rather exotic case of nuns exiled from "Romania" living in a Roman house who were allowed to transfer themselves from a Damianite rule (from Franciscan) to a Dominican rule (rule of St. Augustine, customs of S. Sisto). For Gregory IX and the nunneries--Santa Bibiana, Sant'Agnese, Sant'Andrea in Biberatica, Santa Maria in Campo Marzio, San Cyriaco, Santa Maria de Massima, see Les Registres de Grégoire IX, I, cols. 551-558, no. 932.

22. A. F. C. Bourdillon, The Order of the Minoresses in England (Manchester, 1926), 5 (from the Legenda ). Clare and the orders are treated at some length in Moorman, History, particularly 32-39, 205-215.

23. Paschal Robinson, "St. Clare," Franciscan Essays (Aberdeen, 1912), 31-49, 41: I have changed the wording of the translation slightly.

24. Bourdillon, 6; see too the similar remark, "by the fourteenth century," in Moorman, History, 406; see, on the matter of rule, poverty, and property, Bourdillon, 2-3; Livario Oliger, "De origine regularum Ordinis S. Clarae," Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, V (1912), 181-209, 413-447, particularly 193 (familial emphasis), 209 (example of difficulties with rule), 414-429 (struggle with property, complexity); Robinson, 34, 41, 44, 47; Bullarium Franciscanum, I, ed. G. H. Sbaralea (Rome, 1759), 263-267, 476-483, 671-678; II, ed. G. B. Colombino (Rome, 1761), 477-486, 509-521, and particularly 477, 478, 479 (clothes), 480, 509, 510, 511 (clothes).

25. For relics and feasts, see Giovanni Giacchetti, Historia della venerabile chiesa et monastero di S. Silvestro de Capite di Roma (Rome, 1629), 17-49, 67-76. See too a recent work, J. S. Gaynor and I. Toesca, S. Silvestro in Capite, Le Chiese di Roma illustrate, 73 (Rome, 1963).

26. For examples of these names, see San Silvestro in Capite, 85(82), 77(75), 92(88), 91(87). The following pages are so filled with references to San Silvestro documents that the repetition of even a normally abbreviated proper reference to them would become tedious to the eye, particularly because there is a double reference to most documents. Most of the documents are edited in V. Federici, "Regesto del monastero di San Silvestro in Capite," ASRSP, XXII (1899), 213-300, 489-538, XXIII (1900), 67-128, 411-447. Most of their originals exist in Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro in Capite. In the references employed here (henceforth cited as San Silvestro), numbers not in parentheses refer to the numbers of the documents in Federici's edition (without reference to volume or page); numbers within parentheses refer to the numbers of documents within the fond San Silvestro in Capite in the Archivio di stato.

27. Giacchetti, 43; A Serafini, Le torri campanarie di Roma e del Lazio nel medioevo, 216-217; see particularly Richard Krautheimer, "A Christian Triumph in 1597," in Essays in the History of Art presented to Rudolf Wittkower, ed. Douglas Fraser, Howard Hibbard, and Milton J. Lewine (London, 1967), 174-178, 175-176, nn. 13, 18.

28. San Silvestro, 52(49), 105(101), 106(102), 93(89), 103(100), 70(69), 79(76), 95(91), 58(55), 137(132), 138(133), 128(124), 129(125), 134(129), 136(120), 149(142), 151(144), 167(158), 124(119), 148, 154, 168.

29. San Silvestro, 73(70), 74(72), 82(79), 99(95), 106(102).

30. San Silvestro, 84(81), 86(83), 91(87), 92(88), 113(108).

31. San Silvestro, 142(136), 158(151), 128(124), 150, 168.

32. San Silvestro, 99(95), 102(98), 105(100), 132(128), 74(72), 92(88), 58(55), (52), (53), (35), 65; see Federici, ASRSP, XXIII, 443-444.

33. San Silvestro, 85(82).

34. San Silvestro, 87, 88(84).

35. San Silvestro, 126(122).

36. San Silvestro, 122(118).

37. San Silvestro, 164(155); see too Gregorovius, History, V, 491.

38. San Silvestro, 38(35).

39. San Silvestro, 49(46), 70(69).

40. San Silvestro, 80(77), 84(81), 92(88), 96(93), 103(100), 110(107), 112(106), 117(111), 121(116), 124(119), 125(121), 128(124), 136(120), 137(133), 143(137), 146(139), 149(142), 151(144), 158(151), 162(154), 96(93).

41. San Silvestro, 128(124), 131(127), 149(142), 162(154).

42. San Silvestro, 90(86), 67(65), 154.

43. San Silvestro, 67(65), 138(132), 145(138).

44. San Silvestro, 53(50), 104(99).

45. San Silvestro, 107(104), 147(141); the feast of Saint John now celebrated by San Silvestro is the appropriate one of the decollatio (August 29), but I think that the documents' repeated talk of Saint John in the Summertime means not this feast but rather the great general feast of the Nativity of Saint John (June 24).

46. San Silvestro, 171.

47. San Silvestro, 164(155), 167, 168(158)(159), (161), 170.

48. Les Registres de Clément IV, ed. Jordan, 684, no. 139. Le Registre de Jean XXI, ed. E. Cadier (Paris, 1898-1960), 23, no. 62, 16, no. 43; Les Registres de Nicolas III (Paris, 1898), col. 194, no. 510; Registres de Martin IV (Paris, 1901-1913), 134, no. 313, 171, no. 415; San Silvestro, 161, 163, 169, 170.

49. San Silvestro, 106(102).

50. Giacchetti, Historia, 47-49; see also Federici, ASRSP, XXII, 231 (with the year 1277).

51. San Silvestro, 173(160); Les Registres d'Honorius IV, col. 104, no. 121.

52. Oliger, "B. Margherita Colonna," 84.

53. San Silvestro, (221), 180(165a), 184(173).

54. San Silvestro, 192(178), (227), (230).

55. But see André Callebaut, "Saint François et les privilèges, surtout celui de la pauvreté concédé à Sainte Claire par Innocent III," Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, XX (1927), 182-193.

56. San Silvestro, 183(171).

57. San Silvestro, 174(161), 178(164), 175(162), 176, 182, 189.

58. San Silvestro, 174(161).

59. Oliger, "B. Margherita Colonna," 203; San Silvestro, 161, 163.

60. San Silvestro, 187, 189(176), (187), (207), (227).

61. Livario Oliger, "Documenta originis Clarissarum Civitatis Castelli, Eugubii (a 1223-1263), necnon statuta Monasteriorum Perusiae Civitatisque Castelli (saec. XV) et S. Silvestri Romae (saec. XIII)," Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, XV (1922), 71-102, 99-102.

62. Oliger, "B. Margherita Colonna," 30-32; Bullarium Franciscanum, IV, ed. D. A. Rosso (Rome, 1768), 456, 468.

63. Oliger, ''B. Margherita Colonna," 31-32; Bullarium Franciscanum, V, ed. Conrad Eubel (Rome, 1898), 8-9; Gregorovius, History, VI, 306.

64. San Silvestro, (227), (193); Rome, Archivio di stato, 30 Not. Cap., Uff. 33: vol. 37, Angelus Cesius (20 Ott. 1558), fo. 1257r; Falco, "Il Catalogo," 427; Oliger, "Documenta," 102.

65. San Silvestro, (187). For the eggs, see Gaynor and Toesca, San Silvestro, 67.

66. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santi Cosma e Damiano in Trastevere (San Cosimato) {henceforth cited as San Cosimato}, 178, 170-213, 230. The problem of conversi, although never specifically conversi of this sort, is repeatedly approached in I Laici nella "Societas Christiana" dei secoli XI e XII: Pubblicazioni dell Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore: Miscellanea del Centro di Studi Medioevali, V (Milan, 1968). Two essays, particularly, might be looked at in this connection: Cosimo Damiano Fonseca, "I conversi nella communità canonicali," 262-305, and Jacques Dubois, "L'institution des convers au XII ^e siècle. Forme de vie monastique propre aux laïcs," 152-176.

67. San Cosimato, 170, 172, 204, 212, 223; see too P. Fedele, "Carte del monastero dei SS. Cosma e Damiano in Mica Aurea," ASRSP, XXI (1898), 459-534, XXII (1899), 25-107, 383-447, particularly XXI, 459-494--this edition did not reach the thirteenth century.

68. San Cosimato, 188.

69. San Cosimato, 192.

70. San Cosimato, 218, 175.

71. For example, San Cosimato, 158, 200, 205.

72. San Cosimato, 329 (compare with 180), 173, 178, 315.

73. San Cosimato, 174, 193, 201, 202.

74. San Cosimato, 186.

75. San Cosimato, 198, 215, 216.

76. San Cosimato, 214. Bullarium Franciscanum, I, 50-51, no. 37.

77. San Cosimato, 238; see too Bullarium Franciscanum, I, 137-138, no. 143 (transcription of the supposed original papal letter in Milan, where the different date is surely due to a misreading of Kalends as day--15 Kl' September = 18 August). Liber censuum, 18-19. For the affair with the Camaldolese, see Bullarium Franciscanum, I, 112-113, no. 113 and Les Registres de Grégoire IX, ed. Lucien Auvray (Paris, 1896-1955), I, col. 809, no. 1450.

78. San Cosimato, 230, 252.

79. San Cosimato, 258.

80. San Cosimato, 306. Bullarium Franciscanum, I, 249-252, no. 274, 257, no. 284; Les Registres de Grégoire IX, II, cols. 1103-1108, nos. 4478-4481, cols. 1187-1189, nos. 4647-4650.

81. San Cosimato, 252, 384, 310, 303, 199, 334; Falco, "Il Catalogo," 441.

82. San Cosimato, 243, 231, 232, 233.

83. San Cosimato, 295, 307, 308, 291, 303.

84. San Cosimato, 240, 250.

85. San Cosimato, 278, 280, 281, 277, 262, 292, 287.

86. San Cosimato, 296, 275, 286, 284, 196.

87. San Cosimato, 185, 246, 252, 244, 261, 260, 279.

88. San Cosimato, 257.

89. F. Camobreco, "Il Monastero di S. Erasmo sul Celio," ASRSP , XXVIII (1905), 265-300, 288-290. Les Registres de Grégoire IX , I, col. 176, no. 54; Monaci, "Regesto . . . di Sant' Alessio," 162.

90. Roth, Cardinal Richard Annibaldi , 46; P. S. L. (Lopez), "De origine conventus Romani Stae. Mariae de Populo, ordinis S. Augustini," Analecta Augustiniana , IX (1921), 71-75, 72; Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Agostino, 3, 4. For the elaborate business of getting the Franciscans into the Aracoeli, see Bullarium Franciscanum , I, 521-522, no. 288, 530-531, no. 304, 545, no. 330, 556-558, no. 346, and particularly 616-618, no. 418; Les Registres d'Innocent IV , II, 147, no. 4848, III, 96, no. 5897; and see earlier, chapter 5, note 40.

91. Margaret R. Toynbee, S. Louis of Toulouse and the Process of Canonisation in the Fourteenth Century (Manchester, 1929), particularly 111-117.

1. The connection between Theodoric and the Theater of Pompey has been recalled recently in Caecilia Davis-Weyer, Early Medieval Art, 300-1150 (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1971), 52-53; see also Cassiodorus, Variae , IV, no. 51, in MGH, Auctores Antiquissimi , XII (Berlin, 1894), 138-139.

2. For Maitland, who thought specifically of Blake's angels, see Ermengard Maitland, F. W. Maitland, A Child's-Eye View , Selden Society (London, 1957), 6. For the making of wills, see Michael M. Sheehan, The Will in Medieval England (Toronto, 1963), particularly 192-195.

3. Acton in the "Inaugural Lecture on the Study of History," in Essays on Freedom and Power , ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb (Cleveland, Ohio, 1955), 32.

4. The lines from "La Vie de Saint Alexis," are 606-607, page 33, in the edition of Gaston Paris (Paris, 1903). For the evangelical revival see particularly M.-D. Chenu, Nature, Man and Society in the Twelfth Century , trans. Jerome Taylor and Lester K. Little (Chicago, 1968), and especially "The Evangelical Awakening," 239-269; Lester K. Little, "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom," American Historical Review , LXXVI (1971), 16-49; Tadeusz Manteuffel, Naissance d'une hérésie (Paris, 1970), particularly for Saint Alexis, 13 ("a veritable hymn to the glory of voluntary poverty"), 33-37 for Norbert and Robert; the essays within I Laici nella ''Societas Christiana'' dei secoli XI e XII: Relazioni del X Congresso internazionale di scienze storiche, III: Storia del medio evo (Milan, 1968)--for example, Herbert Grundmann, "Eresie e nuovi ordini nel secolo XII," 356-402, 377-389, particularly 380, and Gerd Tellenbach, "Il Monachesimo riformato ed i laici nei secoli XI e XII," 118-142; Ernst Werner, Pauperes Christi (Leipzig, 1956), 19-27; "Pauvres Catholiques," in Cabiers de Fanjeaux , II (1967), 207-272; for Norbert, recently recalled in connection with a pertinent miracle, see John F. Benton, Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent , 238-239; see too the "Vita Norberti," ed. Roger Wilmans, in MGH,SS ., XII, 663-703; for the modern quotation, see Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages (Manchester, 1967), 2. For thirteenth-century combinations of saintly virtue there were, of course, much older precedents as Fortunatus's Radegunda and Christ Himself make clear.

5. For Francis with parsley and the cicada, see Brooke, Scripta , 296-299, 234-235.

6. Mission to Asia , ed. Christopher Dawson (New York, 1966), 140-141.

7. Frugoni, Celestiniana , 56-67, 57.

8. See particularly the 1957 catalog of the Mostra di sculture lignee medioevali for the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan, but also the general work, Paul Thoby, Le Crucifix (Nantes, 1959), and especially Adriano Prandi, "L'Espressione del dolore e della morte attraverso una serie di crocefissi del Museo di Cividale," in Il Dolore e la morte nella spiritualità dei secoli XII e XIII , Convegni del Centro di studi sulla spiritualità medievale, V (Todi: Accademia Tudertina, 1967), 367-380, and particularly plates 14 and 15; also in this richly pertinent collection, see Raoul Manselli, "Dolore e morte nell'esperienza religiosa catara."

9. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, A, 22.

10. Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1964), 285; E. Delaruelle, "Influence de Saint François d'Assise sur la piété populaire," I Laici , 449-466, 452.

11. Moorman, History of the Franciscan Order , 259.

12. Gino Sigismondi, "La 'Legenda Beati Raynaldi,' le sue fonti e il suo valore storico," Bolletino della deputazione di storia patria per l'Umbria , LVI (1960), 5-111, 31, 41-44.

13. J. de Ghellinck, "Eucharistie au XII ^e siècle en occident," Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique , V. I (Paris, 1913), cols. 1233-1302; Migne, Patrologia Latina , CCXVII, cols. 773-916; S. J. P. van Dijk and J. Hazelden Walker, The Origins of the Modern Roman Liturgy (Westminster, Maryland, 1960), 360-365; V. L. Kennedy, "The Moment of Consecration and the Elevation of the Host," Mediaeval Studies , VI (1944), 121-150, 123, 133, 148-150, and "The Date of the Parisian Decree on the Elevation of the Host," Mediaeval Studies , VIII (1946), 87-96, 94; the quotation is from Joseph A. Jungmann, The Mass of the Roman Rite (London, 1959), 91, see also 422-427, 425-426.

14. Ernest W. McDonnell, The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture (New Brunswick, 1954), especially 299-319; F. Bonnard, "Bolsena," Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique , IX, cols. 679-680; Andrea Lazzarini, Il Miracolo di Bolsena (Rome, 1952), particularly 65-71, 83-86; Dawson, Mission 180; Brooke, Scripta , 226-229; Kajetan Esser, Das Testament des heiligen Franziskus von Assisi (Münster, Westphalia, 1949), 101; Boyle, "An Ambry," 329.

15. The Book of Margery Kempe , ed. Hope Emily Allen, Sanford Brown Meech, et al., Early English Text Society (Oxford, 1940), see particularly 47.

16. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 131.

17. For the grail, see Lizette Andrews Fisher, The Mystic Vision in the Grail Legend and in the Divine Comedy (New York, 1917).

18. Acta Sanctorum , May, V, 85-100 (May 21), 88-90; Ferdinand Schevill, Siena , ed. William M. Bowsky (New York, 1964), 266.

19. The thirteenth-century building history of Aracoeli is the subject of a forthcoming work by Professor Ronald Malmstrom of Williams College.

20. Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Alessio, 39.

21. For an example of names, see Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 99 (the nuns of Santa Maria in Campo Marzio in 1335).

22. For example, Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Alessio, 31.

23. Compare Herbert Grundmann, Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter , Historische Studien, 267 (Berlin, 1935), 5.

24. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Archivio San Pietro, Caps. 64, no. 181.

25. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 262-263.

26. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 260-261, 262-263.

27. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 242-243, 228-229; see, for example, Pio Pecchiai, "I segni delle case di Roma nel medio evo," Archivi , XVIII (1951), 231, 233.

28. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 222-223, 278-279, 220-221, 97, 101.

29. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 194-195, 198-199, 200-201, 238-239, 240-241, 254-255, 266-267, 336-337, 222-223, 268-269, 278-279, 234, 236, 260; 240-241; 246-247.

30. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 242-243, 212-213, 97.

31. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 200-201, 278, 226-227, 198-199, 262-263, 264-265, 192-193, 184-185; see also Pecchiai, "I segni."

32. Egidi, Necrologi , I, 198-199, 214-215, 272-273, 174-175, 196-197, 210-211; and see Grimaldi, "Opusculum de Sacrosancto Veronicae Sudario . . ." (Archivio San Pietro, H, 3), particularly fos. 36r-52r. Bertelli, "Immagine Edessena," 3-5.

33. Worcester, Saint Helen's, Register of Bishop G. Giffard, fos. 345 ^v -347.

34. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 198.

35. Rome, Archivio di stato, San Cosimato, 311; see, for example, Santo Spirito, B, 10, and San Cosimato, 237. For a nicely illustrated and learned introduction to the pyx, see S. J. P. van Dijk and J. Hazelden Walker, The Myth of the Aumbry (London, 1957), particularly 33-35, frontispiece, plates 1, 5, 6.

36. Huelsen, Le Chiese di Roma , 212, 455-456; Les Registres de Grégoire IX , 1, 400, no. 636.

37. See, for example, Gilles Gerard Meersseman, "I Penitenti nei secoli XI e XII," I Laici , 306-339, 325.

38. For example, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Instrumenta Miscellanea, 145.

39. Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Agostino, 5. For the Hungarian cardinal's selection of Santa Balbina as his place of burial, see Paravicini, "Un frammento," 181 and n. 9. The will of Pietro's son Adwardus also survives (Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Celestini, 18), written in July 1296, after Pietro's death; it repeats his benefactions selectively. It includes Grottaferrata, and asks burial in a chapel to be made at Aracoeli.

40. The order of Saint Silvestro Guzzolini of Osimo; see Paulus Weissenberger, "Die ältesten Statuta Monastica der Silvestriner," Römische Quartalschrift , XLVII (1939), 31-109; see also Gregorio Penco, Storia del Monachesimo in Italia , Tempi e Figure, 31, (n.d.), 301-305 (and for the Celestinians 305-312); for the Crucifers at San Matteo, see Ferri, ASRSP , XXX, 141-142, no. 97, in which a 1296 gift refers to the order specifically. For San Giacomo's undistinguished position at the beginning of the pontificate of Innocent III see Hageneder and Haidacher, Die Register Innocenz' III , I, 417-419, no. 296; for its privileges, including burial privileges from Honorius IV, see Prou, Honorius IV , cols. 225-226, 230, nos. 293, 300, both from February 5, 1286; the latter allows San Giacomo to receive profits from usury, etc., up to a limited value, from penitents. The power of San Giacomo to attract burials is witnessed by the recorded burial there of a fourteenth-century canon of Saint Bartholomew's on the Island; both it and the fourteenth-century burial of a miller call attention to San Giacomo's site by the river; for these burials, see Forcella, Inscrizioni , VI, 324, nos. 1063, 1065. For redecoration at Grottaferrata, see Carlo Bertelli, "La Mostra degli affreschi di Grottaferrata," Paragone , no. 249, Arte (1970), 91-101, particularly 100-101, and plates 40-49.

41. Worcester, Saint Helen's, Register of Bishop G. Giffard, fos. 345 ⁴ -347; see too Sheehan, The Will , 258-265. For Ottobuono Fieschi's related preference for the friars, see Federici, Della Famiglia Fiesca , 129.

42. Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.48(ol.46).

43. Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.21(ol.20).

44. Rome, Archivio di stato, Santo Spirito, B, 107; Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.II.16(ol.15); San Silvestro in Capite, ASRSP , XXIII, 426-428, no. 171.

45. Felice Nerini, De templo et coenobio Sanctorum Bonifacii et Alexii (Rome, 1752), 446; Gelasio Caetani, Regesta Chartarum , 39-41; Vallicelliana, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.54(ol.53).

46. Oliger, "B. Margherita Colonna," 174; Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Agostino, 6; Egidi, Necrologi , 142; Hirschfeld, "Genuesische Dokumente," 130-131; David Herlihy, Medieval and Renaissance Pistoia (New Haven, 1967), 249.

47. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 2, fos. 68-70; for different conclusions about age suggested by fifteenth-century demographic-statistical material from Pistoia, see Herlihy, Pistoia , 78-93, particularly 89.

48. Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 2, fos. 58-61 ^v .

49. See Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 2, 64 ^v -66; Rome, Archivio di stato, Sant'Agostino, 26.

50. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, I, fos. 81-81 ^v , 52 ^v , 140-142, 117-118; Pietro de Angelis, Ospedale , II, 617-620; for the madonna of Sant'Angelo, see Ilaria Toesca, "L'Antica 'Madonna' di Sant'Angelo in Pescheria a Roma," Paragone 227 (1969), 3-18 and plates 1-5b.

51. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 1, 78 ^v -79, 164 ^v -165; 118 ^v -119; Rome, Archivio di stato, San Silvestro in Capite, 193.

52. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, I, 3, 88.

53. The quotation "only for recounting" refers to Francis's talk of those who gain credit "only for recounting" the deeds of Charles, Roland, and Oliver, and his comparison of them with "us" who tell stories of the saints' wonders: Brooke, Scripta, 214-215; the second Franciscan reference is to the friar's talk of Francis's selling of his sackcloth to the lord and the multi baldaquini et panni de serico ("many rich brocades and silken cloths") which would later cover his body: Brooke, Scripta, 260-263.

54. Ilaria Toesca, Una croce dipinta romana (Rome, 1966), who should not, however, be held responsible for the suggestions about the identity of the anonymous saints. In connection with this cross and its piety one might also look at the same author's "Opere d'Arte del territorio di Tivoli restaurate dalla Soprintendenza alle gallerie," Atti e Memorie, XLII (1969), 197-202. For the Bible which Nicholas III gave to Aracoeli, see Il libro della Bibbia (Vatican City, 1972), 41, no. 77; it is Vat. lat. 7797.

55. For the evocative description of Constantius II's entry into Rome, taken from Ammianus, see Ernst H. Kantorowicz, Laudes Regiae (Berkeley, 1958), 66.

56. Gregorovius, History, V, 466. Ludovico Frati, Libro di cucina del secolo XIV (Livorno, 1989), 15, for the fritata recipe; I do not have evidence for its use in thirteenth-century Rome itself, but mean here to suggest the specific act of eating a specific dish.

57. One should think of the little Veronica in connection with surviving souvenirs from other centers, like those from Canterbury preserved at the Guildhall in London, or those still available, like the little pens from Loreto, through whose viscous liquid the holy house sails.