Notes
TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION
1. Niida Noboru
, "Chugoku
*
shakai no 'hoken
*
' to fyudarizumu
*
"
(
Feng-chien
and feudalism in Chinese society), in Niida,
Chugoku
*
hosei
*
shi kenkyu
*
(Studies in Chinese legal history), vol. 3,
Dorei nodo
*
ho
*
, kazoku sonraku ho
(Laws governing slavery and serfdom, laws governing the family and the village), Tokyo University Press, 1962, pp. 97-100.
2. This view has recently been reiterated in a Chinese essay on the subject: Yu Hsin-ch'un
, "Shih-lun Jih-pen te chan-hou kai-ko (shang)"
(A study of Japan's postwar reforms, part 1),
Shih-chieh li-shih
5 (1980), pp. 12-14.
3. See, for example, the following works: Kuwabara Takeo
, ed.,
Burujowa kakumei no hikaku kenkyu
(Comparative studies in bourgeois revolutions), Chikuma shobo
*
, 1964; Kobayashi Yoshiaki
,
Meiji ishin no kangaekata
(A way of thinking about the Meiji Restoration), San'ichi shobo, 1967, esp. part 2 entitled "Meiji ishin to Furansu kakumei wa onaji mono ka"
(Were the Meiji Restoration and the French Revolution the same thing?), pp. 115-247; Kobayashi Yoshiaki,
Furansu kakumei shi nyumon
*
(Introduction to the history of the French Revolution), San'ichi shobo, 1978; and Inoue Koji
*
,
Kindai shizo
*
no mosaku. Furansu kakumei to Chichibu jiken
(In search of a view of modern history: The French Revolution and the Chichibu Incident), Byakushobo
*
, 1976.
4. Frederico Chabod,
Storia dell'idea d'Europa
(History of the idea of Europe), Rome, 1959; translated into Japanese by Shimizu Jun'ichi
Yoroppa
*
no imi
(The meaning of Europe), Saimaru shuppansha, 1969, pp. 23-24 and esp. chapter 4.
5. For Nishijima's essay claiming slavery as the basis of Ch'in-Han society, Masubuchi's critique, and Nishijima's published retreat, see Tanigawa's treatment of the whole issue in this volume.
6. Tanigawa Michio
, "Ichi Toyoshi
*
kenkyusha
*
ni okeru genjitsu to gakumon"
(Reality and scholarship for one scholar of East Asian history),
Atarashii rekishigaku no tame ni
68 (1961), reprinted in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei
*
shakai to kyodotai
*
(Medieval Chinese society and "community"), Kokusho kankokai
*
, 1976, pp. 119-135; Tanigawa, "Chugoku shi kenkyu
*
no atarashii kadai sairon: Shigeta Atsushi-shi 'Hokensei
*
no shiten to Min-Shin shakai' o yonde"
(Another look at a new theme in the study of Chinese history: On reading Mr. Shigeta Atsushi's "The standpoint of feudalism and Ming-Ch'ing society"),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
28.2-3 (December 1969), pp. 111-112; and Tanigawa, "Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
"
continue
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern Dynasties),
Shigaku zasshi
71.5 (May 1962), pp. 164-171; and
Shigaku zasshi
76.5 (May 1967), pp. 201-207.
7. Tanigawa,
Zui-To
*
teikoku keisei shiron
(A historical analysis of the formation of the Sui-T'ang empire), Chikuma shobo
*
, 1971, pp. 5-7.
8. We now have such studies as: David Johnson,
The Chinese Medieval Oligarchy,
Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1977; Patricia Ebrey,
The Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-ling Ts'ui Family,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978; and a forthcoming conference volume,
The Nature of State and Society in Early Medieval China.
We also have translations of important texts of the period, such as
Pao-p'u-tzu, Yen-shih chia-hsün,
and
Wen-hsüan
(in process).
9. Kawakatsu Yoshio
,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
: Sodai
*
na bunretsu jidai
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern dynasties: An era of great disunity), Kodansha
*
, 1974, p. 268.
10. The major study to note here is Miyazaki Ichisada
,
Kyuhin
*
kanjin ho
*
no kenkyu
*
: Kakyo zenshi
(A study of the laws concerning officials in the Nine Ranks system: A prehistory to the examination system), Kyoto, Toyoshi
*
kenkyukai
*
, 1956. See also David Johnson, op. cit., pp. 20-26; Yang Yün-ju
,
Chiu-p'in chung-cheng yü Liuch 'ao men-fa
(The Nine Ranks and Arbiter system and aristocratic cliques in the Six Dynasties period), Shanghai, Commercial Press, 1930; and Donald Holtzman, "Les débuts du système médiéval de choix et de classement des fonctionnaires: Les Neuf Categories et l'Impartial et Juste," in
Mélanges publiés par l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises,
vol. 1 (Bibliotèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, Vol. XI), Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1957, pp. 387-414.
11. On Naito
*
Konan, see Joshua Fogel,
Politics and Sinology: The Case of Naito
*
Konan (1866-1934),
Cambridge, Mass., Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1984.
12.
,
Rekishi to chiri
9.5 (May 1922). This essay is reprinted in Naito's collected works,
Naito Konan zenshu
*
, Chikuma shobo, 1969-1976, Vol. VIII, pp. 111-119. It is translated in Joshua Fogel,
Naito Konan and the Development of the Conception of "Modernity" in Chinese History,
Armonk, N.Y., M. E. Sharpe, Publishers, 1984, pp. 88-99.
13. See Naito's
Shina joko
*
shi
(Ancient Chinese history) and his
Shina chuko
*
no bunka
(Medieval Chinese culture), both in
Naito Konan zenshu,
Vol. X. Naito often cited as his authority on the aristocracy in this period the eighteenth-century Chinese historian Chao I
.
14. A sampling of these three men's work would have to include: Okazaki Fumio
,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho tsushi
*
(Comprehensive history of the Wei, Chin, and Northern and Southern dynasties), Kyoto, Kobundo
*
, 1932; Okazaki,
Nambokucho ni okeru shakai keizai seido
(Social and economic institutions in the Northern and Southern dynasties), Kobundo, 1935; Okazaki and Ikeda Shizuo
,
Konan
*
bunka kaihatsu shi: Sono chiri teki kiso kenkyu
(The history of the expansion of culture in Kiangnan: A study of its geographical foundations), Kobundo, 1940; Miyakawa Hisayuki
,
Shokatsu Komei
*
(Chu-ko K'ungming), Shina rekishi chiri sosho
*
, 1940; Miyakawa,
Rikucho
*
shi kenkyu, seiji
continue
shakai hen
(Studies in Six Dynasties history, volume on political and social problems), Nihon gakujutsu shinkokai
*
, 1956; Miyakawa,
Rikucho
*
shi kenkyu
*
, shukyo
*
hen
(Studies in Six Dynasties history, volume on religious problems), Heirakuji shoten, 1964; Miyakawa,
Shokatsu Komei
*
: Sangoku shi to sono jidai
(Chu-ko K'ung-ming: The
San-kuo chih
and its age), Sogensha
*
, 1966; Utsunomiya Kiyoyoshi
, Kandai shakai keizai shi kenkyu
(Studies in the social and economic history of the Han dynasty), Kobundo
*
, 1955; Utsunomiya and Masumura Hiroshi
, translators,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
keizai shi
(An economic history of the Wei, Chin, and Northern and Southern dynasties), by Wu Hsien-ch'ing
, Seikatsusha, 1942; Utsunomiya,
Chugoku
*
kodai chusei
*
shi kenkyu
(Studies in ancient and medieval Chinese history), Sobunsha
*
, 1977. For the Miyakawa essay on Naito
*
Konan, see "An Outline of the Naito Hypothesis and Its Effects on Japanese Studies of China,"
Far Eastern Quarterly
14.4 (August 1955), pp. 533-553.
15. Naito's most famous disciple, Miyazaki Ichisada, later revised the master's periodization to include a "most modern" (
sai kinsei
) era dating from the 1911 Revolution. He retained Naito's cultural historical approach while reassessing the importance of events in the twentieth century. See his
Chugoku shi
(History of China), Iwanami shoten, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 13-14, 35-36, 82-86. The first forthright critique of Naito along these lines was Nohara Shiro
*
, "Naito Konan
Shinaron
hihan"
(A critique of Naito Konan's
Shinaron
),
Chugoku hyoron
*
1.4 (1946), pp. 35-42.
16. Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
: ronso
*
ni tsuite: Chugoku
*
shi kenkyu
*
ni okeru shiso
*
jokyo
*
"
(On the debate over
kyodotai
*
The intellectual state of Chinese historical studies),
Nagoya jimbun kagaku kenkyukai
*
nempo
*
1(1974), pp. 71-72.
17. Whenever the terms "community" or "communitarian" appear in quotation marks, they are meant as translations of the Japanese term
kyodotai.
18. For an introduction to
kyodotai
theory as applied to Chinese society, see Hatada Takashi
, "Chugoku ni okeru sensei shugi to 'sonraku kyodotai
*
riron'"
(Despotism in China and the "theory of the village community"),
Chugoku kenkyu
13 (September 1950), pp. 2-12; reprinted in Hatada,
Chugoku sonraku to kyodotai riron
(The Chinese village and
kyodotai
theory), Iwanami shoten, 1976, pp. 3-19; and Imahori Seiji
, "Sonraku kyodotai"
(The village "community"), in
Ajia rekishi jiten
(Encyclopedia of Asian history), Heibonsha, 1960, vol. 5, pp. 413-417.
19. See Takeshi Ishida, "A Current Japanese Interpretation of Max Weber,"
The Developing Economies
IV.3 (September 1966), pp. 349-366; and Hisao Otsuka
*
, "Max Weber's View of Asian Society, with Special Reference to His Theory of the Traditional Community,"
The Developing Economies
IV.3 (September 1966), pp. 275-298.
20. Otsuka Hisao
,
Kyodotai
*
no kiso riron
(The basic theory of
kyodotai,
1955), reprinted in
Otsuka
*
Hisao chosakushu
*
(The writings of Otsuka Hisao), Iwanami shoten, 1971, vol. 7, pp. 6-8; and Otsuka, "Kyodotai kaitai no kiso teki shojoken
*
, sono riron
continue
teki kosatsu
*
"
(The basic conditions for the dissolution of
kyodotai
*
:
A theoretical investigation, 1962), in
Otsuka
*
Hisao chosakushu
*
, vol. 7, pp. 107-133.
21. Kawakatsu Yoshio and Tanigawa Michio, "Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shi kenkyu
*
ni okeru tachiba to hoho
*
"
(Standpoint and method in the study of medieval Chinese history), in
Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shi kenkyu
*
: Rikucho
*
Zui-To
*
no shakai to bunka
(Studies in medieval Chinese history: Society and culture in the Six Dynasties, Sui, and T'ang), edited by Chugoku chusei shi kenkyukai
*
, Tokai
*
University Press, 1970, pp. 10-12.
22. Summarized in Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
' ronso
*
," pp. 72-74, 79, 81; and Tanigawa, "Chugoku shi kenkyu no," p. 119. Discussed at length in the Tanigawa text here translated as well as in Kawakatsu,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
.
23. Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai' ronso," pp. 81, 89.
24. Naito
*
Konan,
Shina joko
*
shi,
in
Naito
*
Konan zenshu
*
,
Vol. X, p. 11. See also Kawakatsu,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho,
pp. 71, 74, 380-382; and Kawakatsu, "L'aristocratie et la société féodale au début des Six Dynasties,"
Zimbun
17 (1981), p. 160.
25. Satake Yasuhiko
, "Chugoku zenkindai shi ni okeru kyodotai
*
to kyodotai ron ni tsuite no oboegaki: Tanigawa Michio-shi no kenkai o tegakari ni"
(Notes on
kyodotai
and the debate over
kyodotai
in premodern Chinese history: Mr. Tanigawa Michio's views),
Jimbun gakuho
*
154 (1982), p. 84.
27. Shigeta Atsushi
, "Hokensei
*
no shiten to Min-Shin shakai"
(The standpoint of feudalism and Ming-Ch'ing society),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
27.4 (March 1969), pp. 164-165, 175, 179; and Kawakatsu Yoshio, "Shigeta-shi no Rikucho
*
hokensei
*
ron hihan ni tsuite"
(On Mr. Shigeta's critique of the view of the Six Dynasties era as feudal),
Rekishi hyoron
*
247 (February 1971), pp. 58, 61-62, 64.
28. See Shigeta's continued attack in "Chugoku hokensei kenkyu no hoko
*
to hoho: Rikucho hokensei ron no ichi kensatsu"
(Directions and methods in the study of Chinese feudalism: An investigation of the theory of feudalism in the Six Dynasties period),
Rekishi hyoron
247 (February 1971), esp. pp. 45-47.
29. Tanigawa,
Sekai teikoku no keisei
(The formation of a world empire), Kodansha
*
gendai shinsho, 1977, pp. 8-9. See also Kawakatsu, "L'aristocratie," p. 107.
30. Kawakatsu and Tanigawa, "Chugoku chusei shi," pp. 3-13.
31. Tanigawa, "Chugoku shi kenkyu no," pp. 109-117.
32. Kawakatsu, "Shigeta-shi no," pp. 61-69, quotation on p. 63.
33. Goi Naohiro
, "Chugoku kodai shi to kyodotai: Tanigawa Michio-shi no shoron o megutte"
(Ancient Chinese history and
kyodotai:
On Mr. Tanigawa Michio's argument),
Rekishi hyoron
255 (October 1971), pp. 87-99; and Tanaka Masatoshi
, "Chugoku no henkaku to hokensei kenkyu no kadai (1)"
(The transformation of China and tasks in the study of feudalism, part 1),
Rekishi hyoron
271 (December 1972), esp. pp. 52-57. Two critical reviews of the volumes of essays on medieval Chinese history introduced by Tanigawa and Kawakatsu (cited in note 21) are: Hori Toshikazu
, in
Shigaku zasshi
80.2 (February 1971), pp. 77-87;
continue
and Otagi Hajime
, in
Shirin
53.6 (November 1970), pp. 156-161. In the annual survey of historical literature published each May in
Shigaku zasshi,
this book of essays warranted consideration in three separate sections: Fukui Shigemasa
, "Sengoku Shin-Kan"
(Warring States, Ch'in, Han); Kikuchi Hideo
, "Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
"
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern dynasties); Kurihara Masao
, "Zui-To
*
"
(Sui, T'ang), all in
Shigaku zasshi
80.5 (May 1971), pp. 187-188, 189-197, and 198-203, respectively. For Tanigawa's response to all of this, see Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
' ronso
*
," pp. 66-67, 76, 82-83.
34. Kimata Norio
, "Chugoku
*
kodai chusei
*
shi ha'aku no shikaku to hoho
*
o megutte"
(On viewpoint and method for an understanding of ancient and medieval Chinese history), in
Suzuki hakushi koki kinen Toyogaku
*
ronso
*
(Symposium on East Asian studies in commemoration of the seventieth birthday of Professor Suzuki [Shun
]), Meitoku shuppansha, 1972, pp. 165-190; Fujiie Reinosuke
, "Chugoku kodai chusei shakai no kosatsu
*
, bunki mondai shiron"
(An investigation of ancient and medieval Chinese society, and a tentative analysis of the periodization issue), in
Rekishi ni okeru bummei no shoso
*
: Tokai
*
daigaku sanju
*
shunen
*
kinen ronbunshu
*
(The various faces of civilization in history: Essays commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of Tokai
*
University), edited by Shoju
*
Keitaro
*
, Tokai University Press, 1974, pp. 75-109; Hori Toshikazu, "Chugoku kodai shi to kyodotai
*
no mondai"
(Ancient Chinese history and the issue of "community"),
Sundai shigaku
27 (September 1970), pp. 162-183, reprinted in
Gendai rekishigaku no kadai (jo
*
)
(Problems of contemporary historiography, part 1), Aoki shoten, 1971; Tada Kensuke
, "Chugoku kodai shi kenkyu
*
oboegaki"
(Notes on the study of medieval Chinese history),
Shiso
*
12 (1971), pp. 1-45; and Ihara Kosuke
*
, "Hokensei
*
no bunseki shiten to kaikyu
*
shiten, kaikyu shiten o aimai ni suru futatsu no hoho
*
no hihan"
(Analyses of feudalism and the class standpoint, a critique of two methods that obscure the class standpoint),
Shigaku kenkyu
*
119 (August 1973), pp. 77-90. For Tanigawa's response, see his "'Kyodotai' ronso," pp. 78-80, 86-88.
35. The original of the translated text is:
Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shakai ron josetsu
(An introduction to a theory of medieval Chinese society), in
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai,
pp. 1-116.
36. Kawakatsu Yoshio, "La décadence de l'aristocratie chinoise sous les Dynasties du Sud,"
Acta Asiatica
21 (1971), pp. 13-38; and Kawakatsu, "L'aristocratie," pp. 107-160; Doris Heyde, "Haozu und dörfliche Gemeinde in China von 3 bis 6 Jahrhundert. Zu Tanigawa Michios Theorie von der Kommune in China,"
Altorientalische Forschungen
IV (1976), pp. 327-337; V.V. Maliavin, "Kiotaskaia shkola i problema 'Srednykh vekov' v istorii Kitaia,"
Narodi Azii i Afriki
2 (1981), pp. 188-203; V.V. Ma-liang-wen
[V.V. Maliavin], "Ching-tu hsüeh-p'ai ho Chung-kuo li-shih shang te 'Chung-shih-chi' wen-t'i"
(The Kyoto school and the problem of the "medieval period" in Chinese history),
Chungkuo shih yen-chiu tung-t'ai
34 (October 1981), pp. 10-28; and Kao Ming-shih
,
Chan-hou Jih-pen te Chung-kuo shih yen-chiu
(Postwar Japanese studies of Chinese history),
continue
Taipei, Tung-sheng ch'u-pan shih-yeh yu-hsien kung-ssu, 1982, pp. 60-61, 80-83.
37. Dennis Grafflin touches briefly on Tanigawa's and Kawakatsu's work, though not so much on the theoretical issues. See Grafflin, "The Great Family in Medieval South China,"
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
41.1 (June 1981), pp. 65-74.
break
Two— Chinese Historical Studies in the Postwar Period and the Development of Conceptions of Feudalism
1.
. First published by Ito
*
shoten, 1946; later revised and reprinted by Tokyo University Press, 1957.
2
. Ritsuryo
*
These were the penal (
ritsu
) and administrative (
ryo
*
) provisions in the legal codes of the Taiho
*
Code of 701. They were patterned largely on the model of the T'ang code. (JAF)
3. Watanabe Yoshimichi
,
Kodai shakai no kozo
*
(The structure of ancient society), Ito shoten, 1948; later republished by San'ichi shobo
*
.
4. Kato
*
Shigeshi
"Shina to bushi kaikyu
*
"
(China and the warrior class),
Shigaku zasshi
50.1 (January 1939), pp. 1-19.
5
. Hsieh-tou
See Kitamura Hironao
, "Shindai kaito
*
no ichi kosatsu
*
"
(A study of clan feuds in the Ch'ing),
Shirin
33.1 (January 1950), pp. 64-77. (JAF)
6.
, in
Nihon shi kenkyu
*
nyumon
*
(Introduction to the study of Japanese history), edited by Toyama
*
Shigeki
, Tokyo University Press, 1949; later reprinted in Ishimoda's
Chusei
*
teki sekai no keisei,
cited in note 1.
7
. Kinsei
,
so as to distinguish it from
kindai
or modern. (JAF)
8. "Hokensei
*
seiritsu no tokushitsu ni tsuite"
(On the nature of the establishment of feudalism),
Shiso
*
302 (August 1949), pp. 1-17.
9. In his essay, "Kiki ni okeru rekishigaku no kadai"
(Historiographic issues in crisis), in
Rekishi to minzoku no hakken
(The discovery of history and ethnicity), Tokyo University Press, 1952, vol. 1, pp. 3-51, Ishimoda discussed the importance of arranging the issues in roughly the following way. The debate over the Asiatic mode of production, set off by strategic problems of the Chinese revolution of the 1920s, had considerable historiographic importance in that it raised in a broad manner theoretical problems concerning the distinctiveness of Asia. The debate in Japan, however, being removed from the actual problems given rise to by the Chinese revolution, became a scholarly, intellectual discussion. This spawned a tendency not to study the bitter popular struggles that had pushed forward the history of Asian peoples, who at a glance appeared stagnant over the preceding two thousand years, and to comprehend the realities of Asia with the simple magic formula of "Asiatic stagnation." It seemed like attention was then concentrated on the reasons why this "stagnation" had come about. Not only was the theory that had been assigned the task of destroying "Asiatic stagnation" dragged unawares into the theory supporting it—namely, the theory of imperialism's control over Asia—but it also became a rationale for Asian peoples' lethargy and inactivity, and a groundless reason for glorifying Western Europe. Additionally, it was linked to a despair for the masses of Asia,
continue
and so on. Thus, the problem of overcoming the theory of stagnation was raised poignantly within the Marxist camp as a theoretical issue.
10.
, in
Chugoku
*
shi no jidai kubun
(Periodization in Chinese history), edited by Suzuki Shun
and Nishijima Sadao
, Tokyo University Press, 1957, pp. 349-367; included in Maeda,
Gencho
*
shi no kenkyu
*
(Studies in Yüan history), Tokyo University Press, 1973, pp. 205-221.
11.
, in
Sekai shi no kihon hosoku
*
(The fundamental laws of world history), edited by the Rekishigaku kenkyukai
*
, Iwanami shoten, 1949, pp. 2-35.
12.
, in
Kokka kenryoku no shodankai
(The stages of state power), edited by the Rekishigaku kenkyukai, Iwanami shoten, 1950, pp. 1-24.
13.
, in ibid., pp. 59-67.
14. Nagahara Keiji's
paper was entitled "Nihon ni okeru hoken
*
kokka no keitai"
(Forms of the feudal state in Japan).
15. According to Toyama
*
Shigeki, although Hori's paper at that time included a critique of Ishimoda's idea of the "two paths to feudalism," Nagahara's and Ishimoda's papers at this conference offered no response to the criticism. See Toyama,
Sengo no rekishigaku to rekishi ishiki
(Historiography and historical consciousness in the postwar period), Iwanami shoten, 1968, pp. 68-89. Although this difference of viewpoints existed between Hori and Ishimoda at the time, I believe that, generally speaking, their positions complemented each other in establishing a theory of Chinese feudalism.
16.
Chia-t'ien
. A system whereby produce was remitted from land leased with usufructuary rights. See Hoshi Ayao
,
Chugoku shakai keizai shi goi
(Dictionary of Chinese social and economic history), Toyo
*
bunko, 1966, p. 32. (JAF)
17. "Kandai ni okeru kokka zaisei to teishitsu zaisei to no kubetsu narabi ni teishitsu ippan"
(The distinction between state finances and imperial household finances in the Han dynasty, and a look at the imperial household), in
Shina keizai shi kosho
*
(Textual studies in Chinese economic history), Toyo bunko, 1952, vol. 1, pp. 35-156.
18.
Chan-t'ien
and
k'e-t'ien
were both parts of the land-tax law instituted by Ssu-ma Yen
(Chin Wu-ti
, r. 265-290), founder of the Western Chin.
Chan-t'ien
was a rule applying to free peasants and allowed 70
mou
of land to each family head and 30
mou
to each of their wives.
K'e-t'ien
was a rule applying to government-controlled lands, according to which all registered adults (ages 16 to 60) had the right to 50
mou
for men and 20
mou
for women; and all registered males (ages 13 to 16 or 60 to 65) received half a share. See Kawakatsu Yoshio
,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
: Sodai
*
na bunretsu jidai
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern Dynasties: An era of great disunity), Kodansha
*
, 1974, pp. 140-144. (JAF)
19. Nishijima Sadao, "Tengai no kanata"
(The background of the stone mill),
Rekishigaku kenkyu
125 (January 1947), pp. 38-46; [expanded and] included in Nishijima,
Chugoku keizaishi kenkyu
(Studies in Chinese economic history), Tokyo University Press, 1966, pp. 235-278.
20.
,
Toyo
*
bunka
(November 1951), pp. 52-94.
break
21. In Japan it was the heads of the military houses, in Germany the power of the king, according to Hori.
22
,
Toyo
*
bunka kenkyujo
*
kiyo
*
13 (November 1957), pp. 1-108.
23.
, in ibid. 20 (March 1960), pp. 75-147.
24. "Tomatsu
*
no henkaku to nominso
*
no bunkai"
(The changes of the late T'ang and the dissolution of the peasantry),
Rekishi hyoron
*
88 (September 1957), pp. 2-12.
25.
,
Toyo bunka
5 (April 1951), pp. 1-39; [revised and] included in Niida Noboru,
Chugoku
*
hosei
*
shi kenkyu
*
Studies in Chinese legal history), vol. 3,
Dorei nodo
*
ho
*
, kazoku sonraku ho
(Laws governing slavery and serfdom, laws governing the family and the village), Tokyo University Press, 1962, pp. 97-146.
26. Tanigawa does not list the writings of Sudo
*
here. The work by Sudo which Niida cites in this connection include (a) "Sodai
*
no denkosei"
(The tenancy system of the Sung dynasty),
Rekishigaku kenkyu
143 (January 1950), pp. 20-40; and (b)
Sodai
*
kanryusei
*
to dai tochi shoyu
*
(The Sung bureaucracy and large landownership), vol. 12 in the series:
Shakai kosei
*
shi taikei
(Series on the history of societal formations), Nihon hyoronsha
*
, 1950. (JAF)
27.
Chugoku hosei shi kenkyu,
p. 97.
28. Ibid., p. 98, emphasis added by Tanigawa. (JAF)
27.
Chugoku hosei shi kenkyu,
p. 97.
28. Ibid., p. 98, emphasis added by Tanigawa. (JAF)
29.
, in ibid., pp. 683-740.
30. Taga Akigoro
*
,
Sofu
*
no kenkyu, shiryohen
*
(A study of clan genealogies, section on sources), Toyo
*
bunko, 1960.
31.
Chugoku hosei shi kenkyu,
p. 687, emphasis added by Tanigawa. (JAF)
32. Miyazaki Ichisada
, "Sodai igo no tochi shoyu
*
keitai"
(Forms of landownership from the Sung dynasty onward),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
12.2 (December 1952), pp. 1-34; included in his
Ajia shi kenkyu
(Studies in Asian history), vol. 4, Kyoto, Toyshi
*
kenkyukai
*
, 1974, pp. 87-129.
33. See, for example, Kusano Yasushi
"Dai tochi shoyu to denkosei no tenkai"
(Large landholding and the development of tenancy), in
Iwanami koza
*
sekai rekishi 9: Chusei
*
3
(Iwanami's history of the world 9: Medieval 3), Iwanami shoten, 1970, pp. 345-382; Oyama Masaaki
, "Ajia no hokensei
*
: Chugoku
*
hokensei no mondai"
(Asian feudalism: The problem of Chinese feudalism), in
Gendai rekishigaku no seika to kadai 2: kyodotai
*
, doreisei, hokensei
*
(Results and issues in contemporary historiography 2: "community," slavery, feudalism), Aoki shoten, 1974, pp. 119-136.
34. See Hori Toshikazu, "To
*
teikoku no hokai
*
"
(The collapse of the T'ang empire), in
Kodai shi koza
10:
Sekai teikoku no shomondai
(Symposium on ancient history 10: Problems of world empire), Gakuseisha, 1964, pp. 236-270; and Oyama, "Ajia no hokensei."
35.
, in
Iwanami koza sekai rekishi 9: Chusei 3,
pp. 309-344.
37. Hori, "Kindensei no seiritsu"
(The formation of the equal field system), 2 parts,
Toyoshi kenkyu
24.1 (June 1965), pp. 30-53; 24.2 (September 1965), pp. 51-67; and "Chugoku kodai shi to kyodotai
*
no mondai"
continue
(Ancient Chinese history and the issue of "community"),
Sundai shigaku
27 (September 1970), pp. 162-183. The former of these essays appears in a revised and much expanded form in Hori's
Kindensei no kenkyu
*
(Studies of the equal field system), Iwanami shoten, 1975. The latter essay is included in
Gendai rekishigaku no kadai
(Problems of contemporary historiography), Aoki shoten, 1971.
38. Roughly, a Japanese way of saying: "It's time to start afresh." (JAF)
Three— The Evolution of Critiques of Theories of Unilinear Development and the Problem of Feudalism
39. "Rikucho
*
kizokusei shakai no shiteki seikaku to ritsuryo
*
taisei e no tenkai"
(The historical character of society under the Six Dynasties aristocratic system and the evolution of a legal order),
Shakai keizai shigaku
31.1-5 (1966), pp. 204-225; included in Tanigawa,
Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shakai to kyodotai
*
(Medieval Chinese society and "community"), Kokusho kankokai
*
, 1976, pp. 147-173.
40.
,
Chuo
*
koron
*
72.2 (February 1957), pp. 32-49.
41.
, Kodansha
*
gendai shinsho, 1965. This volume did not appear in English. It is a collection of Reischauer's essays and conversations, most of which appeared individually in Japanese language publications. (JAF)
42. "Chugoku
*
shi kenkyu
*
no atarashii kadai: Hokensei
*
no saihyoka
*
mondai ni furete"
(A new problem in the study of Chinese history: On the reevaluation of feudalism),
Nihon shi kenkyu
94 (November 1967), pp. 8-24; included in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai,
pp. 174 197.
43. Ueyama Shumpei
, "Rekishikan no mosaku"
(Search for a view of history),
Shiso
*
no kagaku,
1.1 (January 1959), pp. 27-39; included in
Dai To
*
-A senso
*
no imi
(The meaning of the great war in East Asia), Chuo
*
koron
*
sha, 1964, vol. 1, pp. 162-178.
44. See Tanigawa essay cited in note 42.
45. Wada Haruki
"Gendai teki 'kindaika' ron no shiso
*
to ronri"
(The thought and logic of contemporary "modernization" theory),
Rekishigaku kenkyu
318 (November 1966), pp. 2-12; Kimbara Samon
, "Nihon kindaika" ron no rekishizo
*
(The historical image of "Japanese modernization" theory), Chuo University Press, 1968; and Miyamoto Mataji
, editor,
Amerika no Nihon kenkyu
(Japanology in America), Toyo keizai shimpo
*
sha, 1970.
46. Horigome Yozo
*
,
Tembo
*
87.3 (March 1966), pp. 16-49; included in
Rekishi no imi
(The meaning of history), Chuo koron sha, 1970, pp. 146-208.
47. See Tanigawa essay cited in note 42.
48. Rushton Coulborn, editor,
Feudalism in History,
Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1956. Reischauer's essay appears on pp. 26-48.
49.
, "Rekishi ni okeru ruiji to hikaku no imi: Kurubon
*
hencho
Rekishi ni okeru hokensei
*
o yonde"
(The meaning of analogy and comparison in history: On reading
Feudalism in History,
edited by Coulborn),
Shiso
412 (October 1958), pp. 1-14.
50. Japanese translation of Weber's
The Sociology of Control
by Sera Terushiro
*
,
Shihai no shakaigaku
, Sobunsha
*
, 1962, vol. 2, p. 289.
break
51. Japanese translation:
Chugoku
*
bummei to kanryosei
*
, by Muramatsu Yuji
*
, Misuzu shobo
*
1971. (English translation by H. M. Wright, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1964—JAF.)
52. Ibid., p. 177 (of Japanese edition).
51. Japanese translation:
Chugoku
*
bummei to kanryosei
*
, by Muramatsu Yuji
*
, Misuzu shobo
*
1971. (English translation by H. M. Wright, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1964—JAF.)
52. Ibid., p. 177 (of Japanese edition).
53. See Tanigawa Michio, "Chugoku
*
kanryosei
*
shakai no hitotsu no mikata"
(One view of China's bureaucratic society),
Ajia kuotarii
*
7.1 (January-March 1975), pp. 115-123; included in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei
*
shakai to kyodotai
*
pp. 313-324.
54. Karl A. Wittfogel,
Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power,
New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1963, p. 5. Japanese translation by Ajia keizai kenkyujo
*
,
Toyoteki
*
sensei shugi
, Ronsosha
*
, 1961, p. 9.
55.
,
Ajia teki seisan yoshiki
*
no mondai
, Iwanami shoten, 1966; and
,
Aiia teki seisan yoshiki ronso
*
no fukkatsu: Sekaishi no kihon hosoku
*
no saikento
*
, Miraisha, 1969.
56. Moscow, Akademia nauk SSSR, 1964.
57. Jean Chesneaux, "Le mode de production asiatique: quelques perspectives de recherche,"
La Pensée
114 (January-February 1964), pp. 33-55. Japanese translation: "Ajia teki seisan yoshiki
*
: kenkyujo
*
no jakkan no mitoshi
*
"
, in Honda.
58. Ibid., p. 33.
57. Jean Chesneaux, "Le mode de production asiatique: quelques perspectives de recherche,"
La Pensée
114 (January-February 1964), pp. 33-55. Japanese translation: "Ajia teki seisan yoshiki
*
: kenkyujo
*
no jakkan no mitoshi
*
"
, in Honda.
58. Ibid., p. 33.
59. Ferenc Tökei,
Sur le mode de production asiatique,
Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1966. Japanese translation by Hani Kyoko
*
,
Ajia teki seisan yoshiki
, Miraisha, 1971.
60. Chesneaux, p. 39.
61. Ibid., p. 41.
60. Chesneaux, p. 39.
61. Ibid., p. 41.
62. Roger Garaudy,
Le problème chinois,
Paris, Seghers, 1967. Japanese translation by Nohara Shiro
*
,
Gendai Chugoku to Marukusu shugi
(Contemporary China and Marxism), Taishukan
*
shoten, 1970.
63. L.V. Danilova, "Diskussionnye problemy teorii dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv," in
Problemy dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv,
Moscow, 1968. Japanese translation in Fukutomi.
Four— Concluding Remarks
64.
,
Shiso
*
529 (July 1968), pp. 37-54.
65.
Lu-t'ien
were lands, in the Ming, given to nobles who had direct control over the land even in the area of rent collection. See Hoshi, p. 423. (JAF)
66.
Chuang-t'ien
were lands also given to nobles in the Ming but, unlike the case of
lu-t'ien, chuang-t'ien
were administered by an official who collected rents and allocated resources from it. Thus, there was no direct control over the land by the noble. See Hoshi, p. 423. (.IAF)
break
One— Transcending the World of Antiquity
1. Wang Kuo-wei
, "Yin-Chou chih-tu lun"
(On Shang and Chou institutions), in
Kuan-t'ang chi-lin
(
chuan
10), in
Wang Kuo-wei hsien-sheng ch'üan-chi
(Collected works of Wang Kuo-wei), Taipei: T'ai-wan ta-t'ung shu-chü, 1976, vol. 2, pp. 449-478.
2. Naito
*
Konan
,
Shina jokoshi
*
(Ancient Chinese history), in
Naito
*
Konan zenshu
*
(Collected works of Naito Konan), Chikuma shobo
*
, 1969, Vol. X, pp. 68-70.
3. Kaizuka Shigeki
,
Chugoku
*
kodai shigaku no hatten
, Kobundo
*
shobo, 1946, pp. 335f.
4. Masubuchi Tatsuo
, "Shunju
*
Sengoku jidai no shakai to kokka"
(Society and state in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods), in
Iwanami koza
*
sekai rekishi 4. kodai 4
(Iwanami's history of the world 4: Antiquity 4), Iwanami shoten, 1970, pp. 139-184.
5
. Lun-yü
(Analects of Confucius), "Yen-yüan"
, XI.2. Translation follows James Legge,
The Chinese Classics,
Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1966, Vol. I, p. 256. (JAF)
6. Tanigawa, "Chugoku
*
shi no sekai shi teki ha'aku wa do
*
susunda ka (1): Kodai shakai no seikaku ronso
*
o megutte"
(How has our understanding of Chinese history in world history progressed (1)? On the debate over the nature of ancient society),
Rekishi hyoron
*
184 (December 1965), pp. 30-36; included under the title, "Chugoku kodai shakai no seikaku ronso: Doreisei kara kyodotai
*
e"
(The debate over the nature of ancient Chinese society, from slavery to "community"), in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei
*
shakai to kyodotai
*
(Medieval Chinese society and "community"), Kokusho kankokai
*
, 1976, pp. 136-146.
7. See. for example, Utsunomiya Kiyoyoshi
, "Chugoku kodai chusei
*
shi ha'aku no tame no ichi shikaku"
(One view toward an understanding of ancient and medieval Chinese history), in
Chugoku chusei shi kenkyu
*
: Rikucho
*
Zui To
*
no shakai to bunka
(Studies in medieval Chinese history: Society and culture in the Six Dynasties, Sui, and T'ang), edited by Chugoku chusei shi kenkyukai
*
(Society for the study of medieval Chinese history), Tokai
*
University Press, 1970, pp. 17-39. Reprinted in Utsunomiya,
Chugoku kodai chusei shi kenkyu
(Studies in ancient and medieval Chinese history), Sobunsha
*
, 1977, pp. 3-29.
8.
. See Ch'ü T'ung-tsu,
Han Social Structure,
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967, p. 251 n.1. (JAF)
9. See Tanigawa essay cited in note 6.
10. Utsunomiya also claims that the autonomous world (sustained by this
continue
family system) matured into a society of great clans and produced the next epoch of the Six Dynasties period. One of the characteristics of his understanding of Chinese history is a powerless world existing at the opposite end of the spectrum from the world of power and control. My own conception of "community" relies heavily on Utsunomiya's work.
11.
Translations for some of the Han period terminology (as in this case) follow Hans Bielenstein,
The Bureaucracy of Han Times,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. (JAF)
12.
Shih-chi
,
chuan
8, "Kao-tsu pen-chi"
(Basic annals of Kao-tsu). See Burton Watson, trans.,
Records of the Grand Historian of China,
New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1961, vol. 1, p. 82, for a slightly different translation. (JAF)
13. Ibid. See Watson, p. 90. Liu Pang's Three Articles were: (1) murder was punishable by death; (2) injury and theft were punishable; and (3) all the other complex and harsh Ch'in laws were abolished. (JAF)
12.
Shih-chi
,
chuan
8, "Kao-tsu pen-chi"
(Basic annals of Kao-tsu). See Burton Watson, trans.,
Records of the Grand Historian of China,
New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1961, vol. 1, p. 82, for a slightly different translation. (JAF)
13. Ibid. See Watson, p. 90. Liu Pang's Three Articles were: (1) murder was punishable by death; (2) injury and theft were punishable; and (3) all the other complex and harsh Ch'in laws were abolished. (JAF)
14. Moriya Mitsuo
, "Furo
*
"
(Elders),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
*
14.1-2 (July 1955), pp. 43-60; included in his
Chugoku
*
kodai no kazoku to kokka
(Family and the state in ancient China), Kyoto, Toyoshi
*
kenkyukai
*
, 1968, pp. 191-213.
15. Naito
*
Konan,
Shina jokoshi
*
, p. 11.
16. See Tanigawa,
Zui-To
*
teikoku keisei shiron
(A historical analysis of the formation of the Sui-T'ang empire), Chikuma shobo
*
, 1971, section I.
17.
, signifying a purity of criticism offered by men of learning. (JAF)
18. Kawakatsu Yoshio
, "Shina chusei
*
kizoku seiji no seiritsu ni tsuite"
(On the establishment of aristocratic politics in medieval China),
Shirin
33.4 (August 1950), pp. 47-63; included in his
Rikucho
*
kizokusei shakai no kenkyu
(Studies of aristocratic society in the Six Dynasties period), Iwanami shoten, 1982.
19.
Yüeh-tan-p'ing
in Chinese; a practice begun by Hsü Shao
of the Han, who spent the first day of each month engaged in the writing of criticisms of the world around him. (JAF)
20. Masubuchi Tatsuo
, "Go-Kan toko
*
jiken no shihyo
*
ni tsuite"
(On the historical evaluation of the repression of cliques in the Latter Han),
Hitotsubashi ronso
*
44.6 (December 1960), pp. 53-72.
21.
Tzu-chih t'ung-chien
(Comprehensive mirror for aid in government), by the early Sung scholar Ssu-ma Kuang
a massive history of China through the end of the Five Dynasties. (JAF)
22. "Kanmatsu no rejisutansu undo
*
"
(The resistance movement at the end of the Han),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
25.4 (March 1967), pp. 23-50; included in Kawakatsu,
Rikucho kizokusei shakai no kenkyu.
23.
T'oung Pao
L (1963), pp. 1-78. Translated by Kawakatsu Yoshio as "Kigen ni seiki no seiji-shukyo
*
teki undo ni tsuite"
(On the Taoist political-religious movements of the 2d century
A.D.
), in
Dokyo
*
kenkyu
(Studies in Taoism), edited by Yoshioka Yoshitoyo
and Michel Soymié, Shoshinsha
*
, 1967, vol. 2, pp. 5-113.
Two— The Medieval "Community" and Aristocratic Society
24.
San-kuo chih
(Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms), "Wei chih"
(Chronicle of Wei),
chuan
8, biography of Chang Lu
.
25. Ko Hung
,
Pao-p'u-tzu
, "Nei-p'ien, wei-chih"
(Inner chapters, on subtlety), Taipei: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1968,
chuan
6, p. 3b.
break
27. See, in addition to the studies of Stein and Kawakatsu cited in notes 18 and 23 above, Obuchi
*
Ninji
, "Kokin
*
no ran to Gotobeido
*
"
(The Yellow Turban rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice), in
Iwanami koza
*
sekai rekishi 5: kodai 5,
pp. 23-52.
28.
, in
Haneda hakushi shoju
*
kinen Toyoshi
*
ronso
*
(Essays on East Asian history in honor of Professor Haneda Toru
*
), Kyoto, Toyoshi
*
kenkyukai
*
, 1950; included in Miyakawa's
Rikucho
*
shi kenkyu
*
, seiji shakai hen
(Studies in Six Dynasties history, volume on political and social problems), Gakujutsu shinkokai
*
, 1956, pp. 437-471.
29. Miyazaki Ichisada
, "Chugoku
*
ni okeru shuraku
*
keitai no hensen ni tsuite"
(On changes in the configurations of centers of population in China),
Otani
*
shigaku
6 (June 1957), pp. 5-26.
30.
,
Shiso
*
30 (October 1971), pp. 68-104; originally published in
To
*
-A jimbun gakuho
*
3.4 (March 1943).
31. Chin Fa-ken
,
Yung-chia luan hou pei-fang te hao-tsu
(Great clans in the North following the uprising of 307
A.D.
), Taipei, Chung-kuo hsüeh-shu chu-tso chiang-chu wei-yüan-hui, 1964.
32. Lao Kan
, ed.,
Chü-yen Han-chien k'ao-shih
(A study of the Han wood strips of Chü-yen), Taipei, Academia Sinica, 1960.
33.
. A large mountain range in Honan, Hopei, and Shansi. (JAF)
34.
Hou-Han-shu, chuan
47, biography of Feng I
.
35.
by Li Tao-yüan
(d. 527).
36.
Shui-ching-chu, chuan
15, entry on the Lo River I-ho
.
37. Ibid.
36.
Shui-ching-chu, chuan
15, entry on the Lo River I-ho
.
37. Ibid.
38. Ch'en Yin-k'o
, "T'ao-hua yüan chi p'ang-cheng"
(Notes on the
T'ao-hua yüan chi
),
Ch'ing-hua hsüeh-pao
11.1 (January 1936), pp. 79-88. T'ang Ch'ang-ju
has written a critique of Ch'en's theory: "Tu 'T'ao-hua yüan chi p'ang-cheng' chih-i"
(Doubts after reading [Ch'en Yin-k'o's] "Notes on the T'ao-hua yüan chi"), in
Wei Chin Nan-Pei-ch'ao shih lun-ts'ung hsü-pien
(Essays on the history of the Wei, Chin, and Nan-pei-ch'ao period, continued), Peking, San-lien shu-tien, 1959, pp. 163-174. According to T'ang, the
T'ao-hua yüan chi
took for its raw material the "communitarian" life of minority peoples of Kiangnan who had fled from the feudal oppression of the Han dynasty to a place of seclusion. He goes on to claim that what Ch'en saw as the model for
T'ao-hua yüan chi,
the
wu
groups in the North led by great Han Chinese clan members, included within them feudal class relations, and that it differs greatly from seeing the
T'ao-hua yüan chi
as describing a world free of exploitation and classes. Yet, Ch'en also, drawing on the example of Yü Kun, recognized that the clan and local village structures that gave the
wu
grouping its organization possessed a "communitarian" tinge to a certain extent, and that in the early period of the group's activities it was necessary to have cooperation and mutual aid among the constituent members of the group.
39.
San-kuo chih
, "Wei chih"
(Chronicle of Wei),
chuan
11.
40.
Tsung-tsu chi shu-hsing
, in
Chin-shu
,
chuan
88, "hsiao-yu"
.
41.
Tsung-tsu ji hsiang-ch'ü
, in ibid.,
chuan
67.
42. See Tanigawa, "Rikucho
*
kizokusei shakai no shiteki seikaku to ritsuryo
*
taisei e no tenkai"
(The historical character of society under the Six Dynasties aristocratic
continue
system and the evolution of a legal order),
Shakai keizai shigaku
31.1-5 (1966), pp. 204-225; included in Tanigawa,
Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shakai to kyodotai
*
, pp. 147-173.
43. See the four essays included in Section II of Tanigawa's
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai
(pp. 117-197):
a) "Ichi Toyoshi
*
kenkyusha
*
ni okeru genjitsu to gakumon"
(Reality and scholarship for one scholar of East Asian history), originally in
Atarashii rekishigaku no tame ni
68 (1961).
b) "Chugoku
*
kodai shakai no seikaku ronso
*
" (see note 6).
c) "Rikucho
*
kizokusei shakai no shiteki seikaku to ritsuryo
*
taisei e no tenkai" (see note 42).
d) "Chugoku shi kenkyu
*
no atarashii kadai: Hokensei
*
no saihyoka
*
mondai ni furete"
(A new problem in the study of Chinese history: On the reevaluation of feudalism), originally in
Nihon shi kenkyu
*
94 (November 1967).
44. See Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
' ronso ni tsuite: Chugoku shi kenkyu ni okeru shiso
*
jokyo
*
"
(On the
kyodotai
*
[community] debate: The state of thought in Chinese historical studies),
Nagoya jimbun kagaku kenkyukai
*
nempo
*
I (1974), pp. 65-90.
45. See, in particular, Tanigawa, "Hokucho
*
kizoku no seikatsu rinri"
(The life ethic of the aristocracy in the Northern Dynasties), in
Chugoku chusei shi kenkyu: Rikucho
*
Zui To
*
no shakai to bunka,
pp. 272-303; included in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai,
pp. 201-234.
47.
Wei-shu
,
chuan
47;
Pei-shih, chuan
30.
49.
Pei-Ch'i-shu
(History of the Northern Ch'i),
chuan
23;
Pei-shih, chuan
24, biography of Ts'ui Ling.
50.
, "Mien-hsüeh p'ien"
(To encourage study). (See Teng Ssu-yü's excellent annotated translation,
Family Instructions for the Yen Clan,
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968, pp. 52-84-JAF.)
51. Yoshikawa Tadao
, "Gan Shisui shoron
*
"
(A short study of Yen Chih-t'ui),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
20.4 (March 1962), pp. 1-29.
52. See Teng, p. 59, for a slightly different translation. (JAF)
54. See Tanigawa,
Zui-To teikoku keisei shiron,
sections I and II.
55. See Tanigawa, "Kindensei no rinen to dai tochi shoyu
*
"
(The principles of the equitable field system and large landownership),
Toyoshi kenkyu
25.4 (March 1967), pp. 76-97; included in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai,
pp. 256-280.
56. See note 18 to Part I above for a description of
chan-t'ien
and
k'e-t'ien.
(JAF)
57. See Tanigawa,
Zui-To teikoku keisei shiron,
section II.
58. Ibid.
57. See Tanigawa,
Zui-To teikoku keisei shiron,
section II.
58. Ibid.
59. See Tanigawa, "So Shaku no Rikujo
*
shosho
*
ni tsuite"
(Su Ch'o's Edict on six reforms),
Nagoya daigaku bungakubu kenkyu ronshu
*
45
, "shigaku" 15
(1967), pp. 53-66; reprinted as "Seigi 'Rikujo shosho' ni okeru shitaifu rinri"
(The literary ethic in the "Edict of six articles" of the Western Wei), in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai,
pp. 235-255.
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