1. See Américo Castro, España en su historia: cristianos, moros, y judiós (Barcelona, 1983, second edition), pp. 200-209; idem, The Spaniards. An Introduction to Their History , Willard F. King and Selma Margaretten, trans. (Berkeley, 1971), p. 584, where convivencia is translated as a "living-togetherness."

2. Cited by Claude Cahen, "Dhimma," in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden, 1960, second edition), II: 227. On this question, see also Antoine Fattal, Le statut légal des non-musulmans en pays d'Islam (Beirut, 1958).

3. Robert I. Burns, Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia (Cambridge, 1984), p. 59.

4. Thomas F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages (Princeton, 1979), pp. 168-169.

5. Miguel Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos, aportaciones para su estudio," Saitabi 7 (1949): 165-199; idem, "Los mudéjares valencianos en la época del Magnánimo," IV Congreso de Historia de la Corona de Aragón I (1959): 467-494; Leopoldo Piles, "La situación social de los moros de realengo en la Valencia del siglo XV,'' Estudios de Historia Social de España 1 (1949): 225-274; Francisco Macho y Ortega, "Condición social de los mudéjares aragoneses (siglo XV), " Memorias de la facultad de filosofía y letras de la Universidad de Zaragoza I (1923): 137-319; and Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, Los Mudéjares de Castilla en tiempos de Isabel I (Valladolid, 1969).

6. Stephen H. Haliczer, "The Castilian Urban Patriciate and the Jewish Expulsions of 1480-92," American Historical Review 78 (1973): 35-58; Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition (London, 1965), p. 7; idem, Inquisition and Society in Spain in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Bloomington, 1985), pp. 14-15, where Kamen abandons his earlier views; Tarsicio de Azcona,

Isabel la Católica: estudio crítico de su vida y su reinado (Madrid, 1964), pp. 641-643; and Maurice Kriegel, "La prise d'une décision: l'expulsion des juifs d'Espagne," Revue Historique 260 (1978): 49-90.

7. Tulio Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto nacional: moriscos y cristianos viejos en Valencia (Valencia, 1980); Henri Lapeyre, Géographie de l'Espagne morisque (Paris, 1959); Joan Regla, Estudios sobre los moriscos (Barcelona, 1974); Louis Cardaillac, Morisques et Chrétiens: un affrontement polémique (1492-1640) (Paris, 1977). Most recently, Dolors Bramon, Contra moros i jueus (Valencia, 1981) and María del Carmen Barceló Torres, Minorías islámicas en el país valenciano: historia y dialecto (Valencia, 1984) have produced valuable syntheses that treat both the Mudejars and the Moriscos. However, both authors display a tendency to leap all too easily from the Mudejars to the Moriscos without considering the social and economic, as well as religious, changes involved. The reign of Fernando II is a notable gap in the these works.

8. Robert I. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders: Colonial Survival in the Thirteenth-Century Kingdom of Valencia (Princeton, 1973); John Boswell, The Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century (New Haven, 1977).

9. Thomas F. Glick and Oriol Pi-Sunyer, "Acculturation as an Explanatory Concept in Spanish History," Comparative Studies in Society and History 11 (1969): 136-154; Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain ; and Pierre Guichard, Structures sociales "orientales" et ''occidentales" dans l'Espagne musulmane (Paris, 1977).

1. Andrés Bernáldez, Memorias del reinado de los Reyes Católicos , J. de M. Carriazo and M. Gómez-Moreno, eds. (Madrid, 1962), p. 107

2. A recent example is Joseph Pérez et al., Historia de España , Vol. V: La frustración de un imperio (1469-1714) , Manuel Tuñon de Lara, ed. (Barcelona, 1982), pp. 155-162.

3. J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms , Vol. II: Castilian Hegemony (1410-1516) , (Oxford, 1978), pp. 349-532, emphasizes the importance of tradition in the Monarchs' formulation of policy.

4. Kriegel, "L'expulsion des juifs."

5. For the conversion of the Muslims of Granada and Castile, see Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 69-82, and Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , II: 470-483. On the Mudejars and Moriscos under Carlos, see Ricardo García Cárcel, Orígenes de la Inquisición Española: el tribunal de Valencia, 1478-1530 (Barcelona, 1976), pp. 98-101, 116-132, and the still useful Pascual Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos españoles y su expulsión (Valencia, 1901), 1: 121-169.

6. José María Lacarra, "Introducción al estudio de los mudéjares aragoneses," in I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981),

pp. 17-28; Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 165-174; Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 117-138; Boswell, Royal Treasure ; Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 68-91; Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 51-105; and Pierre Guichard et al., Nuestra Historia , vol. 3 (Valencia, 1980), pp. 13-108. Robert I. Burns, "Immigrants from Islam: The Crusaders' Use of Muslims as Settlers in Thirteenth Century Spain," American Historical Review 80 (1975): 21-42, demonstrates the economic importance of the Muslim population for the Christian conquerors.

7. The percentages of Mudejar population I have offered here are only approximations. For the Mudejars of Valencia, Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 64-70, traces the steady decline of their population. Utilizing the census of 1510, she arrives at a figure of 13, 056 Mudejar households out of 55, 631 households, or 23.4 percent of the population. However, she does not reveal how she arrived at such a figure. The census data given by Ricardo García Cárcel, "El censo de 1510 y la población valenciana de la primera mitad del siglo XVI," Saitabi 26 (1976): 171-188, indicates that usually no distinction was made between Muslim and Christian households, which leads one to question Barceló's precise figure. In 1502 the military estate estimated that the kingdom had a Muslim population of at least 22,000 households—ARV (Archivo del Reino de Valencia): C (Cancillería Real) 650: 242v—or 39.5 percent of the total population (55,631 households), which, although it seems a bit exaggerated, suggests that Barceló's estimate is too low. Lapeyre, Géographie , pp. 20-21, estimates a Morisco population in 1565 of 19,000 households, or 29 percent of the total. He also notes (pp. 29-30) that the emigration of a number of Muslims after the conversion of 1526 prevented a marked increase in the Morisco population by 1565. My own estimate of 30 percent, or approximately 17,000 Muslim households, is a rough compromise between the excessively high and low estimates of the military estate and Barceló. It also allows for a minimal increase in Muslim population to the level suggested by Lapeyre for 1565. The estimates for the Mudejars of Aragon and Catalonia come from Lapeyre, Géographie , pp. 96-99, and A. Domínguez Ortiz and B. Vincent, Historia de los moriscos (Madrid, 1978), p. 77.

8. On the supremacy of royal authority vis-à-vis the Mudejars, see Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 165-174, and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 30-31. ACA (Archivo de la Corona de Aragón): C 3567: 151v (8 February 1496): "Queriendo que aquellos pot set coffres nuestros no sean vexados"; ACA: C 3644: 147r (19 February 1489): "la dicha aliama que es nuestro patrimonio y cofre nuestro"; and ARV: C 134: 21r (23 November 1468): "quoniam sarraceni dicte aliame servi sunt camere nostre."

9. Jaume Vicens i Vives, Ferran II i la ciutat de Barcelona , 3 vols. (Barcelona, 1936-1937), esp. I: 365-424; García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 37-82; and Ernest Belenguer Cebrià, València en la crisi del segle XV (Barcelona, 1976).

10. Belenguer Cebrià, València , pp. 19-21. ARV: C 650: 251r-252v (6 July 1502): the viceroy chooses perhaps the worst time possible to conduct a general investigation of Mudejar aid to runaway slaves. See chap. 2.

11. Leopoldo Piles Ros, Estudio documental sobre el Bayle General de

Valencia, su autoridad y jurisdicción (Valencia, 1970), pp. 35-48. ARV: B (Bailía General) 1157: 388r-389r (1 March 1483) is a good example of the king's reliance on the bailiff general's advice. See text below.

12. The appointment of local bailiffs and their duties with respect to Muslim aljamas are found in ARV: C 307: 97v-99r, for Játiva; ARV: C 423: 64v-65v, and ARV: B 1156: 826r-827v, for Castellón de Játiva; and ARV: C 424: 35r-v, for the morería of Valencia.

13. ARV: C 141: 100v-101r; ARV C 127: 98v; ACA: C 3605: 31r-v; and ACA: C 3647: 53v-54r are examples of the governor acting as a royal deputy in Mudejar affairs. Piles Ros, Bayle General , pp. 114-115, discusses the conflict of interests between the governor and the bailiff general. The governor's jurisdiction over cases involving Mudejars will be discussed in chap. 5.

14. ARV: C 141: 100v-101r (5 November 1500).

15. ACA: C 3571: 85r-v (20 June 1493).

16. ACA: C 3647: 53v-54r (5 February 1490).

17. ACA: C 3605: 31r (8 July 1479) to Don Noffre de Rocasfull. ACA: C 3605: 31r-v is Fernando's command to the governor of Orihuela.

18. ACA: C 3638: 153r-v (27 December 1481).

19. ACA: C 3653: Iv-2r (23 October 1495).

20. ARV: C 304: 171r-173r (21 February 1481).

21. ARV: B 1157: 180v-181v (15 December 1481). ACA: C 3637: 135r-v (12 December 1481)—Fernando concedes to the aljama Valencia all privileges, immunities, and prerogatives his predecessors had granted to the aljamas of Játiva, Alcira, and Gandía.

22. ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496).

23. ACA: C 3644: 82r-83r (21 February 1488).

24. ACA: C 3571: 23v-24r (30 August 1492).

25. ARV: C 128: 169v-170v (21 February 1481).

26. ARV: C 127: 98r-v (6 April 1480); ARV: C 128: 117v-118r (2 January 1481); and ARV: C 131: 102v-104r (3 July 1483).

27. Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 144-145, and Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 471, suggest a movement of Mudejars from seigneurial to royal lands because conditions were better in the latter. María del Carmen Barceló Torres, "La morería de Valencia en el reinado de Juan II," Saitabi 30 (1980): 53-71, shows that Juan II was able to reconstruct Valencia's morería after the sack of 1455. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, La frontera amb l'Islam en el segle XIV: cristians i sarraïns al País Valencià (Barcelona, 1988), p. 15, notes royal attempts to restore or create new morerías in the fourteenth century. Burns, "Immigrants from Islam," discusses the earlier use of foreign Muslims as settlers.

28. Furs e ordinations fetes per los gloriosos reys de Aragó als regnicols del regne de València , Lambert Palmart, ed. (Valencia, 1482): King Martin, Rubric VI: 184r—"De sarracenis qui sine comptare se faciunt vassallos alterius"; King Juan II, Rubric XV: 239v-240r: "De sarrahins." Aureum opus regalium privilegorium civitatis et regni Valentie (1515): Alfonso V, 196v-197r: "De sarracenis baronum volentibus mutare eorum domicilia ad loca domini regis." On

the military obligations of Mudejar vassals in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, see Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 289-290 and chap. XII, passim; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 171-193; and Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 33-35. Mudejars, however, did serve in the seigneurial armies against the Germanías , although these were extraordinary circumstances; see Ricardo García Cárcel, Las Germanías de Valencia (Barcelona, 1981), pp. 122-125, and Eulàlia Duran, Les Germanies als Països Catalans (Barcelona, 1982), pp. 180-196.

29. ARV: B 1158: 270v-271r: (14 August 1486). While there is much evidence of this kind, Jacqueline Guiral-Hadziiossif in her fine study, Valence: port méditerranéen au XVe siècle (1410-1525) (Paris, 1986), pp. 338-341, nonetheless maintains that fifteenth-century seigneurial Muslims were immobilized by their lords.

30. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 171-174; Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 244-245. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 52, challenges this view.

31. ARV: C 128: 8v-9v (30 May 1480).

32. ACA: C 3610: 124v (2 December 1492). ACA: C 3571: 172r-v(15 November 1494) disscusses the new arrangement for assessing the taxes to be paid by the Muslims of Borja's lower (i. e., original) morería and its upper (i. e., former judería ) morería .

33. ACA: C 3568: 3v-4v (2 July 1490).

34. ACA: C 3608: 167v (13 February 1484).

35. ARV: B 1157: 388r-389r (1 March 1483).

36. ARV: B 1160: 687v-688r (1 July 1493). ARV: C 129: 118r-v (5 July 1481) concerns the case of Muslim vassals of the lordship of Gaibiel, who "fugam comiserunt" (committed flight) by moving to the morería of Jérica without settling accounts with the señora of Gaibiel.

37. ARV: C 138: 72v-73v, 74r-75r (21 December 1496), and 113r-v (25 August 1497).

38. Cortes del Reinado de Fernando el Catolico , Ernest Belenguer Cebrià, ed. (Valencia, 1972), pp. 5-6.

39. ARV: C 650: 64r-v (15 October 1490), for Sellent, 80v-81r (22 August 1492), for Cuart, and 81v-82r (25 September 1492), for Turís.

40. ARV: C 129: 142v-143v (13 September 1481).

41. ACA: C 3655: 15v-16v (23 May 1499).

42. ACA: C 3610: 53r-v (12 July 1490). On the efforts of towns to attract Mudejar residents, see text below for Castellón de la Plana and Alcoy.

43. ARV: C 311: 44r-46v (16 September 1499), for Castellón de la Plana; and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496), for Alcoy.

44. ARV: B 1161: 123v-124r (14 September 1495).

45. ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485).

46. ARV: C 148: 61r-62r (13 August 1492).

47. ARV: C 148: 61v (see above)—"Reservant nos maior deliberacio axi sobre la residencia personal per part vostra pretesa contra lo dit moro." ARV: B 1160: 635r-v (12 May 1493). The lord of Pedralba uses the same argument against Muslims wishing to become royal vassals in Valencia.

48. ARV: B 1162: 367r (undated and incomplete).

49. ARV: B 1161: 508v-509r (17 October 1498) and 578v-579r (18 February 1499).

50. ARV: B 1160: 917r-v (7 October 1494).

51. On tensions between the towns and the nobility, see García Càcel, Germanías , pp. 56, 186-188. ARV: B 1161: 671r-v (28 September 1499). ARV: C 140: 82v-83v (16 September 1499) concerns the same case.

52. ARV: C 311: 44r-46v (16 September 1499).

53. ACA: C 3568: 3v-4v (1 July 1490).

54. ARV: C 650: 102v-103r (5 July 1493).

55. For instance, ARV: C 135: 194v-196r (19 April 1490). The knight Luis Joan filed suit against the Cardinal of Valencia because he thought the prelate had received homage from two Muslim vassals still indebted to him. It turned out that the Muslims had become royal vassals in Játiva.

56. ACA: C 3568: 5v-6r (2 July 1490).

57. ARV: C 304: 144v-145v (11 December 1480).

58. García Càrcel, Germanías , pp. 46-47; Antoni Furió and Ferran Garcia, "Dificultats agràries en la formació i consolidació del feudalisme al País Valencià," in La formació i expansió del feudalisme català , J. Portella i Comas, ed. (special volume of Estudi General , issue nos. 5-6, Girona, 1985-1986), pp. 306-307; Ramèn Ferrer Navarro, "La Plana: su estructura demográfica en el siglo XV," Cuadernos de Historia 5 (1975): 67-91; Fernando Arroyo Ilera, "Estructura demográfica de Segorbe y su comarca en el siglo XV," Hispania: Revista Española de Historia 112 (1969): 295-313.

59. ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496)—Fernando's confirmation of Juan II's measures (1468).

60. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480).

61. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r. ARV: C 305: 39v-40r (7 December 1481), and ARV: C 306: 77v-79v (26 March 1484) discuss details regarding the Muslims' carnicería (butcher shop).

62. ARV: B 1156: 826v-827v (19 July 1480); and ARV: C 423: 64v-65v (19 July 1480). Furs de Valencia , Germà Colon and Arcadi Garcia, eds., (Barcelona, 1970), I: 221; Llibre I: Rubrica III: 90 (1488). Fernando dissolves the office of bailiff of Castellón de Játiva and places the morería under the jurisdiction of the bailiff of Játiva.

63. ARV: C 304: 89v.

64. ARV: C 304: 144r-v (13 December 1480).

65. ARV: B 1159: 10r (2 April 1488).

66. ARV: B 1160: 745r-v (5 October 1493); 761v-762v (24 October 1493); and 780r-781r (4 December 1493).

67. ARV: B 1157: 115v-117v (26 September 1481). ARV: C 130: 113v-114r (10 December 1481). Fernando prohibits interference of the lieutenant governor in the affairs of the aljama of Castellón de Játiva, when Caldes and the aljama express their fear of his actions against them.

68. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," pp. 472-494, on the sack of the morería ; Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," and José Hinojosa Montalvo, "Las relaciones entre los reinos de Valencia y Granada durante la primera

mitad del siglo XV," in Estudios de Historia de Valencia (Valencia, 1978), pp. 111-116. See also Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 341-345.

69. These conclusions are based on licenses for travel abroad granted to Muslims found in ARV: C 707: 786v-918v.

70. ARV: B 1156: 343v-344v (4 October 1478)—Juan II's order that the aljama's creditors reduce the debts owed them; ARV: B 1158: 534r-v (6 February 1488)—Fernando confirms the said reduction of the aljama's debts and the aljama's payment of only an annual sum of 25 pounds. ARV: C 305: 65v-66r (15 December 1481), and ACA: C 3637: 135r-v (12 December 1481) are other confirmations of the aljama's privileges.

71. Barceló Torres, "Morería die Valencia," pp. 54-55.

72. Registers ARV: B 1220-12:23 contain documentation on Muslims swearing homage to the king in the morería of Valencia.

73. ACA: C 3566: 66r-v (24 March 1488)—Fernando licenses Çelim Alturmici of Almería and his family to enter his realms; Çelim is leaving Almería "por temor que ha tenido del Rey del dicho Reyno de Granada e de los moros de la dicha ciudat." ACA: C 3566: 159r (2 February 1489)—a similar license for Muslims from Baza.

74. ACA: C 3664: 294r-295r (23 September 1488).

75. See chap. 2 nn. 52-53.

76. See chap. 2 n. 54.

77. See chap. 2 nn. 52-53.

78. ARV: C 596: 91r (28 September 1491)—Játiva and Alcira; ARV: B 1160: 447v (25 May 1492)—Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 572r-v (29 November 1492)—Calatayud; ARV: B 1159: 156r-v (24 January 1489)—Alcira and Játiva; ARV: B 1160: 41v (5 March 1491)—Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 376v (23 December 1491)—Valencia.

79. ARV: B 1160: 18v (28 January 1491)—Vall de Uxó; ARV: B 1160: 354v-355r (26 November 1491)—Manises; ARV: B 1160: 424r (31 March 1492)—Novelda; ARV: B 1160: 424v (2 April 1492)—Valldigna; ARV: B 1160: 581r (24 December 1492)—Elche; ARV: B 1160: 634v-635r (12 March 1493)—Bétera; and ARV: B 1161: 320v-321r (30 September 1496)—Foya de Buñol. See chap. 2 n. 55.

80. ARV: C 148: 214r-v (4 September 1493).

81. ARV: C 596: 64v (24 October 1489). Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 159-161, document no. 45: a safe-conduct to Granadan Muslims going to settle on the lands of the Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza in the kingdom of Valencia.

82. ARV: C 596: 65r-v (24 November 1489).

83. ACA: C 3665: 216v (30 April 1490).

84. ACA: C 3610: 178r (21 March 1493). ARV: C 596: 119r-v (27 February 1493), and 121v (21 March 1493) treat the same question.

85. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 222-224, document no. 80: Granadan Muslims returning to Granada from North Africa are to be made royal captives, owing to the problem of coastal security.

86. ARV: B 1160: 519v (21 August 1492), in reference to previous practices.

87. Emilia Salvador, "Sobre la emigración mudéjar a Berbería. El tránsito legal a través del puerto de Valencia durante el primer cuarto del siglo XVI," Estudis 4 (1975): 39-45; Cortes , Belenguer Cebrià, ed., pp. 6, 70. See also Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns de la Corona catalano-aragonesa en el segle XIV: segregació i discriminació (Barcelona, 1987), pp. 150-183, who traces royal emigration policy until 1407 and shows that Pedro IV, despite the enactment of 1370 and the resistance of the nobility, still continued to grant emigration licenses to Mudejars.

88. ARV: C 659: 479r-480r (16 April 1479). Fernando confirms Juan II's restoration of this right to the bailiff general. See also Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , p. 341, who notes that between 1421 and 1431 the bailiff general issued 118 emigration licenses, but suggests that such licensing promoted the establishment of "bridgeheads of overseas commerce" in North Africa.

89. ARV: C 307: 117v-118r (14 December 1486).

90. ARV: C 307: 116v-117v (14 December 1486)—Fernando reprimands the justice and jurates of Alicante for allowing Muslims to emigrate from their port in violation of the bailiff general's prerogatives; and ARV: MR 4570: 8r-12v (1486) records the issuing of 44 licenses for Mudejar emigration by the bailiff general "beyond the River Jijona."

91. ARV: C 650: 85r (11 December 1492).

92. ARV: B 1160: 351r-352r (22 November 1491). The bailiff general instructs his algutzir to expedite the embarcation of Maghriban Jews and Muslims on Venetian galleys in Tortosa; he is also to see to it that all Muslims of Valencia, Castile, or Granada who board the galleys pay their passage duties to the Crown.

93. Salvador, "Emigración," pp. 47-60.

94. ACA: C 3649: 252r-253r (5 January 1492).

95. ACA: C 3610: 191v (7 May 1493).

96. See chap. 2.

97. Pedro López Elum, "La población de la morería de Játiva (1493)," in Estudios de Historia de Valencia (Valencia, 1978), pp. 161-162, notes that of 382 Muslim households only 341 paid the besant . ARV: MR 4030: 6r (1498)—Murviedro's besant list notes a Muslim who moved out of his father's house to form his own household.

98. Some examples are ARV: B 1160: 194r-v (15 April 1491)—Amet Uçey and his son Yuçeff move from Gestaglar to Liria; ARV: C 154: 132r-v (13 June 1498)—Çuleymen Obecar and family move from Chova to Villarreal; and ARV: B 1160: 532v-533r (22 September 1492)—Ali and Yuçeff Perrello move from Castellnou to Valencia. For more on this, see my doctoral dissertation, "Between Convivencia and Crusade: The Muslim Minority of the Kingdom of Valencia during the Reign of Fernando 'el Católico'" (University of Toronto, 1987), tables 1 and 2, pp. 100-103.

99. Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 239-245; and Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 165-174.

100. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 324-326, makes an important distinction between issue and problem , noting that although certain of the Mudejars' dis-

advantages were, for them, not issues , they were nevertheless problems that vitally affected them.

101. ACA: C 3609: 106v (16 February 1486)—"Item, per quant alguns barons stan circumvehins a les dites viles reals los quals nos es dit fan moltes vexacions als poblats de aquelles."

102. ARV: C 135: 183v-184v (29 March 1490).

103. ARV: C 311: 143v-144v (17 October 1500).

104. ARV: C 130: 129v-130r (29 December 1482). AMV: (Archivo Municipal de Valencia): g ³ (Cartas Missivas) 29: 116r-v (31 March 1479), and 160r (4 September 1479) concern complaints of lords that the jurats of Gandía are wrongly collecting the peyta from their vassals. ACA: C 3521: 21r-22r (30 August 1479)—the jurats of Tortosa try to collect taxes from the Muslims of nearby Benifallet.

105. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed.: King Martin, Rubric III, 180r: "Si juheu o sarrahi o altre infeel nafrara alcun crestia acordadament no defenentse, ordenam que muyra sens tot remey. E sil nafrara en cas de baralla pach les penes dobles en fur contengudes contra aquells qui nafren alcu." The Mudejar could defend himself against a Christian only at great legal risk to himself.

106. ARV: C 148: 108r-v (28 November 1492).

107. ARV: C 139: 249r-v (30 March 1497). ARV: C 317: 26v (13 November 1492)—the baron of Ayodar imprisons Çilim and Jael Roig, royal vassals in Jérica, and tries to extort feudal dues from them.

108. ARV: B 1161: 80r-v (23 May 1495).

109. ARV: B 1161: 570r (5 February 1499).

110. ARV: B 1156: 819v-820r (21 July 1480).

111. ARV: B 1162: 59v (13 June 1500).

112. ARV: B 1157: 93v-94v (22 August 1481).

113. ACA: C 3605: 135v (13 April 1482).

114. This conclusion is based on a reading of the relevant documentation. Christian offenders are almost never punished for crimes against Muslims.

115. ARV: B 1157: 212r-v (18 March 1482), and 388r-389r (1 March 1483).

116. ARV: C 596: 105v (20 February 1492); and ACA: C 3667: 267r-v (20 February 1492).

117. ARV: B 1160: 665r-v (18 May 1493).

118. ARV: B 1161: 569v-570r (4 February 1499).

119. ACA: C 3521: 51r-v (13 September 1479). The Christian officials of Tortosa are forcing local Muslims to stand guard in Tortosa's castle and are interfering in the aljama's elections.

120. ARV: C 128: 170v-172r (21 February 1481).

121. ARV: C 305: 71r.

122. ARV: C 126: 77r (13 October 1479); and ARV: C 128: 168v-169v (21 February 1481).

123. ARV: C 305: 71r.

124. ARV: B 1157: 266r-267r (28 June 1482), and 267r-v. ARV: B 1157: 426r-v (6 May 1483)—the officials of Murviedro compel the Muslims to pay exorbitant rates for the sisa on slaughtered meat.

125. ACA: C 3644: 147r-v (19 February 1489).

126. ACA: C 3568: 5r-v (2 July 1490).

127. ACA: C 3606: 79r-80r (8 February 1483). Fevollet seems to have worked in the Muslims' interests. ACA: C 3609: 106v (16 February 1486) finds Fevollet intervening to protect a Muslim of Játiva against the harassment of a Christian, Noffre Fillach.

128. ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r (6 February 1484).

129. ARV: C 135: 183r-v (29 March 1490).

130. ARV: C 137: 147r-148r (5 August 1494).

131. ACA: C 3665: 18v-19v (23 November 1486).

132. ARV: C 139: 94r-v (6 July 1495)—Dezpuig pleads his case, blaming Fevollet for advising the aljama not to pay him the 13 pounds 11s and asserting that the payment of the said quantity was established by orders of Alfonso V and Juan II. ARV: C 139: 174r-175r (9 January 1496)—the aljama counters with the argument that the kings had made no such provisons, adding "per quant lo dit balle ha mudat sa habitacio continua a Valencia que no esta james en Xativa e ... no tendria raho ... pera demanar dit present pux no habita en la dita ciutat de Xativa ni assestex per la dita morería en cosa alguna." ARV: C 140: 151r-v, 159v-160v (11 April 1500), and 179v-180r (29 May 1500)—the litigation continues and the positions of both parties are restated, and the rulings of various jurists are appealed by both parties. ARV: B 1158: 444r-v (26 June 1487) also deals with the case. One must also take into account the plague that hit Játiva in 1490 when considering the aljama's population decline.

133. ACA: C 3567: 98r (20 April 1494).

134. ACA: C 3607: 189r-v (30 July 1495).

135. ARV: C 132: 194r-195r (18 January 1485).

136. Vicens i Vives, Barcelona , I: 365-424, esp. p. 418, where Fernando concludes that "el servei de Deu havia de sobreposarse a tota altra classe de consideracions." Belenguer Cebrià, Valéncia , pp. 158-166, emphasizes that in Fernando's mind spiritual concerns outweighed all other considerations, economic or legal; and see García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 37-82.

137. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 201-203 and chap. IX, passim; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 261-267; and Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 85-87.

138. ARV: C 650: 337v (23 April 1506): "puix la sglesia los [moros] tollera els permet tenir mesquites e refer aquelles com solament los prohebeixqua ferne de noves."

139. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r, the document that concerns the founding of the morería of Castellón de Játiva, makes no mention of a mosque; however, ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r specifically mentions a mosque for Juan II's new morería in Alcoy. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 95-96, notes that not every Mudejar community had its own mosque. ACA: C 3650: 171v (16 February 1493): Fernando orders the investigation into the matter of the mosque of Castellón de Játiva.

140. ACA: C 3669: 129r (10 August 1498).

141. ARV: C 311: 24v-26r (31 July 1499); ARV: C 140: 49r-v (31 July 1499), 116r-117r (9 November 1499); and ARV: C 141: 4v-5r (18 November 1499).

142. See Cahen, Encyclopaedia of Islam (2 ed.), I: 187-188, on the adhan * . Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 261-267; and Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 87-95. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed.: King Martin, Rubric XLVI: 178v-179r: "De sarrahins que la çala no sia cridada publicament," and King Alfonso, Rubric XXI: 221v: "De la çala." Aureum opus , 62r-v (Jaime II): "Quod in nullis locis invocetur seu proclametur per sarracenos alta voce çalla sub pena ultimi supplitii," and 67r (Jaime II): "Mandatur baiulo quod puniat sarracenos clamantes çabaçala."

143. García Cárcel, Inquisición , p. 117.

144. ARV: C 650: 336v-338v (24 April 1506).

145. Aureum opus , 183v-184r (Alfonso V): "Contra sarracenum blasfemantem de domino deo et beata virgine maria." ARV: MR (Maestre Racional) 948: 12r concerns the case of Ali Castellano, who "jura les parts insanes de nostre Senyor Deu"; and ARV: B 1157: 342r-v (26 November 1482) concerns a similar case.

146. Aureum opus , 56v-57r (Jaime II): "Et quod judei et sarraceni dum corpus Christi portant per civitateni teneantur genuaflectere vel se occultare sub pena ibi aposita." Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., II: 81-82: Llibre I: Rubrica VIII: II: "Juheus ne serrahins no ... obren en los dies de les festes publicament dintre la ciutat ne de fora en alcuna part del regne de Valencia," See also Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 100-101.

147. ACA: C 3648: 58r-59r (18 September 1492). ACA: C 3565: 62r (8 May 1486) contains Fernando's previous command.

148. With respect to Ayora, n. 141. The Christians of the town made no objections to the Marqués's construction of a morería and mosque there. In Alcoy the Christians themselves asked for the new morería and mosque—see n.59.

149. ACA: C 3576: 145r-v (19 September 1498).

150. ARV: C 304: 89r (19 July 1480)—"deputamus locum ibidem ubi serraceni ... habitare possint ... extra versus locum depopulatum inter christianos se non inmiscendo"; and 144r (13 December 1480). On the question of separate Muslim quarters in the fourteenth century, see Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 1-7.

151. ARV: C 305: 71r-v. Here. Fernando was clearly disregarding previous royal legislation found in the Aureum opus , 240r (Martin I): "Quod nullus christianus possit habitare seu suum domicilium tenere intra clausuras morerie Valentie."

152. ARV: C 3565: 62r (8 May 1486); and ACA: C 3648: 58r-59r (18 September 1492).

153. ARV: B 1157: 266r-267v (28 June 1482).

154. ARV: C 650: 3r-4r (7 April 1488), and 56v (6 April 1489).

155. ACA: C 3667: 265v (25 February 1492).

156. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 330-332, and Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 41-60. ACA: C 3605: 149v (22 May 1482).

157. ARV: MR 92: 321r (23 January 1482)—payment to the public crier for the "crida Reyal per la dita ciutat e lochs acostumats de aquella per los senyals que los juheus e moros deven portar segons los furs e ordinacions Reyals per

que entre les crestians sien coneguts.'' ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (5 December 1486).

158. For example, ARV: C 126: 40v-41v (11 September 1479); ARV: C 135: 102r (26 July 1488); ARV: C 140: 256v (7 January 1501); and ARV: C 308: 87v-88r (26 July 1488).

159. ACA: C 3567: 151r-v (8 February 1496).

160. ARV: B 123: 30v-31r (1488) contains a provision restricting the richness of Muslim clothing within the morería of Valencia, but no mention is made of special distinctive blue garb or of other senyals . García Cárcel, Inquisición , p. 100: in 1521 the Consell of Valencia was deliberating whether the Mudejars must "vaguen senaliats."

161. Aureum opus , 216r-v (Fernando II) and 230r-232r (Fernando II).

162. ARV: C 310: 167v (23 January 1498).

163. ARV: B 1156: 511v-512r. See also Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 12-14.

164. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 70-72. ARV: B 123: 30r-v (1488).

165. ARV: B 123: 31r-v (1488).

166. ARV: B 123: 142r-v (1493). ARV: B 123: 263r-v (1499) is a reiteration of this provision.

167. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v (1492), 149r-150v (1494), 189r-191r (1496), 214v-215v (1498), and 286r-v (1502) contain the same command.

168. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v.

169. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v emphasizes the "gran dan e prejuhi als drets e regalies del dit molt alt Senyor Rey" that would result were Muslims to lodge in any inns other than the royal fonduk.

170. The documentation found in ARV: B 123 shows that these prohibitions had to be proclaimed every two years. While the regularity of these prohibitions can be attributed to the fact that the bailiwick and the fonduk of the morería were farmed out every two years, it still points to a persistent problem.

171. ARV: B 1433 (16 June 1503)—Ysabel Sanchez (406v), Lorens Garcia (412r), Isabel Lop (413v), Francesch Centelles (416r), Anthon Bernat (417r), Gil Sanxiz (420v), Joan de Gandia (422v), and Miguel de Boro (425v) all testify to the "bona fama e vida" of the Torralbis, a Mudejar family.

172. See chap. 3.

173. ARV: B 1431: 385r (14 June 1493).

174. ARV: B 1431: 278v-280r (6 February 1493)—the confessions of Alasdrach and Ali Alcayet.

175. ARV: B 1431: 92v-93r (10 June 1491)—"[Serra] era grandissim amich com a germa del dit Ubaydal Çentido e es grandissim amich de la germana del dit Ubaydal."

176. ARV: B 1431: 89v-90r (8 June 1491)—the testimony of Domingo Roda; and 92v—the defense challenges Domingo's testimony.

177. ARV: B 1431: 90v-91v (9 June 1491)—Bernat Canon and Johan de Bolea testify how they went to the processions with Abdalla Çentido and other Muslims.

178. Haim Beinart, "The Converso Community in 15th Century Spain," in The Sephardi Heritage , R. D. Barnett, ed., (London, 1971), I: 425-456, pro-

vides a fine discussion of the controversy surrounding the Conversos, although his comments on the Inquisition and the Spanish State should be read with caution. See also Angus MacKay, "Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth-Century Castile," Past and Present 55 (1972): 33-67; idem, "The Hispanic-Converso Predicament," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , 5th series, 35 (1985): 159-179; and Kriegel, "L'expulsion des juifs."

179. ACA: C 3612: 84r-v (18 March 1498).

180. Haim Beinart, Records of the Trails of the Spanish Inquisition in Ciudad Real , 4 vols. (Jerusalem, 1974-1983). A reading of these records gives one a good sense of Converso lifestyle and religiosity.

181. ACA: C 3567: 152r (8 February 1496).

182. See chap. 2 nn. 143-144.

183. ACA: C 3568: 71r (22 November 1493).

184. ARV: B 1161: 122v-123r (12 September 1495).

185. ARV: B 1220: V 5v-6r.

186. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 320-323, document no. 148.

187. ACA: C 3636: 54v-55r (2 January 1481). ACA: C 3523: 126v also treats this litigation.

188. ACA: C 3670: 24v-25r (11 April 1502).

189. García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 116-121, discusses the intellectual acrobatics of clergymen on the question of the validity of the forced conversion of the Mudejars by the Germanías ; see also, Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , I: 131-144. On the forced baptism of Jews, see Yitzhak Baer, A History of the Jews in Christian Spain , Louis Schoffman, trans. (Philadelphia, 1966), II: 95-110.

190. Robert I. Burns, "Christian-Muslim Confrontation: The Thirteenth-Century Dream of Conversion," in Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 80-108.

191. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 69-82; Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , II: 470-483.

192. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , p. 228, document no. 84: "Despues que supe la forma que alla se tenia no pense menos de lo que veo.... Porque del arzobispo de Toledo, que nunca vio moros, ni los conocio, no me maravillo."

193. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 237, 240-241, document nos. 90 and 93: the royal assurances to the Mudejars of Ronda and Málaga; and pp. 228-229, 235-239, 244, and 250, document nos. 85, 88, 89, 91, 96, and 99: Cisneros's letters to the chapter of the church of Toledo giving his view of events.

194. José-Enrique López de Coca Castañer and Manuel Acién Almansa, "Los Mudéjares del obispado de Málaga (1485-1501)," in Actas del I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981), pp. 339-341.

195. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 230-232, document no. 86.

196. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 307-309, document no. 139.

197. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 315-316, document no. 144.

198. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 320-324, document no. 148.

199. See chap. 2.

200. Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, "Datos demográficos sobre los musulmanes de Granada y Castilla en el siglo XV," Anuario de Estudios Medievales 8 (1972-1973): 481-490; idem, "Los Mudéjares de Castilla en la Baja Edad Media," in Actas del I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981), 349-390; and idem, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 90-94, 99-100, 124-125, 241-242, and 245-246, document nos. 3, 4, 5, 9, 25, 94, and 97.

201. López de Coca Castañer and Acién Almansa, "Mudéjares del obispado de Málaga," pp. 323-339; and Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, "La repoblación del Reino de Granada anterior a 1500," Hispania 28 (1968): 489-563.

202. ARV: B 1157: 322r-324v (16 October 1482).

203. ACA: C 3666: 48r (7 April 1491), for Mallorca; on the Inquisition's activities in Aragon, Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (New York, 1906), 1: 294.

204. See chap. 2. n. 157.

205. Lea, Inquisition , I: 294.

1. Discussions of Fernando's foreign policy have not given enough attention to his internal policy as an indication of his motives and priorities. It seems to me that there would have been some consistency between the two. The view that Fernando was motivated solely by a desire to crusade against Islam, presented by José M. Doussinague, La política internacional de Fernando el Católico (Madrid, 1944), does not jibe with Fernando's consistent encouragement of Mudejarism in the lands of the Crown of Aragon. Andrew C. Hess's The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978) emphasizes the increasing separation of Christian and Islamic civilizations along the Ibero-African frontier as a result of the conflict between Hapsburg Spain and the Ottoman empire. Because the focus is on the conflictive character of the Christian—Muslim interface, the vitality of religioethnic pluralism under Fernando's Crown of Aragon is lost from view, as are the possible alternatives to Castilian Mudejar policy and the resultant Morisco problem. Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdom , II: 534-584, presents a more balanced view of Fernando's Mediterranean policy, in which confrontation with Islamic powers and the furthering of Aragon's Mediterranean interests often coincide.

2. Vicens i Vives, Barcelona , I: 365-424; J. Angel Sesma Muñoz, El establecimiento de la Inquisición en Aragón (1484-1486): documentos para su estudio (Zaragoza, 1987?), pp. 10-24; and García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 47-82.

3. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 37-45.

4. Robert I. Burns, "Social Riots on the Christian-Moslem Frontier: Thirteenth Century Valencia," American Historical Review 66 (1961): 378-400, esp. 398.

5. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 372-400; Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 41-43.

6. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares, valencianos," pp. 473-474; see also Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 21-29, who demonstrates that official intervention prevented anti-Mudejar violence in 1316, 1331, 1369, and 1391 in the wake of anti-Jewish pogroms and 1397-1399 when the Christians were organizing for a crusade against North Africa.

7. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 101-103. The disturbances caused in the morerías by a Muslim of Alcala claiming to have been sent by God might have added to the atmosphere of tension; see Piles Ros, Bayle General , p. 299, document no. 819.

8. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 479.

9. Luis Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica (Valladolid, 1965), I: 249-255; Antonio de la Torre, Documentos sobre relaciones internacionales de los Reyes Católicos (Barcelona, 1949), I: 408-411, 444-445; and Doussinague, Política , pp. 45-52.

10. ACA: C 3605: 87r (13 December 1480).

11. ACA: C 3605: 87r.

12. ARV: B 1156: 874r-v (12 October 1480) and ARV: B 1157: 265v-266r (27 June 1482) are examples of licenses for bearing arms granted to Muslims. ARV: B 1160: 270r (16 August 1491)—the justice of Onda confiscates Muslims' arms.

13. AMV: g ³ 29: 247v-248r (15 February 1481). While informing Fernando of their own concern about the Mudejars' intentions in the wake of Turkish successes, the jurates of Valencia noted that the seigneurs would prefer to maintain the status quo instead of taking action against the Mudejars.

14. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487)—"cascun moro segons se diu te en sa casa armes sobrades moltes mes de les que cascu d'ells ha mester." ARV: C 650: 242r-243v (12 April 1502).

15. AMV: g ³ 29: 231r-v (6 September 1480).

16. AMV: g ³ 29: 247v-248r (15 February 1481).

17. Suárez Fernández, Política , II: 13-15, 52-55, 144-149; and La Torre, Documentos , II: 565-567, 569-570; III: 547-553.

18. ACA: C 3606: 107r (11 February 1480).

19. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487).

20. ACA: C 3665: 72r.

21. Rachel Arié, L'Espagne musulmane au temps des Nasrides (1232-1492) (Paris, 1973), pp. 172-174, discusses the Nasrid embassy to the Mamluk court; Suárez Fernández, Política , II: 149, treats Qa'it * Bay's * warning to Fernando; and Doussinague, Política , pp. 515-517, transcribes Fernando's letter to the king of Naples in response to the Mamluk warning. Hess, Frontier , pp. 60-61, 228, gives an account of the mission of Kemal Reis in response to the Nasrid appeal. ARV: C 137: 192r-193r (29 October 1494), which concerns the capture of Christians of

Biar by Turkish galleys operating out of Bône, confirms the Ottoman presence in peninsular waters. For a later and more serious manifestation of the connection between Spanish Muslims and Ottomans, see Andrew Hess, "The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth-Century Spain," American Historical Review 74 (1969): 1-25.

22. Although Arié, L'Espagne musulmane , p. 173, conjectures that Muhammad XII (Boabdil), in power in Granada after 29 April 1487, was responsible for sending the ambassador to Cairo, I would suggest that al-Zaghal took this diplomatic initiative. This would allow for the arrival of the Nasrid ambassador in Cairo in later 1486, since the Islamic year 892 A. H. is equivalent to A. D. 1486-1487. If the poetic appeal to the Ottoman court had any relation to the embassy to Cairo, and if Mudejar envoys had established contact with Kemal Reis before 23 April 1487, then an earlier date makes more sense. Of course, there need not have been a precise temporal conjunction between the appeals to Cairo and Istanbul.

23. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 111-128, treats Valencia's commerce with Granada and Mudejar participation. ARV: C 707 contains licenses for travel to Almería granted to Mudejars; examples are 789v-790r (17 May 1479), and 889v-890r (30 June 1481) for commerce and 786v-787r (12 May 1479) and 891v-892r (5 July 1481) for family affairs.

24. ARV: C 305: 210r-v (30 June 1483), and ARV: B 1157: 590r (11 March 1484) are cases of Mudejars who traveled to the sultanate of Granada without license. They were all punished with the penalty of enslavement.

25. ARV: B 1159: 9v (27 March 1488)—license to Mahomat Fuçey of Bellreguart to go to Almería for one year "per traure alguns parents que te en la ciutat e per alguns fets e negocis quey ha a fer." See also n.23.

26. See the discussion of "Years of Crisis: 1500-1503" in this chapter.

27. Some sense of the fear inspired by the Turks can be had from a reading of contemporary chroniclers, such as Bernáldez, Memorias , pp. 103-107; or Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los señores Reyes Católicos , Benito Monfort, ed. (Valencia, 1780), pp. 172-173.

28. See, for example, Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq, L'Espagne catalane et le Maghrib aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles (Paris, 1966); and Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 91-106.

29. ARV: B 1157: 327r-v (23 October 1482) and AMV: g ³ 30: 114r-v (24 October 1482).

30. AMV: g ³ 29:179r-180r (9 December 1479), 182v-183v (20 January 1480) and 183v-186r (21 January 1480) deal with the problems of Perot Miquel in Almería; and 209r (5 May 1480) notes that the Miquel affair was satisfactorily resolved, and that the sultan of Granada owes money to the heirs of a Christian merchant.

31. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 111-116; Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 341-345; and see n. 23 for commerce and family business. ARV: C 707: 820r-v (19 April 1480) is a license to Çahat Galip of Játiva to go to Almería "per saber scriure e legir lo morisch." Between 12 May 1479 and 5 July 1481, forty-six licenses for travel to Almería were granted to Mudejars.

32. ARV: B 1156: 735r-v (15 May 1480). ARV: B 1156: 704r-v (30 Decem-

ber 1479)—license to remain in the kingdom for one year is granted to Ali from Granada and his black servant Caet.

33. ACA: C 3633: 57r-v (25 February 1479) and ARV: C 302: 47v-48r (14 June 1479) are cases of Christians of Orihuela captured by Muslim almugavers from Vera.

34. Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 196-222, discusses the earlier, short-lived Hermandades of 1394 and 1396, as well as that of 1399. Augustin Nieto Fernández, "Hermandad entre las aljamas de moros y las villas de la governacion de Orihuela en el siglo XV," in Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano (Valencia, 1980), 2: 749-760; and Juan Torres Fontes, "La Hermandad de moros e cristianos para el rescate de cautivos," in Actas del I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981), 499-508. On pp. 507-508, Torres Fontes transcribes Isabel's order to the adelantado of the kingdom of Murcia.

35. ARV: B 1157: 119r-120r (15 September 1481). For a detailed treatment of this problem in the fourteenth century, see Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 47-186. In the fourteenth century the problem was considerably more serious, owing to the greater power of the sultanate of Granada and to a larger and more restive Mudejar population.

36. ACA: C 3663: 117r-v (10 February 1483), and ARV: B 1157: 498v-500r (10 February 1483).

37. ARV: MR 92: 321r (23 January 1482).

38. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (5 December 1486); see chap. 1.

39. ARV: C 304 71r-v (26 May 1480).

40. ARV: C 126: 124r-v (3 March 1480), is the case of the Mudejar from Nompot; and ARV: C 131: 90v-91r (30 July 1483) concerns the case of Ali Jabbeu of Aspe, accused "de crimine intercipiendi et captivandi cristianos." Torres Fontes, "Hermandad," p. 500, notes that the Mudejars involved in this activity were usually from the morerías of Elche, Crevillente, Elda, Aspe, Novelda, Monóvar, Chinosa, and Petrel located in the region of Orihuela.

41. ACA: C 3605: 85v-86r (7 December 1480), for the Vall de Uxó, and 118r (28 September 1481), for Murcia.

42. ARV: B 1157: 156r (7 January 1482).

43. See n.24.

44. ACA: C 3649: 150v-151v (6 April 1492). Once the war had ended, the commander of the Order of Santiago, lord of the Valle de Ricote in Murcia, asked that these travel restriction on his Muslim vassals be lifted.

45. ACA: C 3606: 65v-66v (12 January 1483).

46. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (5 December 1486). For the Moriscos' observance of the ^c id * al-kabir * , see Cardaillac, Morisques et Chrétiens , p. 35.

47. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487).

48. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 103-104 and 133-134, document no. 9, for the response of the jurates of Valencia to the sultan's concerned queries.

49. Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 106-109, shows that the authorities imposed some restrictions on Mudejar movement south of the Jijona River during the fourteenth century; for the fifteenth century, see Piles, "Moros de

realengo," pp. 258-261. While Piles is correct in stating, "Las incidencias de la guerra de Granada repercutieron sensiblemente en los cambios de lugar y residencia de los moros valencianos," his subsequent assertion that the number of Muslims who traveled beyond the Jijona in the two or three years before the fall of Granada was greater than in previous years is inaccurate. This can be said only for the year 1491. Piles does not present statistics, nor does he suggest specific reasons for the fluctuating number of licenses granted.

50. Licenses for Mudejar travel beyond the Jijona River are found in the registers ARV: B 1156-1162.

51. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 307-309, document no. 139 (20 July 1501), is an order prohibiting the entry of all Muslims into the kingdom of Granada; and pp. 312-314, document no. 142 (21 September 1501), describes the Muslims of Murcia as having been converted to Christianity.

52. Some examples are ARV: C 148: 178r-v (10 June 1493)—a litigation between Seydi Melvix and other Muslims from the city of Granada (probably now residing in Valencia) and the bailiff general of the kingdom "beyond the Jijona"; ARV: C 148: 214r-v (4 September 1493)—Fernando settles Muslims from the city of Granada on lands held by the bailiff general near Orihuela, and the new vassals swear to remain there for five years; ARV: C 596: 119r-v (27 February 1493)—Muslims from Almería have letters of franquesa exempting them from all taxes in the kingdom of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 41v (5 March 1491)—license to travel to Almeria is granted to Muslims originally from Almería now living in the city of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 354r-355r (26 November 1491)—a Muslim of Manises, once a faqih * in Málaga, is granted license to go to Baza to bring a relative from there to Valencia; and ARV: B 1160: 424r (31 March 1492)—a Muslim from Málaga is to become a seigneurial vassal in Novelda. See also chap. 1.

53. ARV: B 1159: 9v (27 March 1488)—a Muslim of Bellreguart, near Gandía, is granted license to go to the city of Granada to fetch some relatives; and ARV: B 1160: 18v (28 January 1491)—a Muslim of the Vall de Uxó is granted license to go to Almería to fetch his mother and sister.

54. ARV: B 1159: 251r-252r (25 October 1489)—Muslims, originally from Vera, come from Oran to speak with Fernando regarding the settlement in Valencia of others from Vera still in Oran; ARV: B 1159: 252v-253r (25 October 1489)—Muslims, originally from Vera, come from Oran and are allowed to return to Vera; ARV: B 1159: 265v (12 November 1489)—a Muslim from Almería is granted license to go to Tunis to fetch his wife; and ARV: B 1159: 281v-282r (15 December 1489)—Muslims, originally from Vera, come from Oran to relocate in the Valle de Ricote in Murcia.

55. ARV: B 1160: 554v-555r (27 October 1492), and 555v-556r (30 October 1492)—ransomed slaves, originally from Málaga, are granted license to visit family in Málaga and Granada, whence they will return; and ARV: B 1160: 703v (23 July 1493)—a woman from Málaga, having resided in Valencia for two years, is granted license to return to Granada "per fer sos affers."

56. ARV: B 1160: 646v-647r (26 March 1493).

57. Hess, Frontier , pp. 11-25, contrasts the political and military weakness of the Islamic West with the strength and gunpowder technology of the unified

Castile and Aragon. See also Jamil. M. Abun-Nasr, A History of The Maghrib (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 119-166.

58. Doussinague, Política , pp. 52-229, 483-493, and Fernand Braudel, "Les Espagnols et l'Afrique du Nord de 1492 a 1577," Revue Africaine 69 (1928): 184-233, present contrasting points of view, the latter emphasizing Fernando's more worldly motives. Taking into account Fernando's Mudejar policy in Aragon, I tend to agree with Braudel in qualifying the picture of Fernando as an indefatigable crusader painted by Doussinague. Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdom , II: 534-584, strikes a reasonable balance between the two viewpoints. On the problem of defending the coasts of the postconquest kingdom of Granada, see Ana María Vera Delgado, La última frontera medieval: la defensa costera en el obispado de Málaga en tiempos de los Reyes Católicos (Málaga, 1986).

59. Jacqueline Guiral, "Les relations commerciales du royaume de Valence avec la Berbérie au XVe siècle," Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 10 (1974): 99-131; and Suárez Fernández, Política , III: 28-31, IV: 24-27, and V: 73-76. Some examples of Christian commerical activity in the Maghrib are ARV: C 137: 214v-215r (7 December 1484)—Andreu Castellano, a merchant of Valencia, transports "certes robes" from Almería to the Maghrib; ARV: C 246: 4v-5r (16 March 1498)—Matheu de Cardona of Messina, Fernando's agent in Tunis, sells Sicilian wheat valuing 4,000 gold ducats; ARV: C 304: 146r-147r (13 December 1480)—a Portuguese squadron captures the caravel of the Valencian merchant Daniel Valleriola, "lo qua! con su mercaderia andava a les partes de Barberia assi como siempre es acostumbrado de aquella nuestra ciutat de Valencia muchos navios ir e venir a las dichas partes de Barberia"; ARV: B 1160: 884r (10 July 1494)—Bernat Rabaça sells wine in Oran on behalf of the Valencian Noffre Puig; and ACA: C 3549: 118r-120r (1 September 1485)—the city of Valencia sends a ship laden with goods to be exchanged for needed wheat in Oran.

60. Guiral, "Relations commerciales," pp. 107-111. However, Guiral's article needs some correction. Her graph and tables on pp. 123-124 and 131 suggest that there were not any Maghriban merchants in Valencia between 1493 and 1502, when, in fact, the registers ARV: B 1160 (e.g., 915v-916r), B 1161 (e.g., 15v-16r) and B 1162 (e.g., 123v-124r) contain safe-conducts permitting one year of residence in the kingdom to Maghriban merchants. In 1500 two safe-conducts were issued, one to a Muslim from Bougie—ARV: B 1162: 123v-124r (14 December 1500)—and one, an extension of the safe-conduct to a Maghriban, originally from Málaga, who had been in the kingdom since 1495-ARV: B 1162: 3v-4v (16 January 1500). No safe-conducts for Maghriban merchants were issued in 1501.

61. Some examples are ACA: C 3610: 161r (25 February 1493)—as compensation for his goods confiscated in the Maghrib, Anthoni Johan captures Maghriban "persones de importancia"; ARV: B 194: 156r-162r (1494)—fifteen Muslims and a Jew of Bône are captured while transporting wheat to Bône; and ARV: B 195: 113r-114r (1502)—two Muslims from Fez bound for Mecca are captured by a Christian ship.

62. The registers ARV: B 194 (1494-1497) and B 195 (1502-1503), entitled "Cautivos," contain numerous examples of these victims.

63. ARV: B 1160: 937r-v, 951r-v (31 August 1494).

64. Jacqueline Guiral, "La piratería, el corso: sus provechos y ganancias en el siglo XV," in Nuestra Historia (Valencia, 1980), 3: 269-270; idem, Valence , pp. 106-110.

65. AMV: g ³ 29: 182r-v (27 January 1480).

66. AMV: g ³ 33: 26r (4 August 1496).

67. ARV: B 1157: 312r-v (21 September 1482) and 312v-313r (23 September 1482).

68. ACA: C 3550: 116r-118r (31 March 1488), AMV: 93 31: 198r-v (8 February 1487), AMV 93 33: 132v-133r (23 May 1498), 184r-185r (6 June 1499), and 214v-215r (2 March 1500) are all concerned with the construction of defenses at Oropesa. ARV: C 138: 11v-12v (6 January 1496) notes the importance of Guardamar for coastal defense, although in ARV: C 311: 201r-v (16 June 1501), Fernando points out to the governor of Orihuela that Muslims are entering the kingdom through Guardamar without resistance. The documentation also mentions other fortifications near Orihuela—ARV: C 151: 118r-119r (4 March 1497)—and at Jávea—ARV: C 303: 144v-146r (13 February 1480).

69. ARV: C 248: 15v-17v (28 December 1493); ARV: C 158: 83v-84v (6 September 1502); ARV: B 1162: 318v-319v (11 March 1502); ACA: C 3610: 126r-127v (28 December 1492); and ACA: C 3570: 60r-v (30 August 1492), 63v-64v (2 September 1492), and 71r-72r (18 September 1492).

70. ARV: B 1158: 62r-v (5 August 1485), 124r-v (17 November 1485) and ARV: B 1160: 308r (11 October 1491)—ships from Peñiscola capture Maghriban galleys at sea. ACA: C 3569: 85v-86r (3 October 1491)—Muslims are captured at sea near Tortosa; and ACA: C 3607: 88v (12 January 1495)—the same near Alicante. The efforts of the officials of coastal towns to keep each other informed about corsair movements are themselves indicative of a more effective system of coastal vigilance. See also Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 131-140.

71. Doussinague, Política , pp. 53-67, and Braudel, "Afrique du Nord," pp. 203-208, agree that the crusade against Africa had as one of its motives the elimination of the danger of the Maghriban corsairs, among whom the refugees from Granada proved to be Spain's bitterest enemies.

72. See the discussion under the heading "Years of Crisis: 1500-1503" in this chapter.

73. ACA: C 3563: 66r-v (3 December 1481), ACA: C 3561: 197r-198r (6 April 1496), ARV: C 131: 133v-134v (28 August 1483), ARV: C 133: 134v-136r (18 January 1486), ARV: C 304: 135v-136r (28 November 1480), ARV: C 305: 159r-v (5 September 1482), and ARV: C 596: 310r-v (3 November 1500), all deal with the Mercedarians' activities of ransoming captives in North Africa or raising funds for that purpose.

74. ARV: C 137: 192r-193r (29 October 1494). Normally, the municipal government of Biar gave the funds to the Mercedarians, but in this case the funds were given directly to a native of Biar who had to ransom himself and his son, still captive in Bône. Orihuela also had special funds set aside for ransoming Christians held captive in Granada—ARV: C 302: 47v-48r (14 June 1479).

75. For example, ARV: C 134: 135r-v (26 March 1488)—a man of Benicassim who, along with his wife, had been a prisoner of the Muslims for fifteen

years is still trying to raise the ransom money for his wife; and ARV: C 707: 915r-v (4 June 1479)—Muslim vassals of the Count of Oliva are granted license to go to Algiers to ransom the Count's Christian vassals.

76. LaTorre, Documentos , III: 178-181, document nos. 3-6.

77. ARV: C 309: 94r-v (16 April 1493).

78. These licenses are found in ARV: C 707, for example, 789v-790r (17 May 1479) to Mahomat Monem of Mislata "per mercadejar"; 875v-876r (21 May 1481) to Amet Talio of Castellón "per veure hun germa seu"; 795v-796r (12 January 1480) to Azmet Benulini, alias Hoffri, of Valencia "per recaptar una herencia de la mare de aquell"; 793v-794r (10 January 1480) to Mahomat Abenferis of Cuartell "per apendre de letra morisch"; 917r-v (12 November 1491) to Maomat Alfaqui of Avila (Castile) "va en romeria''; and 857r-v (18 May 1481) to Çahat Alagari "per veure terra."

79. ARV: MR 4570: 8r-12r (30 September to 9 October 1486)—officials of Alicante grant license to emigrate to forty-four Muslims of Monforte, a royal morería near Alicante, and collect the required emigration duties. ARV: B 1158: 365r-366r (14 December 1486)—Fernando expresses concern that the said duties were not collected and that the bailiff general's prerogative of issuing emigration licenses was usurped. ARV: C 424: 33r-v (27 December 1487)—when Yuçeff b. Yahye is chosen to succed his father Yahye b. Axer as sub- qadi * of Játiva, it is noted that "pater tui Axer Abenyahye [should read Yahye Abenaxer] ... ad terras Barberie sive Africe totaliter se transtulit perpetuo in terris illis infidelium moraturus ... in eadem moreria remanere voluisti." In the Corts of Orihuela of 1488 all further Mudejar emigration was prohibited.

80. Some examples are ARV: B 1161: 320v-321r (30 September 1496)—Ali Tuneçi from Tunis is now living in the Foya de Buñol; ARV: B 1431: 324r-343r (10 January 1493)—the case of Azmet Çahat from Tunis, now living in Valencia; and ARV: B 1431: 344r-375r (29 October 1492)—the case of Abdalla Alfaqui from Tunis, now living in Ondara.

81. ARV: B 1431: 192r-v (18, January 1492).

82. That such vengeful Muslims were present in Valencia is suggested by the career of Caçim from Granada—ARV: B 195: 65r-v (30 April 1502).

83. ARV: C 126: 124r (3 March 1480)—"fonch detengut en preso en lo castell de Galinera Taher Alazrach moro de la dita vila vassall nostre per ço com fonch inculpat de crim de collera e donada per la dita raho sentencia."

84. ARV: C 311: 254v-255r (6 June 1502).

85. ARV: B 195: 65r-v (30 April 1502).

86. ARV: B 1162: 92r-v (22 September 1500). After attacking Calpe, Maghriban corsairs "an exit en terras algunes scoltes e adalils perque ah millor seguretat los dits moros puixen venir e tornar en les dites parts." One of these spies was captured in Ondara by the local lord, although Mudejars of Ondara were not specifically implicated in the affair.

87. AMV: g ³ 33: 249r (2 April 1501).

88. ARV: C 596: 147r-v (7 June 1494).

89. ARV: C 650: 243r (12 April 1502).

90. ARV: B 1162: 428v-429r (1 April 1503).

91. See n. 60. Guiral's data, "Relations commerciales," pp. 123-124 and

131, is accurate for the years before 1493. ARV: C 707 shows that between 1484 and 1491 there were no licenses for travel to the Maghrib granted to Mudejars. There was a very slight resumption of Mudejar travel in 1491: six licenses were granted, although three were to Castilians and one to an Aragonese Mudejar. Unfortunately, there are no registers following ARV: C 707, which terminates in 1491. As Maghriban merchants continued to come to Valencia throughout the 1490s, even during the years of the crusade against Africa, there is no reason why Mudejars should not have resumed their visits to the Maghrib, particularly when one considers that the majority of the Mudejars had been traveling to Tunis, a city with which Fernando maintained consistent commercial relations. ACA: C 3568: 132v-134r (15 February 1496) shows that the Mudejar Yahye Bellvis was active in the Mediterranean spice trade and had business in Alexandria, Naples, and Tunis.

92. For instance, in 1486. See n. 79.

93. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 375, notes that in 1365 the Christians of Valencia induced Pedro IV to curtail the emigration of Mudejars for fear that they might betray secrets to the Maghriban enemy. However, in the midfourteenth century the Marinid and Hafsid * states presented a greater threat to Aragon than was the case during Fernando's reign. The reasons behind the prohibition of Mudejar emigration by the Corts of 1488 were economic, that is, a seigneurial interest in keeping their lands populated with Muslim vassals.

94. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 318-320, contrasts the desire of Valencia's Mudejars to emigrate with the relative contentment of the Mudejars of Aragon-Catalonia. He explains the latter group's behavior by their greater acclimatization to Christian rule. Certainly, another century of life in Christian Valencia would have made the Mudejars less anxious to depart.

95. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 37-45; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 372-400; and Piles Ros, Bayle General , p. 299, document no. 819.

96. ACA: C 3633: 79v-80r (25 February 1479), and ARV: C 139: 72v-73v (19 May 1495), discuss the attack of Muslims of Resalany on Dos Aguas to free Muslims held prisoner there. ARV: C 148: 148v-149r (12 February 1493)—a Muslim is freed by coreligionists from the jail of the seigneur of Albatera.

97. ARV: B 1160: 17v (25 January 1491)—"Dos mors la hun del loch de Mizlata l'altre de la ciutat de Xativa sen hagen portat huna sclava mora çabia del dit Don Altobello Centelles la qual sen han portat del bordell de la moreria de la dita ciutat."

98. For example, ARV: C 148: 142v-143v (25 January 1493)—the amin * and adelantats of Matet resist the efforts of the governor's officials to seize two Muslims who had fled from the place of Gaibiel.

99. ARV: C 127: 125v (27 May 1480); ARV: C 148: 30v-31r (6 July 1492), 193v-194r (17 July 1493); ARV: B 1158: 423r-v (21 May 1487); B 1159: 6r (17 March 1488); B 1160: 295v-296r (23 August 1491), 417r-v (15 March 1492), and 551r-v (22 October 1492).

100. ARV: B 1159: 339r (12 June 1490).

101. ARV: C 127: 125v; C 129: 1v-2v (23 January 1481); and C 130: 11v-12r (30 May 1481) all concern this case.

102. ARV: C 156: 200r-v (19 April 1502).

103. ARV: B 1431: 341v (26 October 1493)—while sentencing Azmet Çahat, a Muslim from Tunis accused of aiding runaways, the bailiff general notes the "moltes fuytes que de poch temps en qa se son seguides en la present ciutat e Regne"; and B 1431: 372v (31 October 1493)—the bailiff general expresses the same concern in the case of Abdalla Alfaqui, accused of the same crime.

104. ARV: C 650: 251r-253r.

105. The records of the aljamas' purchasing and ransoming of Muslim slaves are located in the registers ARV: B 217-221, especially B 219: 140v-528v for the sale of the slaves from Málaga. The register ARV: B 325 records the debts owed by various aljamas for the purchase of Muslim slaves.

106. ARV: B 219: 239r-240r (13 October 1488).

107. ARV: B 1431: 358r-v (10 December 1492)—the testimony of Maymo ben Çabit.

108. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 394.

109. For instance, Abun-Nasr, Maghrib , pp. 159-163; Doussinague, Política , p. 75, notes that Ruhama offered to surrender the city of Oran to the Monarchs on the same terms that had been offered to the Muslims of Granada.

110. It is abundantly clear from the documentation that the victims of Mudejar violence were most often Muslims, not Christians. One example is ARV: C 129: 142v-143v (13 September 1481)—Juçeff Çabot, a royal vassal in Játiva originally from Valldigna, returns to the valley and, with accomplices, murders a Muslim of Tabernes. The registers ARV: B 217-221 contain official truces established between feuding Mudejars. See chap. 6.

111. ARV: B 195: 65r-v (30 April 1502).

112. ARV: B 1433: 332r-333v (10 December 1502).

113. ARV: B 194: 58r-59v, 61r-63r (1494).

114. ARV: B 194: 244r-245v (1495). Abun-Nasr, Maghrib , p. 158, discusses the opinions of the theologian Ahmad * al-Wanshirisi of Fez (d. 1508), who denounced as infidels those Andalusian Muslims who opined that life in Spain was preferable to the conditions in the Maghrib. See also Leila Sabbagh, "La religion des Morisques entre deux fatwas," in Les Morisques et leur temps , L. Cardaillac, ed. (Paris, 1983), pp. 43-56.

115. ARV: B 1433: 615v-616r (29 August 1504).

116. ACA: C 3546: 58r-v (17 May 1480).

117. ARV: B 1156: 654v-655r (17 November 1479).

118. ARV: C 303: 38r-v (10 August 1479).

119. AMV: g ³ 33: 185r-v (10 June 1499).

120. J. Goñi Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de cruzada en España (Vitoria, 1958), pp. 371-403, 431-436. Regarding the promotion of the crusade against Granada, ARV: C 306: 76v-77r (16 July 1484); ARV: C 245: 32r-34r (30 August 1485), 43r-v (11 January 1486); ACA: C 3549: 22r-v (5 August 1484), 180r-v (8 July 1486); ACA: C 3609: 47r-50v (November 1485), 178r-180v (January 1488); and ACA: C 3610: 63r-64r (15 September 1490). Regarding the crusade against Africa, ACA C 3601: 110r-111r (18-20 May 1495), 173r-v (7 August 1496), 175v-176v (2 September 1496), 178r-v (6 September 1496), and 183r-v (30 October 14-96). Regarding the crusade against the Turks,

see ACA: C 3600: 199r-201r (10 June 1502), 205v-206v (30 June 1502), and 209v-210r (8 August 1502).

121. ARV: C 307: 39v-40r (13 May 1486).

122. ARV: C 307: 39r-v (13 May 1486).

123. For instance, AMV: g ³ 30: 169v (17 May 1483).

124. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 480.

125. Cited in Ricard Garcia Càrcel and Eduard Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos i agermanats (Valencia, 1974), pp. 122-123.

126. ACA: C 3605: 136r (13 April 1482). This preaching might not have been specifically related to the crusade.

127. ACA: C 3567: 152r (8 February 1496).

128. ARV: C 650: 3r-4r (7 April 1488); see also chap. 1.

129. ARV: MR 106: 245r (13 February 1496)—"publicar dos crides ... el altra ... que negu no gosas maltractar los moros de Barberia." ARV: MR 107: 245r (3 March 1497)—"E altra crida que nigu no fos gosat de injuriar ningun moro berberuz."

130. ARV: C 310: 119r (30 January 1497).

131. A number of the transactions between Christian corders of Valencia and Muslim espardenyers of the Vall de Uxó are documented, for instance, ARV: B 1220: III 35r (16 March 1486), where Ali Gerret confesses to owing to Francesch Nadal 53 sous for the "fil de canem" he purchased from him.

132. ARV: B 1431: 67v and 77v (3 June 1491)—the case of Açen Muça of Serra.

133. For instance, ARV: C 131: 157v-158v (19 November 1483)—a Genoese ship conducting business in Cazaza with Fernando's safeguard is robbed by pirates from Alicante.

134. ARV: C 139: 179v-181r (2 January 1496).

135. ARV: B 1157: 637v-639r (25 May 1484), and ARV: B 1158: 73v-74v (30 August 1485), treat the confiscation of arms intended for illicit sale in the Maghrib. See also the comments of Guiral, "Relations commerciales," pp. 118-121, 130. ACA: C 3566: 28r-v (8 January 1488)—a Sicilian ship captures a Turkish galley, and on board are found two Catalans and a cargo of contraband goods, mainly armaments. On the antecedents of such activity, see Robert I. Burns, "Renegades, Adventurers, and Sharp Businessmen: The Thirteenth Century Spaniard in the Cause of Islam," Catholic Historical Review 57 (1972): 341-366.

136. ARV: C 650: 253r-v (18 July 1502): Joan Andreu of Ibiza is reported to be piloting a corsair fleet gathering in Bougie and Algiers.

137. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," p. 103; Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , p. 30; Leopoldo Piles Ros, Apuntes para la historia económico-social de Valencia durante el siglo XV (Valencia, 1969), pp. 115-119; and Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," pp. 472-485, esp. p. 485. For a perceptive discussion of the relationship between economic difficulties and anti-Jewish and anti-Converso violence, see MacKay, "Popular Movements and Pogroms."

138. García Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 39-90; idem, "Las Germanías y la crisis

de subsistencias de 1521," Boletín de la Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura 51 (1975): 281-315; and Duran, Germanies , pp. 122-128, 369-400.

139. García Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 96, 189; Duran, Germanies , pp. 180-205, 394-395, 415-416.

140. García Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 188-191; Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , pp. 121-130.

141. See chap. 1.

142. AMV: g ³ 33: 214r (29 February 1500).

143. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v (5 March 1500).

144. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v. ARV: MR 109: 276v (1500)—a public proclamation of the royal safeguard protecting all Muslims of the kingdom. ACA: C 3614: 53v-54r (26 March 1500)—Fernando assures the Infante Enrique that the rumors are false and that no action will be taken against the Mudejars.

145. ACA: C 3600: 176v-177r (30 September 1501).

146. ACA: C 3600: 191v-192r (20 February 1502). Salvador, "Emigración," pp. 61-63, transcribes this document, which is a reiteration of the order of 5 March 1500.

147. ARV: C 596: 325r-v (8 March 1501).

148. ARV: C 596: 328v-329r (21 March 1501).

149. ARV: B 1162: 193v (24 April 1501).

150. ARV: B 1162: 199v-200v (11 May 1501).

151. ARV: B 1162: 239r-v (25 May 1501).

152. Salvador, "Emigración," p. 56.

153. ARV: C 650: 277r (3 September 1501).

154. ARV: C 650: 248r (24 May 1502)—"nosaltres [the nobles] qui tenim clara noticia dels recels e temors que los dits moros tenen per la gran conversacio e practica que ab aquells tenim com vixcam entre aquells."

155. ARV: C 650: 240v (12 April 1502).

156. ARV: C 650: 240v-241r.

157. ARV: C 650: 241v.

158. ARV: C 650: 242r-v (12 April 1502).

159. ARV: C 650: 242v-243r.

160. ARV: C 650: 247v-248r (24 May 1502).

161. ARV: C 650: 251r-252v (6 July 1502).

162. ARV: B 1162: 316r (17 June 1502)—a Mudejar family flees Castellnou with the intention of emigrating; 326r-v (4 July)—three Muslims of Polop are captured while trying to board boats for Africa; and 349v (19 October 1502)—other Mudejars are captured and killed while attempting to escape. ARV: MR 110: 82r, 83v-84r (1502)—Mudejars are fined for attempting illegal flight.

163. AMV: g ³ 33: 290v-291r (1 May 1502).

164. ARV: C 158: 83v-84v (6 September 1502); ARV: C 311: 300v-301r (20 October 1502); ARV: B 1162: 318v-319v (11 March 1502); and ARV: MR 110: 278r (1502).

165. ARV: C 311: 254v-255r (6 June 1502)—Almoradi; and AMV: g ³ 34: 118r (13 April 1503)—Benidorm.

166. AMV: g ³ 34: 171r-173r (30 August 1503).

167. Braudel, "Afrique du Nord," pp. 203-208.

168. AMV: g ³ 34: 2v (27 May 1502).

169. AMV: g ³ 34: 11r (16 July 1502).

170. ARV: C 650: 253r-v (18 July 1502).

171. Ricardo García Cárcel, "La revuelta morisca de Espadán," Al-Andalus (1976): 121-146.

172. Constitucions de Cathalunya (ACA: Camara V: XXVI/5/20): folio 30r: Cap. XV (1503): "Que los moros no sien expellits de Cathalunya." Ricardo del Arco, "Cortes aragonesas de los Reyes Católicos," Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos 60 (1954): 92.

173. ARV: B 1162: 264v-265r (20 September 1501), 320r-v (22 June 1502), 428v-429r (1 April 1503), 455r (10 June 1503); and ARV: B 1433: 615v-616r (29 August 1504).

174. ARV: B 1162: 578r (18 July 1504).

175. Garcia Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 188-189, 219-220, document no. 1; idem, Inquisición , pp. 116-117.

176. The document containing Fernando's response is published in Doussinague, Política , pp. 515-517, apendice (appendix) no. 1: Fernando to the king of Naples, his intermediary in relations with Qa'it * Bay * , (5 September 1489).

1. For example, ARV: C 137: 244v (9 January 1495)—"contra lo dit loch e o universitat aljama e singulars moros vehins"; or ARV: C 138: 24v (26 January 1496)—"contra universitatem et aljamam sarracenorum loci de Chiva."

2. See the comments of Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 103-106; and concerning the limitations on aljama autonomy in fiscal and judicial affairs, see chap. 4 and chap. 5, respectively.

3. ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v (18 July 1479) and C 3522: 65v-66r (11 October 1479) concern the appointment of the qadi * and scribe of Tortosa by the qadi general. See chap. 5 on the qadi general's judicial functions.

4. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 47-48.

5. See n. 3.

6. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," pp. 58-59, 68-69; ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483): an appeal of the qadi general's decision is given to Ali Cunes, the lieutenant qadi , for consideration.

7. ARV: B 1157: 696r (1484).

8. ARV: C 423: 97v-98r and ARV: B 1157: 307r-v (both dated 22 December 1481).

9. Regarding the qadi general's role in determining the Crown's share of Muslim inheritances, see chap. 4, and as arbiter between feuding families, chap. 6.

10. The registers ARV: MR 93-110 record the bailiff general's payment of a

salary to the qadi * general. ARV: B 1157: 637v-639r (25 May 1484)—the qadi general is paid for having received the confession of a Muslim criminal; ARV: B 1222: II 54r (24 May 1497)—Azmet Chiqala owes 42s to the qadi general "de salari de la judicatura de la herencia de sa muller."

11. ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v; and ACA: C 3635: 34v-35r (15 October 1479).

12. ARV: B 1157: 696r-698v (1484); and B 1157: 724v-726r (30 August 1484) is a confirmation of Ali's appointment.

13. ARV: B 1433: 160r (2 October 1501)—Ali Bellvis appears as qadi ; Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 61-62; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 48, concerning the Bellvis family in the fourteenth century.

14. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 77-79. The registers ARV: MR 3052-3062 record the payment of a salary to the qadi of Játiva; see chap. 5 for the various juridical activities of the qadi .

15. See Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 231-233, for the thirteenth century; and for the fifteenth century, Augustín Nieto Fernández, "La morería de Orihuela en el siglo XV," in Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano (Valencia, 1980), 2: 765; Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," p. 176, for the new aljama of Monforte (1459); and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496), concerning the new aljama of Alcoy (created in 1468). See Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 79-87, for fourteenth-century abuses.

16. ARV: C 310: 26v-28r (January 1496).

17. The royal orders creating aljamas in Monforte and Alcoy (see. n. 15) give the bailiff general "beyond the Jijona River" and the local bailiff, respectively, the prerogative of appointing the local qadi . The aljama of Borja (Aragon) seems to have been the one exception in that it could elect its qadi —ACA: C 3656: 174v-175v (20 April 1505).

18. This may be inferred from the fact that when Fernando created the aljama of Castellón he did not provide for the appointment of a qadi —ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480).

19. Vicente Pons Alós, El Fondo Crespí de Valldaura en el Archivo Condal de Orgaz (1249-1548) (Valencia, 1982), pp. 219-221, 226, document nos. 281, 284, 288, and 305.

20. ARV: C 423: 86r-87v (14 March 1481), C 424: 8r-10r (7 April 1485), and 84r-85r (30 July 1494) are all appointments of the sub- qadi s * of Játiva.

21. Aureum opus , 81r.

22. ARV: C 139: 95v-97r (9 July 1495)—Elda; ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486)—Gandía; ARV: B 1431: 384r (14 June 1493)—Alcocer; ARV: C 129: 98v-99v (6 July 1481)—Apse; and ARV: B 1431: 384v (29 October 1492)—Paterna.

23. On the faqih s * , see chaps. 5 and 6.

24. ACA: C 3568: 40v-42r (15 April 1493).

25. ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v (9 May 1493) notes that the salary of the faqih of Castellón de la Plana derives from the rents of the properties of the local mosque; see also chap. 6.

26. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," does not ascribe any importance to the faqih s; however, from his appendix of documents—for example, document no. 68, p. 285—it is apparent that many Aragonese aljamas in fact

had faqih s * . On the scholarly connections between Valencian Mudejars and Almería and Tunis, see chap. 6 and table 19.

27. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 88-89, corrects the views of Francisco A. Roca Traver, "Un siglo de vida mudéjar en la Valencia medieval (1238-1338)," Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón V (1952): 13-14, and Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 155-157, who were led to believe that the amin * was the real power in the aljama.

28. For example, the appointment of Çahat Paziar as amin of Alcira, ARV: C 309: 171r-172v (11 September 1493).

29. Some examples are ARV: C 134: 141r-v (11 April 1488)—the amin of Bétera leaves the seigneury and takes the account books with him; and ARV: C 158: 32r-33r (5 July 1502)—the amin s of Albaida are involved in rent collection.

30. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 221-376, for the Arabic documentation; ARV: B 1156: 804r (1 July 1480)—the bailiff general contacts the amin of the Foya de Buñol regarding a new royal vassal who wishes to settle accounts; ARV: C 154: 132r-v (13 June 1498)—the amin of Chova is involved in settling accounts with a former vassal; and ARV: C 140: 80r-v (28 September 1499)—action is to be taken against the amin s and elders of the aljamas of Segorbe and the Vall de Almonezir regarding pensions owed by them.

31. ARV: C 304: 74r-75v (6 July 1480)—appointment of the amin of Alcira; ARV: C 309: 300r-301r (9 January 1496)—appointment of the amin of Játiva; ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480)—the aljama of Castellón de Játiva may elect its amin ; and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r—the aljama of Alcoy may elect its amin .

32. The amin s of Alcira were appointed for life, while those of Castellón de la Plana rarely served for more than a year at a time. The aljama of Valencia was unusual is not having an amin , for the post had been abolished in 1337 by royal decree; see Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 88-89.

33. ARV: C 151: 41r-v (22 September 1496).

34. ARV: C 129: 119r-v (2 August 1481); and ARV: C 148: 142v-143v (25 January 1493)—the amin and adelantats of Matet resist execution on aljama property.

35. ARV: C 134: 141r-v (11 April 1488).

36. ARV: C 130: 15r-16r (9 June 1481).

37. At least this was the case in the aljama of Castellón de la Plana; see further discussion of the struggle for aljama office in Castellón in this chapter and in chap. 6.

38. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r—"juratos sive rectores et administratores et alios officiales ad regimen dicte aljame necessarios."

39. ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v—the aljama of Castellón de la Plana has two adelantats , as does that of Valencia (Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58). ACA: C 3665: 18v-20r (23 November 1486)—Fernando confirms the privilege of the aljama of Játiva to elect its four adelantats .

40. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58; and ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v.

41. ACA: C 3567: 98r (20 April 1494)—election via insaculación in the aljama of Zaragoza; and ACA: C 3571: 204r (12 February 1496)—the same for

the aljama of Huesca. However, the aljama of Zaragoza was forced to complain when the archbishop insisted on placing in the sacks the names of candidates who were not residents of the morería —ACA: C 3571: 162v-163r (18 August 1494).

42. See chap. 1 n. 131. The aljama of Tortosa also complained about the local alcayd (Christian official) hindering its elections—ACA: C 3521: 51r-v (13 September 1479).

43. Some examples are ARV: C 141: 122v-123r (31 January 1500)—the adelantats of the aljama of Valencia lease the carnicería to a Christian butcher; ARV: C 148: 132v-134r (11 January 1493)—Muslim jurates represent Benaguacil in a litigation; and for the importance of community defense on seigneurial lands, see chap. 6.

44. ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486)—the qadi * , amin * , and adelantats of the aljama of Gandía swear fealty to their new lord; ARV: B 1160: 477r (8 June 1492)—the qadi * , sub- qadi * , and adelantats of the aljama of Játiva recognize the newly appointed bailiff; and ARV: C 130: 15r-16r (9 June 1481)—the amin and adelantats of Gaibiel are seen as responsible for the departure of Muslim vassals from the seigneury.

45. See chap. 6 for a discussion of violent conflict in the aljama of Castellón de la Plana over the posts of adelantat .

46. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 73.

47. ACA: C 3571: 204r (12 February 1496)—Fernando commands that the aljama of Huesca should not force Junez Burro to hold office if elected. On the financial difficulties of Aragonese aljamas, see chap. 4.

48. Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," p. 58; and ARV: B 1158: 413v-414v concerning the councillors of the aljama of Castellón de la Plana. See Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 159-160, regarding the function of aljama councillors in Aragon.

49. ARV: C 140: 159v-160r (11 April 1500); and ARV: C 139: 174r-175r (9 January 1496).

50. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 235-236; Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," p. 177; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 87-88. ARV: B 1160: 851v-853v (2 June 1494)—the appointment of the çalmedina of the aljama of Játiva, which unfortunately reveals little about his function.

51. ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r (6 February 1484).

52. ARV: C 306: 126v-128v (22 December 1484) and ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r for Játiva; and Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," pp. 58-59. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," p. 160, for the clavari in Aragonese aljamas.

53. Barceló Torres, Minorías , 55.

54. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 43-49, 104; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 57.

55. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Ralaciones," p. 114, on the Bellvis' commercial activities in the early fifteenth century; Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , p. 344; and on Bellvis commerce during Fernando's reign, see discussion of Mudejar commercial activity in this chapter.

56. ARV: B 1433: 160r (2 October 1501)—Çahat Bellvis is one of the ade -

lantats , while Ali Bellvis is qadi * .

57. ARV: B 1159: 248r (1 October 1489).

58. ARV: C 707: 815r-817r (17 April 1480).

59. See chap. 1 n. 74, where members of the faqih 's * family move from Almería and resettle in Valencia.

60. ARV: MR 99: 174r (1489).

61. ARV: B 1159: 248r

62. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483); ARV: C 310: 26v-28r (9 January 1496); and ARV: MR 3052-3062.

63. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r (7 April 1485).

64. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r and 84r-85r (30 July 1494).

65. ARV: C 424: 8r-10r.

66. ARV: MR 3052: 6r (1478); and MR 3053: 6v (1490). Axer also rented the debea (pasture ?) in 1490 for 200s—MR 3053: 6r.

67. ARV: C 423: 86r-87r (14 March 1481).

68. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r. Also, ARV: B 1157: 636r-637v (26 May 1484)—Yuçeff Alçamba and Çahat travel together to the southern part of the kingdom for "affairs."

69. ARV: C 310: 26v-28r; and ARV: C 707: 848r-v (11 May 1480) for Çahat's commerce with Almería.

70. ARV: B 1160: 477r (8 June 1492).

71. ARV: B 1158: 60v-61r (29 July 1485).

72. ARV: MR 3053-3062 (1490-1502); and see chap. 4, table 11 for lessees of the soap factory ( çabonería ).

73. ARV: MR 3055: 5r (1495).

74. ARV: MR 3056-3062 (1496-1502); and see chap. 4, table 11 for the lessees of the ovens and the butcher shop. Another Játiva family that combined civil service with investment in Crown utilities were the Tagaris. In 1490 Mahomat was the aljama's çalmedina , in which office his relative Abdalla followed him in 1494-1495 and in 1498-1502 (ARV: MR 3053-3062). Mahomat, who as çalmedina had supervised the morería 's market, went on to lease the market in 1495-1498 for rents as high as 2,000s (ARV: MR 3055-3058). Abdalla, although lacking the financial wherewithal of Mahomat, had enough money to rent the morería 's baths in 1500 and 1501 for 920s and 800s (ARV: MR 3060-3061). See also chap. 4, tables 8, 9, and 11.

75. ARV: C 304: 74r-75r (6 July 1480); ARV: C 309: 171r-172v (11 September 1493).

76. Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 86-87.

77. ARV: MR 942-959 (1479-1502); and chap. 4, table 5.

78. ARV: B 1156: 595v-596r (18 September 1479).

79. For example, ARV: MR 945: 16r (1489)—Çahat farms the tithes of the districts of Alquerencia and St. Bernat for 2880s and 1820s, respectively.

80. ARV: C 309: 171r-172v.

81. ARV: B 1160: 244v-245r (17 June 1491).

82. ARV: MR 958: 1v (1501); and MR 959: Iv (1502).

83. The amin s * of Castellón's aljama were Ubequer Faraig (1483, 1493, 1495), Yuçeff Bocayo (1489), Yuçeff Polina (1492, 1496), Juçeff Calio (1482), and his

son (?) Jabar (1497), Eça Mascor (1499), Fando (1500), Çahat Bendariff (1501), and Ozmen Rubeyt (1502, 1503)—ARV: MR 2469-2490.

84. Thomas F. Glick, Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), pp. 61-64; and ARV: B 1159: 48r (19 May 1488) concerns Azmet Bocayo, traginer (carter).

85. ARV: MR 2478: 6r (1490)—Sat Bocayo purchases four fanecates from Pere Moncet; MR 2479: 4r (1491)—6s are paid by Sat for rent on six fanecates of land, four of which ''solia esser vinya"; and MR 2483: 7r (1495)—10s lluisme is collected from Azmet Bocayo for the sale of land to another Muslim for 100s.

86. See chap. 6 for a discussion of the Bocayos' political role in Castellón.

87. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 61-62; and Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , p. 89.

88. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 57.

89. ARV: B 1431: 542v-550v (5 November 1493)—especially the testimonies of Abraym Alfat, the amin * of Alberique (544r-546r); Mahomat Lopo of La Foyeta (546v-548r); Mahomat ben Lup of Alberique (548v-549r); and Azmet Toraybi of Resalany (549r-550r).

90. ARV: G (Gobernación) 2396: 269r-v, 284r-285r (24 April 1493).

91. ARV: B 1431: 278v-280r (6 February 1493)—the testimonies of Alfaqui Alasdrach of Buñol and Ali Alcayet of Chiva.

92. ARV: C 138: 72v-73v (1 December 1496)—Areñol; ARV: C 140: 82v-83v (13 September 1499)—Bechf; and ARV: B 325: 58r-v (26 January 1495). Other examples are ARV: C 154: 66r-67r (7 February 1498), regarding a Mudejar arrendador of the rents of the Vall de Alcalá and the Vall de Gallinera; and ARV: C 156: 85r-86r (17 November 1501), concerning Ali Çequien, "arrendador dels drets e rendes pertanyents al receptor del antich patrimoni [i.e., Benaguacil, Paterna, and La Pobla]."

93. Thomas F. Glick, "The Ethnic Systems of Premodern Spain," Comparative Studies in Sociology 1 (1978): 157-171, views the system of ethnic stratification in late medieval Aragon as a paternalistic one, in which a horizontal bar between the higher ethnic group, the Christians, and the lower ethnic group, the Muslims, precludes the upward social mobility of the latter. Also, see Boswell's qualifications of Glick's conclusions in Royal Treasure , pp. 22-23.

94. See chap. 6 for a detailed treatment of Mudejar social structures and feuding.

95. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 401-413, regarding the elite of wealth and the coordinating elite of religious erudites in Almohad and postconquest Valencia; and Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages , (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 130-142, on the role of the ^c ulama * '.

96. That the newly converted Muslims fled from the urban areas is indicated in Tomas V. Peris Albentosa, "La estructura de la propiedad agricola en la morería de Alzira (1508-1579), " Quëstions Valencianes 1 (1979): 54-55; and Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , p. 37, regarding Játiva. See Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 15-45 and 79-95, for sixteenth-century economic conditions, and pp. 58-69, for relations between Moriscos and their lords; also Eugenio Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio en el País Valenciano (1570-1620) (Valencia, 1977), pp. 88-134, regarding the response of the seigneurs to their

worsening financial situation; and James Casey, The Kingdom of Valencia in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1979), p. 33, for the importance of Morisco muleteers. Although Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," pp. 300-303, see great difficulties burdening Valencian farmers in the late fifteenth century, I would nonetheless argue that the economic position of the Mudejars in the fifteenth century was better than that of the Moriscos in the sixteenth century, and that some Mudejars formed part of the "capa de grans emfiteutes enriquits" and "llauradors benestants" they describe.

97. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (December 1486).

98. ACA: C 3610: 191v (7 May 1493).

99. ARV: C 156: 111r-112r (15 December 1501).

100. For example, ARV: B 1159: 99r-v (5 July 1488); and ARV: C 137: 144r-145v (2 August 1494).

101. Registers ARV: B 1156-1162. ARV: B 1160: 249v-250v (24 June 1491)—Abrahim Alahuy, a shoemaker, complains when his maidservant Fotayma runs off with another Muslim.

102. See chaps. 5 and 6 for more details on Muslim prostitutes.

103. See ARV: MR 89-110, for the licenses issued to Mudejar mendicants; and ARV: B 1431: 344r-375r (29 October 1492)—the case of Abdalla Alfaqui, in which Muslim witnesses discuss begging "per amor de Deu."

104. See chap. 5 for the judicial enslavement of Mudejars.

105. ARV: B 1162: 331v, 333r (1 August 1502), and 349r (15 October 1502).

106. Robert I. Burns, "Muslim-Christian Conflict and Contact: Mudejar Methodology," in Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Societies in Symbiosis (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 39-49.

107. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 41-42.

108. Antoni Furió, Camperols del País Valencià: Sueca, una comunitat rural a la tardor de l'Edat Mitjana (Valencia, 1982), pp. 106-119; and Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , pp. 76-77.

109. For example, ARV: MR 959: 6r (1502). The Crown collects 8s for lluisme from Pere Soriano, who sold a "troç de terra ... tengut sots directa senyoria del Senyor Rey" to Mahomat Nuçayre for 80s.

110. ARV: B 1161: 101v-102r (4 August 1495).

111. Peris Albentosa. "Propiedad agricola," pp. 89-91.

112. ARV: B 1162: 365v (14 November 1502).

113. For example, ARV: B 1161: 92r-v (1 July 1495).

114. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 76-85; and Concepción Domingo Pérez, "La agricultura de Castellón de la Plana, 1468," Saitabi 27 (1977): 223-233.

115. ARV: B 325: 10r-12v (9 April 1494).

116. ARV: C 151: 74r-v (7 January 1497). Hamet Perromalo also leased one of the town's ovens for 115s-ARV: MR 4028: 1r-v (1496).

117. For example, ARV: C 131: 61v-62r, where Azmet Xarica is the vassal of Ausias Rotla, a canon of Játiva.

118. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 81. Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," p. 297, point out the existence of a significant amount of allodial land in the districts of royal towns and cities.

119. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 91-92.

120. ARV: B 1160: 443r-v (18 May 1492).

121. See chap. 1 n. 35.

122. ARV: G 2356: Manus 25: 33r (1480).

123. ARV: G 2359: Manus 15: 33r-v (1481).

124. Burns, "Mudejar methodology," p. 49; Glick, Irrigation , pp. 231-232; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 80-81.

125. See nn. 110, 112.

126. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 262-263, document nos. 76-77, concerning the payment of the sequiatge ; and ACA: C 3650: 220v-221r (26 October 1493) for the irrigation communities near Orihuela. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames sarraïnes de la governació d'Oriola (Barcelona, 1988), pp. 95-99, discusses Mudejar irrigation agriculture in the southern region of the kingdom.

127. ARV: B 1156: 882v-883r (18 November 1480)—Játiva; and ARV: C 148: 131v-132v (9 January 1493)—Gandía.

128. ARV: B 1161: 336r-v (7 December 1496). ACA: C 3655: 88r-v (13 October 1501) mentions Muslims with lands in Alcira's "orta del cent" in the context of irrigation matters.

129. ARV: C 148: 167v-169r (24 April 1493)—Torres; Torres; and ARV: B 1157: 734v-735r (13 October 1484)—Alcocer.

130. ARV: C 148: 213v (4 September 1493).

131. ARV: G 2356: Manus 26: 46r-v (13 September 1480). Other examples of seigneurial lands where irrigation agriculture was practiced are ARV: C 148: 190r-191r (9 July 1493)—Benaguacil, Pedralba, Ribarroja; ARV: C 135: 183v-184v (29 March 1490)—Alberique and Alcocer; ARV: C 310: 149r-150r (17 October 1497)—Callosa; and ARV: B 325: 495r-496r (16 May 1501)—Valldigna.

132. Glick, Irrigation , pp. 26-27.

133. Furió, Camperols , pp. 74-83; Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 76-85; Domingo Pérez, "Agricultura," pp. 226-231; and Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 83-84. See also my doctoral dissertation, "Between Convivencia and Crusade," pp. 266-268, for a table listing crops raised by Mudejars on royal and seigneurial lands.

134. Peris Albentosa, "Propiedad agricola," pp. 58-75.

135. ARV: C 139: 193v-194v (4 February 1496), and ARV: C 151: 75r-v (7 January 1497)—Corbera; ARV: B 1159: 3r (March 1488)—Alberique; and ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485)—Turís.

136. See table 2, this chapter.

137. See chap. 1 for a discussion of the difficulties caused by the seigneurs in this regard.

138. Some examples are ARV: C 317: 26v (13 November 1492), concerning Muslim vassals of Jérica with "heretats" in Fuentes; and ARV: B 1161: 578v-579r (18 February 1499)—a Muslim vassal of Castellón de la Plana with land in Mascarell "seria anat a la dita baronia per coltivar les terres que alli te com a terratinent ... pagant los drets que com a terratinents se deven pagar."

139. ARV: C 317: 26v—"peyta"; and ARV: B 1156: 806r-807r (7 July

1480)—"delmes," i. e., tithes.

140. ARV: C 306: 69r-70r (11 May 1484).

141. ACA: C 3647: 98r-99r (21 July 1490). In what seems to have been a more unusual arrangement, Mudejar tenants in the district of the town of Segorbe paid murs e valls , as well as the peyta —ARV: G 2359: Manus 15: 25r-v (1481).

142. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 181-199.

143. ARV: G 2355: Manus 14: 15r-v (1480).

144. ARV: B 1161: 336r-v (7 December 1496), and 435v-436r (8 August 1497). Other examples of purchases are ARV: B 1157: 344v-345v (27 November 1482); ARV: G 2351: Manus 11: 27r-v (21 May 1479); ARV G 2359: Manus 15: 33r-v (1481); ARV: G 2372: 446r-447v (1484). Antoni Furió, "El País Valencià de l'Edat Mitjana a la Modernitat (segles XIII-XVI)," in Història de l'Economia Valenciana (Valencia, 1983), p. 52, notes "l'aparició d'unes capes d'emfiteutes enriquits (a les terres de senyoriu) o de camperols lliures (a les terres i hortes reial), que basaren el creixement agricola dels camps explotats."

145. For example, ARV: MR 943: 7v (1481). Ayet Naçayr and Mahomat Bençarco pay 12s and 6s, respectively, for the rent of "terra derrenclida."

146. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 84.

147. See chap. 4 for a discussion of the finances of the seigneurs and their aljamas.

148. See the discussion of Mudejar commercial activity in this chapter. Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames , pp. 108-109, asserts that in the gubernatorial district of Oriheula during the fourteenth century Mudejar farmers were producing sufficient surplus to allow for the sale of produce in Alicante and in Castile.

149. See n. 115.

150. Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , p. 299; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 83.

151. ARV: C 310: 85r (8 July 1496)—"quosdam sarracenos arantes seu alias laborantes in quodam agro Abraham Juçefi." Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," pp. 301-302, note that many Christians worked as day laborers on the lands of wealthier farmers in order to supplement the produce from their own family parcels.

152. García Cárcel, Germanías , p. 190.

153. Ricardo García Cárcel, "La ganadería valenciana en el siglo XVI," Saitabi 27 (1977): 97-100; Glick, Irrigation , p. 26.

154. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," pp. 80-97; but see Barceló Torres's correction of García's computations— Minorias , p. 78.

155. ARV: G 2357: Manus 37 (2d): 32v-33r (27 May 1480). ACA: C 3649: 77v-78r (29 February 1492) mentions Muslims of Alcira taking their flocks up to the mountains. Also, see Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 80.

156. ARV: C 151: 174v-175r (18 May 1497); and ARV: B 1156: 628v-629r (18 October 1479)—the complaint of a Christian of Alcira that local Muslims were grazing their livestock in his oak grove.

157. ARV: G 2351: Manus 13: 4r-5r (4 June 1479); and ARV: B 1157: 30v (11 April 1481)—the lord of Chella complains when the peatger of Enguera collects the peatge from his Muslim vassals grazing their animals in the district of Enguera.

158. ARV: C 131: 25v (23 December 1482); and C 134: 139r-140r (9 April 1488), regarding the same case. Other examples are ARV: C 151: 150v-151r (18 April 1497)—Muslims of Petrés owe 120 pounds to a Christian of Puzol for sheep purchased; and C 156: 146r-v (26 January 1502)—Muslims of Benifayó and Santa Coloma buy "bestiar" from a Christian of Salzadella.

159. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," p. 96, concerning Mahomat Alazrach; ARV: B 1160: 361v-362r (5 December 1491) for Çahat Ageg; and B 1160: 780r-781r (4 December 1493) concerns a Muslim of Castellón de Játiva, formerly of Benimuslem, who owns at least 100 sheep. Çahat Tabernaxi of Mascarell—ARV: C 148: 169v-170r (18 May 1493)—and Mahomat Tuniçi of Mislata—ARV: B 1220: II 19v (23 October 1486)—purchased 300 and 100 head of sheep, respectively, each one probably augmenting his already sizable flock. ARV: B 1223: III 37r-40r (1502)—Muslims of Alcira buy 97 goats from a Christian of Teulada and subsequently sell some of the goats to other Muslims of Alcira.

160. ARV: B 1431: 387v-388r (8 July 1493)—the testimony of Ali Barrazi.

161. ARV: B 1431: 388r—Ali testifies that he sold some of Abrahim Xativi's goats.

162. ARV: B 1432: 192v (27 October 1484)—Mahomat allegedly borrowed 33 pounds from the bailiff of Alcira in order to buy the sheep and goats from the Muslim of Cortes; 201r (15 April .1486)—Bernat Aymerich testifies that Mahomat bought sheep from Vizcaya when he was alcayt of Masalaves; and 203r-v (18 April)—the testimony of Bernat Cathala. ARV: C 151: 174v-175r (18 May 1497)—a Muslim of Albatera sells sheep to a Muslim of Callosa and a Christian of Orihuela.

163. ARV: B 323: 410r (30 September 1480)—Alasquer, and 411r (same date)—Masalalí; other instances involve Muslims from Paterna (B 323: 365v [22 June 1480]), Ribarroja (B 323: 434r [2 May 1481]), and the Vall de Uxó (B 323: 480r [4 September 1481]).

164. ARV: G 2372: 400r-405r (23 February 1484)—the testimonies of Joan Annayar (404r-v), Amet Chompar (404v), and Ali Pagonti, the amin * (405r), all residents of Chelva, concerning the Çelims' delivery of the wool and some cheese to Albert's agent.

165. ARV: B 324: 50r-v (22 June 1489); and ARV: G 2358: Manus 43: 18r (1480)—a Muslim of the Foya de Buñol is robbed while bringing hides and other goods to Valencia.

166. Some examples are ARV: B 1220: III 31v (7 March 1486)—Ali Alazdrach of Beniopa confesses to owing to Johan Ferrer, a farmer of Rafol de Valldigna, 52s for the rent of a mule; B 1220: III 40r (6 April 1486)—Çaat Abducamet of Játiva owes 60s to Johan Allepus, merchant of Valencia, for the price of an ass; B 1220: V 30r (6 November 1486)—Mahomat Miller of Picasent owes 125s to Johan Gombau of Valencia for the price of a mule; B 1220: VI 13r (14 February 1487)—Mahomat Martorell of Játiva owes 70s to Çahat Durdura of Játiva for the price of a horse.

167. ARV: B 324: 366r-368v (14 June 1492)—Castellnou; and 370r-379v (16 June)—Liria. ARV: B 1223: III unnumbered folios between 22v and 23r (4 February 1502)—the complaint of a Muslim of Eslida who rented a donkey to a Christian squire who then sold it to someone else.

168. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 186-199; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 88.

169. ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485)—a Muslim of Alcira is to be allowed to go to Turís to get his beehives and other property; B 1157: 487r-v (4 September 1483)—Muslims of the Vall de Uxó rent beehives from the Crown in Burriana; ARV: B 1220: IV 39r (26 June 1486)—Ali Vizquey, a shoemaker, owes 6s 7d to the merchant Jacme Pironat for the rent of an apiary; B 1222: I 19r, 20v-24v (26 September 1496)—"Capal moro" brings honey into the capital; and for the activities of Çahat Flori, a confectioner of Játiva, see n. 215 below.

170. García Cárcel, "Ganadería," pp. 98-100.

171. ARV: C 596: 147r-v (7 June 1494) concerning the subversive activities of Mudejar fishermen (and see chap. 2); ARV: B 1156: 359v (January 1479), B 1158: 237r (5 June 1486), and B 1162: 192r-v (24 April 1501) all record the money owed by Muslims for the purchases of fishing line.

172. ARV: G 2356: Manus 25: 33r-v (1480); and Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 77, mentions the sixteenth-century prohibitions.

173. For example, ARV: C 305: 140v-141r (23 May 1482). A Muslim smith, a new vassal in Crevillente, is pardoned from prosecution for a crime at the request of his new lord (the implication being that the lord valued his skills as a smith).

174. ARV: C 126: 53v (8 October 1479).

175. ARV: C 308: 172r (15 March 1490).

176. ARV: C 310: 116v-119v (30 January 1497)—the ordinances of the cordmakers' guild (see chap. 2 for the text of the prohibition); Broman, Contra moros i jueus , p. 111, and Piles, Apuntes , p. 95, for the carpenters' guild; and Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 112, for the makers of swords, cuirasses, and so on.

177. Cited in Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 110-111.

178. ARV: G 2392: 87r (1491)—the shoemakers' guild of Valencia prohibits laboring on feast days and Sundays; and ACA: C 3655: 168v-172v (28 March 1503)—the shoemakers' guild of Calatayud makes a similar ruling.

179. ACA: C 3635: 85r-89r (13 October 1479). The confraternity of tailors and shoemakers of Lérida (Catalonia) similarly ruled that every tailor and shoemaker, "Christian, Jew, or Moor," had to be examined by a master before practicing these crafts—ACA: C 3550: 97v-98v (14 February 1488).

180. ARV: B 1431: 333v-335r (24 January 1493). Ali, the slave of Vicent Calamocha, a carpenter of Valencia, testifies regarding how he was approached by Azmet Çahat of Tunis (accused of facilitating the escape of runaway slaves) while he was working on the house of Domingo Vines.

181. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 109; and regarding the shoemakers' guild, see below, nn. 183, 185-186.

182. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , p. 109.

183. ARV: B 1222: III 14r-15r (5 December 1497).

184. ARV: B 1431: 531v-536r (20 May 1495)—the testimonies of Johan Bramon, boilermaker, Anthoni Comos, boilermaker, Baltasar Collado, cutler, and Christofol de Monserrat, boilermaker (all regarding Muça Almedina, ac-

cused of having stolen various things from the fonduk); and B 1431: 192r-v (19 January 1492)—the confession of Caçim Abdalla, accused of theft.

185. ARV: B 1222: III 14r.

186. ARV: B 1222: III 14v-15v. It is apparent from the feuding between Mudejar artisans, including shoemakers, that they regarded their economic competitors with deadly seriousness; see chap. 6 for a detailed discussion of this problem.

187. Seen. 178.

188. ARV: B 1433: 422r-v (16 July 1503)—the testimony of Joan de Gandía; and 424v-425v (24 July)—the testimony of Miquel de Boro.

189. The sources in question are the registers ARV: B 323 (1479-1484), 324 (1489-1492), and 325 (1494-1500), entitled Executions ; and ARV: B 1220 (1485-1487), 1222 (1496-1500), and 1223 (1501-1502), entitled Manaments y Empares . On the importance of credit for medieval industry, see, for example, Sylvia Thrupp, "Medieval Industry, 1000-1500," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe : The Middle Ages , Carlo M. Cipolla, ed. (Glasgow, 1981), pp. 244-249; and Maryanne Kowaleski, "Local Markets and Merchants in Late Fourteenth-Century Exeter," (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1982), pp. 176-178; or on the role of credit in the marketplace in general, Kathryn L. Reyerson, Business, Banking and Finance in Medieval Montpellier (Toronto, 1985), pp. 40-60.

190. ARV: B 323: 327r (22 November 1489).

191. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223. Kowaleski, "Markets and Merchants," pp. 176-178, points out the importance of regular commercial dealings and credit arrangements for supporting social and personal relationships between the parties involved.

192. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223.

193. ARV: MR 3052-3062; and see chap. 4, table 10, for the revenues received by the Crown from the leasing of the tannery ( adobería ).

194. ARV: B 1156: 836v-837v (8 August 1480)—Yuçeff Abducarim stands as surety; B 1157: 69v-70r (7 July 1481)—Abducarim and Pedro Navarro stand as surety; B 1157: 163r-v (25 January 1482)—Abducarim and Andreu Mestre stand as surety; and B 1158: 525r-v (18 January 1488)—Abducarim and Mestre again.

195. ARV: B 1158: 333r-v (22 December 1486).

196. ARV: B 323-325, and B 1220, 1222-1223.

197. ARV: B 325: 471r (22 October 1499), 515r-v (16 January 1500)—Pérez and the Garbis buy hemp; and B 325: 570r-v (13 October 1500)—the loan. Sometimes the espardenyers bypassed the cordmakers and purchased hemp directly from the producers. ARV: B 1223: III 13r-v (8 January 1502), and 16r (18 January)—Çahat and Suhey Cotera purchase large quantities of hemp from Christian farmers.

198. ARV: B 1431: 529r-v (20 May 1495)—the testimony of Suleymen Alguarbi.

199. ARV: B 323: 446r (6 June 1481)—Abrahim Xeyt, dyer of Valencia; B 324: 217r (25 February 1491)—Çahat and Ali Baelel, dyers of Valldigna; B 325: 37r (10 August 1494)—Abducalem Margarit, dyer of Alcira; and ARV:

B 1162: 185v-186v (15 March 1501)—Acent, dyer of Valldigna.

200. ARV: MR 3052-3062, and chap. 4, table 9, for the dyeworks of Játiva ( tintorería ); and MR 4016-4034, and chap. 4, table 7, for the dyeworks of Murviedro.

201. ACA: C 3636: 54r-v (2 January 1481)—Muslims of Gandía owe money to a merchant of Valencia for dyes purchased; ARV: B 323: 446r (6 June 1481)—Abrahim Xeyt, dyer, buys cloth from a Christian wool-dresser; ARV: B 1222: II 46v-47r (5 May 1497)—a Muslim dyer of Valldigna buys cloth from a merchant; and B 1222: VII 23r (1 June 1500)—Galip Cindi of the Vall de Almonezir owes 7 pounds to the merchant Johan Abello for alum purchased.

202. ARV: B 324: 39r (20 May 1489)—Maymo Embravi, tailor of Cuart in the Vall de Sego; B 324: 61r-v (27 July 1489)—Maymo Bençebit, tailor of Manises; ARV: B 1159: 375r-v (14 September 1490)—Azmet Artanet, tailor of Valldigna; and ARV: G 2412: 161r-v (1501), concerning Azmet Lopo.

203. Some examples of other linen drapers and weavers in Valencia are ARV: B 323: 609r (19 April 1482)—Yuçeff Turis, lençer , and B 324: 14r-v (17 February 1489)—Mahomat Coret, texidor de lli ; and ARV: B 1222: IV 43r (16 May 1498) for Abdalla's purchase of flax.

204. ARV: B 325: 172r (14 December 1495)—Abdalla owes 63s to a notary for linen purchased; ARV: B 1222: I 38r (27 October 1496)—Abdalla owes 18s to a carpenter for "hun drap de lenç"; B 1222: II 70v (11 July 1497)—Abdalla owes 24s to a monk of Valldigna for "cert lenç"; II 103v-104r (9 October 1497)—Abdalla owes 22 pounds 5s 6d to Pere Luca, a tailor, "de preu de cert lenç"; and B 1222: VII 41r (30 July 1500)—Abdalla owes 25s 3d to Vicent Borrel, a feltmaker, for linen purchased.

205. ARV: B 325: 14r-v (27 February 1494)—Abdalla owes 77 pounds to Pere Aymar, a wool-dresser ( perayre ), for cloth purchased; ARV: B 1222: V 34v (20 March 1499)—Abdalla owes 6 pounds 10s to the Venetian merchant Luis Mascelli for "una peca de olanda," twenty-eight alnes (one alne = approximately one meter) in length; B 1222: VI 37r (14 October 1499)—Abdalla owes 7 pounds to the Florentine merchant Eran Girart "de certa teleria."

206. ARV: B 323: 375r (28 August 1480) for Abdalla's debt to Allepus. Other debts of Abdalla also attest to the large volume of his retail trade: B 324: 197r-v (11 November 1491)—164 pounds owed to the merchants Dionis Miguel and Francesch Miro, and B 324: 205r-v (24 January 1491)—200 pounds owed to the heirs of J. Allepus.

207. ARV: B 1158: 357v-358r (6 February 1487)—Abdalla acts as guarantor for Azmet Ubeyt; and ARV: C 707: 909r-v (26 April 1484)—Abdalla acts as guarantor for Yuçeff Albanne of Valencia, who is traveling to Oran with "seda e altres mercaderia valents L lliures."

208. ARV: B 325: 332r-v (9 June 1498)—Abdalla owes 6 pounds 10s in pensions from the quantity of money he borrowed from J. Duart (by selling a censal to him).

209. ACA: C 3567: 4v (2 May 1488) and C 3571: 34v-35r (5 October 1492) concern the payment of Muslim craftsmen working on the royal aljafería in Zaragoza; C 3571: 219r (8 August 1496) concerns Muslim "maestros" working

on a church in Zaragoza; and C 3571: 11v-12r (13 March 1492)—Muslims of Zaragoza are sent to Granada to work on the Alhambra just after the conquest.

210. ARV: B 1431: 544r-v (28 November 1494)—Cuayet Ginnuenhi, mason of Alasquer; ARV: B 1160: 915v-916r (3 October 1494)—a Muslim mason of Manises; ARV: B 323: 351r (23 August 1480)—Azmet de la Almunia, mason of Valencia; B 323: 358r (5 June 1480)—Yuçeff Tutilli, carpenter of Valencia; and see chap. 4, regarding the work of Mudejar artisans on royal utilities.

211. ARV: B 323: 464r-v (119 July 1481)—Azmet Caeli, boilermaker ( calderer ) of Valencia; B 323: 723r (24 July 1483)—Mahomat and Ali Longo, smiths ( ferrers ) of Valencia, owe 6 pounds to the smith Bernat de Medina for bellows purchased; ARV: B 1222: IV 10r (24 January 1498)—a Muslim shield-maker ( broquerer ) buys iron needed for making shields ("fulla dels broquers"); and B 1223: I 7v (15 April 1501)—Caet Tatany, a smith of Benaguacil, owes 42s 8d to the merchant Bernat Fillol for "certa ferra" purchased.

212. ARV: B 324: 365r (8 June 1492); and see the comments of Thrupp, "Industry," pp. 245-246, concerning the role of merchants in the organization of production.

213. Some examples of Mudejar saddlers are ARV: B 1431: 528r (25 May 1495)—Ali Mudarra, a saddler from the Vall de Uxó residing in Valencia; B 1433: 107r-v (13 October 1501)—Çahat and Amet Pachando of Segorbe working as saddlers in Liria; ARV: B 325: 309r (24 January 1498)—Çahat Catala and son Açen, saddlers of Valencia; see chap. 4, tables 3 and 9 regarding the leasing of Crown saddleworks in Alcira and Játiva; and chap. 4, table 9, for the leasing of the Crown soap factory.

214. ARV: G 2360: Manus 29: 17r (1481).

215. ARV: B 1158: 170v-172r (23 December 1485). The Floris were also involved in commerce: B 1157: 262r-v (20 June 1482)—Mahomat Flori and his servant travel to the Orihuela-Alicante area "ab mercaderies," and Çahat and Yuçeff Flori act as his guarantors.

216. ARV: B 1223: III 50v (28 April 1502)—Ali Alfona, "violer" of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 502r-v (August 1492)—a Mudejar trumpeter ( trompeta ) of Valencia; B 1162: 320r-v (22 June 1502)—Catdon Algodar, "moro jutglar" of Llauri; ARV: MR 3062: 152r (1502)—a Muslim juglar of Játiva; ARV: B 324: 158r-v (7 August 1490)—a Mudejar barber of Picasent; B 1220: I 13v (2 July 1485)—Mahomat Burgi, barber of Petrés; and B 1220: IV 7r (26 April 1486)—"lo alfaqui Xeyt metge de Xativa."

217. ACA: C 3640: 77v-78v (26 January 1484). A Mudejar surgeon of Valencia is licensed by the Crown to practice after he cures a Christian nobleman.

218. ARV: B 1222: II 75v (28 July 1497)—Mahomat Perpir owes 10s 6d to "mestre Jacme Quexaler per certa cura que ha fet a una moratella de la moreria de Valencia"; B 1222: V 6r (12 January 1499)—Çahat Catala owes 30s to Anthoni Not, surgeon, for "lo curar que ha fet una naffra feta en la ma de Abdolaziz Catala ... cosingerma del dit Çahat Catala"; and B 1223: 4v (31 March 1501)—physicians of the royal hospital of Valencia attend to a Muslim.

219. ARV: B 1220: 7r (9 June 1485)—Yuniç Tarongeta, a shoemaker, fixes

"huna caldera chica" for a Christian woman; and B 1222: VII 39r (27 July 1500)—Mahomat Perpir buys from a Christian farmer "certa fulla ... per obs de fer seda."

220. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v (5 March 1500); and see chap. 2.

221. ARV: G 2352: Manus 23: 4r-v (20 November 1479).

222. ARV: B 1156: 668r-v (14 December 1479)—Muslims of Llombay selling wheat in Alcira; and ACA: C 3647: 87v-88r (7 July 1489), concerning the Muslim of Alcocer with "mercibus."

223. ARV: C 154: 102v-103v (3 April 1498)—officials of Murviedro seize Muslims of Gilet who are there to "comerciar e negociar"; and ACA: C 3648: 252r-v (24 December 1491), concerning the Muslim bringing "mercaderias" from Elche to Orihuela.

224. ARV: B 1157: 354v-355r (10 December 1482)—Çahat Boamir of Benisanó travels to Orihuela with his servant to sell rice, a crop usually cultivated on undesirable land at the edge of marshes.

225. ARV: G 2358: Manus 43: 18r (1480); and ARV: C 245: 87v-88v (19 February 1489) refers to "crestian e moro vassalls ... portant victualles a la dita ciutat."

226. ARV: B 1222: IV 35r (9 April 1498).

227. ARV: B 1220: VI 18r ^b (19 March 1487)—Abrahim Valenti of Gandía brings oil to Valencia; B 1220: VI 25v-26v (3 December 1487)—Yuçeff Macana of Castellnou brings honey to Valencia; B 1222: I 19r, 20v-24v (26 September 1496)—the records of the collectors of the peatge record Muslims bringing into the city sugar, honey, wheat, oil, raisins, and figs; and B 1222: VII 70r-v (November 1500)—Muslims from Bétera sell wood in Valencia.

228. ARV: B 1222: IV 33r (27 March 1498).

229. ARV: B 325: 192r-v (21 April 1496).

230. ARV: B 1161: 441r (29 August 1497).

231. For example, ARV: C 154: 64v-65r (31 January 1498) presents a list of Muslims from Oliva, Gandía, Novelda, Aspe, Petrés, and other places who owe money to the Valencian merchant Dionis Roig. The large majority of the evidence for credit transactions between Valencia's merchants and Mudejars is in the registers ARV: B 323-325.

232. For example, ARV: B 1220: III 22r (13 February 1486)—a Muslim of Alberique owes 34s 6d to the merchant Pere Orçaffa for "certs formatges" bought.

233. ARV: B 325: 113r (3 August 1495)—Macastre, and 479r (6 November 1499)—Bétera.

234. ARV: B 325: 516r-517v (23 January 1500).

235. For example, ARV: B 1222: II 45r (26 April 1497)—Azmet Perpir owes 6 pounds 11s to Jacme Eximeno, "botiguer e o draper ... de preu de drap." Cloth might also be procured from more unlikely sources, such as the innkeeper Anthoni Angelo—ARV: B 1220: IV 25v (6 June 1486).

236. For example, ARV: B 1222: II 46v (5 May 1497)—Çaat Requin of Játiva owes 14 pounds to the German merchant Noffre Ompis for copper purchased.

237. ARV: B 323: 609r (19 April 1482)—Sardinian cheese; ARV: B 1220:

III 10v (11 January 1486)—Yuçeff Alaboti of Segorbe owes six pounds to Pere Pomar, ''botiguer de drogueria," for spices purchased.

238. ARV: B 323: 740r (9 September 1483)—various Muslims of Valencia owe 36 pounds to Perot Plener, merchant, for "teles de Brabant" purchased; and ARV: B 1222: VII 5v (10 December 1499)—Ali Gragiti of Benaguacil owes 63s to the merchant Johan Celma "de preu de ceda."

239. ARV: B 323: 255r-v (30 June 1479), and 309r-v (20 October 1479)—Abdalla Xeyt; and ARV: B 1220: VI 40v (September 1487)—Abdalla Medalla.

240. For example, ARV: B 1161: 491v (21 March 1498)—a Muslim of Segorbe purchases 2,000 eels from a fisherman of Sueca, and 78v (20 May 1495)—a Muslim of Benaguacil purchases 25 "millere" of fish from a fisherman of Sueca.

241. ARV: B 1220: VI 31v (9 May 1487), and VII 8r (9 June 1487)—Mascor Borrachet; and B 1220: I 7v (13 June 1495)—Amet Alami.

242. ARV: B 323: 746r (25 September 1483); and ARV: B 1222: VI 38r (19 October 1499)—a Muslim farmer of Valldigna purchases thirty-one meters of fine linen from a citizen of Valencia.

243. On Zignell lands in Valldigna, see ARV: B 325: 10r-12v. Licenses to various members of the Zignell family to travel south: ARV: B 1156: 512v-513r (20 July 1479), 649v-650v (29 October 1479); B 1157: 136v-137v (5 November 1481); B 1158: 396r-398v (28 March 1487); B 1159: 11r-12r (10 April 1488), and 127r-v (13 September 1488).

244. Cases of the Zignells backing other merchants: ARV: B 1157: 89v-90v (21 August 1481), 91r-92r (21 August 1481)—Abrahim Çafont, 92r-93r (22 August 1481), 292v-293v (9 August 1482)—Abrahim Çaffont, 293v-294v (9 August), 473r-v (20 August 1483), 474r-v (20 August); B 1159: 153r-v (10 January 1489), and 168v-169r (13 February 1489).

245. Cases of Zignell debts to merchants and farmers in the captial before 1490: ARV: B 323: 357r (29 May 1480), 765r (20 November 1483); B 324: 19r (11 March 1489), 78r (14 September 1489), and 122r (1 December 1489); and ARV: B 1158: 411r-412r (17 April 1487), and 425r-v (22 May 1487)—Zignells are granted safe-conducts against prosecution for debts.

246. ARV: B 1431: 395r (14 February 1494).

247. ARV: B 1431: 410v-411v.

248. Some examples of Zignell wholesale purchases: ARV: B 324: 295r (2 February 1491)—the Zignells owe 221 pounds 14s 9d to a company of German merchants; B 324: 389r (25 June 1492)—the Zignells owe 73 pounds 6s 6d to the merchants Dionis Miguel and Francesch Miro; ARV: B 1222: VI 47r (2 December 1499)—A. Zignell owes 10 pounds 10s to J. Uguet for "teleries" bought; ARV: B 1160: 734r-v (10 September 1493)—the Zignell brothers owe 40 pounds to the citizen Gaspar de Gallach for flax purchased; and ARV: C 139: 194v-195r (8 February 1496)—the Zignell brothers owe 50 pounds to Berthomeu Pinos, merchant, for Neapolitan linen purchased.

249. ARV: B 1431: 415r-v (25 February 1494)—the testimony of Amet Mathera, botiguer of Valencia; and ARV: B 1222: I 42r (12 November 1496)—Ali Zignell is licensed to sell sugar of whatever nature throughout the city.

250. ARV: B 1162: 312r-v (9 June 1502).

251. ARV: B 1431: 406v-407v (20 February 1494)—Dionis Miguel, merchant, testifies that Eximenez stood as surety for the Zignells when the latter purchased goods from him; 408r-v—Guillem Gualderi, a German merchant, testifies that Eximenez once paid him 5,000s in behalf of the Zignells. B 1431: 394v-421r, is the case of Eximenez against the Zignells, who owed him 14,000s. ARV: B 325: 41r-v (30 September 1494), concerns the 100 pounds to be paid by Umaymat and Yaye to Eximenez.

252. ARV: B 1161: 280v (3 June 1496).

253. ARV: B 323: 394r (16 September 1480)—Azmet and Xempsi purchase 111 pounds' worth of cloth from the merchant Joan Allepus. For Xempsi's selling of second-hand clothing, see B 323: 809r (26 May 1484); ARV: B 1220: VI 33r (10 May 1487), 35v (22 May); B 1222: V 34r (18 March 1499), 40r-41v (April 1499), VI 14r (10 July 1499), and VII 9v (17 December 1499).

254. ARV: B 1223: I 15v (5 May 1501).

255. ARV: B 1431: 412r-v—Mahomat Fandaig, and 415r-v—Amet Mathera (both dated 25 February 1494).

256. ARV: B 1222: V 19v (6 February 1499).

257. ARV: C 135: 175r-v (12 March 1490)—Murcian Jew; and ARV: B 1220: III 34r ^b (March 1486)—Maymo Açen.

258. ARV: B 1222: I 31v (14 May 1497).

259. ARV: B 1220: V 3r (16 August 1486)—Ali Ferriol; and VIII 23r (9 August 1487)—Azmet Ferriol.

260. ARV: C 148: 206v-207r (13 August 1493).

261. ARV: B 1158: 332v (22 December 1486).

262. See nn. 84-85.

263. ARV: B 1159: 2r-v (10 March 1488).

264. The cases in which March Casterellenes acted as guarantor are: ARV: B 1156: 854r-855r, 855r-856r (both dated 5 September 1480); B 1157: 120r-121v, 121-122r (both dated 28 September 1481); and B 1158: 306r-v (10 November 1486). B 1157: 743r-v (26 October 1484)—Alexandre Alvespi.

265. ARV: B 1157: 130v-131v (17 October 1481), 252v-253r, and 253v-254r (21 May 1482)—Francesch Sparça; and B 1159: 319r-v (27 October 1491)—Pasqual Vicent.

266. ARV: B 1157: 339r-v (14 November 1482); and B 1162: 27v (March 1500) is a reiteration of this authorization.

267. Another example of a Mudejar guarantor-partner is Çahat Hamis, a merchant of Játiva. ARV: B 1157: 38r-39r (4 May 1481)—Çahat acts as guarantor for another merchant of Játiva, Ali Haro; and 47v-48r (5 June 1481)—Çahat backs Abdalla Fuçey of Játiva.

268. ARV: B 1156: 534v-536r (11 August 1479)—the amin * , jurats, and castellan of Ribarroja act as guarantors for Azmet Homar and Yuçeff Ageix of Ribarroja; and B 1156: 662v-663v (7 December 1479)—Gaspar de Castellvi, lord of Carlet, acts as guarantor for his vassal, Ali Bocoro.

269. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 113-116; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 76; and Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 340-344.

270. This information may be found in the register ARV: C 707. Some ex-

ceptions are 813v-814r (17 April 14.80)—Abrahim Annache, Abrahim's servant, and Helel Fumeyt of Cárcer travel to Almería with merchandise valuing 100 pounds; or 824r-v (24 April 1480)—Mahomat Boayadar of Carlet brings 200 pounds' worth of merchandise to Almería.

271. ARV: C 707.

272. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 113-116; ARV: C 707.

273. See chap. 2.

274. For the travels of the Bellvis or their agents to North Africa and Almería, see ARV: C 707: 845r-v (2 May 1480), 846r-v (same date), 881v-882r (24 May 1481), 885v-886r (29 May 1481), and 890v-891r (3 July 1481). ACA: C 3568: 132v-134r (15 February 1496) concerns the mercantile activities of Yahye Bellvis; and ARV: C 596: 236r (15 March 1498) concerns the voyage of Yahye Bellvis, brother of the qadi * general, to Naples on the Venetian galleys "por recuperacion de ciertos dineros que en Napoles son devidos."

275. ARV: C 126: 102r-v (28 January 1480); and C 127: 85v-86r (2 March 1480). The case was to be adjudicated by the Consuls of the Sea.

276. ARV: B 1161: 474v-475r (19 February 1498)—Yahye is granted a license to stay in Valencia for one year.

1. Belenguer Cebrià, València ; and Franciso Sevillano Colom, "Las empresas nacionales de los Reyes Católicos y la aportación económica de la ciudad de Valencia," Hispania 57 (1954): 511-623.

2. On Mudejar demography, see chap. 1 n. 7; also Peregrin-Luis Llorens, "Los sarracenos de la Sierra de Eslida y Vall d'Uxó a fines del siglo XV," Boletín de la Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura 43 (1967): 56-60.

3. Belenguer Cebrià, València , pp. 43-46; Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , II; 379-381, 503-505, 513-515. For an important revision of the previously high estimates of the population of the capital, see Augustín Rubio Vela, "Sobre la población de Valencia en el cuatrocientos (Nota demográfica)," Boletín de la Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura 56 (1980): 158-170.

4. Boswell, Royal Treasure , chap. V, passim.

5. Claude Cahen, "Djizya," Encyclopaedia of Islam (second edition), II: 559-562; and Robert 1. Burns, Medieval Colonialism: Postcrusade Exploitation of Islamic Valencia (Princeton, 1975), pp. 79-85. Winfried Küchler, "Besteuerung der Juden und Mauren in den Ländern der Krone Aragons während des 15. Jahrhunderts," Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kulturgeschichte Spaniens 24 (1968): 228, 231, erroneously asserts that neither Muslims nor Jews paid a special tax, a surprising conclusion since much of his study is based on documentation from the Archivo del Reino de Valencia. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 197, incorrectly defines the besant as a "small property tax," although it is unclear to which part of the Crown of Aragon the author is referring. Macho y Ortega, ''Mudéjares aragoneses," p. 181, notes that the besant was collected in Aragon only very rarely.

6. Data on the besants and other taxes collected from royal aljamas are found in ARV: MR registers 942 to 962 for Alcira; 2469-2491 for Castellón de la Plana; 3052 to 3062 for Játiva and Castellón de Játiva; 4016 to 4034 for Murviedro; and 4567 to 4573 for Monforte. ARV: MR 4031: 6r (1499)—the besant is collected from Çat Susen b. Amet Susen even though he is still living in his father's house, because Çat is married and it is thought that he should have his own house. The aljama of Castellón de la Plana was not founded until the early fifteenth century; see Arcadio García Sanz, "Mudéjares y moriscos en Castellón," Boletín de la Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura 28 (1952): 103-110.

7. On Valencia, see ARV: B 1158: 534r-v (6 February 1488) and on Játiva, ACA: C 3568: 3v-4v (2 July 1490), and see chap. 1.

8. López Elum, "Morería de Játiva," pp. 161-162, shows that only 341 out of 382 households paid the besant in 1493. ARV: MR 3053: 6r-7r—in 1490 of the 356 Muslim households in Játiva 15 did not pay the besant ; and MR 3055: 6r—in 1495, 36 out of 353 households did not pay. Data for Alcira shows that, for instance, in 1497 (ARV: MR 954: 12r) 17 out of 103 households did not pay the besant , while in 1498, 19 out of 110 households did not pay (MR 955: 12r).

9. For example, ARV: MR 945: 4r (1489)—Abdalla Albarder of Alcira pays 10s for the besant of 1489 and the besants outstanding from the previous two years. MR 953: 12r (1496)—Mahomat Xafra pays 6s 8d for outstanding besants after he "se desavassallas del Senyor Rey."

10. ARV: MR 945: 17v-18r (1489)—Çahat Valenti and Abdolazis Arnoni of Alberique, Ali Haquim, Fuçey Moçarrif, Azmet Almigi, Yuçef Tagari, and Azmet Jayar of Alcocer, and Çahat Manahen of Catadau all pay the besant . MR 948: 11r (1491)—Azmet Zichnell of Valldigna pays. MR 4030: 6r (1498)—Fat Acavejo, Soberch, and Mahomat and Abraym Calet of Algimia pay besants to the bailiff of Murviedro.

11. Küchler, "Besteuerung," pp. 246-248; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 269-271, discusses the security threat thought to have been posed by Muslim mendicants in the fourteenth century. For the proceeds from the licenses for alms-begging and prostitution collected by the bailiff general, see table 14 (this chapter). The bailiff of Onda also collected fees from Mudejars for licenses to bear arms, beg, and practice prostitution; see ARV: MR registers 4273-4284, and table 13 (this chapter).

12. ARV: B 1161: 689r-v (22 October 1499), B 1162: 409v-410r (11 February 1503), and B 1162: 578r (18 July 1504) all concern the problem of Muslims practicing prostitution, begging, and traveling to North Africa without licenses.

13. Burns, Colonialism , p. 43. For the shared Muslim-Jewish carnicería of Castellón, see ARV: MR registers 2469-2491. Of course, after the expulsion of the Jews in 1492 the Muslims had the carnicería to themselves.

14. For the lessees of the Muslim carnicería of Alcira, see ARV: MR: 942-962, and table 5 (this chapter); and for those of the Muslim carnicería of Játiva, see ARV: MR 3052-3062 and table 11 (this chapter).

15. ARV: C 306: 77v-79v (26 March 1484).

16. ARV: B 1161: 273r-v (13 May 1496).

17. ARV: C 305: 39v-40r (7 December 1481); C 306: 77v-79v (26 March

1484); C 134: 128r-129r (24 March 1488) deal with the Muslim carnicería of Castellón de Játiva and its provisioning with livestock; and ACA: C 3644: 82r-83r (21 February 1488) treats the Muslim carnicería of Daroca and the right of its livestock to graze in surrounding pastures.

18. ARV: C 307: 87r-v (8 November 1486). ACA: C 3667: 265v (25 February 1492)—after prohibiting the Muslim butcher shop of Alcira from selling meat to Christians, Fernando decides that its lessee does not need to supply it with as many sheep as before.

19. ARV: C 306: 126v-128v (22 December 1484).

20. ARV: C 306: 126v-128v—"Item es concordat que lo dit Joan Sancho arrendador puxa tallar e talle en les dites taules de la dita carniceria durant lo temps del dit arrendament carns de molts, cabra, cabro, ovella, bon vedell, cabrits, e qualsevulla altra carn ... als fors e preus acostumats." In contrast, see Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 96.

21. ARV: C 148: 108r-v (28 November 1492).

22. ARV: B 1157: 426r-v (6 May 1483).

23. ACA: C 3665: 19v (November 1486).

24. For Gandía, ARV: C 148: 108r-v; and for Murviedro, ARV: B 1157: 426r-v. ARV: C 306: 159r-v (219 March 1485)—two "administratores" are appointed in Murviedro to hear cases arising over the question of sises and other taxes involving Christian, Muslim, and Jew.

25. ARV: B 1157: 266r-267v (28 June 1482).

26. Burns, Colonialism , p. 48. ARV: C 141: 122v-123r (31 January 1500)—the aljama of Valencia leases its carnicería to a Christian butcher; see ARV: C 305: 71r-72r (15 December 1481), for the aljama's plea.

27. ACA: C 3632: 160r-161r (27 July 1479); and ACA: C 3644: 82r-83r.

28. ARV: C 306: 126v-128v; and ARV: MR 3052-3062.

29. For Alcira, ARV: B 1157: 42r-v (18 May 1481); and for Daroca ACA: C 3644: 82r-83r.

30. ACA: 3636: 201v-203v (5 April 1481).

31. Burns, Colonialism , p. 64.

32. ARV: MR 89-110; and ARV: B 122-123 ( Arrendamientos ). ACA: C 3568: 51v-52r (23 May 1493) discusses the effect of the plague of 1490 on the rent of the fonduk.

33. ARV: B 123 contains repeated prohibitions against Muslims lodging in inns other than the royal fonduk; see chap. 1 nn. 164-170. ARV: C 596: 76v-77r (16 October 1490) is the complaint of the lessee of the fonduk.

34. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v (1492).

35. ARV: MR 89-110 and B 122-123 list the rents received from the basto ; and ARV: B 123: 30r-v (1488) lists the duties of the basto in the morería . B 123: 132r-v (21 May 1493)—the comissari of the bailiff general and the lessee of the basto go to the bordello of the morería and inform the prostitutes of the new lease; the prostitutes promise to pay the accustomed drets to the basto .

36. ACA: C 3654: 89v-90v (10 September 1497).

37. On prohibitions against gambling, see chap. 1 nn. 161-163. See ACA: C 3654: 89v-90v for Zaragoza, ACA: C 3636: 201v-203v for Castellón de Játiva,

and ARV: C 306: 160r-161v (29 July 1484) for Játiva—all note that prostitution will bring significant revenue to the royal fonduks. On licenses to prostitutes, see n. 11 (above) and table 14.

38. ARV: B 1156: 595v-596r (18 September 1479); ARV: MR 951: 19v (1494)—Ali Vermell is paid 50s for the use of his house as the royal fonduk.

39. ARV: MR 3056: 16v (1496)—payment of Muslim carpenters for work done on the royal fonduk and its "cambres per star les çabies"; MR 3054: 5v (1494)—Maffomat Cathala, saddler, rents the "palau e cambra del alfondech ... per tenir albardes y alla e altres coses necessaries de llur offici"; MR 3060: 6v (1500)—"com lo dit alfondech no sia stat arrendat en lo present any ... per no esser hi trobat arrendador per causa com no's comporta tenir joch"; and MR 3055: 5v (1495) contains the aljama's complaint about the Christian youths and the Christian temptress.

40. Burns, Colonialism , pp. 57-63; see table 8 (this chapter) for the rents received from the Mudejar baths of Játiva. Maestre Racional registers for Valencia and Alcira sometimes include the Mudejar baths in the lists of Crown rents, but without any entries for rents received; this suggests that the Crown had leased these baths in the recent past.

41. ARV: C 135: 36v-37v (27 March 1488); and ACA: C 3568: 4v (25 June 1490).

42. See table 8.

43. For the Muslim oven of Mislata, see ARV: C 127: 98r-v (6 April 1490), and chap. 1 n.26; and ARV: MR 4028: 1r-v (1496)—Hamet Perromalo rents the "forn de la porta nova" for 115s, and Ali Ubequer of Gilet rents the "forns del Raquo" for 320s.

44. For Tortosa, see ACA: C 3521: 81r-v (12 December 1479); C 3522: 46r-v; and C 3561: 37v-38r; and for Lérida, ACA: C 3615: 83v-84v (9 April 1482).

45. Some examples are ARV: MR 2478: 6v (1490)—Ali Alborroc of Burriol rents the mill "del Romeral" for 14s from the bailiff of Castellón de la Plana; MR 3053: 5r-v (1490)—the Muslim Borgunyo rents a mill near Játiva for 2s, and 10r-Ali Jaffer of Játiva sells a "moli fariner" leased from the Crown to a Muslim of Alfarrazi.

46. For the rents received from the almacera and the marcham de paper , see tables 8 and 10.

47. For the rents received from the Mudejar obradors dels albardaners of Alcira, see table 3; for the rents received from the Mudejar tintorería of Murviedro, see table 7; and for the rents received from the Mudejar obradors dels albardaners, tintorería, çaboneria , and adobería , of Játiva, see tables 9 and 10.

48. For the rents received from the pes e açoch of the morería of Játiva, see table 9. Furs e ordinations Palmart, ed.: King Jaime II, Capitulo X, 137v: "Que los jueus e los moros no tinguen mustaçaff propri." ARV: C 128: 169v-170v (21 February 1481).

49. ARV: MR 3052-3062; for example, MR 3055: 14v (1495)—Yuçeff Redona is paid 7s 7d for raising the rent of the forn maior from 600s to 740s, Cuayat Amit is paid 21s for raising the rent of the forn menor from 600s to 820s, and

Mahomat Tagari is paid 21s for raising the rent of the pes e açoch from 1500s to 1635s.

50. ARV: MR 943: 26v ^b (1482)—46s are paid to Çahat Trilli and other Muslims renting the obradors dels albardaners "per raho de les obres per aquells fetes."

51. Some examples are ARV: PAR 3053: 17v (1490)—Ali Pego, carpenter of Játiva, is paid 96s 6d for his labors on the Mudejar bath; MR 3055: 15v-16r (1495)—Muslim carpenters and masons of Játiva are paid various sums for their labors on the bath, fonduk, and stall of the pes reyal ; MR 4023 (Murviedro): "Llibre de la obra dels forns del Raquo, porta nova e de la Plaçeta de la vila de Murvedre feta en lo any MCCCCLXXXX" (folios unnumbered)—various Muslims are paid for their labors, especially in transporting materials to the workplace; and MR 4029: 11r (1497)—Ali Redondo is paid 10s for work done on royal mills.

52. Some examples are ARV: MR 946: 10r-v (1490)—Çahat Gomeri paid a rent of 3s 6d for houses, Açen b. Abdalla Grini 3s 6d for houses, Ayet Rocahiz 5s for houses and 12s for vacant land, Mahomat Bonzarqua 6s for vacant land, Çahat Trilli 3s for houses, the heirs of Mahomat Boamir 7s for houses, Hamet Mosqueret 6s for two houses, Ayet el Castellano 12s for houses, Mahomat Bugui 2s for a "corral," Çilim and Çahat Cheo 12s for land, Azmet Yaye 7s for land, Mahomat Paziar 12s 6d for houses, and Ali, Yaye, and Çahat Grini 13s for land; and MR 2479: 4r (1491)—Saat Bocayo pays 2s to the bailiff of Castellón de la Plana for the rent of two fanecates of land, and 4s for another four fanecates that used to be a vineyard.

53. Some examples are ARV: MR 2478: 16r (1490)—6s are received from Mahomat Tagari for the lluisme on land he sold to Pere Macanet for 60s; MR 2483: 7r (1495)—10s are received from Azmet Bocayo for the lluisme on land he sold to Abdulazis Mascor for 100s; MR 3060: 15r (1500)—428s are received from Azmet and Ali Arbuix of Bellus for the lluisme on a mill sold to Bernat Matheu of Beniganim for 4,280s (the mill was being rented from the Crown).

54. Küchler, "Besteuerung," p. 242; Burns, Colonialism , pp. 173-176; and Piles Ros, Apuntes , p. 27. For Játiva, ARV: MR 3052-3062, and for Alcira, MR 942-960.

55. ACA: C 3599: 10v-11r (25 September 1479); ACA: C 3634: 10r-11r (20 September 1479); and ACA: C 35,47: 121r-v (14 March 1481).

56. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," p. 184; and ACA: MR 2356 for the cena rates of Aragonese and Catalan aljamas.

57. Piles Ros, Apuntes , p. 35; and ARV: C 139: 249r-v (30 March 1497).

58. For Onda, ARV: C 307: 14v (9 April 1485); and for Castellón de Játiva, ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480). Piles Ros, Bayle general , p. 88, notes that not all towns paid the cena "sino algunas determinadas que figuran en las cuentas de la Baylia."

59. For Valencia, see Küchler, "Besteuerung," p. 242; for the attempts of the jurates of Alcira to collect the peyta from the aljama, see chap. 1 nn. 115-116; and, in contrast, ARV: C 148: 97r-v (17 September 1492) implies that the Muslims of Játiva paid the peytes and sises with the Christians of the city.

60. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 181-182; for Tortosa, ACA: C 3570: 153r (20 February 1493); for Borja, ACA: C 3562: 66v (20 February 1481), and C 3564: 150v-151v (15 October 1498); and for Daroca, ACA: C 3632: 158v-159v (3 August 1479).

61. Earl J. Hamilton, Money, Prices, and Wages in Valencia, Aragon, and Navarre, 1351-1500 (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), pp. 9, 84; Burns, Colonialism , pp. 150-153; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 196, 199-200; Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 186, 203; and ARV: MR 10877-10880 contain the data on the collection of the morabatí . The aljama of Murviedro had a unique arrangement; each of its households paid an annual morabatí of 3s 4d that was collected along with the besant . It would seem that here the term morabatí had lost its original meaning.

62. Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 271-272, concludes that the king took a part of every Mudejar inheritance. ARV: MR 4273: 23r (1484)—"Rebudes dels moros e mores qui moren sens hereus del qual ne ve part al S. Rey"; and MR 4274: 3r (1492)—the inheritance of Mahomat Hubaydal.

63. ARV: B 1159: 248r (1 October 1489).

64. ARV: MR 3052-3062. Nevertheless, in one case—MR 3061: 9v (1501)—the bailiff collected 100s from the inheritance left by a Muslim woman of the morería . Many of the MR registers of the royal towns contain records of the sums exacted by the local bailiffs from Mudejar inheritances.

65. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 278-280, discusses the controversy surrounding the question of the inheritances of Mudejars dying intestate and without heirs. ARV: MR 4273: 43r (1491)—the royal qadi * gives the wife of the deceased, Açen b. Mahomat Alfaqui, her bridewealth ( accidach , from the Arabic s adaq * ), and does the same for the mother of the deceased siblings Çilim and Nuza Patri; and MR 959: 4r (1502)—the royal qadi * helps to effect a compromise between Fotaya Alazarch, the husband of the deceased, and Açot Axer, her brother.

66. ARV: B 1156: 856v (14 September 1480).

67. ARV: B 1157: 106r (4 September 1481).

68. ARV: MR 89: 225r (1478).

69. Aureum opus , (Pedro IV) 103v-104r; and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 283-284.

70. ARV: MR 107: 63r (1497).

71. ARV: MR 107: 63v (1497).

72. ARV: B 1157: 161v (9 January 1482).

73. ARV: MR 2478: 8r (1490); and MR 2489: 7v (1501).

74. Given the population of Játiva's aljama, each Muslim family would have had to contribute less than 2s per year to meet the 400s inheritance tax. Since the heirs to an estate might pay as little as 50s to the Crown or as much as 480s—ARV: MR 951: 5r (1494), division of the inheritance of Fumeyt Mosqueret of Alcira—the amount of inheritance tax paid by each Muslim family of Játiva was negligible, even over the long term.

75. ARV: C 148: 97r (17 September 1492). Burns, Colonialism , pp. 86-88; and Piles Ros, Apuntes , p. 26.

76. ARV: B 1161: 386r (30 March 1497); and B 1161: 662r (4 September

1499)—the peatger of the Foya de Buñol complains that two Muslims are avoiding payment of the peatge with "fraus e decepcions"; the accused are to appear before the bailiff general to explain their conduct.

77. ARV: C 148: 97r-v (17 September 1492)—the lords of Genovés, Señiera, and Alboy object when Játiva's peatger confiscates from their Muslim vassals securities ( penyores ) for the payment of the peatge in addition to the one annual payment.

78. ARV: B 1157: 30v (11 April 1481)—the peatger of Játiva collects the peatge from Muslim vassals of Chella, allegedly "franchs" from payment; and B 1157: 341v (22 November 1482)—a similar case involving the jurados of Albarracfn and Muslim vassals of the lord of Olocau.

79. ARV: C 624: 168v-173v (1477-1516). In contrast, see chap. 1 n. 84.

80. Burns, Colonialism , pp. 85-96; and Piles Ros, Apuntes , pp. 26-27. The aljama of Játiva might have rented its own pasture from the Crown, listed in the MR registers as the debea ( = devea = defessa ). ARV: B 1158: 19r (19 April 1485)—the appointment of Amet Samaris.

81. For litigations with the Muslims of Antella, see ARV: B 1156: 391v (5 March 1479) and B 1156: 838r-839r (4 August 1480); and for those with Muslims of the Vall de Serra, see ARV: B 1158: 475r (7 September 1487). ARV: B 1157: 412r-v (17 April 1481)—an order of the bailiff general that Muslims in the area of Játiva must use salt from the royal gabelle on pain of captivity.

82. ARV: B 1162: 409v-410r (11 February 1503).

83. ARV: B 1157: 126r-128r (10 October 1495)—Muslims of Játiva are described as "factors de la sal per lo gabellot"; B 1161: 127r-128r (22 September 1495).

84. Burns, Colonialism , pp. 190-198; Piles Ros, Apuntes , p. 25. Examples of Muslim lessees of the terçes de delme in Alcira are ARV: MR 945: 16r (1489)—Çahat Paziar rents "lo terç de delme appellat de Alquerrencia e orta dels cent" for 2880s and the "terç de delme appellat de Sent Bernat" for 1820s; and MR 954: 2v-3r, 4r (1497)—Muslim lessees of the terçes de delme "de carnatge," "de la ortalica," and ''de Guadaçuar." ARV: B 1156: 806r-807r (7 July 1480)—Muslims of Alcocer holding lands in the huerta of Castellón de Játiva try to avoid paying the terç de delme on the wheat harvested on those lands.

85. ARV: C 308: 7v-11v (14 April 1488).

86. ARV: C 139: 65v-66v (30 April 1495).

87. Burns, Colonialism , pp. 190-198; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 200-202.

88. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 284-285, document no. 67.

89. ACA: C 3571: 225v (14 September 1496).

90. ACA: C 3646: 227v-228r (27 September 1489). ACA: C 3669: 186v-187v (16 March 1500)—a series of letters from the king to the bishop and chapter of Tarazona, and to the royal vice-chancellor and fiscal advocate.

91. ACA: C 3607: 189r-v (30 July 1495).

92. Küchler, "Besteuerung," pp. 230-235, 241-242, concludes that it was in its extraordinary taxes that the Crown discriminated most markedly between Christians and religious minorities, to the great disadvantage of the latter.

93. José Angel Sesma Muñoz, La Diputación del Reino de Aragón en la época

de Fernando II (Zaragoza, 1977), pp. 319-322, 142-143; idem, "Instituciones parlamentarias del Reino de Aragón en el trànsito de la Edad Moderna," in Aragón en la Edad Media (Zaragoza, 1981), IV: 226-234; and Fernando Solano Costa, "Estudios sobre la historia de Aragón durante la Edad Moderna," Cuadernos de Historia: Anexos de la revista "Hispania" 1 (1967): 154-158.

94. ARV: MR 94: 197r-202v lists the maridatges received in 1478 for the marriage of Doña Elionor, the illegitimate daughter of Juan II, to the Count of Lirin. ARV: MR 9052: 110r-113r, 124v-126r, 137v-138r, and 143r-v are documents concerning the maridatge for Fernando's daughters.

95. ARV: C 318: 38v-39v (29 July 1502). ACA: MR 2571, 2576-2578, show that in Catalonia smaller aljamas, such as Vinebre and Miravet, paid 8s per household, while Tortosa's larger aljama paid 17s per household.

96. ARV: C 302: 148r-v (11 October 1479).

97. ARV: B 1157: 200v-201r (4 March 1482) concerns the aljama of Paterna; and ACA: C 3615: 74v (28 December 1482).

98. ACA: C 3613: 126v-127r (7 February 1485).

99. ARV: B 1161: 434v-435r (21 July 1497).

100. ACA: C 3615: 62v-63r (18 May 1481).

101. ACA: C 3608: 171v-172r (20 February 1484).

102. ACA: C 3655: 55r-v (12 March 1501).

103. For Zaragoza, see ACA: C 3616: 228v (4 January 1495); and for Borja, ACA: C 3666: 104r (13 September 1495).

104. For Aragon, see ACA: C 3608: 171v-172r; and for Valencia, ACA: C 3613: 126v-127r.

105. ACA: C 3665: 141v (2 September 1489)—Muslim brothers of Huesca complain that the amin * and adelantados are forcing them to pay more taxes than they ought; ACA: C 3633: 82r (9 January 1492)—Muslims of Albarracín, father and son, are granted franquesa from payment of the peyta . Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 210-217, discusses the efforts of individual Muslims to escape paying taxes and the problem of the exemption in aljama finances.

106. ACA: C 3608: 171v-172r and C 3613: 126v-127r.

107. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 225-242.

108. Belenguer Cebrià, València .

109. ARV: C 318: 38v-39v (29 July 1502).

110. ARV: B 1161: 83v (4 June 1495); B 1161: 434v-435r; and for the deferred peyta payments of the aljama of Alcira, ARV: MR 954: 4v (1497); MR 955: 4v (1498)—200s is received for the years 1497 and 1498; MR 960: 3v (1503)—the peyta is deferred "per dollar algunt conport al dita aljama," and MR 962: 9r (1504)—200s is received for the years 1503 and 1504.

111. ARV: B 1156: 343v-344r (2 January 1479); B 1158: 534r-v (6 February 1488); and MR 92: 19r (1481), and MR 94: 24r (1493)-500s tax deferred "per la pobresa que's en aquella."

112. ARV: C 305: 71r-72r (15 December 1481).

113. See table 15.

114. Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 168-169; ACA: C 3605: 83v (22 October 1480); ACA: C 3562: 60r-61r (9 December 1480)—license to

the aljama of Borja to sell a censal of 15,000s; and ACA: C 3562: 66v (20 February 1481).

115. ACA: C 3663: 178v (4 April 1486); ACA: C 3607: 279v (8 November 1496), and ACA: C 3612: 81r-v (24 February 1498).

116. ACA: C 3570: 153r (20 February 1493).

117. ACA: C 3632: 158v-159v (3 August 1479).

118. For Huesca, see ACA: C 3576: 46v (21 April 1497); for Zaragoza, ACA: C 3616: 228v; and for Borja, ACA: C 3666: 104r.

119. ACA: C 3644: 147r-v (19 February 1484).

120. ACA: C 3632: 160r-161r (27 July 1479); and ACA: C 3644: 82r-83r (21 February 1488).

121. ACA: C 3650: 51r-v (18 May 1492).

122. ACA: C 3632: 166v-167v (18 August 1479)—the aljama of Albarracín is licensed to sell alone a censal of 4,000s or along with the Jewish aljama a censal of 8,000s; and for Zaragoza, ACA: C 3567: 151r (8 February 1496)—the Castilian version of the license, and C 3567: 152v-153r (6 February 1496)—the Latin version.

123. ACA: C 3562: 60r-61r—the 15,000s censal ; ACA: C 3571: 209r-v (24 March 1496)—the 80,000s censal ; and ACA: C 3576: 64v (27 October 1497)—the 4,000s censal .

124. For Albarracfn, see ACA: C 3640: 102v-103v (3 April 1484); for Teruel, ACA: C 3571: 25r (30 August 1492); for Huesca, ACA: C 3567: 60v-61v (31 October 1492) and 62r-v (28 October 1492); and for Tortosa, ACA: C 3631: 2r-3v (28 January 1493)—the aljama is made to pay only a portion of the pensions it owes to a priest.

125. ACA: C 3644: 90v-91v (7 February 1488); ACA: C 3644: 58v (27 February 1488); and ACA: C 3649: 18r-v (17 February 1492)—all call for the confiscation of the Muslims' property in order to pay the pensions.

126. For Teruel, see ACA: C 3644: 55r-57v (27 February 1488); and for Huesca, ACA: C 3567: 60v-61v, 62r-v.

127. For Tortosa, see ACA: C 3601: 47r-48r (9 July 1493), and especially ACA: C 3600: 100r-101v (11 April 1500); and for Teruel, ACA: C 3571: 131r-133r (24 December 1493).

128. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 181-199. For a detailed discussion of the taxes paid by seigneurial aljamas in the gubernatorial district of Orihuela during the fourteenth century, see Ferrer i Mallol, Les aljames , pp. 123-180.

129. ARV: C 311: 24v-26r (31 July 1499).

130. Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , I: 426, document no. 5.

131. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 181-183, 198-199; Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , pp. 88-113.

132. Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , pp. 53-56; Duran, Germanies , pp. 122-128; and Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 9-43, 479-484.

133. Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , pp. 57-58; Cfscar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , pp. 114-121.

134. ARV: C 303: 121v-124r (15 December 1479).

135. ARV: C 306: 158r-159r (15 April 1484).

136. ARV: C 139: 99r-100r (9 July 1495)—the Count of Oliva; ARV: C 156: 85r-86r (17 November 1501)—the Count of Trivento; and ARV: C 158: 34r-35r (28 June 1502).

137. ARV: C 306: 176r-180r (9 May 1486).

138. ARV: C 156: 122v-123v (20 December 1501)—Dona Yolant; ARV: C 158: 48v-50r (21 July 1502); and ARV: C 131: 74r-v (28 April 1483)—Luis de Vilanova.

139. ARV: C 131: 74r-v.

140. ARV: C 136: 163r-v (15 February 1493).

141. ARV: C 158: 48v-50r.

142. ARV: C 139: 95v-97r (9 July 1495)—Count of Cocentaina and Elda; ARV: C 137: 244r-245r (9 January 1495) and C 139: 130v-131v (2 September 1495)—Dos Aguas; C 137: 261r-v (31 January 1495) and C 139: 62v-63r (15 May 1495)—Alacuás; C 148: 23v-24r (20 June 1492), 171v-172r (25 May 1493) and C 151: 45r-v (8 October 1496), and 173r-174r (18 May 1497)—Novelda.

143. ARV: C 137: 244r-245r—Dos Aguas; and ARV: C 156: 102v-103r (4 December 1501)—Olocau.

144. Barce16 Torres, Minorías , p. 89.

145. ARV: C 309: 125v-129r (11 July 1493).

146. ARV: C 141: 204v-205r (23 September 1502).

147. ARV: C 153: 28v-30v (27 May 1497). Other documents concerning the debts of the aljama of Elda are ARV: C 137: 20v-21r (6 September 1493) and C 148: 182v-183r (25 June 1493).

148. ARV: C 137: 212v-213r (24 November 1494)—Ribarroja; ARV: C 141: 182v (1 September 1501) and 226r-v (6 March 1503)—Villamarchante; and ARV: C 138: 290v-291r (26 October 1499) and C 309: 187r-188v (20 August 1493)—Mislata.

149. Císcar Pallarés, Tierra y señorio , pp. 122-134. Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," p. 297, remark that even though peasants were not subject to a juridical servitude, a form of economic servitude could develop, whereby peasants were immobilized by debt. Such economic servitude no doubt increased during the sixteenth century.

1. The surviving Arabic documentation can be found in Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 220-376.

2. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 131. For example, ARV: C 308: 7v-11v (11 April 1488)—a royal order concerning the collection of tithes in the huerta of Valencia is directed to all persons "de qualsevol ley o condicio."

3. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 124-138.

4. Aureum opus , 103v.

5. Aureum opus , 81r.

6. ACA: C 3650: 256v (19 February 1496). The carta puebla of Monforte (1459) also stipulated that a qadi * would be appointed for the morería of the town; see Gual Camarena, "Apoirtaciones," p. 176.

7. The qadi general's appellate jurisdiction is seen in ACA: C 3545: 17v-20v (18 July 1479), where the qadi general delegates his judicial authority to Mahomat Çaragoqi, the qadi of Tortosa. Çaragoçi is given full judicial authority with the condition that the qadi general retains the right to hear any appeals of Çaragoçi's judicial decisions. This appellate jurisdiction can also be seen in the cases discussed later in this chapter.

8. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , p. 264.

9. I have not encountered in the documentation any cases between Muslims and Christians being tried in Islamic courts. The one exception, ARV: B 1158: 147r (14 January 1486), concerns a property litigation between a Christian knight, apparently the son of a convert from Islam ("Luys Tallada olim Zaycaran"), and a Muslim of Játiva, in which the local qadi was involved.

10. Aureum opus , 40v; and Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., I: 208: Llibre I: Rubrica III: 65.

11. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 109, 131, 364-369.

12. ARV: C 305: 71r-v (15 December 1481).

13. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 148.

14. Aureum opus , 40v, 102v; Furs, Colon and Garcia, eds. I: 208: Llibre I: Rubrica III: 65. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 143-144, notes that Pedro IV's ruling that the qadi general should be the sole judge in criminal cases involving only Muslims did not have much practical effect.

15. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , p. 263.

16. Aureum opus , 81r.

17. Émile Tyan, Histoire de l'organisation judiciaire en pays d'Islam (Leiden, 1960), pp. 433-451, 566-571; N. J. Coulson, A History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh, 1964), pp. 120-134.

18. Tyan, Organisation judiciaire , pp. 566-569.

19. ARV: C 132: 108r-v (3 August 1484).

20. ARV: MR 4276: Ir (1494). Pons Alós, Fondo Crespí , pp. 198, 219-221, lists instances in which the lord of. Sumacárcel accepts as slaves adulterous Muslim vassals who had been condemned to death by stoning by the qadi * of Játiva. Aureum opus , 236r: "Sarracenis dicti regni concedimus cum presenti quod si aliqua sarracena habens coniugem seu maritum cum aliquo christiano sive judio crimen commiserit adulterii puriiatur iuxta eorum çunam: et pena inde sibi debita in peccunia nullatenus convertatur." Perhaps the latter clause was no longer observed.

21. See chap. 6 n.130.

22. For instance, ARV: MR 955: 6r (1498, Alcira).

23. ARV: MR 3054: 6v (1494.).

24. ARV: B 1431: 192r-v (18 January 1492).

25. ARV: B 1158: 3r-v (21 February 1485). Aureum opus , 103v: Pedro IV's aforementioned provision.

26. ARV: C 317: 2v-3r (15 June 1492).

27. ARV: C 150: 3v-4v (27 September 1493).

28. Tyan, Organisation judiciaire , pp. 62-64; Coulson, Islamic Law , p. 18.

29. Chapter 6 n. 88.

30. Aureum opus , 102v.

31. ARV: C 139: 75v-76r (19 May 1495).

32. ARV: C 148: 104v (23 November 1492).

33. ARV: B 1160: 361v-362r (5 December 1491).

34. ARV: B 1157: 344r-v (3 December 1482). ARV: B 1157: 255v-256r (4 June 1482) is a similar case.

35. ARV: B 1160: 631r-v (1 March 1493). Some similar cases are ARV: B 1156: 370r-v (6 February 1479) and B 1161: 263r (16 April 1496).

36. ARV: B 1159: 120v-121r (28 August 1488).

37. ARV: B 1158: 264r (24 July 1486).

38. Coulson, Islamic Law , pp. 138-148.

39. ARV: B 1156: 856v (14 September 1480).

40. ARV: B 1157: 392r (7 March 1483).

41. ARV: C 131: 61v-62r (18 April 1483).

42. ARV: B 1157: 311v (20 September 1482); and 314v (27 September 1482). The precedent on which this decision was based is ARV: B 1157: 308r-v (11 September 1482), which seems to be the same decision of the qadi * general that Çaat Siquuti appealed some months later; see above, n. 41.

43. ARV: B 1157: 351v (4 December 1482); 366v (8 January 1483)—the bailiff general orders the bailiff of Játiva to urge the qadi and faqih * of Játiva to give their opinions within eight days; and 377v-378r (5 February 1483) is the bailiff general's order that the sentence be executed.

44. ARV: B 1156: 552v-553r (25 August 1479).

45. ARV: B 1159: 175r-v (12 March 1489).

46. Coulson, Islamic Law , pp. 135, 147.

47. ACA: C 3647: 60v-61r (15 February 1490)—a Muslim of Zaragoza makes a plea to the king when his wife wishes to annul their marriage without just cause; ACA: C 3647: 112v-113r (30 January 1491)—a Muslim of Zaragoza, guardian to his four granddaughters, complains to the king when his coguardian refuses to cooperate in the marriage of two of the girls; ACA: C 3648: 219r-220r (15 October 1491)—the complaint of a Muslim of Huesca when his wife-to-be breaches contract and refuses to marry him; and ACA: C 3650; 156r-v (5 October 1492)—Aragonese Muslim sisters file suit against their male cousin regarding his guardianship over them.

48. ARV: B 1433: 134r (30 March 1501).

49. See chap. 6.

50. Tyan, Organisation judiciaire , pp. 219-236.

51. For more on the faqihs , see chap. 6.

52. Coulson, Islamic Law , pp. 142-143, 148; and Robert Brunschvig, La Berbérie orientale sous les Hafsides * des origines a la fin du XVe siècle (Paris, 1947), II: 138-143, on the role of the mufti * in the Maghrib.

53. Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., III: 171: Llibre. III: Rubrica V: 111.

54. Compare with the fourteenth century—Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 120-121—during which the role of the local bailiffs was far more limited.

55. Aureum opus , 169v.

56. ACA: C 3568: 5r (2 July 1490).

57. For example, ARV: B 1156: 670v (16 December 1479).

58. ARV: C 304: 172v (21 February 1481).

59. ARV: B 1156: 670r-v (1-6 December 1479); and B 1156: 669v (14 December) is the letter of the bailiff of Játiva about the public crier.

60. ACA: C 3665: 29v (4 January 1487).

61. ARV: C 423: 64v-65v (19 July 1480) describes the appointment of the bailiff of Castell6n de Játiva, in which his jurisdiction over the local Muslims is defined; and ARV: C 130: 113v (110 December 1481).

62. Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., I: 221: Llibre I: Rubrica III: 90: Corts of Orihuela, 1488.

63. ARV: MR 3060: 13r (1500). Other examples are MR 3056: 6v; 3058: 7v, 8v, 9r-v; and 3062: 15r.

64. ARV: C 135: 102r (26 July 1488)—Fernando decides in the bailiff's favor because the Muslims are from Játiva; and ARV: C 135: 141v-142r (9 December 1488)—Fernando decides in favor of the governor because the Muslims are from the seigneury of Annahuir. ACA: C 3645: 136v-137v (31 July 1488) and 170r-v also concern the latter case.

65. ARV: B 1157: 210r-v (14 March 1482); and 214r-215r (16 March 1482) is the lieutenant governor's reply.

66. ARV: B 1157: 217v-218r (23 March 1482).

67. ACA: C 3639: 68r-v (29 December 1481).

68. ARV: C 131: 89r-90r (29 July 1483).

69. ARV: C 129: 26r (21 February 1481).

70. ACA: C 3639: 126r-v (13 April 1482). A more detailed discussion of these jurisdictional conflicts—Meyerson, "Between Convivencia and Crusade," pp. 438-440—shows that the legal arguments were somewhat more complex and convoluted than I have presented them here; the sometimes confused response of the king himself to these questions served to muddy the waters further still.

71. ARV: B 1157: 206v-208ir (13 March 1482)—the bailiff general reprimands the lieutenant governor; and B 1157: 211r-v (16 March 1482)—the bailiff general informs the bailiff of Villajoyosa that he has reprimanded the lieutenant governor and orders him to proceed in the case of the Muslim of Finestrat.

72. ARV: B 1158: 406r-v (21 April 1486). Other examples are ARV: B 1159: 204r-v (10 June 1489)—the lieutenant governor interferes in the procedure of the bailiff of Burriana against a Muslim who committed crimes in Villarreal; and B 1159: 232r-v (8 September 1489) and 232v-233r (12 September 1489)—the bailiff general and the lieutenant governor exchange letters on this matter.

73. ARV: C 126: 77r (13 October 1479).

74. Aureum opus , 52r-v; and 184v-185r (Alfonso V).

75. ARV: B 1158: 458v-459r (4 August 1487); and B 1159: 203v-204r (5 June 1489). Other examples are ARV: B 1157: 487r-v (4 September 1483)—the town officials of Burriana are reprimanded for having confiscated beehives that Muslims of the Vall de Uxó are renting in Burriana; B 1157: 225r-v (7 June 1482)—the justice and jurates of Alpont try to convince the local bailiff that he

has no jurisdiction over the local Jews and Muslims; B 1157: 342r-v—the justice of Cullera proceeds against a Mudejar for swearing; B 1160: 270r (16 August 1491)—the justice of Onda interferes in the cases of Muslims and confiscates their possessions; B 1160: 315v-316r (22 October 1491)—the lieutenant justice of Murviedro refuses to hand over to the bailiff livestock confiscated from Muslims; and ACA: C 3528: 43v-44v (15 January 1493)—the consuls of Tortosa confiscate the property of a local Muslim in violation of the aljama's privileges and the prerogatives of the local bailiff.

76. ARV: B 1156: 502r-503r (5 July 1479), 506v-507r (10 July), 511v-512r (23 July), and 534r (9 August) all concern this case.

77. ARV: B 1158: 159v-164r (23 January 1486).

78. ARV: C 305: 73r (9 July 1492).

79. ARV: C 148: 33v-34r (10 July 1492).

80. Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., III: 129-130, 135: Llibre III: Rubrica V: 78, 83 discuss the rights of the seigneurs to the "penes e calonies" exacted from their Muslim vassals for civil and criminal offenses; this explains why they reacted so strongly to encroachments on their jurisdiction. Regarding the appeals of the Muslim vassals of Valldigna, ACA: C 3639: 121v-122r (6 April 1482); see also ARV: C 129: 142v-143v.

81. ARV: C 130: 10v-11r (1 June 1481).

82. ARV: B 1157: 93v-94v (22 August 1481). The officials of Valldigna refuse to release to a vicar of the bailiff general's court a Muslim vassal of the morería of Játiva.

83. ACA: C 3639: 121v-122v (6 April 1482); and ACA: C 3605: 135v (13 April 1482).

84. ARV: C 133: 89v-90v (1 September 1485); and ARV: C 302: 9r-v (20 March 1479)—the lord of Albatera and the lieutenant governor clash.

85. ARV: C 140: 256v (7 January 1501), C 141: 114v-117r (12 December 1500), 137r-138v (10 February 1501), and 153v (16 March 1501) all concern this case.

86. ARV: C 151: 41r-v (22 September 1496).

87. ARV: C 151: 31r-32r (30 August 1496). ARV: C 307: 181r-v (15 March 1488)—officials of Castielfabib and Ademuz interfere in the jurisdiction of the lord of Torre Fondonera over his thirty Muslim vassals.

88. ARV: C 650: 195v (2 September 1499).

89. ARV: B 1157: 528v (23 December 1483); and B 1159: 259r-v (31 October 1489)—the case begun in the court of the lieutenant governor against Muslim vassals of Nules is removed to the court of the bailiff when the Muslims become royal vassals in Villarreal.

90. ARV: C 148: 148v-149r (12 February 1493), and 163r-v (28 March 1493).

91. ARV: B 1159: 236r-237r (11 September 1489).

92. For example, ARV: C 137: 211r-212r (24 November 1494), C 148: 74r (September 1492), and C 156: 8v-9r (July 1501).

93. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed., 265v-266r.

94. The Muslims who appeared before the tribunal of the bailiff general as

witnesses, plaintiffs, or defendants are usually described as having sworn an oath in this manner—ARV: B 1431-1433.

95. The cases that were tried in the court of the bailiff general followed this procedure—ARV: B 1431-1433 (1491-1504). ARV: B 1159: 355r-v (4 August 1490) concerns the questioning of witnesses in behalf of both parties in a litigation between a Muslim of Mislata and a Jewess of Murviedro.

96. ARV: B 1157: 468v-469r (12 August 1483); and ARV: B 1158: 154r-v (17 January 1486)—the bailiff of Játiva receives "respostes e confessions judicials" from Muslims accused of crimes.

97. ARV: C 141: 240v-241r (26 May 1503).

98. ARV: C 141: 81v-82v (25 September 1500). After the bailiff of Murviedro passed sentence against him, Ali appealed to the bailiff general and maintained that the bailiff had proceeded against him in violation of a safe-conduct he had been given.

99. ARV: B 1157: 206v (13 March 1482).

100. For example, ARV: B 1159: 355r-v (4 August 1490)—Pere de Campos, notary, acts as procurator for Mahomat Monnen of Mislata in a litigation with a Jewish widow; ARV: C 156: 217r-v (30 April 1502)—Joan Cardona, notary of Valencia, acts as procurator for Azmet Comina; and C 302: 139v (8 August 1479)—Pere de Galbe of Oriheula acts as procurator for certain Muslim vassals of the Count of Cocentaina.

101. ARV: C 154: 168r-169r (26 September 1498).

102. Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., IV: 77-78: Llibre IV: Rubrica IX: 51 (Jaime I) and 52 (Jaime II). Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 122-123; Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , p. 265, and Roca Traver, "Un siglo," pp. 188-189.

103. ARV: C 148: 178r-v (10 June 1493). ARV: B 1158: 170v-172r (23 December 1486)—the same was done for Çahat Flori of Játiva, involved in a lawsuit against the canon Esteve Costa.

104. See chap. 6 nn. 187-189.

105. ARV: B 1159: 183r-v (30 March 1489) and 355r-v (4 August 1490) are both litigations between Muslims and Jews and do not involve any special legal procedures or legal problems.

106. ARV: C 148: 208r-v (12 August 1493).

107. Aureum opus , 52r-v, 77r-v; and ARV: C 304: 38r-v (28 April 1480).

108. This conclusion is based on a reading of all cases treated in the documentation.

109. For example, ARV: C 305: 140v-141r (23 May 1482).

110. There were many safe-conducts granted. Some examples are ARV: B 1157: 672r-v (16 July 1484)—a guiatge is granted to Azmet Bochini and Çahat Ganim, protecting them and their possessions against prosecution for the murder of Ubaydal Hiem; B 1161: 439r (23 August 1497)—a guiatge is granted to a Muslim of Benaguacil so that he can go to Murviedro to sell the produce from his lands there and use the proceeds to pay off his creditors.

111. For example, ACA: C 3638: 165r (6 January 1482).

112. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 127-128.

113. ARV: C 158: 144r-v (10 December 1502).

114. ACA: C 3667: 290r-v (13 March 1491); and ARV: B 1157: 238r-239r (14 May 1482).

115. ARV: B 1431: 338v-341r (20-26 April 1493). The accused, Azmet Çahat of Tunis, was released on bail and was not punished because the torturers could not extract any confession from him.

116. ARV: B 1432: 133r-v (11 August 1497).

117. ARV: C 156: 4v (8 July 1501).

118. ARV: C 158: 100r-101r (8 October 1502).

119. ARV: C 133: 174v-175r (7 May 1486); and 186r-v (13 May 1486).

120. ARV: C 304: 141r-v (12 December 1480).

121. ARV: C 127: 107r-v (27 April 1480); and ARV: C 129: 145r-v (15 September 1481).

122. ACA: C 3639: 58v-59r (10 December 1481); ARV: C 130: 144v (7 January 1482), and 171v-172r (8 January 1482).

123. ARV: C 132: 207v-208r (19 March 1485); and ARV: C 134: 115v-116r (12 March 1488).

124. ARV: C 138: 72v (21 December 1496); ARV: C 151: 23r-v (17 August 1496), and 36r-37r (5 September 1496).

125. ARV: B 1158: 291v-292r (28 September 1486): Çaat Amiz, accused of assault against another Muslim, goes to the bailiff general and deceives the latter ("callant nos les dites coses") into ordering the bailiff of Játiva not to proceed against him; and ARV: C 141: 81v-82v (25 September 1500).

126. ARV: C 148: 169v-170v (18 May 1493). Apariçi Noguera complained that he was unable to have procedure initiated against Çahat Tabernaxi because Çahat was "defenent se ab guiatges e molts altres diffugis."

127. ARV: C 132: 108r-v (3 August 1484).

128. ARV: C 310: 139v-140v (1 September 1497).

129. ARV: C 156: 106r-v (11 December 1501).

130. ARV: B 1158: 284v-285r (14 September 1486).

131. ARV: B 1162: 59v (13 June 1500).

132. ARV: C 142: 81r (2 May 1502).

133. ACA: C 3639: 69r-v (28 December 1482).

134. Some examples are ARV: C 130: 43r-v (14 August 1481)—the lord and aljama of Alberique are involved in a litigation with Christians of Alcira regarding the royal "qequia"; C 132: 33v-34v (6 April 1484)—the heirs of a knight of Valencia sue for the more than 25,000s in pensions owed to them by Don Hugo de Cardona and his aljamas of Beniopa, Benipeixcar, and so forth; C 139: 62v-63r (15 May 1495)—the lord and aljama of Alacuás owe pensions to the widow Yolanta Joan; C 140: 173r-v (20 May 1500)—a litigation between the jurates of Segorbe and the lord and vassals (aljama mentioned) of Navarrés regarding the taxes the jurates maintain they can collect in Navarrés; C 148: 167v-169r (24 April 1493)—the lord and Muslims of Torres Torres make a complaint against the jurates and sequier (overseer of the irrigation system) of Murviedo regarding the sequier 's confiscation of the Muslims' goods for improper use of the irrigation system.

135. ARV: C 131: 179r-v (15 December 1483).

136. ARV: C 148: 75r-v (14 September 1492).

137. ACA: C 3645: 13r-v (14 April 1488).

138. ARV: C 148: 211r-v (10 August 1493).

139. See chap. 1.

140. Some examples are ARV: C 139: 194v-195r (8 February 1496)—a Christian merchant files suit against Muslims who owe him 50 pounds for linen purchased; C 148: 169v-170r (18 May 1493)—a Christian requests procedure against a Muslim of Mascarell who owes him money for sheep purchased; C 151: 150v-151r (18 April 1497)—the Muslims and alcayt of Petrés are sued for the 120 pounds they owe to a Christian of Puzol for the purchase of sheep; and B 1157: 344v-345v (23 November 1,182)—a Christian notary pleas that execution be made against Muslims of Játiva who owe him money for the purchase of an olive orchard.

141. Some examples are ARV: C 148: 71v (2 September 1492)—a Christian of Castellón de la Plana accuses a Muslim of the same town of stealing money from him; C 130: 144v (7 January 1482)—Muslims of Bechí are accused of burning 1,500 or more olive and carob trees near Villarreal; B 1156: (5 March 1479)—the lessee of the royal saltworks of Játiva makes accusations against Muslims of Antella; B 1156: 806r-807r (7 July 1480)—the farmers of the delmes (agricultural taxes) of Castellón de Játiva request that steps be taken against Muslims of Alcocer holding lands in the area of Castellón who attempt to avoid the payment of the delmes ; and B 1158: 42r-43r (27 June 1485)—procedure is initiated against a Jew of Murviedro and a Muslim of Petré's found in possession of false money.

142. ARV: B 1157: 638v (25 May 1484).

143. ARV: MR 3062: 152 (Játiva, 1502).

144. ARV: C 140: 199v-200v (11 August 1500).

145. ARV: B 1158: 523v (14 January 1488). ACA: C 3639: 142v-143v (17 October 1502)—a guard of the huerta of Murviedro is killed when Muslims attack and vandalize the property of a leading Christian of the town.

146. ACA: C 3609: 71v (20 January 1486).

147. ARV: C 137: 52r-v (15 December 1493).

148. ACA: C 3633: 79v-80r (25 February 1479); and ACA: C 3640: 41v-42v (2 May 1483).

149. ARV: C 130: 158r (29 December 1482).

150. ARV: C 134: 141v-142r (11 April 1488).

151. ARV: C 304: 92v-93r (1 August 1480).

152. For example, ACA: C 3568: 121v-122r (25 September 1495)—Muslims and Christians of Antella are accused of killing a Muslim of Sumacárcel. Regarding this case and others like it, see chap. 6.

153. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 343-353.

154. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed., Llibre IX: Rubrica II: 8-9; Aureum opus , 236r. Although the Furs provided that a Christian man and a Muslim woman caught sleeping together were both to be driven naked through the streets, it is clear that the law had been a dead letter since at least the mid-fourteenth century (see Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 346 n. 70).

155. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 344.

156. ARV: B 1433: 119r-123v (1 February 1501) describes the case of Ange-

la de Vanya, a prostitute from Cuenca practicing in Onda, against various Muslims from the area.

157. ARV: MR 102: 174r (1491).

158. ARV: MR 102: 174r.

159. ARV: C 126: 40v-41v (11 September 1479).

160. ACA: C 3653: 157r-v (23 March 1498).

161. ARV: B 1161: 452r-v (16 September 1497); B 1162: 98r (22 October 1500) is another order of the same tenor. Such orders also called for the arrest of all mendicants begging without license.

162. ARV: B 1162: 7v (21 January 1500)—Ali Chanchan and other Muslims kidnap from the royal brothel of Valencia two Muslim prostitutes, slaves of the Infante Enrique and the knight Francesch Aguilo. ARV: B 1433: 57v (23 June 1491)—Mariem, a prostitute from Alasquer, testifies that she was sold to Don Altobello de Centelles, who then sent her to work as a prostitute in the royal brothel. For the prohibition against such practices by the masters of female slaves, see Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., II: 85: Llibre I: Rubrica IX: 3. See also, Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 350-351.

163. ACA: C 3640: 119r-120r (8 May 1484).

164. ARV: B 1162: 409v-410r (11 February 1503).

165. ARV: B 1433: 321r-325v (31 May 1502). For more on the matter of Muslim prostitution, see my ''Prostitution of Muslim Women in the Kingdom of Valencia: Religious and Sexual Discrimination in a Medieval Plural Society," in The Medieval Mediterranean: Cross-cultural Contacts , M. Chiat and K. Reyerson, eds. (St. Cloud, Minnesota, 1988), pp. 87-96.

166. Some examples are ARV: MR 90: 173r-v, 175r; MR 103: 172r; and MR 110: 80r.

167. For example, ARV: B 1431: 278r-286r (6 February 1493).

168. For example, ARV: B 1157: 342r-v (11 November 1482).

1. Domínguez Ortiz and Vincent, Historia , pp. 159-223.

2. Glick and Pi-Sunyer, "Acculturation," p. 153; and Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 249-264, 273-299.

3. Robert I. Burns, "Spanish Islam in Transition: Acculturative Survival and Its Price in the Christian Kingdom of Valencia, 1240-1280," in Islam and Cultural Change in the Middle Ages , Speros Vryonis, Jr., ed. (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp. 96-100.

4. Guichard, Nuestra Historia , 3:65-97.

5. On anti-Muslim preaching, see chap. 1; on Christian mob violence and on possible coercion in proselytizing of Valencian Musliums, see chap. 2.

6. See chap. 1 nn. 160-177. Also, ARV: B 1156: 502r-503r (5 July 1479) and 511v-512r (23 July 1479)—Muslims are fined for playing dice with Christians in

the tavern of Enova, near Játiva; ARV: B 1222: I 38v-39r (27 October 1496)—Muslims are prohibited from drinking in the tavern of Liria to prevent fights and scandals; B 1222: VII 50v (29 August 1500)—a Muslim shoemaker is fined for "bevent a una taverna al costat del alfondech a les nou hores de la nit"; and ACA: C 3645: 136v-137v (31 July 1488), C 3644: 209v-210r (9 August 1488)—procedure against various Muslims of Játiva who slept with a Christian woman. At first glance one might think that Mudejar wine-drinking is yet another sign of their acculturation to Christian practices. However, this was not necessarily the case, for Glick ( Islamic and Christian Spain , p. 80) points out that as a result of Iraqi, not Christian, influence, Andalusi jurists had declared the legality of wine-drinking during the reign of ^c Abd al-Rahman * II. Hence, it is not surprising that the documents do not record Mudejar jurists penalizing their fellows for drinking wine, even though it was originally a hadd * offense. Life in a Christian society probably strengthened the inclination of Hispano-Muslim jurists to disregard the Qur'anic * prohibition of wine-drinking.

7. ARV: B 1431: 67r (3 June 1491)—the accusation of the wife and sisters of Abdalla Çentido against his killer, Açen Muça: "dia de corpore christi ... en lo qual dia molts moros e crestians de diverses lochs del present Regne venen a veure la dita gran festa"; and ARV: C 137: 201v-202v (18 November 1494)—seigneurial Muslims go to the town of Murla for the festivities of San Miguel.

8. Robert I. Burns, "The Language Barrier: Bilingualism and Interchange," in Muslims, Christians, and Jews (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 172-192; Joan Fuster, Poetas, Moriscos y Curas , Josep Palacios, trans. (Madrid, 1969), pp. 123-146; María del Carme Barceló Torres, "La llengua àrab al País Valencià (segles VIII al XVI)," Arguments (Valencia), 4 (1979): 123-149; idem, Minorías , pp. 121-151.

9. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 381-384.

10. Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , 1: 424, document no. 5.

11. Fuster, Poetas , pp. 142-146.

12. ARV: B 1431: 391v (3 April 1494); and, for example, B 1431: 192r (19 January 1492), describing the testimony of Caçim Abdalla of Málaga "migancant Ali Bellvis moro alcadi."

13. ARV: B 1432: 128v (8 August 1497)—the confession of Ubaydal Allepus.

14. ARV: B 1431: 65r-v (3 June 1491).

15. ARV: B 1431: 76v-77r.

16. ARV: B 1431: 80v-81r.

17. ARV: B 1431: 358r (10 December 1492).

18. ARV: B 1431: 358v-359r.

19. ARV: B 1431: 283v-284r (6 February 1493)—the testimony of Ursula.

20. ARV: B 1431: 90r (8 June 1491)—the testimony of Miguel de la Serra in the case against Açen Muça.

21. ARV: B 1433: 119v (1 February 1501)—the accusation of Angela de Vanya; and 120r-v for the words of the Cotallas to Angela.

22. Glick and Pi-Sunyer, "Acculturation," p. 140.

23. Glick, "Ethnic Systems,"p. 169.

24. Burns, "Dream of Conversion," passim; idem, "Journey from Islam: Incipient Cultural Transition in the Conquered Kingdom of Valencia (1240-1280)," Speculum 35 (1960): 337-356.

25. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 379-380; and for the lamentations of Vicent Ferrer, Fuster, Poetas , pp. 112-113.

26. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 143-144.

27. In their negotiations with Carlos I in 1526, the Moriscos requested that they not be compelled to pay any more taxes than the Old Christians, now that they were Christians themselves. See Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , 1: 425-426, document no. 5.

28. ARV: B 1432: 129r (8 August 1497) and 133v (11 August)—the confessions of Ubaydal Allepus.

29. ARV: C 140: 230v-231r (21 October 1500); and ARV: C 311: 146v, concerning the same case.

30. ARV: C 650: 241v-242r (12 April 1502).

31. On the difficulties faced by converts in receiving inheritances from Muslim relations, ACA: C 3636: 54v-55r (2 January 1481)—the Muslim Gaqeni family disputes the right of the convert Caterina to collect the inheritance of her deceased Muslim grandmother and their mother; and ACA: C 3655: 115r-v (21 February 1502)—a convert of Tarazona complains that "moros que se dizen parientes del quondam padre del dicho exponiente [the convert] que fue moro" have deprived him of lands left by his father. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 378, points out that thirteenth-century legislation declared the estate of the deceased convert forfeit to the Crown. In contrast, ARV: G 2350: Manus I: 16r-17v (27 January 1479)—the rights of a Muslim family to the property of a murdered convert relation are recognized.

32. Burns, "Journey from Islam," p. 341; Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 379; Aureum opus , 40r: Jaime II prohibits Christians from calling converts "renegat vel tornadiç vel alio verbo consimili deshonestando eum."

33. ARV: G 2350: Manus I: 16r-17v (27 January 1479)—two Christians are accused of murdering a Muslim convert; and ARV: B 217: 185v-186r (11 January 1480)—Muslims of Villamarchante and Pedralba make a truce with Christians of Cuart who killed their son and brother, a convert.

34. Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., II: 81: Llibre I: Rubrica VIII: 1. ARV: B 1220: VIII 14r-v (July 1487); and ARV: B 1159: 312r-v (23 January 1490)—a black female Muslim slave who received baptism is freed.

35. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed., Llibre V: Rubrica I: 40v (Jaime I). Vicenta Cortes, La esclavitud en Valencia durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos (Valencia, 1964), p. 136. ARV: C 156: 202v-203r (21 April 1502)—"causa libertatis" between a baptized Muslim slave and his master; ARV: B 1157: 713r-v (2 September 1482)—a baptized Muslim slave runs away from his Christian master; B 1158: 423r-v (21 May 1488)—two slaves, one baptized and one Muslim, run away from their Christian master; in contrast, B 1160: 819v-820r (2 April 1494)—a slave from Granada was manumitted "apres feyt crestia."

36. ARV: B 1157: 381v (17 February 1483).

37. Francisco Pons Boïgues, "Retazos moriscos," El archivo 3 (1889): 131-134.

38. ARV: C 140: 230v-231v (21 October 1500)—"tornadizo" of Cocentaina; ARV: B 1160: 820r-v (2 April 1494)—a Maghriban Muslim comes to Valencia to convert; B 1162: 103v-104r (5 November 1500)—a new convert of Ondara; and ARV: B 1432: 129r—the convert Miguel Crestia.

39. ACA: C 3649: 10r-v (14 February 1492).

40. That feuding violence among Christians was a persistent problem in late medieval and early modern Valencia is apparent in the comments of Furió and Garcia, "Dificultats agràries," p. 303 n.44, and Casey, Kingdom of Valencia , pp. 206-222. The truces are contained in the registers ARV: B 217-221 (1479-1500). In contrast to the 120 truces between Muslims, there were only 21 made between Muslims and Christians.

41. Pierre Guichard, "Le peuplement de la région de Valence aux deux premiers siècles de la domination musulmane," Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 5 (1969): 103-158.

42. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 133-136.

43. Míkel de Epalza, "Notas sobre el lingüista Ibn Sidah y la historia de Denia y su región en el siglo XI," Revista de instituto de estudios alicantinos 33 (1981): 163-166; Míkel de Epalza and Enrique Llobregat, " Hubo mozárabes en tierras valencianas? Proceso de islamización del Levante de la Peninsula (Sharq al-Andalus)," Revista del Instituto de Estudios Alicantinos , 36 (1982): 7-31; Burns, Muslims, Christians, and Jews , pp. 4-5, 178-179. Richard W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), pp. 114-127.

44. For instance, see the studies collected in Ernest Gellner and Charles Micaud, eds., Arabs and Berbers (Lexington, Mass., 1972).

45. Guichard, Structures . Also, see the comments of Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain , pp. 137-146; on segmentary societies, David M. Hart, "The Tribe in Modern Morocco: Two Case Studies," in Arabs and Berbers , Gellner and Micaud, eds., pp. 25-58; idem, "Segmentary Systems and the Role of 'Five Fifths' in Tribal Morocco," in Islam in Tribal Societies from the Atlas to the Indus , Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart, eds., pp. 66-105. There is a vast literature, mainly by social anthropologists, on the sociopolitical organization of Arabs and Berbers. Throughout this chapter I will cite only those sources I have found to be especially useful. Much of this literature is synthesized by Guichard and by Jacob Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies (Oxford, 1975), and can be found in their extensive bibliographies.

46. Guichard, Structures , pp. 213-214, 242, 290; David Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain 1002-1086 (Princeton, 1985), pp. 163-189; Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain , p. 141.

47. Julio Caro Baroja, Los Moriscos del Reino de Granada (Madrid, 1976), pp. 65-80; Bernard Vincent, "Les éléments de solidarité au sein de la minorité morisque," in Le concepte de classe clans l'analyse des sociétés méditerranéennes XVIe-XXe siècles (Nice, 1978), pp. 91-100. This contradicts the views of the fourteenth-century historian-sociologist Ibn Khaldun * , The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History , Franz Rosenthal, trans. (London, 1958), 1: 252-269, that sedentarization results in the loss of ^c asabiyah * . He was correct regarding tribal solidarity, but not regarding family and lineage solidarity.

48. F. H. Ruxton, Maliki * Law, Being a Summary from the French Translations of the "Mukhtasar" of Sidi * Khalil * (Westport, Conn., 1980 [London, 1916]), pp. 311-321.

49. For instance, Lapidus, Muslim Cities , pp. 79-142.

50. Caro Baroja, Moriscos , p. 77.

51. Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , 1: 424, document no. 5.

52. ARV: B 1157: 94r (22 August 1481).

53. ACA: C 3648: 219r-v (15 October 1491); C 3650: 156v-157r (5 October 1492); C 3652: 1r (29 October 1495)—Ybraym and his father still "pretendian" to make the marriage with Fatima; and C 3653: 239v-240r (16 July 1496). ACA: C 3665: 141v (2 September 1489) finds the brothers Mofferiz and Mahomat Margnan jointly protesting against excessive taxation.

54. ACA: C 3647: 60v-61r (15 February 1490). On divorce in Islamic law, see John L. Esposito, Women in Muslim Family Law (Syracuse, 1982), pp. 28-38, especially p. 35; and Ruxton, Maliki Law , pp. 91-92, 97, 105-108.

55. Guichard, Structures , pp. 27-36, 59-64; Robert F. Murphy and Leonard Kasdan, "The Structure of Parallel Cousin Marriage," American Anthropologist 61 (1959): 17-29; Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam (Cambridge, 1957), p. 102; Raphael Patai, The Arab Mind (New York, 1983), pp. 92-93, 226-227; Joseph Ginat, Women in Muslim Rural Society (New Brunswick, N.J., 1982), pp. 77-82; and Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 31-32.

56. Esposito, Muslim Family Law , pp. 39-46. Levy, Social Structure , pp. 245-246, and Ginat, Women , p. 79, note that in many Muslim societies women did not inherit. ARV: B 1156: 856v (14 September 1480)—two Muslim daughters inherit a carob orchard from their father.

57. On bridewealth, or dower as it is sometimes called, see Esposito, Muslim Family Law , pp. 24-26; Ruxton, Maliki * Law , pp. 91-92, 106-109, 111; Goody, Family and Marriage , pp. 19-21, 243, 261; and Levy, Social Structure , pp. 95-96. ARV: B 1160: 780r-781r (4 December 1493), B 1221: VI 35r (19 May 1487), B 323: 519r-520v (18 October 1481), and ACA: C 3649: 10r-v (14 February 1492) are all examples of Muslim women claiming their bridewealth either after separation or divorce or in order to prevent their husband's creditors from confiscating it.

58. Guichard, Structures , pp. 41-45; Patai, Arab Mind , p. 226; Murphy and Kasdan, "Marriage," pp. 24-28; Ginat, Women , pp. 90-91; and Donald P. Cole, "Alliance and Descent in the Middle East and the 'Problem' of Patrilateral Parallel Cousin Marriage," in Islam in Tribal Societies from the Atlas to the Indus , A. S. Ahmed and D. M. Hart, eds. (London and Boston, 1984), pp. 179, 181-182.

59. ARV: C 131: 61v (18 April 1483).

60. ARV: B 1433: 136v (1501)—Abdalla Murçi and Yuçeff Zignell are referred to as the "cunyats" of Mahomat Perpir; ARV: B 221: 566v (7 December 1499)—"pau final" between Mahomat Perpir and Azmet Murçi; and B 221: 696v (17 August 1500)—"pau final'' between Mahomat Perpir and Yuçeff Zignell.

61. ARV: B 1432: 361r-363v (23 November 1500).

62. ARV: MR 89: 181r-v (1479). Ali Orfayçi pays a 600s composicio for the crime.

63. ARV: MR 957: 6r (Alcira 1500). Mahomat and Abdalla Giber pay a fee of 8s "per un guiatge [against legal prosecution] a aquells atorgat per haver nafrat a Xixoni moro de la dita vall."

64. ARV: MR 959: 4v (Alcira 1502). Çat and Ali Bolarif pay a fee of 6s "per hun guiatge que li's fonch atorgat ... per benefici de pau per certes nafres que avien perpetrades en la dita vall."

65. ARV: MR 4282: 1v (Onda 1500). Ali and Mahomat Guayna pay a 100s composicio "per certes nafres que feren en la persona de Mahomat Malich."

66. ARV: C 128: 182v-183r (15 March 1481)—"quod Abdalla Cumaynet seracenus habitator olim dicti loci de Benipescar diabolica persuasione dictus nocturno temore necem in personam cuiusdam alterius seraceni Mahomet Carner vocati habitatories etiarn dicti loci de Benipescar perpetravit"; ACA: C 3653: 241v (19 July 1496)—Ybraym de Arrondi and Mahoma Cotin assert that while they were peacefully strolling down the street in Zaragoza they were assaulted by Yuçe Calan, whom, in self-defense, they mortally wounded by striking him on the nose with a stone; ARV: MR 951: 4r (Alcira 1494)—Mahomat Cheoquar and Selemica are fined "per esser exits al camin de Alberich [a] Ali Coxoxet e altres moros e havent nafrat aquell"; MR 957: 6v (Alcira 1500)—Mahomat Xalamci, Galip Xarch, and Çilim Guardar pay 30s "per un guiatge a ells atorgat ... per ells haver mort a Alasdrach moro"; MR 3055: 7r (Játiva 1495)—150s composicio from Obaydal Reyes "per quant aquell e altres moros foren denunciats per la mort de Çaat Abdulazis,'' and 240s composicio from Mahomat Alban of Corbera and Azmet Fondell of Pintor "per esser entrats en la moreria de Xativa e haver naffrat de una coltellada en lo cap a Mariem alias Cuqua viuda mora"; MR 3056: 6v (Játiva 1496)—300s composicio from Ali Cayduni "per esser exits ab armes a matar Abrahim Meter carnicer anava de sa casa"; MR 3058: 13r-v (Játiva 1498)—200s composicio from Çahat Asis "per cert homey que en dies passats aquell feu en un moro apellat Faratget ... de Anna e encara per altra mort que fonch denunciat per un altre moro apellat Ali Fino ... de Chella ensemps ab altres moros"; MR 3060: 13r (Játiva 1500)—Abrahim Anova and other Moors are denounced "per que en lo cami real li [Mahomat Nocayre] dispararen una ballesta," and 13v—900s composicio from Abrahim Arrona and Ali Mandonet of Alcocer "denunciat ensemps ah altres moros tots del dit loch per Çahat Abbet moro del loch de Sant Joan com a pare e coninucta persona de Yuçeff Abbes de edat de XVIII anys per haver lo mort apunyalades."

67. ARV: C 129: 142v-143r (13 September 1481).

68. ARV: B 1431: 79v-81r (8 June 1491). The testimonies of Johan Olzina of Bonrepos and Ubaydal Suleymen of Mirambell describe this murder.

69. ARV: MR 3055: 6v (Játiva 1495).

70. ARV: MR 953: 11v (1496).

71. ARV: B 1433: 107v-108v (13 October 1501). The accusations of the father Abdalla Pachando describe the attack on his sons in gory detail.

72. Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , pp. 63-85, emphasizes that the feud is an essentially interminable process.

73. ARV: B 1156: 547r (16 August 1479)—license to Ali Chachaz and Fuçey Sinsinet of Oliva; 874r-v (12 October 1480)—license to Abdulazis Tarongera of Carlet; B 1157: 265v-266r (27 June 1482)—license to Çahat Mayor, alias Maqot; and B 1159: 250r (15 October 1489)—license to Fat Renda of the Vall de Uxó to bear arms in Valencia. That the Renda family had enemies is attested to by a number of truces in which its members were involved: ARV: B 217: 123r (3 March 1479), 685v (7 July 1484); B 218: 26r (25 January 1485); B 219: 335r-v (3 March 1489). Fat himself concluded a truce with Mahomat and Açen Navarro of the Vall de Uxó—B 219: 383v (4 April 1489).

74. ARV: B 1159: 48v (22 May 1488). Not long after, Yuçeff and Abrahim Albanne, alias Bizquey, concluded a truce with Abrahim Colombret (Corumbell)—ARV: B 219: 49v (19 June 1488).

75. ARV: B 1162: 418r-v (20 March 1503).

76. ARV: B 217: 169v (28 September 1479)—truce between Abrahim Murçi and Mahomat Perpir; B 221: 371r (22 August 1497)—truce between Abrahim Murçi and Ubaydal Murçi; 438r (27 September 1498)—truce between Abrahim Murçi and Ali Perpir; 524v (31 May 1499)—truce between Azmet Murçi and Omaymet and Ali Perpir; 527v (27 June 1499)—truce between Azmet Murçi and Ubaydal Murçi; 547v (30 September 1499)—truce between Azmet Murçi and Mahomat Perpir and others; and 566v (7 December 1499)—truce between Azmet Murçi and Mahomat Perpir, alone at the time.

77. ARV: B 1433: 394r-426v (16 June 1503)—the case of Nusa, wife of Abrahim Murçi versus Abdalla and Azmet Torralbi; 394v-395v, 402v-404r for the accusations of Nusa against the Torralbis.

78. ARV: B 1433: 406v-407v—the testimony of Ysabel, wife of Gil Sanchiz.

79. ARV: B 1433: 415v-416v—the testimony of Francesch Centelles, shoemaker of Valencia.

80. ARV: B 1433: 406v-407v—the testimony of Ysabel, wife of Gil Sanchiz: at the time of the assault Abdalla was walking "per ciutat venent lens" and Çahat was at the tannery buying leather; 413v—Isabel, wife of Joan Lop, testifies that Abdalla and Çahat were not at home when Azmet attacked Abrahim Murçi.

81. ARV: B 1433: 415v-416v—the testimony of Francesch Centelles.

82. ARV: B 1433: 394v-395v—the accusations of Nusa; 406v-407v—the testimony of Ysabel; and 420v-421v—the testimony of Gil Sanchiz.

83. ARV: B 1433: 426r-v—the testimony of Gabriel Gosalbo.

84. ARV: C 132: 194r-v (18 January 1485).

85. ARV: B 1431: 64v-99v (3 June 1491)—the case of Mariem, the wife of Abdalla Çentido versus Açen Muça; 65r-v, 70r-v—the confessions of Açen Muça.

86. ARV: B 1431: 95v-96r—the testimony of Yuçeff Ada.

87. ARV: C 317: 2v (15 June 1492). Another example is ARV: C 148: 199r-v (3 August 1493)—the mother of the murdered Azmet Jabar denounces the killer, Lopo Vellet, before the court of the lieutenant governor.

88. ARV: MR 89: 181r-v (1479)—"com lo dit Bolaix [wounded by Ali

Orfayçi and Mahomat Caffahi; see text above, near citation of n. 62] hagues posada a vollicio fon admes a la dita composicio [600s]"; MR 952: 8r (Alcira 1495)—a 500s composicio is received from Abdalla Baterna "perque sen porta la filla de Açen Gemi squerrer de la dita moreria la qual apres fon sa muller fon admes a la dita composicio"; MR 3058: 13r-v (Játiva 1498)—after his payment of a 200s composicio (see n. 66 [above] for the details of the crime) "lo dit Asis per les parts denunciants es stat remes e feta pau ab aquells."

89. Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , pp. 149-150, notes that although feuding normally occurs in the absence of centralized government, "as long as feuding is restricted to conflicts between fairly small groups of equal status and does not upset traditionally defined relations between the different strata of the society ... the feud is perfectly consonant with centralized government." The Valencian situation substantiates this view, inasmuch as Mudejar feuding posed no threat to Christian authority or to the dominance of Christian society over the conquered and socially inferior Muslims.

90. For instance, ARV: B 221: 99v-100r (14 January 1496)—Abrahim and Mahomat Corunbell of Valencia make peace with Mahomat, Ali, and Çahat Lupe of Paterna "sobre lo coltellada e nafra per aquells [Lupes] feyta e perpetrada en lo cap del dit Mahomat Corunbell en lo dit loch de Paterna."

91. ARV: B 219: 373v-374r (31 March 1489).

92. There is no indication that the Crown consciously pursued a "divide and rule" policy, that is, encouraging Mudejar divisiveness as a means of social control. The fascinating modern study of the social anthropologist Abner Cohen, Arab Border Villages in Israel: A Study of Continuity and Change in Social Organization (Manchester, 1965) discusses how the Israeli authorities encouraged intravillage feuding between lineage groups ( hamula * ) as a means of preventing the Arabs from forming a united political front.

93. ARV: MR 93: 311v (1482); and ARV: B 217: 658r-v (15 November 1483)—a truce is concluded between the Bizquey and Roget families.

94. ARV: B 219: 374v (31 March 1489).

95. ARV: B 1158: 413r-v (5 May 1487).

96. Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , pp. 86-118.

97. ARV: C 148: 210v (26 August 1493).

98. ARV: B 1433: 373r-374v (6 May 1503).

99. ARV: B 217: 599v (10 March 1483)—"pau final" between Abrahim Bizquey and Abdulmelich and Abrahim Roget; and 658r-v (15 November 1483)—"pau e treua" between Mahomat, Abrahim, and Yuçeff Bizquey and Mahomat, Abdulmelich, Mahomat and Abrahim Roget. On the various truces between the Perpirs and the Murçis, see n. 76.

100. ARV: B 217: 603v (7 March 1483).

101. ARV: C 132: 194v.

102. ARV: C 135: 183r (29 March 1480).

103. Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , p. 171.

104. ARV: B 221: 263v (25 October 1496)—truce between Çale Pasunquet and Mahomat Alguarami, "ferrers" of Valencia; B 217: 690v (17 August 1484)—truce between Abdalla Çalema and Abrahim Murçi, "broquerers" of Valencia; B 221: 32v (11 April 1495)—truce between Ali Bachari of Oliva and

Yuçeff "peixcadors"; and B 219: 18r (15 January 1488)—truce between Mahomat Xoni and Abdalla Alloba, "espardenyers."

105. ARV: B 217: 599r (28 February 1483)—truce with Çatdon Caeli; B 218: 325r (20 December 1486)—in this truce Abdalla Torralbi is allied with the Bizqueys, and Ali Alarabi with the Caberos; B 221: 92v (4 January 1496)—truce with Çilim Maymo; B 221: 99v (14 January 1496)—here Çilim Maymo is allied with the Perpirs; and B 221: 413r (23 March 1498)—here the Perpirs are allied with Abdalla Chiulet and Ali Granati, a physician ( metge ).

106. ARV: B 217: 168v (23 September 1497)—truce with Çahat Carcaix; B 221: 524v (31 May 1499)—truce with Azmet Murçi; and B 221: 731v (16 November 1500)—here Azmet Naixe, a shoemaker of Mislata, is allied with Ali Perpir, while Maguarell and Abducarim have Azmet Claret, a linen dealer of Valencia, as an ally.

107. See n. 106.

108. ARV: B 1220: VIII 12r (16 July 1487).

109. ARV: B 1158: 264r (24 July 1486). ARV: MR 954: 6r (1497)—a similar case from Alcira in which Çahat Vinquiçi pays a 180s settlement for having chopped down Paziar family fig trees.

110. ARV: B 1159: 120v (28 August 1488).

111. ARV: B 1160: 361v-362r (5 December 1491).

112. ARV: B 1431: 545v (28 November 1494)—the testimony of Abraym Alfat, amin * of Alberique, who explains why Ali Gehini hid his money.

113. ARV: B 221: 225v (15 July 1496)—on account of this dispute, Mahomat and Abducalem had to make a truce.

114. ARV: B 1158: 403r-v (19 April 1487).

115. ARV: B 1158: 413r (5 May 1487), and 415r-v (12 May 1487).

116. ARV: B 1158: 414r-v (9 May 1497).

117. ARV: B 1158: 414r.

118. ARV: B 219: 75r (3 August 1488)—the truce; ACA: C 3650: 19r-v (15 May 1492).

119. Guichard, Structures , pp. 37-41, 91-96, 154-159; Patai, Arab Mind , pp. 90-95, 100-102, 104-106; and Goody, Family and Marriage , pp. 29-30. Registers of the Justicia Criminal of Valencia record considerable violence among Christian artisans as well, but thus far we know little about the motives of the parties involved or about the structure of the Valencian Christian family.

120. Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , pp. 175-184.

121. ARV: B 1432: 128v-129v, 133r-134r (8-11 August 1487)—the confessions of Ubaydal Allepus; and 127r-128r—the accusations of Fuçey, the widow of Amet Biari.

122. ARV: B 1431: 73v-76r (6-7 June 1491)—the defense of Açen Muça; and 88v-89r (8 June)—confessions of Açen.

123. ARV: B 1433: 372r-385r (6 May 1503)—the testimony of Mariem, wife of Abrahim Montique; and 371r—the testimony of Mahomat Perpir.

124. Ahmed Abou-Zeid, "Honour and Shame among the Bedouins of Egypt," in Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society , J. G. Peristiany, ed. (London, 1965), pp. 253-254, 256-257; Guichard, Structures , pp. 36-38, 41-43; Levy, Social Structure , pp. 91-94; Patai, Arab Mind , pp.

119-127; Ginat, Women , pp. 152, 173, 176; and Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , pp. 217-225. ARV: C 132: 219v-220r (9 November 1495) shows that the wife lived with her husband's family.

125. ARV: C 126: 120r-121r (23 February 1480). ARV: B 1160: 412v-413r (1 March 1492) is a similar case; and ACA: C 3647: 112v-113r (30 January 1491) is an unusual case in which the wife's father is given partial custody of his four granddaughters after the demise of both parents. The other coguardian perhaps was an agnate of the girls' father.

126. ARV: B 1162: 497r-v (30 December 1503).

127. ARV: C 148: 125v (17 December 1492), and 137r-v (21 January 1493).

128. ARV: B 1160: 780r-781r (4 December 1493).

129. Abou-Zeid, "Honour," pp. 256-257; and Ruxton, Maliki * Law , p. 331.

130. ARV: C 129: 1v-2r (23 January 1481)—Mariem of Beniarjó is made a slave and sold by her lord as a punishment for adultery; and ARV: C 132: 108r-v (3 August 1484)—Mahomat Vaquer and Marien Tagarinia of Gilet are convicted of adultery and made slaves. MR 942: 1v (Alcira 1480)—a Muslim woman is made a slave "per eser sen anada de poder de son marit e esser stada atrobada en adulteri"; and similar cases from Alcira: MR 950: 4r (1493), MR 958: 4r (1501), and MR 959: 4v (1502); and from Játiva: MR 3054: 7r (1494), MR 3062: 15r, 15v (1502).

131. ARV: B 1431: 55r-56v (28 June 1491).

132. ARV: B 1431: 57r-61v (23 June 1491).

133. ARV: B 1431: 391r-393r (3 April 1494).

134. ARV: B 1433: 545r-v (6 May 1504).

135. ACA: C 3567: 150v (8 February 1496). See also Ginat, Women , pp. 222-225; and the very interesting study of David Gilmore, Aggression and Community: Paradoxes of Andalusian Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1987), pp. 126-135, 144-153.

136. Abou-Zeid, "Honour," pp. 253-254; Guichard, Structures , pp. 41, 51, 107, 109.

137. ARV: C 148: 62v-63r (17 August 1492). Çahat Menari of Relleu takes Marien, a "moratella donzella," from her father's house, along with jewels and clothing, and then goes to Busot, where he and Marien live together.

138. ARV: MR 3056: 6v (1496). Also, MR 944: 8r (Alcira 1488)—the Capo family pays a 240s composicio on behalf of Azmet Capo who "era estat condemnat per haver sen portat fugitivament la filla de Chanchan moro de la dita moreria"; MR 947; 26v (1490)—Çale b. Mahomat Çale of Cocentaina is made a royal slave "perque sen porta una mora que havia nom Zehayra la qual fou condempnada a pena de apedreguar [for sexual relations with Çale?]"; and MR 952: 8r—see n. 88 (above).

139. ARV: C 151: 84r-85r (23 January 1497). As an etymological note, it is interesting that the Catalan term for a Muslim prostitute, sabia , has two possible Arabic sources. Diccionari català-valencià-balear, inventari lexicogràfic i etimològic de la llengua catalana , Antoni M. Alcover, et al. (Palma de Mallorca, 1964), 2: 776, suggests that the source is s abia * , meaning girl. I would suggest sabia , meaning a captive woman, as a possible source, inasmuch as both the prostitute and the abducted or captive woman were shamed. Guichard Struc -

tures , p. 41, notes that sabi * was the term used to describe the abduction of the women of rival tribes in pre-Islamic Arabia.

140. Black-Michaud, Feuding Societies , p. 125; Guichard, "Peuplement," pp. 131-151; and idem, Structures , pp. 334-341.

141. ARV: C 148: 58r (1492).

142. ACA: C 3646: 30v-31r (27 April 1489); and ARV: C 148: 142v-143v (25 January 1493).

143. ARV: B 1156: 806r-807r (7 July 1480). ACA: C 3613: 179r (17 August 1485) refers to "lo cas de la resistencia feta per los officiales e moros de la Vall d'Alfandech al sorrogat de la loctinent del governador de Xativa."

144. ARV: B 1156: 668r-v (14 December 1479).

145. ARV: C 596: 66r-v (24 November 1489). The Muslims of Alcira had disputes of an economic nature with Muslims of other localities: AMV: g ³ 31: 220r-v (9 June 1487)—officials of Alcira confiscate the oil of a Muslim of Castellón at the urging of a Muslim of Alcira; and ARV: B 1161: 80r (23 May 1495)—the Muslims and lord of Corbera take the goats of a Muslim of Alcira.

146. ARV: C 310: 52v-53r (19 February 1496).

147. ACA: C 3642: 10v-11v (14 June 1486).

148. ARV: C 156: 5v (14 July 1501).

149. ARV: C 317: 36v-37r (23 August 1493). ACA: C 3645: 35r-40r (2 May 1488), ARV: C 138: 149r-150r (17 October 1497), and 228v (19 December 1498) treat an irrigation suit between the lords and aljamas of Cárcer and Alcantera; and see Glick, Irrigation , pp. 5-6, 68-93, on conflicts over irrigation.

150. ACA: C 3568: 121v-122r (25 September 1495). ACA: C 3650: 251r-v (19 May 1495) and C 3651: 162v (10 August 1495) treat the appeal of Maymo Borax, one of the killers.

151. James T. Monroe, "A Curious Morisco Appeal to the Ottoman Empire," Al-Andalus , 31 (1966): 295-300, where the Moriscos of Granada complain about being forced to abandon endogamy. See also Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain , pp. 141-142, who asserts that "Islam provided a framework which legitimated tribal values and gave them religious significance." Although Goody, Family and Marriage , pp. 6-33 (esp. 10-12), tends to play down the differences between Muslim ("Eastern") and Christian ("Western") social structures—in comparison to the more striking contrasts between the structures of sub-Saharan Africa and those of Europe and North Africa—the differences were, I believe, significant enough to give them considerable value for understanding the phenomenon of Valencian Muslim solidarity (Mudejar and Morisco) and resistance to Christianity.

152. ARV: B 1433: 415v (16 June 1503).

153. ARV: C 650: 242v (12 April 1502): "tots los moros de aquest Regne ... tenen ses intelligencies los huns ab los altres." On the Mudejars' political activities, see chap. 2.

154. ARV: B 1156-1162 contain 533 licenses granted to Mudejars to travel to the southern half of the kingdom and to Castile and Granada for commercial and other business. See also chap. 2.

155. ARV: MR 89-110 record the granting of mendicancy licenses to Mudejars. See chap. 4, table 14. ARV: B 1431: 358v (10 December 1492)—Maymo

Çabit of Manises testifies regarding the importance of alms-giving among the Mudejars, in this case to Muslim slaves.

156. There are numerous examples of this. Some of the official truces were made between Muslims of Valencia and those of other localities: for example, ARV: B 219: 35v (19 April 1488)—truce between Açen Torraboni of Valencia and Mahomat Cotayna of Mascarell. ARV: B 1431: 529r-v (20 May 1495)—Suleymen Alguarbi, a hemp-sandal-maker from the Vall de Uxó, testifies that he had a shop beside the door of the fonduk; 528r and 530r contain the testimonies of Muslim saddlers of the Vall de Uxó who stayed at the fonduk and sold their wares in Valencia. As for litigation, those cases tried before the tribunal of the bailiff general required the presence of litigants and witnesses in the capital.

157. See chap. 1 for more details.

158. See chap. 1 and chap. 3, table 2.

159. It is arguable that such contact between Mudejars of different localities for reasons of business and kinship was equally conducive to feuding. However, if the regional economy was to function with reasonable efficiency, the initiation of feuds as a result of such contacts must have been more the exception than the rule.

160. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 196-197, 417; Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 95-100.

161. ARV: C 707 shows that from 1479 to 1484 Muslims from the following places traveled to Almería to collect inheritances: Castellnou (786v-787r), Valldigna (788v-789r), Estivella (790v-791r), Valencia (823r-v), Fanzara (827r-v), Vall de Uxó (832r-v), Serra (835r-v), Mascarell (838r-v), Castellón de Rugat (841r-v), and Alcudia de Veo (835r-v); and to Tunis: Valencia (795v-796r), Oliva (796v-797r), Vall de Uxó (797v-798r), Beniopa (800v-801r), Valldigna (802v-804r), Gandía (809v-810r), Alcira (812v-813r), Cuartell (862v-863r), Mascarell (863v-864r), Náquera (871r-v), Rubau (882v-883r), and Callosa (913r-v). ARV: MR 2480: 8r (Castellón de la Plana, 1492) records a Muslim coming from the Maghrib to split with his brother the estate left by their father in Castellón. ARV: C 707: 901v-902r (13 November 1481)—Ali Fotoffa is granted license to go to Tunis "per veure huns parents seus que te en les dites parts." See the methodological comments of Míkel de Epalza, "Les Morisques, vus à partir des Communautés Mudéjares précédentes, " in Les Morisques et leur temps , L. Cardaillac, ed. (Paris., 1983), pp. 36-39, who advocates viewing the Mudejars and the Moriscos as belonging to one post-Almohad western Islamic world.

162. ARV: B 1161: 440r-v (25; August 1497).

163. ARV: B 1220: VIII 52v (10 November 1487).

164. ARV: C 424: 33r-v (27 December 1487).

165. ARV: B 1161: 474v-475r (19 February 1498) is a license to Yahye Bellvis to reside in the kingdom for one year with his "mercaderies."

166. ARV: B 1159: 9v (27 March 1488).

167. See chap. 2 nn. 60, 78; and chap. 3.

168. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones", pp. 173-174; idem, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 471; and Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 244-245, note that Mudejars migrated to royal morerías because of the better conditions there, but

do not explain why the majority, in fact, did not migrate. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 52, points out this contradiction. ARV: C 650: 241r (12 April 1502)—the nobles remind Fernando that "fora lo cors de la vostra ciutat de Valencia en tot lo present Regne son molt mes los moros que no los crestians e molts d'ells poblats en serres, valls e montanyes."

169. ARV: MR 3055: 5v (1495).

170. See chap. 1nn. 141-144.

171. Domínguez Ortiz and Vincent, Historia , pp. 146-150.

172. See table 19.

173. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 52.

174. ACA: C 3568: 40v-41r (15 April 1493).

175. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 198-201.

176. Nieto Fernández, "Morería de Orihuela," p. 765; Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 139.

177. ARV: B 1431: 358v-359r (10 December 1492)—when asked where the faqih * Abdalla taught school, Abdulcarim of Oliva "dix que en Oliva e en altres lochs e en Ondara."

178. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 273, document no. 96 (16 June 1484), mentions a "maestro" in Tabernes, Ibrahim * al-Tarbani * .

179. Brunschvig, Berbérie , 2: 352-411; and Arié, L'Espagne musulmane , pp. 423-462, especially p. 423, where Almería is regarded as an intellectual center inferior only to Granada and Málaga.

180. Pons Boïgues, "Retazos moriscos," pp. 131-134.

181. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 42-43, 139-140.

182. Luis García Ballester, Historia social de la medecina en la España de los siglos XIII al XVI , vol. 1: La minoría musulmana y morisca (Madrid, 1976), p. 72. This work was translated from Arabic into Catalan in Paterna in 1456, and into Latin by Juan de Bosnia in 1463.

183. García Ballester, Historia , pp. 65-70; and for the Arabic text of the letter, Julián Ribera y Tarragó, "La enseñanza entre los musulmanes españoles," in Disertaciones y opúsculos (Madrid, 1928), 1: 357-359.

184. The Arabic documents discovered by María Jesús Viguera Molíns, "Dos nuevos documentos árabes de Aragón (Jarque y Morés, 1492)," in Aragón en la Edad Media: estudios de economía y sociedad (siglos XII al XV) (Zaragoza, 1981), IV: 235-261, and Ana Labarta, "Reconocimiento de tutela a un mudéjar de Daroca (documento árabe de 1477)," ibid., V (Zaragoza, 1983), also advise a moderation of Boswell's view ( Royal Treasure , pp. 381-382) that the Aragonese Mudejars had almost completely lost a knowledge of Arabic.

185. ACA: C 3640: 77v-78v (26 January 1484).

186. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 221-323.

187. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 136-143.

188. ARV: B 1433: 134r (30 March 1501). In the trial of Azmet Axer of Alcira, ARV: B 1431: 385r (14 June 1493), there are presented as evidence "los albarans morischs de propria ma de aquell [Ageg b. Çahat Ageg] scrits, los quals splanats per lo alcadi Real en lengua materna."

189. ARV: B 1222: I 53v (9 December 1496).

190. For instance, ARV: B 1431: 278r-286r (6 February 1493)—the trial of the faqih * Alasdrach and Abdalla Sinube of Buñol, and Ali Alcayet of Chiva for having allegedly aided a Muslim slave in his escape. The main evidence of the prosecution was that the defendants had spoken in Arabic to the slave.

191. Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 144-154; and O. Hegyi, "Minority and Restricted Uses of the Arabic Alphabet: The Aljamiado Phenomenon," Journal of the American Oriental Society 99.2 (1979): 262-267.

192. Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , 1: 424-425, document no. 5.

193. Halperin Donghi, Conflicto , pp. 106-111.

194. ARV: B 1431: 384r (14 June 1493).

195. ARV: B 1431: 348v (29 October 1492)—the confessions of Abdalla, faqih * of Ondara.

196. ARV: B 1431: 358r—the testimony of Maymo ben Çabit of Manises.

197. ARV: C 650: 243v (12 April 1502).

198. ARV: C 650: 241r.

199. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487). See chap. 2.

200. ARV: C 248: 31v-32r (6 July 1493).

201. ARV: B 1431: 361r-v—the testimony of Mahomat Alfaqi, faqih * of Manises; 348v—the confession of Abdalla; 358r-359v—the testimonies of Maymo ben Çabit of Manises and Abdulcarim of Oliva; and 357v—the testimony of Ayet, faqih of Paterna.

202. ARV: B 1431: 358r-v—testimony of Maymo ben Çabit: "per quant es home de sciencia va entre alfaquins del present Regne demanant per amor de Deu."

203. ARV: B 1431: 358v—"lo dit Abdalla Alfaqui es tengut ... reputat lo qual sa vida de moro sant."

204. ARV: B 1431: 360r-v—the testimony of Axir, qadi * of the morería of Játiva.

205. See Lapidus, Muslim Cities , pp. 130-144, on the role of the ^c ulama * '.

206. ARV: C 148: 214r-v (4 September 1493)—a faqih of Granada settles near Orihuela; ARV: B 1160: 354v-355r (26 November 1491)—a faqih from Málaga becomes a vassal in Manises; ARV: B 221: 413r (23 March 1498)—Ali Granati, metge , is party to a truce; and ARV: B 194 (1494-1497) records the Maghriban captives brought into Valencia, among whom were Ali Alcutentini, a faqih of Constantine (34r), four faqih s from Bône, including Ali who "dix que lig en les mezquites lo alcora [Qur'an * ]" (157r-158v), and a Muslim mystic who "feya vida ermitana que es morabit" (272r). On Sufi mysticism and "maroubtisme" in the eastern Maghrib, see Brunschvig, Berbérie , 2: 317-351.

207. ARV: B 1431: 348v. On the similarity in physiognomy of Valencian Muslims and Christians, see Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 129-132.