1. Elvin Hatch, "Social Drinking and Factional Alignment in a Rural California Community," Anthropological Quarterly 46 (1973): 243-60; "Stratification in a Rural California Community," Agricultural History 49 (1975): 21-38; Biography of a Small Town (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); "The Cultural Evaluation of Wealth: An Agrarian Case Study," Ethnology 26 (1987): 37-50.

2. Max Gluckman, Introduction to Ronald Frankenberg, Village on the Border (London: Cohen & West, 1957), 6.

3. Hatch, Biography of a Small Town, 160, 168, 262-63; Robert K. Merton, "Continuities in the Theory of Reference Groups and Social Structure," in Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. ed. (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1957), 281-386.

4. The three people who were most helpful in my choice of a community were Bill Willmott and Garth Cant at the University of Canterbury, and Dave Reynolds in the Ministry of Agriculture. I am very grateful to all three.

5. The county organization in New Zealand has changed substantially since this study was completed.

6. For a summary account of Trobriand society, see Bronislaw Malinowski, Coral Gardens and Their Magic, vol. 1 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965 [1935]), 3-48. For a recent reanalysis, see Annette Weiner, Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976).

7. Weiner, in Women of Value, Men of Renown, shows that Malinowski overemphasized the importance of yam gardening in the status system, for he overlooked the role of women's wealth, which took the form of banana leaf bundles. Weiner's reanalysis does not challenge the basic point that the drive for social achievement was the central feature to the system, however.

8. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), esp. 114-25, 260-95. See also Elvin Hatch, "Theories of Social Honor," American Anthropologist 91 (1989): 344-45.

9. Bourdieu, Distinction, 483.

10. See Bernard Barber, "Inequality and Occupational Prestige: Theory, Research, and Social Policy," Sociological Inquiry 48 (1978): 75—87; Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, "Some Principles of Stratification," American Sociological Review 10 (1945): 242-49; Donald J. Treiman, Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective (New York: Academic Press, 1977), 1-24, 223-26; and Jonathan H. Turner, Societal Stratification: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 124-43.

11. See Hatch, "Theories of Social Honor," 342-43.

12. Treiman, Occupational Prestige, 21-22. Similarly, he writes elsewhere that "power and privilege are everywhere highly valued, and hence powerful and privileged occupations are highly regarded in all societies" (5). Treiman acknowledges that power and privilege are not the only criteria that people use in assessing the standing of occupations; however, all other standards are a residual category in his scheme and theoretically unimportant—they explain the "deviations" from what his theory leads him to expect (see 19-22).

13. Ibid., 228-29.

14. Turner, Societal Stratification, 127, 137.

15. Robert F. Murphy, Cultural and Social Anthropology: An Overture, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986), 151-52.

16. Barber, "Inequality and Occupational Prestige," 78.

17. Hatch, "Cultural Evaluation of Wealth."

18. Edmund Leach, Political Systems of Highland Burma (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), 101-95.

19. South Downs in 1981 may have been more conservative than other New Zealand communities on this score (Cheleen Mahar, personal communication).

20. See Talcott Parsons, "The Kinship System of the Contemporary United States," American Anthropologist 45 (1943): 33-37.

21. Judith Newton, "History as Usual? Feminism and the 'New Historicism,'" Cultural Critique, no. 9 (Spring 1988): 111-12; Judith Newton, " Family Fortunes: 'New History' and 'New Historicism,'" Radical History Review 43 (1989): 5-22.

22. See Harvey Goldman, Max Weber and Thomas Mann: Calling and the Shaping of Self (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 81. For an engaging account of the male gender in New Zealand (one that does not foreground occupation), see Jock Phillips, A Man's Country? The Image of the Pakeha Male—A History (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1987).

23. Michèle D. Dominy, "Gender Complementarity, Aging, and Reproduction Among New Zealand Pakeha Women," in Aging and Its Transformations: Moving Toward Death in Pacific Societies, ed. Dorothy Ayers Counts and David R. Counts (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985), 47-63.

1. W.H. Oliver, The Story of New Zealand (London: Faber & Faber, 1960), 39-47; J.M.R. Owens, "New Zealand Before Annexation," in The Oxford History of New Zealand, ed. W.H. Oliver (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 28-53; and Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1980), 33-49.

2. Raewyn Dalziel, "The Politics of Settlement," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 87-111; and Jeanine Graham, "Settler Society," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 112-39.

3. A.H. McLintock, The History of Otago: The Origins and Growth of a Wakefield Class Settlement (Dunedin, N.Z.: Otago Centennial Historical Publications, 1949); and Erik Olssen, A History of Otago (Dunedin, N.Z.: John McIndoe, 1984).

4. James Hight and C. R. Straubel, eds., A History of Canterbury, Vol. 1: To 1854 (Christchurch: Canterbury Centennial Association, 1957), 113-233.

5. Peter Burroughs, Introduction to The Founders of Canterbury, ed. Edward Jerningham Wakefield (Folkestone, Eng.: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1973), v-viii; Hight and Straubel, History of Canterbury 1:135-39.

6. Hight and Straubel, History of Canterbury 1:173.

7. Keith A. Pickens, "Canterbury, 1851-1881: Demography and Mobility—A Comparative Study" (Ph.D. diss., Washington University, St. Louis, 1976), 152.

8. W.J. Gardner, ed., A History of Canterbury, Vol. 2: General History, 1854-76, and Cultural Aspects, 1850-1950 (Christchurch: Canterbury Centennial Historical and Literary Committee/Whitcombe & Tombs, 1971), 128; and T.J. Hearn and R.P. Hargreaves, "The Growth and Development of a New Society," in Society and Environment in New Zealand, ed. R.J. Johnston (Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs, 1974), 68.

9. J. B. Condliffe, The Welfare State in New Zealand (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1959), 323; Sheila S. Crawford, Sheep and Sheepmen of Canterbury, 1850-1914 (Christchurch: Simpson & Williams, 1949), 113; Gardner, History of Canterbury 2:222; Graham, "Settler Society," 134-35; Erik Olssen, "Social Class in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand," in Social Class in New Zealand, ed. David Pitt (Auckland: Longman Paul, 1977), 25-28. For a contrary view, see Stevan Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry: New Zealanders Who Inherited the Earth (Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1980), 29.

10. W.J. Gardner, "A Colonial Economy," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 62-64; Hearn and Hargreaves, "Growth and Development," 68-69; Hight and Straubel, History of Canterbury 1:191-98; and A.H. Reed, The Story of Canterbury: Last Wakefield Settlement (Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1949), 108-12.

11. Gardner, "A Colonial Economy," 64.

12. Hearn and Hargreaves, "Growth and Development," 69; Hight and Straubel, History of Canterbury 1:196.

13. Andrew Hill Clark, The Invasion of New Zealand by People, Plants, and Animals: The South Island (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), 182-90; Crawford, Sheep and Sheepmen, 84-85; and Guy H. Scholefield, New Zealand in Evolution: Industrial, Economic, and Political (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1909), 74-75.

14. Gardner, "A Colonial Economy," 62-63; Gardner, A History of Canterbury 2:32-33; Hight and Straubel, History of Canterbury 1:191-98; and Reed, Story of Canterbury, 108-12.

15. McLintock, History of Otago, 327-97, 432-43; Olssen, History of Otago, 31-56.

16. Crawford, Sheep and Sheepmen, 25-26.

17. Rollo Arnold, The Farthest Promised Land: English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s (Wellington: Victoria University Press, with Price Milburn, 1981).

18. Clark, Invasion of New Zealand, 307-21; D.B. Copland, Wheat Production in New Zealand: A Study in the Economics of New Zealand Agriculture (Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs, 1920), 97-132; Hearn and Hargreaves, "Growth and Development," 80; C.F. Heller, "The Role of Wheat in Nineteenth-Century, Middle-Latitude Settlement: Examples from Canterbury and Michigan," Australian Geographical Studies 4 (1966): 98-106, 116-17.

19. Clark, Invasion of New Zealand, 320.

20. W.H. Scotter, A History of Canterbury, Vol. 3: 1876-1950 (Christchurch: Canterbury Historical and Literary Committee/Whitcombe & Tombs, 1965), 98.

21. On the river-valley properties, see Clark, Invasion of New Zealand, 324; fig. 65 (316) illustrates a downland farm.

22. Ibid., 318-19; J.D. Gould, "Pasture Formation and Improvement in New Zealand, 1871-1911," Australian Economic History Review 16 (1976): 4-5; Heller, "Role of Wheat," 101-2.

23. Gould, "Pasture Formation and Improvement," 19.

24. J.B. Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making: A Study of Economic and Social Development, rev. ed. (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1959), 156-79; Sinclair, History of New Zealand, 161-69. See also Miles Fairburn, The Ideal Society and Its Enemies: The Foundations of Modern New Zealand Society, 1850-1900 (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1989), 95-99, 106-13.

25. On 1870s land values, see Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making, 297-98n. 5; on mobility, see Pickens, "Canterbury," 111-25.

26. McLintock, History of Otago, 653; see also Gardner, History of Canterbury 2:207-8.

27. John Brown, Ashburton, New Zealand: Its Pioneers and Its History, 1853-1939 (Dunedin, N.Z.: A.H. and A.W. Reed, 1940), 34-42.

28. See especially Thomas W. H. Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize: A Comparative Study of the Origins and Early Phase of Development of the National Farmers' Union of England and Wales and the New Zealand Farmers' Union, Ca. 1880-1929" (Ph.D. diss., University of Otago, Dunedin, 1977); Stevan Eldred-Grigg, "Whatever Happened to the Gentry? The Large Landowners of Ashburton County, 1890-1896," New Zealand Journal of History 11 (1977): 3-27; Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 109-30; Miles Fairburn, Review of Social Class in New Zealand, edited by David Pitt, New Zealand Journal of History 11 (1977): 190-95; Miles Fairburn, "Social Mobility and Opportunity in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand," New Zealand Journal of History 13 (1979): 43-64; Fairburn, Ideal Society and Its Enemies; John Martin, "Whither the Rural Working Class in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand?" New Zealand Journal of History 17 (1983): 21-42; Erik Olssen, "The 'Working Class' in New Zealand," New Zealand Journal of History 8 (1974): 44-60; Olssen, "Social Class in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand," 32-39; David Pearson, "Small-Town Capitalism and Stratification in New Zealand, 1880-1930," New Zealand Journal of History 14 (1980): 107-31; Claire Toynbee, "Class and Social Structure in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand," New Zealand Journal of History 13 (1979): 65-82.

29. Martin, "Whither the Rural Working Class?" 30-40.

30. Clark, Invasion of New Zealand, 213; Sinclair, A History of New Zealand, 157-59.

31. See Gareth Stedman Jones, "Working-Class Culture and WorkingClass Politics in London, 1870-1900: Notes on the Remaking of a Working Class," in Languages of Class: Studies in English Working-Class History, 1832-1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 179-238.

32. Eldred-Grigg, "Whatever Happened to the Gentry?"; Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, esp. 75-79.

33. Eldred-Grigg, "Whatever Happened to the Gentry?" 6.

34. Temuka Leader, June 12, 1890, 2.

35. Eldred-Grigg, "Whatever Happened to the Gentry?" 8.

36. Eldred-Grigg, "Whatever Happened to the Gentry?" 12-15; Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 97-103.

37. Fairburn, "Social Mobility and Opportunity," 51-52; Gardner, History of Canterbury 2:222.

38. Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize," 34, 51.

39. New Zealand historians disagree over the nature and amount of tension among classes in the nineteenth century. On the one hand, some argue that there were enough opportunities for advancement that a true class consciousness did not emerge; by this view, the hostility expressed by the working classes was more rhetorical than genuine. On the other hand, some argue that class divisions were marked and that class consciousness was a major force behind the social and political processes. See especially David Bedggood, "Class Consciousness in New Zealand," in Pitt, Social Class in New Zealand, 113-29; Christopher Campbell, "The 'Working Class' and the Liberal Party in 1890," New Zealand Journal of History 9 (1975): 41-51; Fairburn, Ideal Society and its Enemies, 81-156; Fairburn, Review of Social Class in New Zealand; Fairburn, "Social Mobility and Opportunity"; Martin, "Whither the Rural Working Class?"; W.H. Oliver, "Reeves, Sinclair, and the Social Pattern," in The Feel of Truth, ed. Peter Munz (Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed, for Victoria University, 1969), 163-78; W.H. Oliver, "Class in New Zealand," New Zealand Journal of History 7 (1974): 182-83; Erik Olssen, "Class in New Zealand," New Zealand Journal of History 9 (1975): 200-201; Olssen, "The 'Working Class' in New Zealand"; Olssen, "Social Class in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand"; Pearson, "Small-Town Capitalism and Stratification"; Toynbee, "Class and Social Structure."

40. E.g., Timaru Herald, June 3, 1890, 3.

41. Timaru Herald, September 1, 1890, 3.

42. Gardner, History of Canterbury 2:188; McLintock, History of Otago, 432-33.

43. Gardner, A History of Canterbury 2:47-51.

44. Ibid., 134, 190-96, 296-99.

45. McLintock, History of Otago, 482-554.

46. Gardner, History of Canterbury 2:299-303; Scotter, History of Canterbury 3:22-25.

47. Graham, "Settler Society," 114.

48. On joblessness, see R.J. Campbell, "'The Black Eighties'—Unemployment in New Zealand in the 1880s," Australian Economic History Review 16 (1976): 67-82.

49. Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making, 149-55; G.R. Hawke, The Making of New Zealand: An Economic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 84-102; Scholefield, New Zealand in Evolution, 120-42.

50. Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making, 238-43; Scholefield, New Zealand in Evolution, 143-54.

51. See Thomas W. H. Brooking, "Economic Transformation," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 229; Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making, 239; Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 88-92; Crawford, Sheep and Sheepmen, 81-86.

52. Clark, Invasion of New Zealand, 212; J.A. Johnstone, "Sheep-Farming," New Zealand Official ear-Book (Wellington: N.Z. Department of Statistics, 1893), 182-97.

53. Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 139.

54. See Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize," 35.

55. See Len Richardson, "Parties and Political Change," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 197-225.

56. See, e.g., William Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, 2 vols. (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1902), 268-89.

57. Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 138-40; W.J. Gardner, The Amuri: A County History (Culverden, N.Z.: Amuri County Council, 1956), 292-95; J.D. Gould, "The Twilight of the Estates, 1891 to 1910," Australian Economic History Review 10 (1970): 1-26; Bob Hall, "Land for the Landless: Settlement of the Otekaike Estate in North Otago, 1908," New Zealand Journal of History 19 (1985): 38-60; Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 93-97; Sinclair, History of New Zealand, 172-88; Anthony Ward, "The New Zealand Gentry, 1890-1910: Twilight or Indian Summer?" Australian Economic History Review 19 (1979): 169-75.

58. Oliver, Story of New Zealand, 143-44.

59. Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 140.

60. Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize," 1; Brooking, "Economic Transformation," 226.

61. Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 140-43.

62. Scotter, History of Canterbury 3:197-99; R.T. Shannon, "The Liberal Succession Crisis in New Zealand, 1893," Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand 8 (1958): 183-201.

63. On the hiring of servants, see Ward, "New Zealand Gentry," 174n.20; on the distinctive social life of the wealthy, see Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 151-74.

64. Eldred-Grigg, "Whatever Happened to the Gentry?" 9-10; Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 157-59.

65. Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize," 1.

66. Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 146.

67. Ibid.

68. Gardner, Amuri, 370.

69. Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize," 45-47.

70. Brooking, "Economic Transformation," 226-27; Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry, 148; cf. Martin, "Whither the Rural Working Class?"; and Pearson, "Small-Town Capitalism and Stratification."

71. This section is based primarily on the following: Brooking, "Economic Transformation"; Graeme Dunstall, "The Social Pattern," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 396-429; Brian Easton, Social Policy and the Welfare State in New Zealand (Auckland: George Allen & Unwin, 1980); Hawke, Making of New Zealand; John Macrae, "Income Distribution and Poverty in New Zealand," in Pitt, Social Class in New Zealand, 42-55; Erik Olssen, "Towards a New Society," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 250-78; David G. Pearson and David C. Thorns, Eclipse of Equality: Social Stratification in New Zealand (Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1983); Cora Vellekoop, "Social Strata in New Zealand," in Social Process in New Zealand, ed. John Forster (Auckland: Longman Paul, 1969), 233-71; and Cora Vellekoop Baldock, "Occupational Choice and Social Class in New Zealand," in Pitt, Social Class in New Zealand, 78-98. For discussions of New Zealand's class structure since World War II, see Warwick Armstrong, "New Zealand: Imperialism, Class, and Uneven Development," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 14 (1978): 297-303; David Bedggood, Rich and Poor in New Zealand (Auckland: George Allen & Unwin, 1980); David Bedggood, "The Welfare State," in New Zealand: Sociological Perspectives, ed. Paul Spoonley, David Pearson, and Ian Shirley (Palmerston North, N.Z.: Dunmore Press, 1982), 197-215; George Bryant, The Widening Gap: Poverty in New Zealand (Auckland: Cassell, 1979); John Collette, "Social Stratification in New Zealand," in New Zealand Society: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Stephen D. Webb and John Collette (Sydney: John Wiley, 1973), 34-43; Peter Davis, "Social Mobility in New Zealand: Preliminary Results from a National Survey," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 15 (1979): 50-56; Peter Davis, "Stratification and Class," in Spoonley, Pearson, and Shirley, New Zealand: Sociological Perspectives, 119-41; Easton, Social Policy and the Welfare State; P. Avery Jack, "Poverty and Social Security," in Webb and Collette, New Zealand Society, 163-74; Pearson and Thorns, Eclipse of Equality; Vellekoop, "Social Strata in New Zealand"; C. D. Wilkes and W. E. Willmott, "Class in New Zealand Rural Society" (Paper presented at the meetings of the Sociological Association of Australia and New Zealand, Melbourne, August 1976); Chris Wilkes, Peter Davis, David Tait, and Peter Chrisp, The New Zealand Class Structure, The Demographics of Class Structure, Working Paper no. 1 (Palmerston North, N.Z.: Department of Sociology, Massey University, 1987).

72. Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 44.

73. Brooking, "Economic Transformation," 230, 232-33.

74. For a discussion of the middle-class transformation in this light, see Olssen, "Towards a New Society," 267-68.

75. On domestic production, see Pearson and Thorns, Eclipse of Equality, 51.

76. Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 258.

77. Ibid., 175.

78. Ibid., 264-72.

79. Pearson and Thorns, Eclipse of Equality, 49. For the growth of public welfare, see especially Dunstall, "Social Pattern."

80. David Pitt, "Are There Social Classes in New Zealand?" in Pitt, Social Class in New Zealand, 5.

81. David Pearson, Johnsonville: Continuity and Change in a New Zealand Township (Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1980), chap. 4.

82. Leslie Kilmartin and David C. Thorns, Cities Unlimited: The Sociology of Urban Development in Australia and New Zealand (Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1978), 58.

83. Pearson and Thorns, Eclipse of Equality, 20, 54-63; see also Bedggood, Rich and Poor, 64-68.

84. G.R. Hawke, "The Growth of the Economy," in Oliver, Oxford History of New Zealand, 378; Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 213, 215.

85. Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 231.

86. Hawke, "Growth of the Economy," 378.

87. Pearson and Thorns, Eclipse of Equality, 145-56.

88. Hawke, Making of New Zealand, 244-46, 248.

89. Ibid., 242.

90. For more on the government program to assist servicemen onto the land, see Condliffe, Welfare State in New Zealand, 96-98.

91. Dunstall, "Social Pattern," 409.

92. See S. Harvey Franklin, Trade, Growth, and Anxiety: New Zealand Beyond the Welfare State (Wellington: Methuen, 1978), 140-50.

93. Bob Hall, "Te Kohurau: Continuity and Change in a New Zealand Rural District" (Ph.D. diss., University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 1987), 439.

94. Ibid., 688.

95. Ibid., 689.

96. For the Kurow case, see ibid., 574.

97. Ibid., 574-75.

1. The school system in New Zealand was substantially changed after I completed the field research. The local schools are now under local boards of trustees that replaced the regional boards. Consequently, the New Zealand system has come to resemble that in California.

1. Hatch, Biography of a Small Town, 126-27.

2. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 171-97.

3. Barber, "Inequality and Occupational Prestige," 78-80.

1. I have discussed this topic in greater detail and in a somewhat different way in "Cultural Evaluation of Wealth."

2. On the agricultural ladder, see Hatch, "Stratification in a Rural California Community," 23n.2.

3. Hatch, Biography of a Small Town, 21-22, 27-29, 125-26.

4. The income tax system in New Zealand has changed substantially since 1981.

5. See Hatch, "Cultural Evaluation of Wealth."

6. See Goldman, Max Weber and Thomas Mann, 47.

1. This comment was not tape recorded, and the following is based on notes that I made shortly after our conversation.

1. Norbert Elias, The History of Manners: The Civilizing Process, vol. 1, trans. Edmund Jephcott (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982 [1939]), 3.

2. The following is based on published local histories and on interviews with five former employees of the Freshneys, the spouse of a former employee, a man who was raised on an adjacent farm, and two others in the district who knew the Freshneys personally. I also spoke with a number of people in general about the Freshneys.

3. The following is based on two newspaper obituaries, published local histories, and interviews with thirteen people who lived in the community in the 1920s and 1930s, who included four landholders, two business owners, and seven working people.

4. The following is based on newspaper obituaries, published local histories, and interviews with thirteen people, including five landholders and eight workers, three of whom worked full time for the McDonalds.

5. The following is based on newspaper obituaries, published local histories, and interviews with fifteen people, including six workers, seven landholders, and two business owners. One of the workers worked full time for one of the Parkinson families.

6. The following is based on interviews with nine people, including two family members, two landholders, and five working people.

7. The following is based on interviews with nine people, including five landholders, three working people, and one business owner.

8. The following is based on a newspaper obituary and interviews with eleven people, including one family member, four landholders, one business owner, and five working people, two of whom worked for the Throwers.

9. The following is based on published local histories, newspaper obituaries, and interviews with eleven people, including four landholders, six working people, and one business owner.

1. Bedggood, "Welfare State"; Bedggood, Rich and Poor in New Zealand; Bryant, The Widening Gap; Collette, "Social Stratification in New Zealand"; Peter Davis, "Stratification and Class"; Easton, Social Policy and the Welfare State; Pearson and Thorns, Eclipse of Equality; Pitt, Social Class in New Zealand; Vellakoop, "Social Strata in New Zealand."

2. Brooking, "Agrarian Businessmen Organize," 43.

3. W.E. Willmott, "Community at Tinui: Hearts and Boundaries" (Paper presented at the meetings of the New Zealand Sociological Association, Wellington, November 1979).

4. See, e.g., L.G.D. Acland, The Early Canterbury Runs, 4th ed., rev. W.H. Scotter (Christchurch: Whitcoulls, 1975).

5. Elias, History of Manners 1:129-52, 141, 191-205.

6. Bourdieu, Distinction, 190-91, 196.

1. Clifford Geertz, "Person, Time, and Conduct in Bali," in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 360-411.

2. See especially Louis Dumont, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 23-59. See also Robert Bellah, Kenelm Burridge, Roland Robertson, and Louis Dumont, "Responses to Louis Dumont's 'A Modified View of Our Origins: The Christian Beginnings of Modern Individualism,'" Religion 12 (1982): 83-91; André Béteille, "Individualism and Inequality," Current Anthropology 27 (1986): 121-34; S.N. Eisenstadt, "Transcendental Visions—Other Worldliness—and Its Transformations," Religion 13 (1983): 1-17.

3. Geertz, "Person, Time, and Conduct in Bali"; Maurice Bloch, "The Past and the Present in the Present," Man, n.s., 12 (1977): 278-92.

4. On linguistic relativity, see Paul Kay and Willett Kempton, "What Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?" American Anthropologist 86 (1984): 65-79; John Lucy and Richard Shweder, "Whorf and His Critics: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Influences on Color Memory," American Anthropologist 81 (1979): 581-615; and Benjamin Lee Whorf, Language, Thought, and Reality: The Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. J. B. Carroll (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1956). On emotional relativity, see Owen M. Lynch, ed., Divine Passions: The Social Construction of Emotions in India (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990). On gender construction, see Charles F. Keyes, "Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in Northern Thai Buddhist Society," in Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols, ed. Caroline W. Bynum, Stevan Harrell, and Paula Richman (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), 66-96; and Carol P. MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern, eds., Nature, Culture, and Gender (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). On kinship, see David Schneider, American Kinship: A Cultural Account, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); and David Schneider, A Critique of the Study of Kinship (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984). And on rationality, knowledge, and beliefs about the world, see Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); and Peter Winch, "Understanding a Primitive Society," American Philosophical Quarterly 1 (1964): 307-24. For a general discussion of the relativity of rationality, see Robert C. Ulin, Understanding Cultures: Perspectives in Anthropology and Social Theory (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984), 23-90.

5. Roger M. Keesing, "Theories of Culture Revisited" (Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., November 16, 1989).

6. Roy Wagner, The Invention of Culture (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975), 17-34.

7. I did not explore the issue of refinement during my research in the California community because I did not appreciate that the grounds on which households were ranked was problematic. My comments here about refinement in the California community are therefore tentative.

8. See Dumont, Essays on Individualism; Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 1-20, 247-66; and Louis Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx: The Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977).

9. See Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx, 74-81.

10. See Dumont, Essays on Individualism, 52-59.

11. The following is drawn from Goldman, Max Weber and Thomas Mann, 18-51, 131-68.

12. Ibid., 28, 47, 48.