1. See Richard Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and Their Religious Milieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 122-49; for context, Donald Weinstein and Rudolph M. Bell, Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000-1700 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); for background, Thomas N. Tentler, Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).

2. Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 114-15, but with serious qualification, for which see p. 5 above; Nancy J. Vickers, "Remembering Dante: Petrarch's 'Chiare, fresche et dolci acque,'" Modern Language Notes, 96 (1981), 11; Giuseppe Mazzotta, "The Canzoniere and the Language of the Self," Studies in Philology, 75 (1978), 271-96.

3. Robert M. Durling, "Petrarch's 'Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro,'" Modern Language Notes, 86 (1971), 1-20. He does acknowledge that the language is at least "ambiguous," so that it cannot be cancelled by theological condemnation (pp. 19-20).

4. John Freccero, "The Fig Tree and the Laurel: Petrarch's Poetics," Diacritics, 5 (1975), 34-40; rpt. in Literary Theory / Renaissance Texts, ed. Patricia Parker and David Quint (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 20-32. This is speculation, undocumented in the texts of Augustine or in the scholarship on his symbolism and semiotics. For the symbol of the fig tree as erotic, not semiotic, the classic research is that of Vinzenz Bucheit, "Augustinus unter dem Feigenbaum (zu Conf. VIII)," Vigiliae Christianae, 22 (1968), 257-71; and see also such related studies as Leo C. Ferrari, "The Arboreal Polarization in Augustine's Confessions," Revue des études augustiniennes, 25 (1979), 35-46. For my research, which adduces further evidence and locates the fig tree in the garden of the Plotinian exegesis of the myth of Eros, see "Augustine in the Garden of Zeus: Lust, Love, and Language,'' Harvard Theological Review 83 (1990), 117-39; and for my interpretation of the entire text, "The Prudential Augustine: The Virtuous Structure and Sense of His Confessions, '' Recherches augustiniennes, 22 (1987), 129-50. The issue of his semiotics will be discussed shortly.

5. The magisterial revisionist work is Charles Trinkaus, In Our Image and Likeness: Humanity and Divinity in Italian Humanist Thought (2 vols.; Chi-

cago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); and see such books as Salvatore I. Camporeale, Lorenzo Valla: Umanesimo e teologia (Florence: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, 1972); John W. O'Malley, Praise and Blame in Renaissance Rome: Rhetoric, Doctrine, and Reform in the Sacred Orators of the Papal Court, c. 1450-1521 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1979).

6. See, e.g., Robert Hollander, "Dante Theologus-Poeta, " Dante Studies, 94 (1976), 91-136; Dennis John Costa, "Dante as a Poet-Theologian," Dante Studies, 89 (1971), 61-72.

7. The standard work on this classical genre is Theodore C. Burgess, Epideictic Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1902). For my analysis of one of the texts about Gherardo as epideictic (the epistolary ascent of Mont Ventoux, Ep. fam. 4.1) see my hermeneutics, "A Likely Story: The Autobiographical as Epideictic," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 52 (1989), 23-51, esp. 28-33.

8. See, e.g., C. Karl Galinsky, The Herakles Theme: The Adaptations of the Hero in Literature from Homer to the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1972), and Theodore E. Mommsen, "Petrarch and the Story of the Choice of Hercules," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 16 (1953), 178-92; Mia Irene Gerhardt, Two Wayfarers: Some Medieval Stories on the Theme of Good and Evil (Utrecht, 1964); Heino Gehrts, Das Märchen und das Opfer: Untersuchungen zum europäischen Brudermärchen (Bonn: Bouvier, 1967).

9. The hierarchy at the charterhouse of Montrieux descended from the prior to the priest, the monk, the subdeacon, the convert, the novice, the donate or renderer, the prebendary, and the workman. The donatus or redditus, very distinctly from the monachus, did not live in the monastery there but in the lower house. He wore garb similar to that of the convertus, but not the beard, and was addressed not as frater but as burdon, or mule, to designate his obedient domestic service. He was a layman pledged by civil contract, not religious vow. There was at the charterhouse only one position for a clerical renderer, whose status was something like that of the choir religious but without religious profession or constraint of cloister. Raymond Boyer, La Chartreuse de Montrieux aux XII ^e et XIII ^e siècles (2 vols.; Marseilles: Jeanne Laffitte for the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1980), 1: 191-246, and for Gherardo as a clerical renderer, 151-52.

10. See Ernest H. Wilkins, "Petrarch's Ecclesiastical Career," in Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), pp. 3-32.

11. Reference is to the conversion of the poetry of fin' amors into a Christian allegory by John V. Fleming, Reason and the Lover (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); The Roman de la Rose: A Study in Allegory and Iconography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969); D. W. Robertson, A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962). This conversion has been rejected by virtually every other critic of the text. For the difference between medieval and modern irony, see Simon Gaunt, The Troubadours and Irony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 5-38.

12. Boyle, "Augustine in the Garden of Zeus."

13. The landmark book was Prosper Alfaric, L'Evolution intellectuelle de saint Augustin (Paris: E. Nourry, 5918), which argued for his conversion not to Christianity but to Neoplatonism. Although this argument has been modified by that of conversion to a Neoplatonized Christianity, through Ambrose and other authors (see, e.g., the research of Pierre Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions de saint Augustin , rev. ed. [Paris: F. de Boccard, 1968]), the scholarship readily accepts a variety of non-Christian influences and elements in the thought of Augustine.

14. Robert J. O'Connell, Art and the Christian Intelligence in St. Augustine (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 143-72.

15. The best orientation to the subject is Marcia Colish, The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (2 vols.; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1985), 2: 142-238, esp. 181-98. The following bibliography on Augustine's semiotics as Stoic includes several other items that may be of interest to critics: Christopher Kirwan, Augustine (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 35-59; M. F. Burnyeat, "Wittgenstein and Augustine de Magistro, " Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. vol., 61 (1987), 1-24; Tzvetan Todorov, "A propos de la conception augustinienne du signe," Revue des études augustiniennes, 31 (1985), 209-14; G. Watson, "St. Augustine's Theory of Language,'' Maynooth Review, 6 (1982), 4-20; Hans Ruef, Augustin über Semiotik und Sprache: sprachtheoretische Analysen zu Augustins Schrift De dialectica mit einer deutschen Übersetzung (Bern: K. J. Wyss Erben, 1981); Marc Baratin, "Les Origines stoïciennes de la théorie augustinienne du signe," Revue des études latines, 59 (1981), 260-68; T. Adamik, ''Zur Terminologie und Funktion von Augustinus' Zeichentheorie," [Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest] Acta Antiqua, 29 (1981), 403-16; Guy Bouchard, "La Conception augustinienne du signe selon Tzvetan Todorov," Recherches augustiniennes, 15 (1980), 305-46; Robert H. Ayers, Language, Logic, and Reason in the Church Fathers: A Study of Tertullian, Augustine and Aquinas (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1979), pp. 61-81; Louis G. Kelly, "Saint Augustine and Saussurean Linguistics," Augustinian Studies, 6 (1975), 45-64; Jean Collart, "Saint Augustin grammairien dans le De magistro, " Revue des études augustiniennes, 17 (1971), 279-92; Raffaele Simone, "Semiologia agostiniana," Cultura, 7 (1969), 88-117; B. Darrell Jackson, "The Theory of Signs in St. Augustine's De Doctrina Christiana," Revue des études augustiniennes, 15 (1969), 9-49, rpt. in Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. R. A. Markus (London: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 92-137; Alfred Schindler, Wort und Analogie in Augustins Trinitätslehre (Tübingen: Mohr, 1965); Ulrich Duchrow, Sprachverständnis und biblischen Hören bei Augustin (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1965), esp. pp. 42-63; Georges Bavaud, "Un Thème augustinien: Le Mystère de l'Incarnation à la lumière de la distinction entre le verbe intérieur et le verbe proféré," Revue des études augustiniennes, 9 (1963), 95-101; Markus, "St. Augustine on Signs," Phronesis, 2 (1957), 60-83, rpt. in Augustine, ed. idem, pp. 61-91.

16. Pace Freccero, "The Fig Tree and the Laurel," 37, 38.

17. Boyle, "Stoic Luther: Paradoxical Sin and Necessity," Archiv für Re-

formationsgeschichte, 73 (1982), 69-93; related, "The Stoic Paradox of James 2.10," New Testament Studies, 31 (1985), 611-17; "The Chimera and the Spirit: Luther's Grammar of the Will," in The Martin Luther Quincentennial, ed. Gerhard Dünnhaupt (Detroit: Wayne State University Press for Michigan Germanic Studies, 1985), pp. 17-31; for his anti-rhetoric, Rhetoric and Reform: Erasmus' Civil Dispute with Luther (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983); for dualism in the history of religions as background, ''Luther's Rider-Gods: From the Steppe to the Tower," Journal of Religious History, 13 (1985), 260-82; related, "Erasmus and the 'Modern' Question: Was He Semi-Pelagian?" Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 75 (1984), 59-77.

18. Durling, "Petrarch's 'Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro,'" and idem, trans. and ed., Petrarch's Lyric Poems: The Rime Sparse and Other Lyrics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), p. 88.

19. Greene, The Light in Troy, p. 115, who also notes that both Durling and Freccero recognize "phantasm" as a secondary meaning. The lexical sense of eidolon is also noted by Mazzotta, "Antiquity and the New Arts in Petrarch," Romanic Review, 79 (1988), 40.

20. See David C. Lindberg, Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 1-3, 23, 113, 161.

21. James S. Ackerman, "Leonardo's Eye," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 41 (1978), 114-15, 123, 124, 144.

22. David F. Hahm, "Early Hellenistic Theories of Vision and the Perception of Colour," in Studies in Perception: Interrelations in the History of Philosophy and Science, ed. Peter K. Maehammer and Robert G. Turnbull (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978), pp. 62, 75 n.53.

23. Michael V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 178-79.

24. See Durling, "Petrarch's 'Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro,'" 12-16, and Petrarch's Lyric Poems, p. 88n. with reference to Ps. 118:127 Vg.

25. See Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy: A Primer in the Social History of Pictorial Style, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 81-82.

26. Ibid., pp. 138-39, 83, 15-16.

25. See Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy: A Primer in the Social History of Pictorial Style, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 81-82.

26. Ibid., pp. 138-39, 83, 15-16.

27. Abbot Suger, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St-Denis and Its Art Treasures, p. 23 (not in Baxandall).

28. Petrarch, De remediis utiusque fortunae 1.40-41, in Operum (Basel, 1554; rpt., 3 vols.; Ridgewood, N.J.: Gregg, 1965), 1: 50-52.

29. Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators: Humanist Observers of Painting in Italy and the Discovery of Pictorial Composition, 1350-1450 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), pp. 51-65.

30. Petrarch, Rime sparse 30.27, ed. Durling, p. 89.

31. Michael Camille, The Gothic Idol: Idolatry and Image-making in Medieval Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50, 57, 19-20, 57-72, 103.

32. Ibid., pp. 298-316 with reference to the Robertsonian school, for which see n. 11 above.

31. Michael Camille, The Gothic Idol: Idolatry and Image-making in Medieval Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 50, 57, 19-20, 57-72, 103.

32. Ibid., pp. 298-316 with reference to the Robertsonian school, for which see n. 11 above.

33. Donald R. Howard, The Three Temptations: Medieval Man in Search of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 27.

34. Ovid, Heroides 13.153-62.

35. Dante, Purgatorio 10.31-36.

36. Camille, The Gothic Idol, pp. 36, 42.

37. Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators, p. 51, with reference to Petrarch, Ep. Sen. 4.3 and Ep. fam. 16.11.

38. G. Zanker, "Enargeia in the Ancient Criticism of Poetry," Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, 124 (1981), 297-311; Heinrich Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik: Eine Grundlegung der Literaturwissenschaft (2 vols.; Munich: Max Hueber, 1960), 1: pars. 810-19.

39. Terence Cave, " Enargeia : Erasmus and the Rhetoric of Presence in the Sixteenth Century," L'Esprit créateur, 16 (1976), 6.

40. Trinkaus, The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of Renaissance Consciousness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 26, 90-113; Ronald Witt, "Coluccio Salutati and the Conception of the Poeta Theologus in the Fourteenth Century," Renaissance Quarterly, 30 (1977), 539, 542-44.

41. Boyle, "Augustine in the Garden of Zeus."

42. Including a possibly new work, previously attributed to Francis of Assisi, but now "probably" to Petrarch by Cajetan Esser in his critical edition of Francis of Assisi, Opuscula, p. 37. The text is "Collatio," Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 7 (1904), 527-29.

1. Ena Makin, "The Triumphal Route, with Particular Reference to the Flavian Triumph," Journal of Roman Studies, II (1921), 25-36.

2. Petrarch, Africa 2.404-9, ed. Nicola Festa, in Edizione Nazionale, vol. 1 (Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 1926), p. 276; trans., Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 237. For Scipio's triumph and that of the poet Ennius, see Africa 9.398-402, ed. Festa, p. 276.

3. Petrarch, Epistolae familiares 4.6.7, ed. V. Rossi and U. Bosco, in Edizione Nazionale, vols. 10-13, Le familiari (4 vols.; Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 1933-42), 1: 171. See Ernest H. Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," in The Making of the Canzoniere and Other Petrarchan Studies (Rome: Storia e letteratura, 1951), pp. 66-68.

4. Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," pp. 31-32.

5. Aldo S. Bernardo, Petrarch, Scipio and the "Africa": The Birth of Humanism's Dream (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), pp. 170-79; David Groves, "Petrarch's Inability to Complete the 'Africa,'" Parergon, 12 (1975), 11-19.

6. Petrarch, Posteritati, in Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan: Riccardo Ricciardi, 1955), p. 16.

7. Ibid., p. 14; Ep. fam. 4.2, ed. Rossi, 1: 161-64; cf. 4.3, 164-67. Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," pp. 45-53. For the custom of oral

recital see Paul Zumthor, La lettre et la voix: De la "Littérature" médiévale (Paris: Seuil, 1987).

6. Petrarch, Posteritati, in Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan: Riccardo Ricciardi, 1955), p. 16.

7. Ibid., p. 14; Ep. fam. 4.2, ed. Rossi, 1: 161-64; cf. 4.3, 164-67. Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," pp. 45-53. For the custom of oral

recital see Paul Zumthor, La lettre et la voix: De la "Littérature" médiévale (Paris: Seuil, 1987).

8. Petrarch, Africa 1.38-70, ed. Festa, pp. 4-5.

9. Laurea et ciuitatis Romanae donatae Priuilegium, in Petrarch, Operum (Basel, 1554; rpt., 3 vols.; Ridgewood, N.J.: Gregg, 1965), 3: 1254-56. Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," pp. 53-61.

10. Bernardo, Petrarch, Scipio and the "Africa."

11. Petrarch, Posteritati, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, pp. 14-16; Rerum memorandarum libri 1.37, ed. Giuseppe Billanovich, in Edizione Nazionale, vol. 5 (Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 1945), p. 41. Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," pp. 46-53.

12. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Carlo Godi, "La 'Collatio laureationis' del Petrarca," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 13 (1970), 13-27.

13. Ibid., pp. 20-21. Petrarch cites Lactantius, Divinae institutiones 1.11, and Macrobius, Commentariorum in somnium Scipionis [libri] 2.10.11. For the concept of discovery through difficulty he is indebted to Augustine, De doctrina christiana 2.6.7-8, and to the sources he cites in a similar argument in Invective contra medicum 3, ed. Pier G. Ricci, (Rome: Storia e letteratura, 1950), pp. 69-70, and 1, p. 37. See also his De secreto conflicto mearum curarum 2, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, p. 104; and Ep.fam. 6.3.66, ed. Rossi, 2: 76.

12. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Carlo Godi, "La 'Collatio laureationis' del Petrarca," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 13 (1970), 13-27.

13. Ibid., pp. 20-21. Petrarch cites Lactantius, Divinae institutiones 1.11, and Macrobius, Commentariorum in somnium Scipionis [libri] 2.10.11. For the concept of discovery through difficulty he is indebted to Augustine, De doctrina christiana 2.6.7-8, and to the sources he cites in a similar argument in Invective contra medicum 3, ed. Pier G. Ricci, (Rome: Storia e letteratura, 1950), pp. 69-70, and 1, p. 37. See also his De secreto conflicto mearum curarum 2, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, p. 104; and Ep.fam. 6.3.66, ed. Rossi, 2: 76.

14. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, pp. 13-14; trans. Ernest H. Wilkins, "Petrarch's Coronation Oration," in his Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), appendix, pp. 301-2. He cites Cicero, Pro Archia, 8.18, for which manuscript see Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme, rev. ed. (2 vols.; Paris: Honoré Champion, 1907), 1: 221; Juvenal, Saturae 7.66-68; Lucan, Bellum civile 9.980. Petrarch also cited the Ciceronian passage in his Invective contra medicum 1, ed. Ricci, p. 33. For his estimate of this work see Ep. fam. 1.2.23, ed. Rossi, 1: 19.

15. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine, praef. 5-11, ed. Paul Piur, Petrarcas "Buch ohne Namen" und die papstliche Kurie: Ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte der Frührenaissance (Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1925), p. 163. The text is Bucolicum carmen 1, ed. Antonio Avena, Il Bucolicum carmen e i suoi commenti inediti (Padua: Società cooperativa tipografica, 1906), pp. 95-99. See also Nicholas Mann, "The Making of Petrarch's 'Bucolicum Carmen': A Contribution to the History of the Text," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 20 (1978), 130-37. For discussion see Giuseppe Mazzotta, "Humanism and Monastic Spirituality in Petrarch," Stanford Literary Review, 5 (1988), 64-66.

16. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.4.1-9, ed. Rossi, 2: 301-3; trans. Aldo S. Bernardo, Rerum familiarum libri I-VIII (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975), and Rerum familiarum libri IX-XVI (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 69, 70. Rev. 5:5, John 1:29, Ps. 22:6. Aristotle, Metaphysica 1.983b29, 1000a9. For the first pagan theologians as poets and philosophers see also Petrarch, Invective contra medicum 3, ed. Ricci, p. 71. See also Mazzotta, "Humanism and Monastic Spirituality in Petrarch," 66-69; A. J. Minnis, Medieval Theory of Authorship: Scholastic Literary Attitudes in the Later Middle Ages (London: Scolar, 1984), p. 256; Trinkaus, The Poet as Philosopher, pp. 102-3.

17. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, p. 13.

18. See Wilkins, "The Coronation of Petrarch," pp. 21-23.

19. Albertino Mussato, Epistolae 4, 7. See Ernst R. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Pantheon, 1953), pp. 215-21; and for more recent accounts, Giorgio Ronioni, Le origini delle dispute umanistiche sulla poesia (Mussato e Petrarca) (Rome: Bulzone, 1976), and Concetta C. Greenfield, Humanist and Scholastic Poetics, 1250-1500 (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1981), pp. 79-94. Curtius's statement that Mussato's designation of poetry as theology is "in the line of established medieval tradition," p. 219, which is accepted by Greenfield, pp. 25-26, is questionable. His argument assumes that the concept, which was transmitted from Cicero, De natura deorum 3.21.53, to Lactantius, De ira Dei 11.8, to Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 8.7.9, and thence to the medieval encyclopedists, was accepted theologically by those authors.

20. Lucan, Bellum civile 9.980.

21. Horace, De arte poetica 343.

22. Augustine, De doctrina christiana 1.3.3, 2.18.28, 2.39.58, 2.40.60-61, 2.52.63. See also Oliver O'Donovan, " Usus and Fruitio in Augustine, De doctrina christiana I," Journal of Theological Studies, 33 (1982), 361-97.

23. Augustine, Retractationum [libri] 1.3.

24. Petrarch, Epistolae seniles 1.5, in Operum, 2:823. Consider also: "Though salvation may not lie in literature, it still is and was for a great many men a way to salvation" ( Ep. fam. 17.1.3, ed. Rossi, 3:221; trans. Bernardo, 3:1).

25. The most recent major studies of the text are Hans Baron, Petrarch's "Secretum": Its Making and Its Meaning (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1985), and Francisco Rico, Vida y obra de Petrarca, vol. 1: Lectura del "Secretum" (Padua: Antenore, 1974); see also Bortolo Martinelli, "Sulla data del 'Secretum.' Nova et Vetera 1, 2, Critica letteraria, 13 (1985), 431-82, 645-93.

26. Petrarch, Secretum 1, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, pp. 36, 44; trans. William S. Draper, Petrarch's Secret or The Soul's Conflict with Passion, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1911), p. 14; see also p. 42.

27. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 194; trans. Draper, p. 172. Ed. pp. 136, 144-50; trans. p. 124. Ed. pp. 148-50, 162-64.

28. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, pp. 22-24 and passim. See Pedro Lain-Entralgo, The Therapy of the Word in Classical Antiquity, ed. and trans. L. J. Rather and John M. Sharp (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).

29. Petrarch, Secretum 1-3, ed. Martellotti, pp. 26, 40, 114, 142, 148; 212; 144; trans. Draper, p. 121.

30. Petrarch, Rime sparse, in Petrarch's Lyric Poems: The Rime sparse and Other Lyrics, trans. and ed. Robert M. Durling (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), 159. 1, pp. 304-5; 126.55, p. 247; 279.6, p. 459, 309.3, p. 489; 28.2, p. 75. 192.4, pp. 338-39, 243.3, pp. 404-5; 268.34-36, p. 439. 72.2-3, pp. 162-63. 14.7, pp. 48-49. 341.9-10, pp. 538-39.

31. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 214; trans. Draper, p. 192.

32. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 167.14, pp. 312-13; 268.38-39,

pp. 438-39, 278.5, pp. 456-57, 301.13, pp. 480-81. 193.9, pp. 338-39; 280.12-14, p. 459; 285.13, p. 465. 278.5-6, pp. 456-57; 29.39-40, pp. 84-85.

33. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.12.8, ed. Rossi, 1:130; trans. Bernardo, 1:146.

34. Ibid. 1.12.3-5, ed. Rossi, 1:51-52; trans. Bernardo, 1:55.

33. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.12.8, ed. Rossi, 1:130; trans. Bernardo, 1:146.

34. Ibid. 1.12.3-5, ed. Rossi, 1:51-52; trans. Bernardo, 1:55.

35. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 261.7-8, pp. 422-23; 29.40, pp. 84-85.

36. Ibid. 13.9-14, pp. 48-49.

37. Ibid. 333.13-14, pp. 530-31; 331.29-30, pp. 520-21, 91.7, pp. 194-95. 277.10-11, pp. 456-57; 286.9-14, pp. 464-65.

35. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 261.7-8, pp. 422-23; 29.40, pp. 84-85.

36. Ibid. 13.9-14, pp. 48-49.

37. Ibid. 333.13-14, pp. 530-31; 331.29-30, pp. 520-21, 91.7, pp. 194-95. 277.10-11, pp. 456-57; 286.9-14, pp. 464-65.

35. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 261.7-8, pp. 422-23; 29.40, pp. 84-85.

36. Ibid. 13.9-14, pp. 48-49.

37. Ibid. 333.13-14, pp. 530-31; 331.29-30, pp. 520-21, 91.7, pp. 194-95. 277.10-11, pp. 456-57; 286.9-14, pp. 464-65.

38. Petrarch, Ep. sen. 1.5, in Operum, 2: 823.

39. Petrarch, Secretum 1, ed. Martellotti, p. 34; trans. Draper, p. 13. Vergil, Aeneid 9.641.

40. Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 212; trans. Draper, pp. 189, 190.

41. See sources cited in n. 32 above.

42. For other studies see my "A Likely Story: The Autobiographical as Epideictic," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 52 (1989), 28-33; Jill Robbins, "Petrarch Reading Augustine: 'The Ascent of Mont Ventoux,'" Philological Quarterly, 64 (1985), 533-53; Michael O'Connell, "Authority and the Truth of Experience in Petrarch's 'Ascent of Mont Ventoux,'" Philological Quarterly, 62 (1983), 507-20; Baron, Petrarch's ''Secretum," pp. 196-202; Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 104-11; Carolyn Chiapelli, "The Motif of Confession in Petrarch's 'Mt. Ventoux,'" Modern Language Notes, 93 (1978), 131-36; Durling, ''Il Petrarca, il Ventoso e la possibilità dell'allegoria," Revue des études augustiniennes, 23 (1977), 304-23, and "The Ascent of Mt. Ventoux and the Crisis of Allegory," Italian Quarterly, 18 (1974), 7-28; Dieter Kramer,, "L'Ascension du Mont Ventoux," in Actes du congrès international Francesco Petrarca (Avignon, 1974), pp. 122-31, rpt. "Petrarcas Besteigung des Mont Ventoux," in Sprachen der Lyrik: Festschrift für Hugo Friedrich zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. Erich Köhler (Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), pp. 487-97; Martinelli, "Del Petrarca e il Ventoso," in Studi in onore di Alberto Chiari (2 vols.; Brescia: Paideia, 1973), 2:767-834, rpt. "Petrarca e il Ventoso," in his Petrarca e il Ventoso (Rome: Minerva, 1977), pp. 149-215; Ph. de Vries, "Petrarca's brief over de bestijging van de Mont Ventoux (Familiarum rerum libri, IV, 1," Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 83 (1970), 181-205; Giuseppe Billanovich, "Petrarca e il Ventoso," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 9 (1966), 389-401; Pierre Courcelle, "Pétrarque entre saint Augustin et les Augustins du XIV ^e siècle," Studi petrarcheschi, 7 (1959), 51-71.

43. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 4.1, ed. Rossi, 1:153-61; trans. Bernardo, 1: 178. Augustine, Confessionum libri tredecim 8.12.29, 10.8.15. Although the composition of this fictional letter has been dated to 1352 or early 1353 (Billanovich, Petrarca letterato, vol. 1: Lo scrittoio del Petrarca [Rome: Storia e letteratura, 1947], pp. 193-98), Petrarch dated it 1336 to indicate the seminal importance of its tenets for his poetic career. The dating is challenged by Baron, Petrarch's "Secretum," pp. 196-202, but his argument that Petrarch could not be a "liar"

is entirely off the mark, because the epistle is epideictic rhetoric. See my "A Likely Story," 23-51, esp. pp. 28-33.

44. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 4.1.26-32, ed. Rossi, 1: 158-60; trans. Bernardo, 1: 178.

45. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 129, pp. 265-67; 10.7-8, p. 45. For this ascent and descent as the alternation of poetic theory and practice, see Ep. fam. 10.4.27, ed. Rossi, 2: 308. For other studies see Gabriel Lanyi, "The 129th Poem in Petrarch's Canzoniere: An Analysis," Forum Italicum, 13 (1979), 201-12; Pierre Antonetti, "Poésie et littérature dans la canzone: 'Di pensier in pensier . . . ,'" Annales de la Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines d'Aix, 38 (1964), 195-204.

46. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 4.1.32-33, ed. Rossi, 1: 160.

47. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, pp. 206-8; trans. Draper, pp. 184-85.

48. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 4.1.17, ed. Rossi, 1: 157. See also Ep. fam. 11.3.9-10, ed. Rossi, 2: 328.

49. Michael Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators: Humanist Observers of Painting in Italy and the Discovery of Pictorial Composition, 1350-1450 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), pp. 15-17; Francesco Tateo, Rhetorica e poetica fra Medioevo e Rinascimento (Bari: Adriatica, 1960), pp. 82-92.

50. David Summers, The Judgment of Sense: Renaissance Naturalism and the Rise of Aesthetics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 99.

51. Winthrop Wetherbee, Platonism and Poetry in the Twelfth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 94-104; idem, "The Theme of Imagination in Medieval Poetry and the Allegorical Figure 'Genius,'" Medievalia et Humanistica, 7 (1976), 45-64.

52. Mario Trovato, "The Semantic Value of Ingegno and Dante's Ulysses in the Light of the Metalogicon, " Modern Philology, 84 (1987), 258-66.

53. Martin Kemp, "From 'Mimesis' to 'Fantasia': The Quattrocento Vocabulary of Creation, Inspiration and Genius in the Visual Arts," Viator, 8 (1977), 384-86, noting Petrarch's citation of Cicero, Pro Archia 8.18, in Invective contra medicum 1.286-89, ed. Ricci, p. 33.

54. Jane Chance Nitzsche, The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 7-41. Horace, Ep. 2.2.187-89.

55. Nitzsche, The Genius Figure, pp. 42-136; Denise N. Baker, "The Priesthood of Genius: A Study of the Medieval Tradition," Speculum, 51 (1976), 277-91.

56. Nitzsche, The Genius Figure, pp. 107-14, 124-25, 129-30, 131-32, 135-36.

57. Petrarch, Africa 9.78-105, 133-289, ed. Festa, pp. 264, 266-76; trans. Bergin and Wilson, pp. 226, 231. For Ennius's vision in the Africa and in Rime 86, 187, see also Martellotti, "Stella diforme," in Tra latino e volgare: Per Carlo Dionisotti, ed. Gabriella B. Trezzini (2 vols.; Padua: Antenore, 1974), 2: 569-84. For Petrarch on Homer see Cesare F. Goffis, "L'epistola del Petrarca ad Omero," in Il Petrarca ad Arquà: Atti del convegno di studi nel VI centario

(1370-1374), ed. Billanovich and Giuseppe Frasso (Padua: Antenore, 1975), pp. 149-64; Roberto Weiss, "Notes on Petrarch and Homer," in his Medieval and Humanist Greek: Collected Essays (Padua: Antenore, 1978), pp. 150-65.

58. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 360.39-40, p. 563.

59. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 1.6, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, p. 358; trans. Jacob Zeitlin, The Life of Solitude, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1924), p. 151. See also John Daniel Cooke, "Euhemenism: A Mediaeval Interpretation of Classical Paganism," Speculum, 2 (1927), 396-410.

60. For Jupiter, see Nitzsche, The Genius Figure, pp. 24-26 and passim.

61. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, 319, 325; trans. Wilkins, pp. 306, 311. He cites Persius, Saturae, prol. 10.

62. Petrarch, Africa 9.18-22, ed. Festa, p. 261; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 223. 9.114, ed. p. 265; trans. p. 227.

63. Ap. Cicero, De divinatione 1.31.66; trans. William A. Falconer, in De senectute, De amicitia, De divinatione (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1923), p. 297. For madness and dreaming as due to the full force of Apollo's gilded arrow see Ennius, ap. Cicero, Academica 2.28.89; and for the interpretation of dreams through Apollo's oracle, ap. Cicero, De div. 1.21.42. Cf. also ap. Cicero, De oratore 1.41.199. See The Tragedies of Ennius: The Fragments, ed. H. D. Jocelyn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 75-76, 77-78, 74, 140, 81, 83. For a survey of Petrarch on Ennius see Werner Suerbaum, "Ennius bei Petrarca: Betrachtungen zu literanischen Ennius-Bildern," in Ennius: Sept exposés suivis de discussions, ed. Otto Skutsch (Geneva: Vand, 1971), pp. 293-347.

64. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 214. The text is more forceful than Draper's translation, however: "Sed desiderium frenare non valeo."

65. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 158; trans. Draper, p. 135; and ed. p. 174, citing Aristotle, ap. Seneca, De tranquillitate animae 17.10. See also Aristotle, Problemata 30.1, Poetica 57.35-37.

66. Petrarch, Africa 9.440, ed. Festa, p. 277; Ep. fam. 4.4.5, ed. Rossi, 1:168.

67. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 1.2.6-11, ed. Rossi, 1:16-17; 4.7.5, p. 172.

68. Petrarch, Secretum 2, ed. Martellotti, p. 90; trans. Draper, pp. 68-69.

69. Augustine, De civitate Dei 7.16; 6.5-10; 7.13. For Petrarch's purchase of this text see Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), pp. 6-7. Although Augustine refuses to identify Christ as the new Apollo, for some commonplaces of Christ as solar hero see Suzanne Poque, Le Langage symbolique dans la prédication d'Augustin d'Hippone (2 vols.; Paris: Etudes augustiniennes, 1984), 1:377-400. See also Jean Doignon, "Les Images virgiliennes d'Apollon et le vrai soleil d'Augustin à Cassiciacum," in Présence de Virgile: Actes du colloque des 9, 11 et 12 décembre 1976 (Paris E.N.S., Tours), ed. R. Chevallier (Paris: Belles lettres, 1978), pp. 175-83.

70. Petrarch, Africa 7.710-14, 23-24, ed. Festa, p. 199; trans. Bergin and Wilson, pp. 166, 167.

71. Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 1.65-68, ed. Avena, p. 97; trans. Thomas

G. Bergin, Petrarch's Bucolicum carmen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 9. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.4.30, ed. Rossi, 2:308; my translation. Ep. fam. 24.12.16, ed. 4:257.

72. See Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos 12; Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus 2.41.2, 2.11.2, 2.35.1. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 18.12.2, ed. Rossi, 3:295-96; trans. Bernardo, 3: 63.

73. Origen, Contra Celsum 7.3-6; trans. Henry Chadwick, Origen: Contra Celsum (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), p. 397. See also John Chrysostom, In epistolam ad Corinthos 1, homiliae 29.2. Origen, Contra Celsum 3.37; trans. p. 153. Contra Celsum 3.25; trans. pp. 143-44.

74. Lactantius, Divinae institutiones 4.27. See Petrarch's citation of 1.7.9 as documented in n. 72 above.

75. Gregory the Great, "De vita et miraculis venerabilis Benedicti Abbatis," 2.8.10-12. See Petrarch, De vita solitaria 2.6, ed. Martellotti, p. 452.

76. Origen, Contra Celsum 7.4.

77. Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus 2.32.3-4.

78. Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos 8; trans. B. P. Pratten et al. in The Writings of Tatian and Theophilus; and the Clementine Recognitions (Edinburgh, 1867), p. 13. He argues that Apollo also failed to foresee that Zephyrus would slay his beloved Hyacinthus, and therefore was not omniscient in prophecy. This polemic was repeated by Theophilus, Ad Autolycum 1.9, and Athenagoras, Legatio 21.6. For the fathers of the Church on Daphne see also Yves F.-A. Giraud, La Fable de Daphné: Essai sur un type de métamorphose végétale dans la littérature et dans les arts jusqu'à la fin du XVII ^e siècle (Geneva: Droz, 1968), pp. 87-89.

79. See Charles Witke, Numen litterarum: The Old and the New in Latin Poetry from Constantine to Gregory the Great (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971), pp. 42-65.

80. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 10.19-49; trans. P. G. Walsh in The Poems of St. Paulinus of Nola (New York: Newman, 1975), pp. 58-59.

81. Ibid. 10.57-58; trans. p. 59.

82. Ibid. 10.134-35; trans. p. 62.

83. Ibid. 20.28-62. See Witke, Numen litterarum, pp. 89-94; and Jacques Fontaine, "Les Symbolismes de la cithare dans la poésie de Paulin de Nole," in Romanitas et christianitas: Studia Iano Henrico Waszink A.D. VI Kal. Nov. A. MCMLXXIII XIII lustra complenti oblata, ed. W. den Boer et al. (Amsterdam and London: North-Holland, 1973), pp. 123-43.

80. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 10.19-49; trans. P. G. Walsh in The Poems of St. Paulinus of Nola (New York: Newman, 1975), pp. 58-59.

81. Ibid. 10.57-58; trans. p. 59.

82. Ibid. 10.134-35; trans. p. 62.

83. Ibid. 20.28-62. See Witke, Numen litterarum, pp. 89-94; and Jacques Fontaine, "Les Symbolismes de la cithare dans la poésie de Paulin de Nole," in Romanitas et christianitas: Studia Iano Henrico Waszink A.D. VI Kal. Nov. A. MCMLXXIII XIII lustra complenti oblata, ed. W. den Boer et al. (Amsterdam and London: North-Holland, 1973), pp. 123-43.

80. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 10.19-49; trans. P. G. Walsh in The Poems of St. Paulinus of Nola (New York: Newman, 1975), pp. 58-59.

81. Ibid. 10.57-58; trans. p. 59.

82. Ibid. 10.134-35; trans. p. 62.

83. Ibid. 20.28-62. See Witke, Numen litterarum, pp. 89-94; and Jacques Fontaine, "Les Symbolismes de la cithare dans la poésie de Paulin de Nole," in Romanitas et christianitas: Studia Iano Henrico Waszink A.D. VI Kal. Nov. A. MCMLXXIII XIII lustra complenti oblata, ed. W. den Boer et al. (Amsterdam and London: North-Holland, 1973), pp. 123-43.

80. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 10.19-49; trans. P. G. Walsh in The Poems of St. Paulinus of Nola (New York: Newman, 1975), pp. 58-59.

81. Ibid. 10.57-58; trans. p. 59.

82. Ibid. 10.134-35; trans. p. 62.

83. Ibid. 20.28-62. See Witke, Numen litterarum, pp. 89-94; and Jacques Fontaine, "Les Symbolismes de la cithare dans la poésie de Paulin de Nole," in Romanitas et christianitas: Studia Iano Henrico Waszink A.D. VI Kal. Nov. A. MCMLXXIII XIII lustra complenti oblata, ed. W. den Boer et al. (Amsterdam and London: North-Holland, 1973), pp. 123-43.

84. Witke, Numen litterarum, pp. 110, 117.

85. Paulinus, Carmen 10.110-16; trans. Walsh, p. 61.

86. For examples of such substitution see Witke, Numen litterarum, pp. 76, 80, 82, 94, 200.

87. Paulinus, Carmen 55.30-33; trans. Walsh, p. 83.

88. Prudentius, Apotheosis 402-5; trans. H. J. Thomson, in Prudentius (2 vols.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949), 1: 151.

89. Prudentius, Cathemerinon 3.26-30; trans. Thomson, p. 21. He also introduced his Psychomachia, that allegorical personification of embattled vir-

tues and vices that so influenced medieval and Renaissance literature, by pitting pagan and Christian cultures against each other in confrontation. He rhetorically replaced the classical invocation of the heroic Aeneas, praying that Apollo might reveal the prophetic mysteries of the underworld, with the prayer of the Christian poet to Christ. Cf. Aeneid 6.56-65, Psychoinachia 1-11. See Macklin Smith, Prudentius' Psychomachia: A Reexamination (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 272-73, and for the argument that the poem is a sophisticated literary assault on Vergil, pp. 234-300.

90. Petrarch, "Laurea occidens" 311-18, in Laurea occidens: Bucolicum carmen X, ed. G. Martellotti (Rome: Storia e letteratura, 1968), p. 33; trans. Bergin, p. 173.

91. Dante, Commedia: Paradiso 1.13-36, trans. Charles S. Singleton (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), vol. 1: Text, pp. 3-5.

92. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oratio de hominis dignitate, ed. Garin, 1:320. For the continuation of the Apolline motif in Renaissance poetry see, e.g., Terence C. Cave, "Ronsard as Apollo: Myth, Poetry and Experience in a Renaissance Sonnet-Cycle," Yale French Studies, 47 (1972), 76-89.

93. John Milton, "Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity" 19. Cf. Prudentius, Apotheosis 435-43.

94. Petrarch, De otio religioso 1, in Il "De otio religioso" di Francesco Petrarca, ed. Giuseppe Rotondi (Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1958), p. 32, citing Lucan, Bellum civile 5.111-13; trans. J. D. Duff, The Civil War (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928), p. 247. See also the loss of literature as even greater and more deplorable than the silence of the Delphic oracle in Ep. fam. 18.12.2, ed. Rossi, 3: 295.

95. Petrarch, Africa 1.1-18, ed. Festa, pp. 3-4; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 1. For other studies of the preface, see Giuseppe Velli, "Il proemio dell' 'Africa,'" Italia medioevale e umanistica, 8 (1965), 323-32; Enrico Carrara, "Sulla soglia dell' 'Africa,'" Studi romanzi, 21 (1931), 117-37, rpt. in his Studi petrarcheschi ed altri scritti (Turin: Bottega d'Erasmo, 1959), pp. 115-33.

96. Vergil, Aeneid 3.119.

97. Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.6.2-5, 9.

98. For the medieval allegories, see pp. 32-33.

99. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, pp. 92-93, 574-75. The poem numbered 34 in the final redaction stood first in the original form. Wilkins, "The Chronology of the Canzoniere, " in his The Making of the "Canzoniere," p. 361.

100. Petrarch, Ep. sen. 1.5, in Operum, 2: 822.

101. See also Angelo Mazzocco, "The Antiquarianism of Francesco Petrarca," Journal of Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies, 7 (1977), 222.

102. Appendix II to Paulinus, Carmina .

103. For the classical background see Joseph Fontenrose, Python. A Study of the Delphic Myth and Its Origins (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959).

104. See Lester K. Born, "Ovid and Allegory," Speculum, 9 (1934), 362-79; Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 83-152.

105. Arnulf of Orleans, Allegoriae super Ovidii Metamorphosin 1.8, 1.9; and

see 2.8, 6.14 for Apollo as a personification of wisdom. See also Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 95-97.

106. John of Garland, Integumenta Ovidii 91-96. See Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 97-98.

107. The text dates to between 1291 and 1328, more probably between 1316 and 1328. Joseph Engels, Etudes sur l'Ovide moralisé (Groningen-Batavia: J. B. Wolters, 1945), pp. 46-48, and for the author, pp. 48-62. See also Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 98-106.

108. For Boccaccio's allegory, see Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 115-22; for the tropological commentary, which Clement VIII condemned, by Dionigi da Borgo San Sepolcro see ibid., p. 124, and Wolfgang Stechow, Apollo und Daphne (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965, rpt. of Leipzig and Berlin ed., 1932), p. 67.

107. The text dates to between 1291 and 1328, more probably between 1316 and 1328. Joseph Engels, Etudes sur l'Ovide moralisé (Groningen-Batavia: J. B. Wolters, 1945), pp. 46-48, and for the author, pp. 48-62. See also Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 98-106.

108. For Boccaccio's allegory, see Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 115-22; for the tropological commentary, which Clement VIII condemned, by Dionigi da Borgo San Sepolcro see ibid., p. 124, and Wolfgang Stechow, Apollo und Daphne (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965, rpt. of Leipzig and Berlin ed., 1932), p. 67.

109. Pierre de Bersuire, Reductorium morale 3215-60, and the version of Avignon, fol. XVI v. Giraud, La Fable de Daphné, pp. 107-12.

110. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.4.30, ed. Rossi, 2: 308.

111. Ibid., 2: 308-9; my translation.

110. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.4.30, ed. Rossi, 2: 308.

111. Ibid., 2: 308-9; my translation.

112. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 17.1.15-22, ed. Rossi, 3:224-25.

113. Ibid. 6.2.4, ed. Rossi, 2: 55; trans. Bernardo, 1: 290. See also Invective contra medicum 4, ed. Ricci, p. 92.

112. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 17.1.15-22, ed. Rossi, 3:224-25.

113. Ibid. 6.2.4, ed. Rossi, 2: 55; trans. Bernardo, 1: 290. See also Invective contra medicum 4, ed. Ricci, p. 92.

114. Petrarch, De sui ipsius et multorum ignorantia liber, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, p. 714; Ep. fam. 5.17.3, ed. Rossi, 2: 38-39. Cf. n. 56.

115. See Nitzsche, The Genius Figure, pp. 30-34.

116. See n. 54.

117. Ibid., pp. 3-4.

116. See n. 54.

117. Ibid., pp. 3-4.

118. Petrarch, De vita solitaria, 1.5, ed. Martellotti, p. 350; trans. Zeitlin, pp. 146, 147.

119. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.3.49, ed. Rossi, 2: 298; trans. Bernardo 2: 66. 22.2.15, ed. 4: 106; trans. 3: 213.

120. See n. 68.

121. André Grabar, Early Christian Art: From the Rise of Christianity to the Death of Theodosius, trans. Stuart Gilbert and James Emmons (New York: Odyssey, 1968), pp. 92-93.

122. Ibid., pp. 80-81 and pl. 74; B. M. A. Ghetti et al., Esplorazioni sotto la confessione di S. Pietro in Vaticano (2 vols.; Vatican City, 1951), 1: 38-42 and pls. 10-12; Jocelyn Toynbee and John W. Perkins, The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican Excavations (London: Longmans, Green, 1957), pp. 72-74, 116-17, pl. 32.

121. André Grabar, Early Christian Art: From the Rise of Christianity to the Death of Theodosius, trans. Stuart Gilbert and James Emmons (New York: Odyssey, 1968), pp. 92-93.

122. Ibid., pp. 80-81 and pl. 74; B. M. A. Ghetti et al., Esplorazioni sotto la confessione di S. Pietro in Vaticano (2 vols.; Vatican City, 1951), 1: 38-42 and pls. 10-12; Jocelyn Toynbee and John W. Perkins, The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican Excavations (London: Longmans, Green, 1957), pp. 72-74, 116-17, pl. 32.

123. Adolphe N. Didron, Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages, trans. E. J. Millington (2 vols.; New York: Frederick Ungar, 1965), 1: 35.

124. Jean Gagé, Apollon romain: Essai sur le culte d'Apollon et le développement du "ritus Graecus" à Rome des origines à Auguste (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1955), esp. pp. 426-27, 499-516, 540-41, 585-94, 673-74. Horace, Carmen saeculare 9-12; trans. C. E. Bennett, The Odes and Epodes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 351.

125. Franz J. Dolger, Sol Salutis: Gebet und Gesang im christlichen Altertum (1925; rpt., Münster: Aschendorff, 1972), esp. pp. 336-79.

126. Dolger, Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit und der Schwarze: Eine Religionsgeschichtliche Studie zum Taufgelöbnis (1918; rpt., Münster: Aschendorff, 1970), esp. pp. 100-141. Jerome, Commentariorum in Amos prophetam libri III 3.6.14, cited ibid., p. 2.

125. Franz J. Dolger, Sol Salutis: Gebet und Gesang im christlichen Altertum (1925; rpt., Münster: Aschendorff, 1972), esp. pp. 336-79.

126. Dolger, Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit und der Schwarze: Eine Religionsgeschichtliche Studie zum Taufgelöbnis (1918; rpt., Münster: Aschendorff, 1970), esp. pp. 100-141. Jerome, Commentariorum in Amos prophetam libri III 3.6.14, cited ibid., p. 2.

127. Ambrose, "Splendor paternae gloriae" 3.5, Hymni and passim. See also Dolger, Sol Salutis, pp. 379-410.

128. Speculum perfectionis 119, a compilation dating to 1318 but emanating from original reminiscences of Brother Leo and companions; trans. Hugh McKay in The Little Flowers of St. Francis, The Mirror of Perfection, St. Bonaventure's Life of St. Francis (New York: Dutton, 1910), p. 294.

129. Francis of Assisi, "Canticum fratris solis vel laudes creaturarum," 3-4; trans. Regis J. Armstrong and Ignatius C. Brady in Francis and Clare: The Complete Works (New York: Paulist, 1982), p. 38.

130. Petrarch, Rime, ed. Durling, 4.12, pp. 38-39, 325.59, p. 511, 9.10, p. 45, 218.1-4, p. 375, 225.1-2, p. 381, 208.9, pp. 362-63, 90.12, pp. 192-93, 135.58, pp. 276-77, 230.2, pp. 386-87. 325.69, p. 511. 291, p. 471. 127.19-28, p. 249, 29.57-58, pp. 84-85; 127.66-70, pp. 252-53, 50.44, p. 119, 23.115, p. 65, 135.52-60, p. 277, 216.9, p. 373, 222.5-7, p. 379, 223, p. 379. 146.7-8, pp. 292-93, 154.3-4, pp. 300-301, 348.1-3, pp. 544-45, 133.9, p. 271, 119.1-2, p. 227, 200.13-14, p. 347. 37.81-82, p. 101, 197.7-8, p. 343; 156.5-6, p. 303, 352.2, p. 549. 255.5-6, p. 417. 220.12-13, p. 377, 270.46, p. 447, 347.11, p. 545; 133.8, p. 271, 175.9, p. 321. 233.9, p. 391, 359.57-58, p. 559. 95.9-10, pp. 198-99. 219.10-11, pp. 374-75. 108.3-4, pp. 216-17; 173.1-4, p. 319. 73.15, p. 169; 30.21, p. 87, 127.45, p. 251, 133.2, p. 271. See also Cesare Galimberti, "Amate del sole ( R.V.F., XXXIV, CLXXXVIII, CCCLXVI)," in Dal medioevo al Petrarca: Miscellanea di studi in onore di Vittore Branca (2 vols.; Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1983), 1: 427-34.

131. Petrarch, Rime, ed. Durling, 9.10-12, pp. 44-45.

132. Ibid. 4.5-6, pp. 38-39. 207.15, pp. 356-57; 175.9-14, pp. 320-21.

131. Petrarch, Rime, ed. Durling, 9.10-12, pp. 44-45.

132. Ibid. 4.5-6, pp. 38-39. 207.15, pp. 356-57; 175.9-14, pp. 320-21.

133. Petrarch, Africa, ed. Festa, 1.30, p. 8, 2.21, p. 23, 2.487-90, p. 48, 3.1-3, p. 51, 4.319, p. 96, 6.562-63, p. 155, 6.866, p. 167, 7.1051-52, p. 212, 8.1-3, 8, p. 217, 8.462-64, p. 236, 8.1073-75, p. 259, 9.127-28, pp. 265-66, 9.291-96, p. 272, 9.309, p. 273. 1.21, p. 29, 9.325-29, p. 273. 5.19-22, p. 102, 5.562, p. 123. 5.477-87, p. 120. 5.692-93, p. 129. 5.770, p. 131. 4.51, p. 87, 4.95-100, p. 89, 7.753-61, p. 201, 7.954-55, p. 208.

134. Ibid. 2.185-89, ed. Festa, p. 36; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 29.

135. Ibid. 9.482-83, ed. p. 279; trans. p. 240.

133. Petrarch, Africa, ed. Festa, 1.30, p. 8, 2.21, p. 23, 2.487-90, p. 48, 3.1-3, p. 51, 4.319, p. 96, 6.562-63, p. 155, 6.866, p. 167, 7.1051-52, p. 212, 8.1-3, 8, p. 217, 8.462-64, p. 236, 8.1073-75, p. 259, 9.127-28, pp. 265-66, 9.291-96, p. 272, 9.309, p. 273. 1.21, p. 29, 9.325-29, p. 273. 5.19-22, p. 102, 5.562, p. 123. 5.477-87, p. 120. 5.692-93, p. 129. 5.770, p. 131. 4.51, p. 87, 4.95-100, p. 89, 7.753-61, p. 201, 7.954-55, p. 208.

134. Ibid. 2.185-89, ed. Festa, p. 36; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 29.

135. Ibid. 9.482-83, ed. p. 279; trans. p. 240.

133. Petrarch, Africa, ed. Festa, 1.30, p. 8, 2.21, p. 23, 2.487-90, p. 48, 3.1-3, p. 51, 4.319, p. 96, 6.562-63, p. 155, 6.866, p. 167, 7.1051-52, p. 212, 8.1-3, 8, p. 217, 8.462-64, p. 236, 8.1073-75, p. 259, 9.127-28, pp. 265-66, 9.291-96, p. 272, 9.309, p. 273. 1.21, p. 29, 9.325-29, p. 273. 5.19-22, p. 102, 5.562, p. 123. 5.477-87, p. 120. 5.692-93, p. 129. 5.770, p. 131. 4.51, p. 87, 4.95-100, p. 89, 7.753-61, p. 201, 7.954-55, p. 208.

134. Ibid. 2.185-89, ed. Festa, p. 36; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 29.

135. Ibid. 9.482-83, ed. p. 279; trans. p. 240.

136. See n. 57.

137. A. Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (4 vols.; Paris, 1879); Robert Flacelière, Devins et oracles grecs (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1961).

138. Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations with a Catalogue of Responses (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), pp.

139. Georges Roux, Delphes: Son oracle et ses dieux (Paris: Belles lettres, 1976), pp. 19-34.

140. H. W. Parke, A History of the Delphic Oracle (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939), vol. 1; D. E. W. Wormell, The Delphic Oracle (2 vols.; Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939-56).

141. Jean Defradas, Les Thèmes de la propagande delphique (Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1954), pp. 289, 236-38, 258, 267.

142. Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle, pp. 196-224; Pierre Amandry, La Mantique apollinienne à Delphes: Essai sur le fonctionnement de l'oracle (Paris: Boccard, 1950), pp. 41-56, 238-39.

143. See n. 65. But for the distinction between the Dionysian frenzy and the Apolline mediumship, see E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951), p. 69.

144. For the essential formulation of the illuminative way see Bonaventure, De triplici via 1.10-14.

145. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.5.8, ed. Rossi, 2: 312; trans. Bernardo, 2: 77.

146. Ibid. 16.14.12-13, ed. 3: 213; trans. 2: 327.

145. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.5.8, ed. Rossi, 2: 312; trans. Bernardo, 2: 77.

146. Ibid. 16.14.12-13, ed. 3: 213; trans. 2: 327.

147. Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle, pp. 40-42, 11.

148. Petrarch, Rerum memorandarum liber 2.1, ed. Billanovich, p. 43; and for the plan of the work, pp. cxxiv-cxxx. For the Apolline oracles see ibid. 4.15-16, 20-29, ed. pp. 201-2, 204-10. For the oracle on Socrates see 4.22, pp. 204-5, and 3.71, pp. 156-61; and for documentation and discussion of it see Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle, pp. 34, 245-46.

147. Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle, pp. 40-42, 11.

148. Petrarch, Rerum memorandarum liber 2.1, ed. Billanovich, p. 43; and for the plan of the work, pp. cxxiv-cxxx. For the Apolline oracles see ibid. 4.15-16, 20-29, ed. pp. 201-2, 204-10. For the oracle on Socrates see 4.22, pp. 204-5, and 3.71, pp. 156-61; and for documentation and discussion of it see Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle, pp. 34, 245-46.

149. See Defradas, Les thèmes de la propagande delphique, pp. 276, 284-85.

150. E.g., Xenophon, Anabasis 3.1.5; Cicero, De divinatione 1.54.122; Plato, Phaedo 85b, trans. Benjamin Jowett in The Dialogues of Plato (2 vols.; New York: Random House, 1937), 1: 470. See Parke, A History of the Delphic Oracle, pp. 412-17.

151. Plato, Phaedrus 229d-230a.

152. Defradas, Les thèmes de la propagande delphique, pp. 277-80, 286, 284.

153. Plato, Apologia 20, 26. For Petrarch on Socrates' death see Ep. fam. 2.1.12, ed. Rossi, 1: 56.

154. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 2.9.2, ed. Rossi, 1: 91; De otio religioso 2, ed. Rotondi, p. 102.

155. Macrobius, Commentariorum in somnium Scipionis [libri] 1.9, cited by Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle, p. 294.

156. Bernardo, Petrarch, Scipio and the "Africa," pp. 111-26 and passim.

157. Macrobius, Commentariorum in somnium Scipionis [libri] 1.9.2, citing Persius, Saturae 1.7; trans. William H. Stahl, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952), p. 124.

158. See n. 43.

159. See Pierre Courcelle, Connais-toi, toi-même, de Socrate à Saint Bernard (3 vols.; Paris: Etudes augustiniennes, 1974-75); also Martinelli, Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 198-200.

160. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.1, esp. 14-15, ed. Rossi, 1: 109; trans. Bernardo, 1: 118-19.

161. Ibid. 2.7.15, ed. 1: 88; trans. 1: 95.

160. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.1, esp. 14-15, ed. Rossi, 1: 109; trans. Bernardo, 1: 118-19.

161. Ibid. 2.7.15, ed. 1: 88; trans. 1: 95.

162. Petrarch, Secretum 2, ed. Martellotti, p. 72; trans. Draper, p. 51.

163. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 4.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 158; trans. Bernardo, 1: 177.

164. See n. 24.

165. For Petrarch on medieval culture see Theodor E. Mommsen, "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages,'" Speculum, 17 (1942), 226-42.

166. For Petrarch's prophesying as established on a knowledge of history consider this avowal: "Mine is not a prophet's inspiration, nor do I foresee future happenings from the course of the stars. Still, to the extent that I foresee the future from past events with the aid of reason . . ." Ep. fam. 14.5.21, ed. Rossi, 3: 122; trans. Bernardo, 2: 240.

1. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, 25.

2. J. K. Newman, The Concept of Vates in Augustan Poetry (Brussels: Latomus, 1967), pp. 7-42. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, 13, citing Vergil, Georgics 3.291-92. Also, Georgics 2.475-77; trans. H. Rushton Fairclough in Virgil, rev. ed. (2 vols.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), 1: 149.

3. Cyril Bailey, Religion in Virgil (Oxford: Clarendon, 1935), pp. 163-72.

4. Newman, The Concept of Vates in Augustan Poetry, pp. 43-126.

5. Bailey, Religion in Virgil, pp. 5-28.

6. Domenico Comparetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages, 2d ed., trans. E. F. M. Benecke, (1908; rpt., London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966), pp. 50-238.

7. John W. Spargo, Virgil the Necromancer: Studies in Virgilian Legends (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934); Comparetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages, pp. 239-376.

8. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 9.5.15-16, ed. Rossi, 2: 226; trans. Aldo S. Bernardo, Rerum familiarum libri I-VIII (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975), and Letters on Familiar Matters: Rerum familiarum libri IX-XVI (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 2: 16. See also Carlo Segrè, "Chi accuso il Petrarca di magia," in his Studi petrarcheschi (Florence: Le Monnier, 1903), pp. 199-224. Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme, 2d ed. (2 vols.; Paris: Honoré Champion, 1907), 1: 127.

9. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 13.6.29, ed. Rossi, 3: 77; trans. Bernardo, 2: 197.

10. For the legends see Cecco d'Ascoli, Alcabizzo, before 1327; Cronica di Partenope, shortly after 1326; and Cino da Pistoia, Rime, 1330. Spargo, Virgil the Necromancer, pp. 63-64.

11. Petrarch, Itinerarium Syriacum, in "L'itinerarium del Petrarca," ed. Giacomo Lumbroso, Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 4th ser., Rendiconti, 4 (1888), 398. De Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme, 1: 127. For this legend see Spargo, Virgil the Necromancer, pp. 292-95.

12. Petrarch, Itinerarium Syriacum, ed. Lumbroso, p. 399. For this legend see Spargo, Virgil the Necromancer, pp. 87-99. Concerning whether Petrarch

also knew of the talismanic fly see Duane R. Stuart, "The Sources and the Extent of Petrarch's Knowledge of the Life of Vergil," Classical Philology, 12 (1917), 403-4.

13. Giovanni Boccaccio, Genealogiae deorum gentilium 14.22.

14. Petrarch's note as cited by Achille Ratti, "Ancora del celebre cod. ms. delle opere di Virgilio già di F. Petrarca ed ora della Biblioteca Ambrosiana," in F. Petrarca e la Lombardia, ed. Società storica lombarda (Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 1904), p. 224; my translation. See also Ep. fam. 21.10.13, ed. Rossi, 4:64. For this legend see Comparetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages, pp. 98, 312; and for the legend of St. Paul's visit to Vergil's burial vault to obtain his books, pp. 312-13, and Spargo, Virgil the Necromancer, pp. 20-21 and in general, see J. B. Trapp, "The Grave of Vergil," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 47 (1984), 1-31.

15. Vergil, Eclogues 4.6-101; trans. Fairclough 1: 29.

16. Pierre Courcelle, "Les Exégèses chrétiennes de la quatrième églogue," Revue des études anciennes, 59 (1957), 294-319.

17. Petrarch, Rerum memorandarum liber 4.30, ed. Billanovich, pp. 210-14, esp. p. 213. For the manuscript see de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme, 1: 205. Petrarch cites from it in De otio religioso 1, ed. Rotondi, p. 27.

18. Ep. fam. 21.1.7, ed. Rossi, 4: 63; trans. Bernardo, 3: 176.

19. Petrarch, De otio religioso 1, ed. Rotondi, p. 29. Cf. Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, pp. 178-79.

20. Comparetti, Virgil in the Middle Ages, pp. 309-12.

21. For the typology see Arthur Watson, The Early Iconography of the Tree of Jesse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934), pp. 1-8.

22. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 7.2.3-11, 15; ed. Rossi, 2: 98-100.

23. Watson, The Early Iconography of the Tree of Jesse, pp. 21-22. Vergil's association with the Virgin may also have been prompted by his epithet "Parthenias." Servius, In Vergilii Aeneidos commentarius, praef. 9; Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.4.24, ed. Rossi, 2: 307.

24. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Ms. S.P. 10, 27; rpt. in facsimile as Francisci Petrarcae Vergilianus Codex, ed. Giovanni Galbiati (Milan: Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 1930). For its description see Ratti, "Ancora del celebre cod. ms. delle opere di Virgilio già di F. Petrarca ed ora della Biblioteca Ambrosiana," pp. 217-42; Fredrik Wulff, "L'Ancien Feuillet de garde du Virgile de l'Ambrosienne," in his Deux discours sur Pétrarque en résumé (Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksell, 1902), pp. 1-16; de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme, 1: 140-61; and also Giuseppe Billanovich, "Il Virgilio del giovane Petrarca," in Lectures médiévales de Virgile, Actes du Colloque organisé par l'Ecole française de Rome, Rome, 15-28 Octobre 1982 (Rome: Ecole française de Rome, 1985), pp. 49-64.

25. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ms. S.P. 10, 27, fol. i v. Simone Martini: The Complete Works, pl. XV, pls. 113, 114. For this interpretation of it according to the medieval scheme of Vergil's "wheel" see Joel Brink, "Simone Martini, Francesco Petrarca and the Humanistic Program of the Virgil Frontispiece," Mediaevalia 3 (1977), 83-117; and Bernhard Degenhart, "Das Marienwunder von Avignon: Simone Martinis Miniaturen für Kardinal Ste-

faneschi und Petrarca,'' Pantheon 33 (1975), 191-2003; John Rowlands, ''Simone Martini and Petrarch: A Virgilian Episode," Apollo, 81 (1965), 264-69.

26. Petrarch, Epistola posteritati, in Prose, ed. Martellotti, p. 12.

27. Petrarch, Rerum memorandarum liber 2.16, ed. Billanovich, pp. 51-52.

28. Brink, "Simone Martini, Francesco Petrarca and the Humanistic Program of the Virgil Frontispiece," 85; Rowlands, "Simone Martini and Petrarch," 266.

29. The proportional theory of root-two construction and a figure illustrating its application to this painting are provided by Brink, "Simone Martini, Francesco Petrarca and the Humanistic Program of the Virgil Frontispiece," 106-9. The interpretation of it, however, is mine. Although Brink acknowledges that the laurel falls on the central axis of the painting and is its central image (97, 98), he does not integrate this observation with his analysis. Again, Vergil's eyes, through which Brink States that the arc passes (107), he interprets as focused on sublime matters (96) rather than on the tree which that arc intersects.

30. Suetonius, "Vita Vergilii" 3, De viris illustribus .

31. Watson, The Early Iconography of the Tree of Jesse, pp. 83-141, e.g., pl. III.

32. See n. 13.

33. See Jonathan Foster, "Petrarch's Africa: Ennian and Vergilian Influences," Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar: Second Volume, 1979, ed. Francis Cairns (Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1979), pp. 277-98.

34. The consensus of modern scholars considers Laura to have been an actual woman beloved by Petrarch. Laura de Noves is the favorite candidate. For a survey of the evidence see Emmanuel Davis, "Les Différentes Laure de Pétrarque," Bulletin de l'association Guillaume Budé, 15 (1956), 83-104; and further, E. J. Jones, "Further Evidence on the Identity of Petrarch's Laura," Italian Studies, 39 (1984), 27-46. For a review of the textual evidence for Laura's existence see Aldo S. Bernardo, Petrarch, Laura, and the "Triumphs" (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), pp. 64-87, and for modern interpretations of her poetic significance, pp. 1-25.

35. Ernest H. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 77, with my changes to Wilkins's translation as the text reads "laurel," not "Laura," and simply "that light," not "the light of her life." There is no explicit personal reference.

36. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 211.13, pp. 364-65, 336.13, pp. 532-33; Triunfo mortis 1.133, in Francesco Petrarca: Rime, Trionfi e poesie latine, ed. F. Neri et al., vol. 6 of La letteratura italiana, storia e testi (Milan: F. Ricciardi, 1951), p. 521.

37. Petrarch, Ep. posteritati, in Prose, ed. Martelloti, p. 12.

38. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 3, pp. 38-39.

39. For an example of this pathetic fallacy in medieval verse see Peter Abelard, Hymn 48, "Ad Sextam."

40. Bortolo Martinelli, "'Feria sexta Aprilis': La data sacra nel Canzoniere del Petrarca," in his Petrarca e il Ventoso (Rome: Minerva Italica, 1977), pp.

103-48; Carlo Calcaterra, "Feria sexta aprilis," in his Nella selva del Petrarca (Bologna: Licino Cappelli, 1942), pp. 209-45.

41. Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12.8-15.

42. Hugo Rahner, Greek Myths and Christian Mystery, trans. Brian Battershaw (London: Burns & Oates, 1963), p. 104.

43. The eclipse was astronomically described by Theodore R. von Oppolzer, "Note über eine von Archilochos erwähnte Sonnenfinsterniss," Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, 86 (1882), 790-93; and it appears also so dated by the Julian calendar in his Canon of Eclipses, trans. Owen Gingerich (New York: Dover, 1962), No. 1328. The astronomical data were confirmed by J. K. Fotheringham, "A Solution of Ancient Eclipses of the Sun," Royal Astronomical Society of London, Monthly Notices, 81 (1920), 107-8. See also Plutarch, De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet 19; F. K. Ginzel, Spezieller Kanon der Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse für das Landergebiet der klassichen Altertumswissenschaften und den Zeitraum von 900 vor Chr. bis 600 nach Chr. (Berlin, 1899), p. 169n.

44. Archilochus, fr. 82 (74 Diehl), trans. Richard Lattimore, Greek Lyrics, 2d ed., rev. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), p. 3.

45. Aristotle, Rhetorica 3.16 (1418b28); trans. John H. Freese, The "Art" of Rhetoric (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926), p. 461.

46. Stobaeus, Florilegium 4.46.10 (C.CX).

47. Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 10.125-26, ed. Martellotti, p. 23, and see also his note, p. 55; trans. Thomas G. Bergin, Petrarch's Bucolicum Carmen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 153.

48. Ernest Dutoit, Le Thème de l'adynaton dans la poésie antique (Paris: Belles lettres, 1936).

49. Oskar Schultz-Gora, "Das Adynaton in der altfranzösischen und provenzalischen Dichtung nebst Dazugehörigem," Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, 161 (1932), 196-209, 199.

50. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 22.37-39, pp. 58-59. For a study of this poem see Marianne Shapiro, "The Petrarchan Selva Revisited: Sestina XXII, " Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 77 (1976), 144-60.

51. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 30.7-10, pp. 86-87.

52. Ibid. 57. 5-11, pp. 134-35.

53. Ibid. 237.13-18, pp. 396-97.

54. Ibid. 195.5-14, pp. 340-41. Although these examples are all cited from the Rime sparse, consider also that the eleventh eclogue is constructed on the classical adynaton of the cessation of Niobe's tears:

And, Galatea, your name will live in my heart till the planets
Fall from the skies, until bees abandon their honey and faithful
Doves flee their nests and the turtle no longer cleaves to his partner,
Aye, until wolves leave their prey, he-goats no longer crop frondage,
Guarded young wives play no tricks and servants cease to be liars.

Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 11.98-102, ed. Avena, p. 159; trans. Bergin, p. 195.

51. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 30.7-10, pp. 86-87.

52. Ibid. 57. 5-11, pp. 134-35.

53. Ibid. 237.13-18, pp. 396-97.

54. Ibid. 195.5-14, pp. 340-41. Although these examples are all cited from the Rime sparse, consider also that the eleventh eclogue is constructed on the classical adynaton of the cessation of Niobe's tears:

And, Galatea, your name will live in my heart till the planets
Fall from the skies, until bees abandon their honey and faithful
Doves flee their nests and the turtle no longer cleaves to his partner,
Aye, until wolves leave their prey, he-goats no longer crop frondage,
Guarded young wives play no tricks and servants cease to be liars.

Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 11.98-102, ed. Avena, p. 159; trans. Bergin, p. 195.

51. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 30.7-10, pp. 86-87.

52. Ibid. 57. 5-11, pp. 134-35.

53. Ibid. 237.13-18, pp. 396-97.

54. Ibid. 195.5-14, pp. 340-41. Although these examples are all cited from the Rime sparse, consider also that the eleventh eclogue is constructed on the classical adynaton of the cessation of Niobe's tears:

And, Galatea, your name will live in my heart till the planets
Fall from the skies, until bees abandon their honey and faithful
Doves flee their nests and the turtle no longer cleaves to his partner,
Aye, until wolves leave their prey, he-goats no longer crop frondage,
Guarded young wives play no tricks and servants cease to be liars.

Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 11.98-102, ed. Avena, p. 159; trans. Bergin, p. 195.

51. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 30.7-10, pp. 86-87.

52. Ibid. 57. 5-11, pp. 134-35.

53. Ibid. 237.13-18, pp. 396-97.

54. Ibid. 195.5-14, pp. 340-41. Although these examples are all cited from the Rime sparse, consider also that the eleventh eclogue is constructed on the classical adynaton of the cessation of Niobe's tears:

And, Galatea, your name will live in my heart till the planets
Fall from the skies, until bees abandon their honey and faithful
Doves flee their nests and the turtle no longer cleaves to his partner,
Aye, until wolves leave their prey, he-goats no longer crop frondage,
Guarded young wives play no tricks and servants cease to be liars.

Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 11.98-102, ed. Avena, p. 159; trans. Bergin, p. 195.

55. See n. 33.

56. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 34, pp. 92-93; see also 188, p. 335, and Africa 5.478-87, ed. Festa, p. 120.

57. Yves F.-A. Giraud, La Fable de Daphné: Essai sur un type de métamorphose végétale dans la littérature et dans les arts jusqu'à la fin du XVII ^e siècle (Geneva: Droz, 1968), pp. 32-34, 40-59, 89-91. For general studies of this myth in Petrarch's poetry see ibid., pp. 141-49; Sara Sturm-Maddox, Petrarch's Metamorphoses: Text and Subtext in the Rime Sparse (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1985), pp. 9-38; P. R. J. Hainsworth, "The Myth of Daphne in the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta, " Italian Studies, 34 (1979), 28-44; Marga Cottino-Jones, "The Myth of Apollo and Daphne in Petrarch's Canzoniere: The Dynamics and Literary Function of Transformation," in Francis Petrarch, Six Centuries Later: A Symposium, ed. Aldo Scaglione (Chapel Hill: Department of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina; Chicago: Newberry Library, 1975), pp. 152-76; Ugo Dotti, "Petrarca: Il mito dafneo," Convivium, 37 (1969), 9-23; Calcaterra, ''Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro,'' in his Nella selva del Petrarca, pp. 35-87. For studies of the myth in particular poems see Michele Feo "Per l'esegesi della III egloga del Petrarca," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 10 (1967), 385-401; Durling, "Petrarch's Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro, " Modern Language Notes, 86 (1971), 1-20; and works cited in nn. 50 and 122.

56. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 34, pp. 92-93; see also 188, p. 335, and Africa 5.478-87, ed. Festa, p. 120.

57. Yves F.-A. Giraud, La Fable de Daphné: Essai sur un type de métamorphose végétale dans la littérature et dans les arts jusqu'à la fin du XVII ^e siècle (Geneva: Droz, 1968), pp. 32-34, 40-59, 89-91. For general studies of this myth in Petrarch's poetry see ibid., pp. 141-49; Sara Sturm-Maddox, Petrarch's Metamorphoses: Text and Subtext in the Rime Sparse (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1985), pp. 9-38; P. R. J. Hainsworth, "The Myth of Daphne in the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta, " Italian Studies, 34 (1979), 28-44; Marga Cottino-Jones, "The Myth of Apollo and Daphne in Petrarch's Canzoniere: The Dynamics and Literary Function of Transformation," in Francis Petrarch, Six Centuries Later: A Symposium, ed. Aldo Scaglione (Chapel Hill: Department of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina; Chicago: Newberry Library, 1975), pp. 152-76; Ugo Dotti, "Petrarca: Il mito dafneo," Convivium, 37 (1969), 9-23; Calcaterra, ''Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro,'' in his Nella selva del Petrarca, pp. 35-87. For studies of the myth in particular poems see Michele Feo "Per l'esegesi della III egloga del Petrarca," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 10 (1967), 385-401; Durling, "Petrarch's Giovene donna sotto un verde lauro, " Modern Language Notes, 86 (1971), 1-20; and works cited in nn. 50 and 122.

58. See chapter 4, nn. 15-20.

59. Boccaccio, "De vita et moribus domini Francisci Petracchi de Florentia," in Opere latine minore, ed. Aldo F. Massera, p. 243.

60. See Ernst R. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Pantheon, 1953), pp. 195-200. See also Kenneth E. Cool, "The Petrarchan Landscape as Palimpsest," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 11 (1981), 83-100; Bernhard König, "Petrarcas Landschaften: Philologische Bemerkungen zu einer neuen Deutung," Romanische Forschungen, 92 (1980), 251-82; Karlheinz Siterle, Petrarcas Landschaften: Zur Geschichte ästhetischer Landschaftserfahrung (Krefeld: Scherpe, 1978); Terry Comito, The Idea of the Garden in the Renaissance (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1978), pp. 57-64; H. M. Richmond, Renaissance Landscapes: English Lyrics in a European Tradition (The Hague: Mouton, 1973), pp. 38-55.

61. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 1.7, ed. Martellotti, in Prose, pp. 366-70.

62. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 60.1, p. 139, 64.9, p. 143, 67.3, p. 147, 5.5, p. 41. 129.70, p. 267, 327.1, p. 515, 337.1-5, p. 535, 228.7, p. 385. 5.13, p. 41, 29.46-47, p. 85, 30.1, p. 87, 107.12, p. 215, 142.8, p. 287, 181.3, p. 327, 195.4, p. 341, 196.1, p. 343, 197.1, p. 343, 228.3-4, p. 385, 246.1, p. 409, 255.10, p. 417, 266.12, p. 435, 269.1, p. 443, 270.65-66, p. 447, 325.32, p. 502, 327.2, p. 555. 23.168-69, p. 69, 34.13-14, p. 93. 337.7-8, p. 535, cf. 30.1, p. 87. 190, p. 337, and for its interpretation see Stefano Carrai "Il sonetto 'Una candida cerva' del Petrarca: Problemi d'interpretazione e di fonti," Rivista di letteratura italiana, 3 (1985), 233-51; B. T. Sozzi, "Per il sonetto: Una candida cerva," Studi Petrarcheschi, 8 (1976), 213-17. Rime sparse

148.12-14, p. 295. 269.2, p. 443, 327.1-3, p. 515; 60.3-4, p. 139. 142.1-13, p. 287. 24.1-2, p. 71, 29.48-49, p. 85, cf. 113.6, p. 225, 147. 7-11, p. 293. 161.4-6, p. 307, 263.1-2, p. 425, 325.32, p. 509; 28.80-81, p. 79; 24.1-4, p. 71, 119.103-5, p. 233, 363.4, p. 573, 322.9-10, p. 501. See also Africa 9.108-23, ed. Festa, pp. 264-65.

63. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 34.7-8, p. 93. See n. 33.

64. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, 24-25; trans. Wilkins, "Petrarch's Coronation Oration," in his Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), p. 310.

65. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 5.9-10, pp. 40-41. Isidore of Seville derived laurus from lauda, as the tree crowned the heads of the victorious. Etymologiae 17.7.2.

66. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 228, pp. 384-85. See also 64.6-7, p. 143, 255.9-10, p. 417, 318.7-8, p. 497.

67. E. O. James, The Tree of Life: An Archaeological Study (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966), pp. 3-4.

68. Gerhart B. Ladner, "Vegetation Symbolism and the Concept of the Renaissance," in De artibus opuscula XL: Essays in Honor of Erwin Panofsky, ed. Millard Meiss (2 vols.; New York: New York University Press, 1961), 1:308.

69. See James, The Tree of Life, p. 186; Maarten J. Vermaseren, Cybele and Attis (London: Thames & Hudson, 1977).

70. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 30.1, p. 87, 337.7-8, p. 535.

71. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, p. 201.

72. See n. 25.

73. Petrarch, Africa, 3.232-41, ed. Festa, p. 61; trans. Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 49-50.

74. See Henri Graillot, Le Culte du Cybèle, mère des dieux, à Rome et dans l'Empire romain (Paris: Fontemoing, 1952).

75. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 138.

76. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 56.

77. Petrarch, Africa 8.866-70, ed. Festa, p. 251; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 214. See also Vergil, Aeneid 8.333-41.

78. Petrarch, De otio religioso 2, ed. Rotondi, p. 105; Epistolae variae 22, in Lettere di Francesco Petrarca, ed. Giuseppe Fracassetti (5 vols.; Florence, 1863-67), 5: 283. Ep. fam. 21.8.5, ed. Rossi, 4: 63.

79. For the metaphor see Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, pp. 132-33.

80. Plato, Symposium 208e-209a; trans. Benjamin Jowett in The Dialogues of Plato (2 vols.; New York: Random House, 1937), 1:333.

81. See n. 56.

82. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 1.8, ed. Martellotti, in Prose, p. 368; trans. Jacob Zeitlin, The Life of Solitude (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1924), p. 158.

83. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 193.7, pp. 338-39. The importance of the ecstatic theme in Petrarch's poetry, although interpreted censo-

riously as only illusory contemplation, has also been noted by Kenelm Foster, "Beatrice or Medusa," in Italian Studies Presented to E. R. Vincent, ed. C. P. Brand et al. (Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1962), pp. 42-43, 52.

84. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 169.5-6, pp. 314-15.

85. Ibid. 167, pp. 312-13.

86. Ibid. 6.1-11, pp. 40-41. See also 29.4-14, pp. 82-83. For the image of the bridled soul see Sturm-Maddox, Petrarch's Metamorphoses, pp. 80, 82-83; Vincent Moleta, "Guido delle Colonne's 'Amor, che lungiamente m'hai menato': A Source for the Opening Metaphor," Italica, 54 (1977), 468-84. A related metaphor of the soul as a charioteer of tame and wild horses in Plato, Phaedrus 230b, was preserved in Ambrose, De virginitate 15. See Pierre Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions de saint Augustin, rev. ed. (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1968), pp. 312-19.

84. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 169.5-6, pp. 314-15.

85. Ibid. 167, pp. 312-13.

86. Ibid. 6.1-11, pp. 40-41. See also 29.4-14, pp. 82-83. For the image of the bridled soul see Sturm-Maddox, Petrarch's Metamorphoses, pp. 80, 82-83; Vincent Moleta, "Guido delle Colonne's 'Amor, che lungiamente m'hai menato': A Source for the Opening Metaphor," Italica, 54 (1977), 468-84. A related metaphor of the soul as a charioteer of tame and wild horses in Plato, Phaedrus 230b, was preserved in Ambrose, De virginitate 15. See Pierre Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions de saint Augustin, rev. ed. (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1968), pp. 312-19.

84. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 169.5-6, pp. 314-15.

85. Ibid. 167, pp. 312-13.

86. Ibid. 6.1-11, pp. 40-41. See also 29.4-14, pp. 82-83. For the image of the bridled soul see Sturm-Maddox, Petrarch's Metamorphoses, pp. 80, 82-83; Vincent Moleta, "Guido delle Colonne's 'Amor, che lungiamente m'hai menato': A Source for the Opening Metaphor," Italica, 54 (1977), 468-84. A related metaphor of the soul as a charioteer of tame and wild horses in Plato, Phaedrus 230b, was preserved in Ambrose, De virginitate 15. See Pierre Courcelle, Recherches sur les Confessions de saint Augustin, rev. ed. (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1968), pp. 312-19.

87. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 152.1-11, pp. 298-99. For the convention of the alterations of love see John C. Nelson, Renaissance Theory of Love: The Context of Giordano Bruno's Eroici furori (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), pp. 37, 212.

88. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 29.7, p. 83, 50.61, p. 121, 51.12, p. 123, 62.10, p. 141, 79.6, p. 179, 89.10, p. 193, 129.54, p. 267, 197.3, p. 343, 209.7, p. 363, 270.1, p. 443, 355.12, p. 553, 360.38, p. 563. 8.14, p. 43, 76.10, p. 177, 89.10, p. 193, 105.55, p. 211, 266.50, p. 435. 55.15, p. 133, 59.4, p. 137, 69.3, p. 149, 106.5, p. 215, 200.5, p. 347, 214.10, p. 369. 181.1, 12, p. 327, 62.7, p. 141, 263.7, p. 425.

89. Ted-Larry Pebworth, "The Net for the Soul: A Renaissance Conceit and the Song of Songs," Romance Notes, 13 (1971), 159-64.

90. Edgar de Bruyne, Etudes d'esthétique médiévale (3 vols.; Bruges: De Tempel, 1946), 3:15.

91. See E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951), p. 273, citing Euripides, Iphigenia Aulidensis 758. Knots were also believed in Italian religion to impede the working of sacred influences, and thus the hair of women was loosened at funerals. Vergil, Aeneid 3.65. Bailey, Religion in Virgil, pp. 290-91.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 90, pp. 192-93.

93. Ibid. 197.7-11, pp. 342-43. For "knots" see also 25.4, p. 71, 196.12, p. 343, 198.10, p. 345, 227.4, p. 383, 264.83, p. 431, 59.17, p. 137, 71.51, p. 157, 73.79, p. 173, 119.76, p. 233, 175.2, 14, p. 321, 214.20, p. 369, 256.10, p. 419, 268.65, p. 441, 270.70, 93, pp. 447, 449, 271.1, 13, p. 451, 283.4, p. 463, 296.14, p. 475, 305.1, p. 485, 307.3, p. 487, 330.13, p. 519, 359.56, p. 559.

94. Ibid. 270.59-62, pp. 446-47.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 90, pp. 192-93.

93. Ibid. 197.7-11, pp. 342-43. For "knots" see also 25.4, p. 71, 196.12, p. 343, 198.10, p. 345, 227.4, p. 383, 264.83, p. 431, 59.17, p. 137, 71.51, p. 157, 73.79, p. 173, 119.76, p. 233, 175.2, 14, p. 321, 214.20, p. 369, 256.10, p. 419, 268.65, p. 441, 270.70, 93, pp. 447, 449, 271.1, 13, p. 451, 283.4, p. 463, 296.14, p. 475, 305.1, p. 485, 307.3, p. 487, 330.13, p. 519, 359.56, p. 559.

94. Ibid. 270.59-62, pp. 446-47.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 90, pp. 192-93.

93. Ibid. 197.7-11, pp. 342-43. For "knots" see also 25.4, p. 71, 196.12, p. 343, 198.10, p. 345, 227.4, p. 383, 264.83, p. 431, 59.17, p. 137, 71.51, p. 157, 73.79, p. 173, 119.76, p. 233, 175.2, 14, p. 321, 214.20, p. 369, 256.10, p. 419, 268.65, p. 441, 270.70, 93, pp. 447, 449, 271.1, 13, p. 451, 283.4, p. 463, 296.14, p. 475, 305.1, p. 485, 307.3, p. 487, 330.13, p. 519, 359.56, p. 559.

94. Ibid. 270.59-62, pp. 446-47.

95. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2d ed., s.v. "Gorgo."

96. See Jane Chance Nitzsche, The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 8-9.

97. Petrarch, Africa 4.100-10, ed. Festa, p. 89; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 72. See also 7.199-200, ed. Festa, p. 179. Aulis Gellius, Noctes Atticae 6.1.3.

98. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 197.5-7, pp. 342-43; cf. 51.13-14,

p. 123. For a survey of this image of petrifaction see Paolo Possiedi, "Petrarca petroso," Forum italicum, 8 (1974), 523-45; also Domenico de Robertis, "Petrarca petroso," Revue des études italiennes, 29 (1983), 53-37.

99. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 197.12-14, pp. 342-43. 23.80-83, pp. 62-65; cf. 213.9, p. 367. 5.12-14, p. 41.

100. Vergil, Eclogues 8.77-78. See also the description in Aeneid 1.319.

101. Plato, Symposium 196e-197a, 202e; trans. Jowett, 1: 328.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

102. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.101.5-11, pp. 204-5. 264.91-92, pp. 430-31. 270.79, pp. 448-49. 247.12-14, pp. 408-9. See also 73.1-6, 24, p. 169. 235.1-2, pp. 392-93.

103. Ibid. 134, pp. 272-73.

104. Ibid. 129.1-13, pp. 264-65.

105. Ibid. 142.1-3, 10-12, pp. 286-87.

106. Ibid. v. 13.

107. Ibid. 323.25-30, pp. 502-3.

108. Ibid. 177.3-4, pp. 322-23. 287.9-11, p. 467.

109. Ibid. 193.5-11, pp. 338-39.

110. Ibid. 302, pp. 480-81.

111. Ibid. 295.12-14, pp. 474-75.

112. Ibid. 270.25, pp. 444-45. 32.10, p. 91, 270.25, p. 445, 62.2, p. 141.

113. Ibid. 34.12-14, pp. 92-93.

114. Ibid. 160.1-2, 9-10, pp. 306-7. 309. 1-2, pp. 488-89. 94.5, pp. 196-97; 295.9, pp. 474-75.

115. Ibid. 309, pp. 488-89.

116. Ibid. 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

117. Ibid. 61, pp. 138-39.

118. Ibid. 284.12-14, pp. 462-63; cf. also lines 5-6.

119. Ibid. 188.1-8, pp. 334-35.

120. Ibid. 22.34-36, pp. 58-59.

121. Ibid. 325.31-38, pp. 508-9.

122. Ibid. 23.38-40, pp. 60-61. For studies of this poem of the poet's metamorphosis into the laurel see Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 127-35; Mario Santagata, "La canzone XXIII," in Lectura Petrarce 1981 (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1982), pp. 49-78; Marguerite Waller, Petrarch's Poetics and Literary History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), pp. 84-90; Dennis Dutschke, Francesco Petrarca Canzone XXIII from First to Final Version (Ravenna: Longo, n.d.); Alberto J. Rivero, "Petrarch's 'Nel Dolce Tempo de la Prima Etade,'" Modern Language Notes, 94 (1979), 92-112; Martinelli, "La canzone delle metamorfosi e la formazione del Canzoniere," in Petrarca e il Ventoso, pp. 19-102; John Brenkman, "Writing, Desire, Dialectic in Petrarch's ' Rime 23,'" Pacific Coast Philology, 9 (1974), 12-19.

123. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 237.15, pp. 396-97; cf. 22.17-18, p. 57.

124. Georges Roux, Delphes: Son oracle et ses dieux (Paris: Belles lettres,

1976), pp. 123-29; Pierre Amandry, La Mantique apollinienne à Delphes: Essai sur le fonctionnement de l'oracle (Paris: Boccard, 1950), pp. 126-34; Joseph Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations with a Catalogue of Responses (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), pp. 224-25; H. W. Parke, A History of the Delphic Oracle, vol. 1, and D. E. W. Wormell, The Delphic Oracle (2 vols.; Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939-56), pp. 25-26.

125. Ibid.

124. Georges Roux, Delphes: Son oracle et ses dieux (Paris: Belles lettres,

1976), pp. 123-29; Pierre Amandry, La Mantique apollinienne à Delphes: Essai sur le fonctionnement de l'oracle (Paris: Boccard, 1950), pp. 126-34; Joseph Fontenrose, The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations with a Catalogue of Responses (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), pp. 224-25; H. W. Parke, A History of the Delphic Oracle, vol. 1, and D. E. W. Wormell, The Delphic Oracle (2 vols.; Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939-56), pp. 25-26.

125. Ibid.

126. Juvenal, Saturae 7.19.

127. See the copious examples of this as indexed in Concordanze del Canzoniere di Francesco Petrarca (2 vols.; Florence, 1971), 1: 159-60. For the philological tradition in Provençal poetry see Contini, "Préhistoire de l'aura de Pétrarque," in his Varianti e altra linguistica: Una raccolta di saggi (1938-1968) (Turin: Einaudi, 1970), pp. 193-99; and for an analysis of Petrarch's usage see Francis Rigolot, "Nature and Function of Paranomasia in the Canzoniere, " Italian Quarterly, 18 (1974), 29-36.

128. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 196.1-5, pp. 342-43. 197.1, pp. 342-43, cf. 286.1-3, p. 465; 109.9-12, pp. 216-17; 356.1, pp. 552-53. 129.65-70, pp. 216-17. 246.1-4, pp. 408-9.

129. Petrarch, Africa 9.216-19, 240-45, 252-53, ed. Festa, pp. 269, 270, 271; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 231.

130. Ambrose, Hymni 7.23-24.

131. For a survey of this topic see W. Meyer, "Die Geschichte des Kreuzholzes vor Christus," Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 16/2 (1882), 103-66.

132. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 22.2.23, ed. Rossi, 4: 108; trans. Bernardo, 3: 214.

133. Petrarch, Ep. var. 61, ed. Fracassetti, 5: 472-75.

134. Marjorie Reeves, "The Arbores of Joachim of Fiore," in Studies in Italian Medieval History: Presented to Miss E. M. Jamison, ed. Philip Crierson and John W. Perkins, Papers of the British School at Rome, 24 (1956), 124-36.

135. Ibid., p. 128.

134. Marjorie Reeves, "The Arbores of Joachim of Fiore," in Studies in Italian Medieval History: Presented to Miss E. M. Jamison, ed. Philip Crierson and John W. Perkins, Papers of the British School at Rome, 24 (1956), 124-36.

135. Ibid., p. 128.

136. Reeves and Beatrice Hirsch-Reich, "The Seven Seals in the Writings of Joachim of Fiore," Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale, 21 (1954), esp. pp. 218-19, 224-25.

137. Reeves, The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), p. 190.

138. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 105.42-45, pp. 210-11.

1. For the description of this domestic Roman neighborhood as based on its earliest document (1331) see Robert Brentano, Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 39-40.

2. See Franz J. Dölger, Sol Salutis: Gebet und Gesang im christlichen Altertum (1925; rpt., Münster: Aschendorff, 1972), pp. 1-20. The description of the basilica is incorporated from Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and

Byzantine Architecture (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1965), pp. 32-36, and E. Baldwin Smith, Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), p. 28.

3. Petrarch, Epistolae metricae 2.1.71-73, ed. Rossetti, 2: 102.

4. Brentano, Rome before Avignon, pp. 60-62.

5. Ernst H. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 106-27; Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), pp. 63-181.

6. See G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, 1305-1378, trans. Janet Love (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1963), pp. 44-63.

7. Petrarch, Ep. met. 1.2, ed. Rossetti, 3: 110-34, echoed by the poet's own plea, 1.5, pp. 134-50. Ep. met. 2.5, ed. Rossetti, 3: 4-30. For their historical context see Rosa Di Sabatino, "Le epistole metriche a Benedetto XII e Clemente VI," Studi petrarcheschi, 6 (1956), 43-54. See also Petrarch, Rime sparse 27, ed. Durling, p. 73.

8. For a description see Delbert R. Hillers, Lamentations: Introduction, Translation, and Notes (New York: Doubleday, 1972), pp. 1-29.

9. Jacopone da Todi, Laude 35.

10. Dante, Purgatorio 6.115-17, cf. 27.19; Epistolae 8.

11. See Franz Cumont, "Il sole vindice dei delitti ed il simbolo delle mani alzate," Atti Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, 3d ser., Memorie 1/1 (1923), 65-80.

12. Petrarch, Epistolae seniles 7.1, in Operum, 2: 899, 903.

13. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 328.13, pp. 516-17. On a mission of conciliation between Venice and Genoa in 1354 for which Petrarch served as an orator, he also cited this scriptural verse. Wilkins, Petrarch's Eight Years in Milan (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1958), pp. 329-33.

14. Pliny, Naturalis historia 15.40.133.

15. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch, pp. 63-73; Mario E. Cosenza, Francesco Petrarca and the Revolution of Cola di Rienzo (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1910); Josef Macek, "Petrarque et Cola di Rienzo," Historia, 11 (1965), 5-51; Innocente Toppani, "Petrarca, Cola di Rienzo e il mito di Roma," Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Classe di scienze morali, lettere ed arti, 135 (1977), 155-72.

16. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.16.4-5, ed. Rossi, 2: 358; trans. Aldo S. Bernardo, Rerum familiarum libri I-VIII (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975), and Letters on Familiar Matters: Rerum familiarum libri IX-XVI (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 2: 121.

17. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.16.4, p. 358.

18. Ibid. 11.16.1-2, p. 357; trans. Bernardo, 2: 120.

17. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.16.4, p. 358.

18. Ibid. 11.16.1-2, p. 357; trans. Bernardo, 2: 120.

19. Petrarch, Apologia contra cuiusdam anonymi Galli calumnias, in Operum, 2: 1187. This statement has been considered the best expression of Petrarch's concept of history by Theodor E. Mommsen, "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages,'" Speculum, 17 (1942), 236-37. For Petrarch's writing of history see Eckhard Kessler, Petrarca und die Geschichte: Geschichtsschreibung, Rhetorik,

Philosophie im Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1978).

20. J. K. Hyde, "Medieval Descriptions of Cities," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 48 (1965-66), 308-40.

21. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2, ed. Rossi, 2: 55-60; cf. 9.13.34-36, pp. 254-55. For previous studies of this letter see Giuseppe Mazzotta, "Antiquity and the New Arts in Petrarch," Romanic Review, 79 (1988), 27-32; Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 88-93, and on his peripatetics, "Petrarch Viator, " in idem, The Vulnerable Text: Essays on Renaissance Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 18-45, rpt. from Yearbook of English Studies 12 (1982), 35-57; and Angelo Mazzocco, "Petrarca, Poggio, and Biondo: Humanism's Foremost Interpreters of Roman Ruins," in Francis Petrarch, Six Centuries Later: A Symposium, ed. Aldo Scaglione (Chapel Hill: Department of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina; Chicago: Newberry Library, 1975), pp. 353-63.

22. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 15.8.6, ed. Rossi, 3: 154; trans. Bernardo, 2: 272.

23. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2.14, ed. Rossi, 2: 58. For Petrarch's belief that Rome would rise again by knowing itself and thus his effort to make his contemporaries aware of its traditions see Mommsen, "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages,'" 240.

24. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 248.3-4, pp. 410-11.

25. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2.14, ed. Rossi, 2: 58; trans. Bernardo, 2: 293.

26. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 40.1-8; pp. 106-7.

27. Petrarch, Epistolae variae 48, cited Cosenza, Francesco Petrarca and the Revolution of Cola di Rienzo, p. 17.

28. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 178; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 48.

29. Ibid., p. 180; trans. Zacour, p. 52.

28. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 178; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 48.

29. Ibid., p. 180; trans. Zacour, p. 52.

30. See F. G. Moore, "On Urbs Aeterna and Urbs Sacra," Transactions of the American Philological Society, 25 (1894), 34-60.

31. Charles T. Davis, Dante and the Idea of Rome (Oxford: Clarendon, 1957).

32. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 7, ed. Piur, pp. 191-93; Ep. fam. 11.7, 23.2, ed. Rossi, 2: 337-40; 4: 157-67.

33. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 174; trans. Zacour, p. 46.

34. Petrarch, Rime sparse 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

35. Ibid. 37.37, p. 99, 45.7, p. 111, 80.32, p. 183, 130.13, p. 269, 285.5, p. 465, 331.5, p. 519.

36. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, 8, ed. Piur, pp. 185, 193; trans. Zacour, pp. 58, 67. Ibid. 8, 10, ed. pp. 193, 197.

34. Petrarch, Rime sparse 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

35. Ibid. 37.37, p. 99, 45.7, p. 111, 80.32, p. 183, 130.13, p. 269, 285.5, p. 465, 331.5, p. 519.

36. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, 8, ed. Piur, pp. 185, 193; trans. Zacour, pp. 58, 67. Ibid. 8, 10, ed. pp. 193, 197.

34. Petrarch, Rime sparse 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

35. Ibid. 37.37, p. 99, 45.7, p. 111, 80.32, p. 183, 130.13, p. 269, 285.5, p. 465, 331.5, p. 519.

36. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, 8, ed. Piur, pp. 185, 193; trans. Zacour, pp. 58, 67. Ibid. 8, 10, ed. pp. 193, 197.

37. See "Babylon," Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertums Wissenschaft, ed. A. Pauly and Georg Wissowa (Stuttgart, 1886-1974), 2/2, cols. 2699-700. Strabo, Rerum Geographicarum libri 17.1.30.

38. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, 17, ed. Piur, pp. 197, 199. For Cambyses see Herodotus, Historiae 3.1-38, 61-66; Lucan, Bellum civile 10. 279-82.

39. See R. Koldewey, The Excavations at Babylon, trans. Agnes S. Jones (London: Macmillan, 1914); Eckhard Unger, Babylon: Die Heilige Stadt nach der Beschreibung der Babylonier (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1931); and for more recent, somewhat popular accounts, James G. Macqueen, Babylon (London: Robert Hale, 1964); James Wellard, By the Waters of Babylon (London: Hutchinson, 1972). Petrarch associated the founding of this Babylon with Semiramis. See Herodotus 1.184, Diodorus Siculus 2.7.2, and Quintus Curtius 5.1.24.

40. Martin Noth, "The Jerusalem Catastrophe of 587 B.C., and Its Significance for Israel," in his The Laws in the Pentateuch and Other Studies, trans. D. R. Ap-Thomas (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1966), pp. 260-80. For general history see Peter R. Ackroyd, Israel under Babylon and Persia (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 1-161; C. F. Whitley, The Exilic Age (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1957).

41. Benjamin ben Jonah, The Itinerary, ed. Adler, pp. 42-45.

42. Petrarch associates the new Babylon with its own Nimrod in Liber sine nomine 8, 10, ed. Piur, pp. 193, 198-99.

43. For Petrarch's allusion to this etymology in calling Babylon "the city of confusion" see Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 198; trans. Zacour, p. 71; De otio religioso 2, ed. Rotondi, p. 58; Ep. fam. 15.9.16, ed. Rossi, 3: 160.

44. Herodotus, Historiae 1.193; Strabo, Geographia 16.1.14. See O. E. Ravn, Herodotus' Description of Babylon, trans. Margaret Tovborg-Jensen (Copenhagen: Nytl Nordisk, 1942).

45. See J. A. Thompson, "Israel's 'lovers,'" Vetus Testamentum, 27 (1977), 475-81; and also Walther Zimmerli, A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Chapters 1-24 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979), trans. R. E. Clements, pp. 322-53, 471-92; Walther Eichrodt, Ezekiel: A Commentary, trans. Cosslett Quin (London: SCM, 1970), pp. 196-219, 317-33; J. W. Wevers, Ezekiel (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1969), pp. 119-33, 178-88; G. A. Cooke, The Book of Ezekiel (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1936), pp. 159-81, 247-64; Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 1-20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New York: Doubleday, 1983), pp. 270-306.

46. See also A. Y. Collins, "The Political Perspective of the Revelation to John," Journal of Biblical Literature, 96 (1977), 241-56.

47. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 9.

48. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 199.

49. Augustine, Enarrationes in psalmos 136. For this work in general see Giuseppe Billanovich, "Nella biblioteca del Petrarca. I. Il Petrarca, il Boccaccio e le 'Enarrationes in Psalmos di Agostino,'" Italia medioevale e umanistica, 3 (1960), 1-27.

50. For some examples see Ann H. Hallock, "The Pre-eminent Role of Babilonia in Petrarch's Theme of the Two Cities," Italica, 54 (1977), 290-97.

51. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 138, pp. 282-83.

52. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 15.9, ed. Rossi, 3: 157-63; trans. Bernardo, 2: 277.

53. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 18, ed. Piur, pp. 230-31; trans. Zacour, pp. 111, 112. Petrarch's role as a prophet in Liber sine nomine has also been stated by Robert Coogan, "The Nature, Artistry and Influence of Petrarch's 'Epistolae sine nomine,'" in Acta Coventus Neo-Latini Turonensis, ed. Jean-Claude Margolin (2 vols.; Paris: J. Vrin, 1980), 1: 109, 110, 113.

54. Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent c. 1250-c. 1450 (2 vols.; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967), 2: 449, 457, 451; Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study of Joachimism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 244.

55. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 77; Decima L. Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1932), p. 25.

56. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 138, 132-33; Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, p. 114. Edith Pásztor, "Le polemiche sulla 'Lectura super Apocalypsim' di Pietro di Giovanni Olivi fino alla sua condanna," Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, 70 (1958), 365-424.

57. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 199; Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 205, 7.

58. Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, p. 140.

59. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 2, ed. Piur, p. 169; 11, p. 203; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 232-35. In addition to the vices of lust, covetousness, pride, and gluttony, which will be discussed shortly, see Petrarch on envy, ibid. 13, p. 208; anger, 1, p. 166; and sloth, 1, p. 166, 5, p. 186, 9, p. 195, 11, p. 202.

58. Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, p. 140.

59. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 2, ed. Piur, p. 169; 11, p. 203; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 232-35. In addition to the vices of lust, covetousness, pride, and gluttony, which will be discussed shortly, see Petrarch on envy, ibid. 13, p. 208; anger, 1, p. 166; and sloth, 1, p. 166, 5, p. 186, 9, p. 195, 11, p. 202.

60. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 136, pp. 280-81.

61. Quintus Curtius, Historia Alexandri 5.1.36-39; Herodotus, Historiae 1.196, 199.

62. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 18, ed. Piur, pp. 232-35; trans. Zacour, p. 114. Cf. Bucolicum carmen 7, ed. Avena, pp. 127-31. See also Ezio Raimundi, "Una pagina satirica delle Sine nomine, " Studi petrarcheschi, 6 (1956), 55-61; rpt. as "Un esercizio satirico del Petrarca," in his Metafora e storia: Studi su Dante e Petrarca (Turin: Einaudi, 1970), pp. 189-98.

63. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 11, ed. Piur, p. 203; trans. Zacour, p. 75.

64. Ibid. 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, p. 169; 5, pp. 185-86; 9, p. 195; 10, pp. 197-201; 11, pp. 202-3; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 228, 231. See also Ep. fam. 6.1, ed. Rossi, 2: 47-54.

63. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 11, ed. Piur, p. 203; trans. Zacour, p. 75.

64. Ibid. 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, p. 169; 5, pp. 185-86; 9, p. 195; 10, pp. 197-201; 11, pp. 202-3; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 228, 231. See also Ep. fam. 6.1, ed. Rossi, 2: 47-54.

65. Herodotus, Historiae 1.193.

66. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 201; trans. Zacour, p. 73. Ibid. 18, p. 231. See Col. 3:5.

65. Herodotus, Historiae 1.193.

66. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 201; trans. Zacour, p. 73. Ibid. 18, p. 231. See Col. 3:5.

67. E.g., Moralisch-satirische Gedichte Walters von Chatillon, esp. 1, 2, 5, 10, 11. See also Charles Witke, Latin Satire: The Structures of Persuasion (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970), pp. 250-51; John A. Yunck, "Economic Conservatism, Papal Finance, and the Medieval Satires on Rome," in Changes in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, ed. Sylvia L. Thrupp (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964), pp. 72-85.

68. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 319-26.

69. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 14, ed. Piur, p. 211; trans. Zacour, p. 86; see also 17, p. 220. Ibid. 18, p. 228; trans. p. 109. Ibid, 2, p. 169; 5, p. 185; 18, p. 232. For the primacy of avarice in medieval lists of the vices see Lester K. Little, "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom," American Historical Review, 76 (1971), 16-49.

68. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 319-26.

69. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 14, ed. Piur, p. 211; trans. Zacour, p. 86; see also 17, p. 220. Ibid. 18, p. 228; trans. p. 109. Ibid, 2, p. 169; 5, p. 185; 18, p. 232. For the primacy of avarice in medieval lists of the vices see Lester K. Little, "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom," American Historical Review, 76 (1971), 16-49.

70. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 330-32.

71. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, ed. Piur, p. 186; trans. Zacour, p. 59; 18, pp. 228, 232.

72. See n. 45.

73. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, pp. 165-66; trans. Zacour, p. 33; 19, p. 237.

74. See Hugo Gretzmann, "Der Festbecher," in Sellin-Festschrift: Beiträge zur Religionsgeschichte und Archäologie Palästinas, ed. U. Jirt (Leipzig: Werner Schoel, 1927), pp. 55-62; W. Lotz, "Das Sinnbild des Bechers," Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift, 28 (1917), 396-407.

75. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, pp. 168, 169; 6, p. 187; and for stupidity, 2, p. 169.

76. Ibid. 2, p. 168; trans. Zacour, p. 38.

75. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, pp. 168, 169; 6, p. 187; and for stupidity, 2, p. 169.

76. Ibid. 2, p. 168; trans. Zacour, p. 38.

77. See John T. Willis, "The Genre of Isaiah 5:1-7," Journal of Biblical Literature, 96 (1977), 337-62: Gale A. Yee, "A Form-Critical Study of Isaiah 5:1-7 as a Song and a Juridical Parable," Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 43 (1981), 30-40.

78. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 18, ed. Piur, p. 230. Translation mine. Note Petrarch's ironic use of the Delphic maxim "Know thyself," which is rendered more directly in the text than in Zacour's translation: "Nocisne teipsam, Babilon?"

79. See n. 53.

80. For this episode see Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 200-201, 224-26.

81. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.8, ed. Rossi, 1: 118-21; trans. Bernardo, 1: 134.

82. Petrarch, Rerum memorandarum liber 4, ed. Billanovich, pp. 191-272.

83. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 2.5, ed. Rossi, 1: 81-82.

84. Ibid. 5.7, ed. Rossi, 2: 22-25; trans. Bernardo, 1: 255.

83. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 2.5, ed. Rossi, 1: 81-82.

84. Ibid. 5.7, ed. Rossi, 2: 22-25; trans. Bernardo, 1: 255.

85. See Constance B. Hieatt, The Realism of Dream-Visions: The Poetic Exploitation of the Dream-Experience in Chaucer and His Contemporaries (The Hague: Mouton, 1967); Jane Chance Nitzsche, The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 56-63.

86. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 359, pp. 557-59. See also 282, p. 461, 341, p. 539, 342, p. 539, 343, p. 541, 356, p. 553. For a study of these see Oscar Büdel, "Parusia Redemtricis: Lauras Traumbesuche in Petrarcas Canzoniere," in Petrarca, 1304-1374: Beiträge zu Werk und Wirkung, ed. Fritz Schalk (Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), pp. 33-50. See also Ep. met. 1.6.126-28, 140-43, as discussed by Bernardo, Petrarch, Laura, and the Triumphs (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), pp. 69-72; and consider that Petrarch's Trionfi itself was a pageant of dreams.

87. Petrarch, Africa 8.462-81, ed. Festa, pp. 236-37; trans. Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 199. See also Fabius's prophecy of Hannibal's war in Africa 7.61-84, ed. Festa, pp. 173-74.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

97. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 9, ed. Piur, p. 196; trans. Zacour, p. 71. Cf. 17, p. 227.

98. For a survey of these as thematic of Petrarch's love of glory see Bernardo, ''The Importance of the Non-Love Poems of Petrarch's 'Canzoniere,''' Italica, 27 (1950), 302-12; and also Sara Sturm-Maddox, " Rime sparse 25-28: The Metaphors of Choice," Neophilologus, 69 (1985), 225-35; Marco Santagata, "Sul destinatario della canzone petrarchesca 'O aspectata in ciel beata et bella' (R.V.F. 28)," Rivista di letteratura italiana, 3 (1985), 365-80.

99. See Joachim of Fiore, Vat. Lat. 3822, ed. Bignami-Odier, pp. 220-23.

100. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 14, ed. Piur, p. 211; trans. Zacour, p. 86. See also Ep. 17, p. 220.

101. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 1.8.2-5, ed. Rossi, 1: 39-40; trans. Bernardo, 1: 42.

102. Seneca, Ad Lucilium 84.3-4.

103. Charles Trinkaus, The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of Renaissance Consciousness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 9, and see also pp. 23-24. For Petrarch's imitation of classical authors see also Giuseppe Velli, "La memoria poetica del Petrarca," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 19 (1976), 171-207; Christian Bec, "De Pétrarque à Machiavel: A propos d'un topos humaniste (le dialogue lecteur/livre)," Rinascimento, 16 (1976), 3-17; and in general, Greene, The Light in Troy, pp. 104-46.

104. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 22.2.20-21, ed. Rossi, 4:108; trans. Bernardo, 3: 214.

105. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 43, pp. 108-9. Consider also his statement that the splendor of the ancient philosophers ceases where Christ the sun of righteousness illuminates the mind. Ep. fam. 17.1.40, ed. Rossi, 3:229.

106. Seneca, Ad Lucilium 84.7-8. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 23.19.11-12, ed. Rossi, 4: 206; trans. Bernardo, 3: 301.

107. Fredi Chiapelli, "Petrarch and Innovation: A Note on a Manuscript," Modern Language Notes, 96 (1981), 140-42; Anna C. Burgio, "Per lo studio delle varianti petrarchesche: un recente contributo sulla canzone CCCXXIII," Studi petrarcheschi, 8 (1976), 257-61; Michele Feo, "Il sogno di Cerere e la

morte del lauro petrarchescho," in Il Petrarca ad Arquà: Atti del convegno di studi nel VI centario (1370-1374), ed. Giuseppe Billanovich and Giuseppe Frasso (Padua: Antenore, 1975), pp. 133-48; Mariarosa Giacon, "Temi e stilemi fra Petrarca e Boccaccio: II. La novella di Nastagio e la canzone delle visioni," Studi sul Boccaccio, 8 (1974), 226-49; Chiappelli, Studi sul linguaggio del Petrarca: La canzone delle visioni (Florence: Olschki, 1971); idem, "La canzone petrarchesca delle visioni: Costanti e variazioni interstrofiche della struttura metrica," Yearbook of Italian Studies, I (1971), 235-47; idem, "La canzone delle visioni e il sostrato tematico della 'fabula inexpleta,'" Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 141 (1964), 321-35; Francesco Maggini, ''La canzone delle visioni," Studi petrarcheschi, 1 (1948), 37-50; and for the fortune of the poem, Julia C. Bondanella, Petrarch's Visions and Their Renaissance Analogues (Madrid: José Porrua Turanzas, 1978), and Charles R. Davis, ''Petrarch's Rime 323 and Its Tradition through Spenser," Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1973.

108. For a description of this form see Burke O. Long, "Reports of Visions among the Prophets," Journal of Biblical Literature, 95 (1976), 353-65.

109. See Philippe Reymond, L'Eau, sa vie, et sa signification dans l'ancien testament, Vetus Testamentum Supplements, 6 (1958), 208.

110. See chapter 1, n. 30.

111. Jean Frappier, "Variations sur le thème du Miroir, de Bernard de Ventadour à Maurice Scève," Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études françaises, 11 (1959), 134-58.

112. See D. R. Hillers, "A Convention in Hebrew Literature: The Reaction to Bad News," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 77 (1965), 86-89.

113. Long, "Reports of Visions among the Prophets."

114. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 21.10.25, ed. Rossi, 4: 78-79; trans. Bernardo, 3: 188. See also Dölger, Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit und der Schwarze, pp. 37-48; A. Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (4 vols.; Paris, 1879), 1: 136-38.

115. Vergil, Aeneid 2.693, 9. 630-31.

116. See C. Budde, "Das hebräische Klagelied," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 2 (1882), 1-52; Hedwig Jahnow, Das hebräische Leichenlied im Rahmen der Völkerdichtung (Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann, 1923), pp. 197-231.

117. See n. 7.

118. W. H. Brownlee, "Two Elegies on the Fall of Judah (Ezekiel 19)," in Ex orbe religionum: Studia Geo Widengren, ed. C. J. Bleeker et al. (2 vols.; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), 1: 93-103; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Greenberg, and Cooke, ad loc.

119. Phaedrus, Fabulae Aesopiae 1.21.8. See also Ben E. Perry's introduction, pp. lxxxiii-iv.

120. See Florence McCulloch, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, 3d rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), pp. 137, 139. This figure also symbolized Christ, as Petrarch notes in Liber sine nomine 12, ed. Piur, p. 205; cf. Rev. 5:5.

121. For the use of dogs in the medieval hunt and related literature see Marcelle Thiébaux, The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), pp. 21-36, 185-86; and for a Petrarchan image see Africa 4.345-53, ed. Festa, pp. 97-98.

122. The Epic of Gilgamesh 1.109, 136, cited by Cooke's commentary on Ezekiel, p. 207.

123. For Petrarch's fronte as meaning visage or appearance and not specifically the face, in analogy with the Latin frons, see Phaedrus, Fabulae Aesopiae 4.2.6. For the biblical exegesis see H. H. Rowley, Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel: A Historical Study of Contemporary Theories (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1959), pp. 67-69; Maurice Casey, Son of Man: The Interpretation and Influence of Daniel 7 (London: SPCK, 1979), pp. 19-20; André Caquot, "Sur les quatre bêtes de Daniel VII," Semitica 5 (1955), 6-13; idem, "Les Quatre Bêtes et le 'fils d'homme' (Daniel 7)," Semitica, 17 (1967), 37-71; Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. Di Lella, The Book of Daniel (New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 205, 211-12; M. Delcor, Le Livre de Daniel (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1971), pp. 143-47. Cf. Rev. 13:1-8, which created a composite beast symbolizing the Roman empire from the lion's mouth and the characteristics of Daniel's three other wild creatures.

124. For the history see "Bianchi," in Paget Toynbee, rev. Charles S. Singleton, A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), pp. 96-98. For Petrarch's use of "black and white" in another sense see Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 29.23, p. 83, 72.50, p. 165, 151.7, p. 297.

125. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch, pp. 1-3.

126. See H. J. van Dijk, Ezekiel's Prophecy on Tyre (Ez. 26, 1-28, 19): A New Approach (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1968), pp. 48-91; C. Newsome, "A Maker of Metaphors—Ezekiel's Oracles against Tyre," Interpretation, 38 (1984), 151-64; Edwin M. Good, "Ezekiel's Ship: Some Extended Metaphors in the Old Testament," Semitics, 1 (1970), 79-103; R. D. Barnett, "Ezekiel and Tyre," Eretz-Israel, 9 (1969), 6-7; Frederick L. Moriarty, ''The Lament over Tyre (Ez. 27),'' Gregorianum, 46 (1965), 83-88; Sidney Smith, "The Ship Tyre," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 85 (1953), 97-110; W. Emery Barnes, "Ezekiel's Denunciation of Tyre (Ezek. xxvi-xxviii)," Journal of Theological Studies, 35 (1934), 50-52; and the commentaries ad loc. of Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2: A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983), trans. James D. Martin.

127. See Jean Daniélou, Primitive Christian Symbols, trans. Donald Atwater (Baltimore: Helicon, 1964), pp. 58-70; Hugo Rahner, Greek Myths and Christian Mystery, trans. Brian Battershaw (London: Burns & Oates, 1963), pp. 341-71.

128. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, pp. 165-66.

129. See Herbert G. May, "Some Cosmic Connotations of Mayim Rabbîm, 'Many Waters,'" Journal of Biblical Literature, 74 (1955), 9-21, esp. 18.

130. See Lawrence Boadt, Ezekiel's Oracles against Egypt: A Literary and Philological Study of Ezekiel 29-32 (Rome: Biblical Institute, 1980), pp. 90-123; Fritz Stolz, "Die Bäume des Gottesgartens auf dem Libanon," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 84 (1972), 141-56; the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad loc.; and for a survey of the image in the history of religions, Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, trans. Rosemary Sheed (London: Sheed & Ward, 1958), pp. 265-330. Cf. the fearful dream of Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. 4:4-33) and his descent to the underworld (Is. 14:4-20), which also employ the symbol of the cosmic tree.

131. See Brownlee, "Two Elegies on the Fall of Judah (Ez. 19)," 93-103; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Greenberg, ad loc. Cf. Ezekiel 15, for which see Horacio Simian-Yafre, "La Métaphore d'Ezékiel 15," in Ezekiel and His Book: Textual and Literary Criticism and Their Interrelation, ed. Johan Lust, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium, 74 (Louvain: University Press, 1986), pp. 234-47; A. E. Rivlin, "The Parable of the Vine and the Fire: Structure, Rhythm and Diction in Ezekiel's Poetry," Beth Mikra, 63 (1974), 562-70 (in Hebrew); Eberhard Baumann, ''Die Weinranke im Walde. Hes. 15, 1-8," Theologische Literaturzeitung, 80 (1955), 119-20; Robert W. Funk, "The Looking-Glass Tree Is for the Birds," Interpretation, 27 (1973), 3-9.

132. Petrarch, Africa 3.588-91, 6.254-57, 7.607, ed. Festa, pp. 75-76, 143, 194.

133. Pliny, Naturalis historia 2.56.146, 15.40.134-35; Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 69; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 17.7.2.

134. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, pp. 26-27.

135. See the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad. loc.; and Greenberg, "The Design and Themes of Ezekiel's Program of Restoration," Interpretation, 38 (1984), 181-208, Jon D. Levenson, Theology of the Program of Restoration of Ezekiel 40-48 (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press for the Harvard Semitic Museum, 1976).

136. See J. Massyngberde-Ford, Revelation: Introduction, Translation and Commentary (New York: Doubleday, 1975), pp. 332-46; G. R. Beasley-Murray, The Book of Revelation (London: Oliphants, 1974), pp. 313, 330-32; R. H. Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Revelation (2 vols.; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1920), 2: 443-44; and also Albert Vanhoye, "L'Utilisation du livre d'Ezékiel dans l'Apocalypse," Biblica, 43 (1962), 436-76.

137. See Richard Bauckham, "The Eschatological Earthquake in the Apoc. of John," Novum Testamentum, 19 (1977), 224-33. Sib. 3.401-14, 449, 457, 459; 4.99-100, 107-13, 128-29; 5.128-29, 286-97, and for Babylon, 5.438. See also Lars Hartman, Prophecy Interpreted: The Formation of Some Jewish Apocalyptic Texts and of the Eschatological Discourse Mark 13 Par. (Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksells, 1966), pp. 91-94.

138. See the commentaries of Massyngberde-Ford, Beasley-Murray, and Charles, ad loc.

139. Greenberg, "Ezekiel 17 and the Policy of Psammetichus II," Journal

of Biblical Literature, 76 (1957), 304-9; Louise P. Smith, "The Eagle(s) of Ezekiel 17," Journal of Biblical Literature, 58 (1939), 43-50; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Greenberg, ad loc.

140. See Herodotus, Historiae 2.73.

141. R. van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, according to Classical and Early Christian Traditions, trans. I. Seeger (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 251-52, 279-80, 172 n. 6, 411 n. 1.

142. Lactantius, De ave phoenice 5-14; van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 25-30.

143. See McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 160, 158, 68. For the classical association of the phoenix with Lebanon see van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 171-72.

144. Van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 307-9.

145. See McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 155-57; and Victor E. Graham, "The Pelican as Image and Symbol," Revue de littérature comparée, 36 (1962), 253-43.

146. McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 158-59. For ancient sources of the phoenix as building its pyre on a high rock see van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 178-82.

147. McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 114-15.

148. See the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad loc.; and Hans F. Fuhs, "Ez 24—Überlegungen zu Tradition und Redaktion des Ezechielbuchs," in Ezekiel and His Book, ed. Lust, pp. 266-82.

149. The use of this classical myth is discussed in other terms in Chiappelli, Studi sul linguaggio del Petrarca, pp. 137-83. For general background see Rinaldina Russell, "Studio dei generi medievali italiani: Il compianto per Ia morte dell'amata," Italica, 54 (1977), 449-67.

150. See John Block Friedman, Orpheus in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 38-85.

151. See Caquot, "La Parole sur Juda dans le testament lyrique de Jacob (Genèse 49, 8-12)," Semetica, 26 (1976), 5-32; E. Testa, "La formazione letteraria della benedizione di Giacobbe (Gen 49, 2-27)," Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus, 23 (1973), 167-205; Calum M. Carmichael, "Some Sayings in Genesis 49," Journal of Biblical Literature, 88 (1969), 435-44; E. M. Good, "The 'Blessing' on Judah, Gen 49 8-12," Journal of Biblical Literature, 82 (1963), 427-32; W. L. Moran, ''Gen 49,10, and Its Use in Ez 21,32," Biblica, 39 (1958), 405-25; J. Coppens, ''La Bénédiction de Jacob: Son cadre historique à la lumière des parallèles ougaritiques," Vetus Testamentum Supplements, 4 (1957), 97-115; Bruce Vawter, "The Canaanite Background of Gen. 49, Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 17 (1955), 1-18; Gerhard von Rad, Genesis: A Commentary, trans. John H. Marks, rev. ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1972), pp. 419-28; E. A. Speiser, Genesis (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981), pp. 361-72.

152. The manuscript indicates corrections dated 13 October and a definitive form dated 31 October 1368. Chiappelli, Studi sul linguaggio del Petrarca, pp. 15-19.

153. See C. C. Bayley, "Petrarch, Charles IV, and the 'Renovatio Im-

perii,'" Speculum, 17 (1942), 323-41, with citation, 335. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.1, ed. Rossi, 2: 283-84; trans. Bernardo, 2: 54.

154. Gerald G. Walsh, The Emperor Charles IV, 1316-1378: A Study in Holy Roman Imperialism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1924), pp. 75-79; Bede Jarrett, The Emperor Charles IV (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1935), pp. 91, 155-56; and for the general background, Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 146-60.

155. See the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Greenberg, ad loc.

156. See Bouché-Leclerq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, 1: 127-45, esp. 134.

157. For the phoenix and the Golden Age see van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 98-116, 229-30; as king of the birds, p. 193; as paradisiacal, pp. 184-85, 309-34.

158. See Bayley, "Petrarch, Charles IV, and the 'Renovatio Imperii,'" 333.

159. Reeves, Prophecy in the Late Middle Ages, pp. 267, 326, 367; 306-9, 321-22, and see the index under "Alemani."

160. Reeves and Beatrice Hirsch-Reich, "The Seven Seals in the Writings of Joachim of Fiore," Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale, 21 (1954), 211-47.

161. Reeves, The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), pp. 85-86.

162. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 15, ed. Piur, p. 216; trans. Zacour, pp. 91-92.

1. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, pp. 25-27. See also Africa 9.108-23, ed. Festa, pp. 264-65.

2. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 22.20-22, p. 59. 50.39-42, p. 119 304.3-4, p. 483. 152. 1-2, p. 299. 135.31-45, p. 275. 23.147-60, p. 67. 226.2, p. 383; 287.13-14, pp. 466-67.

3. See Ernst R. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Pantheon, 1953), pp. 128-30.

4. For a survey of texts see Renée Luciani, "La Barque et le port," in Actes du Congrès international Francesco Petrarca (Avignon, 1974), pp. 281-94; and Sara Sturm-Maddox, "Eaux troublés: La Navigation de l'âme dans les Rimes Sparse de Pétrarque," in L'Eau an Moyen Age (Marseilles: Jeanne Laffitte, 1985), pp. 335-47.

5. See Martin Ninck, Die Bedeutung des Wassers im Kult und Leben der Alten: Eine symbolgeschichtliche Untersuchung 2d ed. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1960), pp. 1-99; Philippe Reymond, L'Eau, sa vie, et sa signification dans l'ancien testament, Vetus Testamentum Supplements, 6 (1958), pp. 208-22.

6. Pierre Amandry, La Mantique apollinienne à Delphes: Essai sur le fonc-

tionnement de l'Oracle (Paris: Boccard, 1950), pp. 134-39; and for the spring Cassotis, which poured from a stone conduit under the temple, Georges Roux, Delphes: Son oracle et ses dieux (Paris: Belles lettres, 1976), pp. 136-45. It was characteristic of the Apolline sanctuaries that all were important hydraulic installations, and the inspirational force of the water together with the laurel and the tripod were the sources of the oracle. See René Ginouves, Balaneutiké: Recherches sur le bain dans l'antiquité grecque (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1962), pp. 327-44.

7. R. van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, according to Classical and Early Christian Traditions, trans. I. Seeger (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 71, 232-304, citing Lactantius, De ave phoenice 51-58.

8. For Petrarch's poetic thought at the summit of the flight of the phoenix see Rime sparse 135.1-15, ed. Durling, p. 273; and for Petrarch as a bird, 23.165-66, 165.14 (cf. 163.10-11). For Laura as a phoenix see 185.1, p. 331, 321.1-4, p. 501, and Francesco Zambon, "Sulla fenice del Petrarca," in Dal medioevo al Petrarca: Miscellanea di studi in onore di Vittore Bronco (2 vols.; Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1983), 1: 411-25.

9. Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.8-10.

10. For this rhetorical device, especially in Rime sparse 220, see Gordon Poole, "Il topos del' 'effictio' e un sonetto del Petrarca," Lettere italiane, 32 (1980), 3-20.

11. For these traditions see John B. Friedman, Orpheus in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 86-145.

12. Petrarch, Invective contra medicum 3, ed. Ricci, p. 62, citing Horace, Ars poetica 70-72; trans. H. Rushton Fairclough, Satires, Epistles and Ars poetica (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1929), p. 457.

13. Jerrold E. Seigel, "Ideals of Eloquence and Silence in Petrarch," Journal of the History of Ideas, 26 (1965), 147-54. For the medieval subsumption of poetry to rhetoric, see Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, pp. 145-66.

14. Aristotle, Ars rhetorica 3.13; Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 3.9.1; Rhetorica ad C. Herennium 1.3.4; Cicero, De inventione 1.14. 19; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 2.7.1.

15. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 193.13-14, pp. 338-39; cf. 248.1-2, p. 411.

16. Ibid. 304.7-8, p. 483. 70.1-3, p. 155. 264.79-80, p. 431. 60.1-4, p. 139. 307.7-8, pp. 486-87. 360.113-14, pp. 566-67. 171.9-10, p. 317. 23.141-60, p. 67; see also Africa 3.224-31, ed. Festa, pp. 60-61. 23.50-60, pp. 62-63; see Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.747-2.380. 221.14, pp. 376-77. 200.6-8, p. 347. 261.11, pp. 422-23. 308.12-14, pp. 486-87.

15. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 193.13-14, pp. 338-39; cf. 248.1-2, p. 411.

16. Ibid. 304.7-8, p. 483. 70.1-3, p. 155. 264.79-80, p. 431. 60.1-4, p. 139. 307.7-8, pp. 486-87. 360.113-14, pp. 566-67. 171.9-10, p. 317. 23.141-60, p. 67; see also Africa 3.224-31, ed. Festa, pp. 60-61. 23.50-60, pp. 62-63; see Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.747-2.380. 221.14, pp. 376-77. 200.6-8, p. 347. 261.11, pp. 422-23. 308.12-14, pp. 486-87.

17. Petrarch, Africa 1.353-54, ed. Festa, p. 18.

18. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 339, pp. 536-37.

19. Ibid. 248.13, pp. 410-11.

20. Ibid. 309.7-14, pp. 488-89.

21. Ibid. 4, p. 39. 70.41-42, pp. 152-53. 287.14, pp. 466-67. 37.110-11, pp. 102-3; cf. 45.2, p. 111.

22. Ibid. 23.123-40, p. 67. 70.41-50, pp. 152-53.

23. Ibid. 208.14, p. 363; cf. Matt. 26:41b.

18. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 339, pp. 536-37.

19. Ibid. 248.13, pp. 410-11.

20. Ibid. 309.7-14, pp. 488-89.

21. Ibid. 4, p. 39. 70.41-42, pp. 152-53. 287.14, pp. 466-67. 37.110-11, pp. 102-3; cf. 45.2, p. 111.

22. Ibid. 23.123-40, p. 67. 70.41-50, pp. 152-53.

23. Ibid. 208.14, p. 363; cf. Matt. 26:41b.

18. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 339, pp. 536-37.

19. Ibid. 248.13, pp. 410-11.

20. Ibid. 309.7-14, pp. 488-89.

21. Ibid. 4, p. 39. 70.41-42, pp. 152-53. 287.14, pp. 466-67. 37.110-11, pp. 102-3; cf. 45.2, p. 111.

22. Ibid. 23.123-40, p. 67. 70.41-50, pp. 152-53.

23. Ibid. 208.14, p. 363; cf. Matt. 26:41b.

18. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 339, pp. 536-37.

19. Ibid. 248.13, pp. 410-11.

20. Ibid. 309.7-14, pp. 488-89.

21. Ibid. 4, p. 39. 70.41-42, pp. 152-53. 287.14, pp. 466-67. 37.110-11, pp. 102-3; cf. 45.2, p. 111.

22. Ibid. 23.123-40, p. 67. 70.41-50, pp. 152-53.

23. Ibid. 208.14, p. 363; cf. Matt. 26:41b.

18. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 339, pp. 536-37.

19. Ibid. 248.13, pp. 410-11.

20. Ibid. 309.7-14, pp. 488-89.

21. Ibid. 4, p. 39. 70.41-42, pp. 152-53. 287.14, pp. 466-67. 37.110-11, pp. 102-3; cf. 45.2, p. 111.

22. Ibid. 23.123-40, p. 67. 70.41-50, pp. 152-53.

23. Ibid. 208.14, p. 363; cf. Matt. 26:41b.

18. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 339, pp. 536-37.

19. Ibid. 248.13, pp. 410-11.

20. Ibid. 309.7-14, pp. 488-89.

21. Ibid. 4, p. 39. 70.41-42, pp. 152-53. 287.14, pp. 466-67. 37.110-11, pp. 102-3; cf. 45.2, p. 111.

22. Ibid. 23.123-40, p. 67. 70.41-50, pp. 152-53.

23. Ibid. 208.14, p. 363; cf. Matt. 26:41b.

24. Petrarch, Secretum 2, ed. Martellotti, p. 76; trans. William S. Draper, Petrarch's Secret, or, The Soul's Conflict with Passion (London: Chatto & Windus, 1911), p. 54.

25. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 12.5.2-3, ed. Rossi, 3: 24; trans. Aldo S. Bernardo Rerum familiarum libri I-VIII, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975); Letters on Familiar Matters: Rerum familiarum libri IX-XVI (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 2: 147.

26. Ep. Fam. 16.3.9, ed. Rossi, 3:181; 6.1.4, ed. 2:48. 1.8.8-9, 1: 40-41; 3.20.11, 1: 147; 3.7.4, 1: 117; Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 105.35-36, pp. 35-36. Ep. fam. 3.18.1-2, ed. Rossi, 1:138-39; trans. Bernardo, 1: 557. 1.8.12, ed. Rossi, 1: 41; trans. Bernardo, 1: 43. 1.3.6, ed. Rossi, 1: 22; trans. Bernardo, 1: 23; see also 1.18, 1: 5. Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 247.9-14, pp. 408-9.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

27. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 37.65-69, pp. 100-101. 292.13, pp. 470-71, 271.13-14, pp. 450-51. 186.13-14, pp. 332-33. 354.1-5, p. 551.

28. Ibid. 157.1-4, pp. 302-3. 100.10-11, pp. 202-3. 30.28, p. 89; 50.55, p. 119; 62.9, p. 141; 79.2, p. 179 and 101.13, p. 205; 107.7, p. 215 and 145.14, p. 291; 118.1, p. 227; 122.1, p. 237; 212.12, p. 367 and 221.8, p. 377; 364.1-4, p. 573 and 271.2, p. 451; 278.14, p. 457.

29. Ibid. 144.1-7, pp. 290-91.

30. Ibid. 20, pp. 54-55.

31. Ibid. 23.167-69, pp. 68-69. 142.19-22, pp. 286-87.

32. Ibid. 337.12-14, pp. 534-35.

33. Ibid. 344.5-6, pp. 540-41. 345.5-14, pp. 542-43. 348.10, p. 545. 327.10-11, pp. 514-15. 346.1-8, pp. 542-43.

34. Ibid. 354.12-14, pp. 550-51.

35. Ibid. 354.4, 7-8, p. 551. 346.9-14, pp. 542-43.

36. Ibid. 347, pp. 544-45.

37. Ibid. 225.9-11, pp. 380-81.

38. For Petrarch on the papal debate concerning this question see Ep. fam. 2.12.9, ed. Rossi, 1: 101; and for background, Decima L. Douie, "John XXII and the Beatific Vision," Dominican Studies, 3 (1950), 154-74. See also Mario M. Rossi, "Laura morta e la concezione petrarchesca dell'aldilà," Studi petrarcheschi, 7 (1957), 301-21.

39. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 206.55-59, pp. 354-55. For serving Rachel rather than Leah see Augustine, Contra Faustum Manichaeum 12.52.

40. See Cuthbert Butler, Western Mysticism, 2d ed. (London: Constable, 1927), pp. 227-87; Daniel Csanyi, " Optima pars: Die Auslegungsgeschichte von Lk 10, 36-42 bei den Kirchenvätern der ersten vier Jahrhunderte," Studia Monastica, 2 (1960), 5-78.

41. Petrarch also applies the allegory in De vita solitaria 2.10, ed. Martellotti, pp. 503-4.

42. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 313.9-11, pp. 492-93.

43. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 2.3, ed. Martellotti, pp. 424-26; see also 2.13, p. 552.

44. For the history of Elijah's chariot see Jean Daniélou, Primitive Chris-

tian Symbols, trans. Donald Attwater (Baltimore: Helicon, 1964), pp. 75-88. He cites Eunapius, fr. 26 in Fragmenta historicorum graecorum, 4: 24-25; and Sedulius 1.186.

45. See chapter 2, n. 2.

46. See chapter 1, nn. 32, 36, 37.

47. Dante, Paradiso 11.49-50; trans. Charles S. Singleton in The Divine Comedy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 121.

48. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 4. 12-14, pp. 38-39. This imitation of Dante's verses has been stated by Nicola Scarano, "L'invidia del Petrarca," Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 29 (1897), 23; Ezio Chiorboli in his commentary to Le "Rime sparse" (Milan: Trevisini, 1924), p. 7; Mario Santagata, "Presenza di Dante comico nel Canzoniere del Petrarca, " Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 146 (1969), 196; Paolo Trovato, Dante in Petrarca: Per un inventario dei Dantismi nei ''Rerum vulgarium fragmenta" (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1979), p. 46.

49. For extensive documentation see Stanislao da Campagnola, L'angelo del sesto sigillo e l' "Alter Christus": genesi e sviluppo di due temi francescani nei secoli XIII-XIV (Rome: Laurentianum, 1971), pp. 127-29, citing Mira circa nos in Bullarium Franciscanum Romanorum Pontificium, 1: 98-99; Celano, Vita I S. Francisci 36; Analecta franciscana, 10:377. Bonaventure, Legenda maior S. Francisci, prol. 1; trans. Ewert Cousins, The Soul's Journey into God, The Tree of Life, The Life of St. Francis (New York: Paulist, 1978), p. 180.

50. Campagnola, L'angelo del sesto sigillo, e l' "Alter Christus", p. 187, citing Matthew of Acquasparta, Sermones de sancto Francisco 74, pp. 190-91.

51. Bonaventure, Legenda maior S. Francisci 4.4; trans. Cousins, p. 209.

52. Campagnola, L'angelo del sesto sigillo e l' "Alter Christus," citing Ubertino da Casale, Arbor vitae crucifixae Jesu 5.3. Bonaventure, Legenda maior S. Francisci, prol. 1; trans. Cousins, pp. 180-81.

53. Campagnola, L'angelo del sesto sigillo e l' "Alter Christus", pp. 173-97, 240-41, 255.

54. See Celano, Vita II S. Franciscani 1.3.

55. Dante, Paradiso 11.76-78; trans. Singleton, p. 173.

56. Petrarch, De otio religioso 2, ed. Rotondi, pp. 74, 80. On the Franciscans see also Anna Maria Voci, Petrarca e la vita religiosa: Il mito umanista della vita eremitica (Rome: Istituto Storico Italiana per l'Età Moderna e Contemporanea, 1983), pp. 67-85.

57. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 2.6, ed. Martellotti, pp. 454-56; trans. Jacob Zeitlin, The Life of Solitude (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1924), p. 220.

58. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 14.1.40-41, ed. Rossi, 3:104-5. Ibid. 13.4.20, 23, 25, ed. Rossi, 3: 63, 64, 65; trans. Bernardo 2:185. See also 13.5.6-7, ed. Rossi, 3:67.

57. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 2.6, ed. Martellotti, pp. 454-56; trans. Jacob Zeitlin, The Life of Solitude (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1924), p. 220.

58. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 14.1.40-41, ed. Rossi, 3:104-5. Ibid. 13.4.20, 23, 25, ed. Rossi, 3: 63, 64, 65; trans. Bernardo 2:185. See also 13.5.6-7, ed. Rossi, 3:67.

59. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.10, pp. 42-43.

60. Petrarch, Invective contra medicum 2, ed. Ricci, p. 54. See also Ep. fam. 7.10.10, ed. Rossi, 2:116; 8.4.27, p. 167; 17.8, ed. 3:254-56.

61. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 7.3, with the citation at 7.10, ed. Rossi, 2:103-5;

trans. Bernardo, 1:342. For another discourse on avarice as the most fatal of the vices see Ep. fam. 6.1, ed. Rossi, 2:47-54; cf. 11.16.21-23, ed. Rossi, 2: 362-63; and on the virtue of poverty, 6.3.38-51, pp. 68-72.

62. Petrarch, Ep. var. 55, ed. Operum, 2:1140. See also Ep. fam. 19.5.2-3, ed. Rossi, 3:321; 19.17.1-8, p. 347.

63. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.6, p. 443. Ibid. 207.22, p. 357.

64. Ibid. 125.79, pp. 242-43.

65. Ibid. 308. 1-2, pp. 486-87.

62. Petrarch, Ep. var. 55, ed. Operum, 2:1140. See also Ep. fam. 19.5.2-3, ed. Rossi, 3:321; 19.17.1-8, p. 347.

63. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.6, p. 443. Ibid. 207.22, p. 357.

64. Ibid. 125.79, pp. 242-43.

65. Ibid. 308. 1-2, pp. 486-87.

62. Petrarch, Ep. var. 55, ed. Operum, 2:1140. See also Ep. fam. 19.5.2-3, ed. Rossi, 3:321; 19.17.1-8, p. 347.

63. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.6, p. 443. Ibid. 207.22, p. 357.

64. Ibid. 125.79, pp. 242-43.

65. Ibid. 308. 1-2, pp. 486-87.

62. Petrarch, Ep. var. 55, ed. Operum, 2:1140. See also Ep. fam. 19.5.2-3, ed. Rossi, 3:321; 19.17.1-8, p. 347.

63. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.6, p. 443. Ibid. 207.22, p. 357.

64. Ibid. 125.79, pp. 242-43.

65. Ibid. 308. 1-2, pp. 486-87.

66. See Plato, Symposium 203b-d.

67. See especially Bonaventure, Legenda maior 5 and Itinerarium mentis in Deum .

68. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 4, pp. 38-39.

69. For an introductory survey see John Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), pp. 123-39, 240-55, 365-68.

70. For this literature see ibid., pp. 266-72, 399-401; F. J. E. Raby, A History of Christian-Latin Poetry from the Beginnings to the Close of the Middle Ages, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1953), pp. 415-53.

69. For an introductory survey see John Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), pp. 123-39, 240-55, 365-68.

70. For this literature see ibid., pp. 266-72, 399-401; F. J. E. Raby, A History of Christian-Latin Poetry from the Beginnings to the Close of the Middle Ages, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1953), pp. 415-53.

71. Celano, Vita II S. Franciscani 2.90.127; trans. in St. Francis of Assisi, Writings and Early Biographies: English Omnibus of the Sources for the Life of St. Francis, ed. Marion A. Habig, 3d rev. ed. (Chicago: Franciscan Herald, 1973), p. 467.

72. Legend of Perugia 43; trans. ibid. 1021-22.

71. Celano, Vita II S. Franciscani 2.90.127; trans. in St. Francis of Assisi, Writings and Early Biographies: English Omnibus of the Sources for the Life of St. Francis, ed. Marion A. Habig, 3d rev. ed. (Chicago: Franciscan Herald, 1973), p. 467.

72. Legend of Perugia 43; trans. ibid. 1021-22.

73. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 141.5-6, p. 285. 325.99-100, pp. 512-13. 212.5-9, p. 367; 165.14, pp. 310-11.

74. Ibid. 48.11-13, pp. 114-15.

75. Ibid. 338.1, p. 535; 363.1, p. 573. 268.17, p. 437; 327.5-6, pp. 514-15. For this metaphor see also Fredi Chiappelli, "Le Thème de la Defectio solis dans le Canzoniere: vario intus," Travaux de linguistique et de littérature, 16 (1978), 75-84. 352.12-13, p. 549. 254.9, p. 417; 275.1-2, p. 455. 306.1-3, p. 484-85. 326.9-10, p. 515, 328.9-11, pp. 516-17. 24.9-11, p. 71.

76. Ibid. 334.3-4, p. 531. 327.12-14, pp. 514-15.

73. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 141.5-6, p. 285. 325.99-100, pp. 512-13. 212.5-9, p. 367; 165.14, pp. 310-11.

74. Ibid. 48.11-13, pp. 114-15.

75. Ibid. 338.1, p. 535; 363.1, p. 573. 268.17, p. 437; 327.5-6, pp. 514-15. For this metaphor see also Fredi Chiappelli, "Le Thème de la Defectio solis dans le Canzoniere: vario intus," Travaux de linguistique et de littérature, 16 (1978), 75-84. 352.12-13, p. 549. 254.9, p. 417; 275.1-2, p. 455. 306.1-3, p. 484-85. 326.9-10, p. 515, 328.9-11, pp. 516-17. 24.9-11, p. 71.

76. Ibid. 334.3-4, p. 531. 327.12-14, pp. 514-15.

73. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 141.5-6, p. 285. 325.99-100, pp. 512-13. 212.5-9, p. 367; 165.14, pp. 310-11.

74. Ibid. 48.11-13, pp. 114-15.

75. Ibid. 338.1, p. 535; 363.1, p. 573. 268.17, p. 437; 327.5-6, pp. 514-15. For this metaphor see also Fredi Chiappelli, "Le Thème de la Defectio solis dans le Canzoniere: vario intus," Travaux de linguistique et de littérature, 16 (1978), 75-84. 352.12-13, p. 549. 254.9, p. 417; 275.1-2, p. 455. 306.1-3, p. 484-85. 326.9-10, p. 515, 328.9-11, pp. 516-17. 24.9-11, p. 71.

76. Ibid. 334.3-4, p. 531. 327.12-14, pp. 514-15.

73. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 141.5-6, p. 285. 325.99-100, pp. 512-13. 212.5-9, p. 367; 165.14, pp. 310-11.

74. Ibid. 48.11-13, pp. 114-15.

75. Ibid. 338.1, p. 535; 363.1, p. 573. 268.17, p. 437; 327.5-6, pp. 514-15. For this metaphor see also Fredi Chiappelli, "Le Thème de la Defectio solis dans le Canzoniere: vario intus," Travaux de linguistique et de littérature, 16 (1978), 75-84. 352.12-13, p. 549. 254.9, p. 417; 275.1-2, p. 455. 306.1-3, p. 484-85. 326.9-10, p. 515, 328.9-11, pp. 516-17. 24.9-11, p. 71.

76. Ibid. 334.3-4, p. 531. 327.12-14, pp. 514-15.

77. Petrarch, Secretum 2, ed. Martellotti, pp. 72-76.

78. Cicero, Orator 8-10.

79. Petrarch, Secretum 3, ed. Martellotti, p. 164; trans. Draper, p. 141. The citation is Vergil, Aeneid 4.69-73; trans. H. Rushton Fairclough in Virgil, rev. ed. (2 vols.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), 1:401.

80. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 61.4-8, p. 139; 75.1-2, p. 175; 87.5-8, p. 191; 95.5-6, p. 199; 126.11, p. 245; 133.5, p. 271; 144.9-12, p. 291; 151.5-14, p. 297; 174.5-8, p. 321. For this conceit see John C. Nelson, Renaissance Theory of Love: The Context of Giordano Bruno's Eroici furori (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), pp. 18, 25.

81. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.76-79, pp. 448-49.

82. Ibid. 297.10-11, p. 477.29.17, p. 83; 75.1-4, p. 175; 174.5-8, p. 321, 105.87, p. 213; 14.7, p. 49; 127.42, p. 251; 159.12, p. 305; 164.11, p. 311; 221.12-13, p. 377; 363.9, p. 573. 97.3-4, p. 201; 90.14, p. 193.

83. Ibid. 195.12-14, pp. 340-41.

84. Ibid. 2.5-8, p. 37; 73.86, p. 173; 87.5-8, p. 191; 61.8, p. 139, 126.11, p. 245; 195.8, p. 341. 195.7-8, p. 341; 199.6, p. 345, 342.4, p. 539; 196.4, p. 343, 296.13-14, p. 475; 296.3-4, p. 475. 87.5-8, p. 191. 29.34-35, p. 85.

81. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.76-79, pp. 448-49.

82. Ibid. 297.10-11, p. 477.29.17, p. 83; 75.1-4, p. 175; 174.5-8, p. 321, 105.87, p. 213; 14.7, p. 49; 127.42, p. 251; 159.12, p. 305; 164.11, p. 311; 221.12-13, p. 377; 363.9, p. 573. 97.3-4, p. 201; 90.14, p. 193.

83. Ibid. 195.12-14, pp. 340-41.

84. Ibid. 2.5-8, p. 37; 73.86, p. 173; 87.5-8, p. 191; 61.8, p. 139, 126.11, p. 245; 195.8, p. 341. 195.7-8, p. 341; 199.6, p. 345, 342.4, p. 539; 196.4, p. 343, 296.13-14, p. 475; 296.3-4, p. 475. 87.5-8, p. 191. 29.34-35, p. 85.

81. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.76-79, pp. 448-49.

82. Ibid. 297.10-11, p. 477.29.17, p. 83; 75.1-4, p. 175; 174.5-8, p. 321, 105.87, p. 213; 14.7, p. 49; 127.42, p. 251; 159.12, p. 305; 164.11, p. 311; 221.12-13, p. 377; 363.9, p. 573. 97.3-4, p. 201; 90.14, p. 193.

83. Ibid. 195.12-14, pp. 340-41.

84. Ibid. 2.5-8, p. 37; 73.86, p. 173; 87.5-8, p. 191; 61.8, p. 139, 126.11, p. 245; 195.8, p. 341. 195.7-8, p. 341; 199.6, p. 345, 342.4, p. 539; 196.4, p. 343, 296.13-14, p. 475; 296.3-4, p. 475. 87.5-8, p. 191. 29.34-35, p. 85.

81. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 270.76-79, pp. 448-49.

82. Ibid. 297.10-11, p. 477.29.17, p. 83; 75.1-4, p. 175; 174.5-8, p. 321, 105.87, p. 213; 14.7, p. 49; 127.42, p. 251; 159.12, p. 305; 164.11, p. 311; 221.12-13, p. 377; 363.9, p. 573. 97.3-4, p. 201; 90.14, p. 193.

83. Ibid. 195.12-14, pp. 340-41.

84. Ibid. 2.5-8, p. 37; 73.86, p. 173; 87.5-8, p. 191; 61.8, p. 139, 126.11, p. 245; 195.8, p. 341. 195.7-8, p. 341; 199.6, p. 345, 342.4, p. 539; 196.4, p. 343, 296.13-14, p. 475; 296.3-4, p. 475. 87.5-8, p. 191. 29.34-35, p. 85.

85. Pliny, Naturalis historia 23.43.86; 23.80.152, 155, 157.

86. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 6.12-14, pp. 40-41.

87. Ibid. 1.12-14, p. 37. 214.22-30, pp. 368-69; cf. 46.1-4, p. 113.

86. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 6.12-14, pp. 40-41.

87. Ibid. 1.12-14, p. 37. 214.22-30, pp. 368-69; cf. 46.1-4, p. 113.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.3.54, ed. Rossi, 2:73; trans. Bernardo, 1:308. For background see Gervais Dumeige, "Le Christ médecin dans la littérature chrétienne des premiers siècles," Rivista di archeologia cristiana, 48 (1972), 115-42.

89. See Henri Gregoire, Asklèpios, Apollon Smintheus et Rudra: Etudes sur le dieu à la taupe et le dieu du rat dans la Grèce dans l'Inde (Brussels: Bureau de la société, 1950).

90. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 29.30-31, p. 85; 209.12, p. 363; 228.1-2, p. 385; cf. 88.6, p. 191.

91. Ibid. 241, pp. 402-3.

90. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 29.30-31, p. 85; 209.12, p. 363; 228.1-2, p. 385; cf. 88.6, p. 191.

91. Ibid. 241, pp. 402-3.

92. See Cyril Bailey, Religion in Virgil (Oxford: Clarendon, 1935), pp. 79-87.

93. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.17, ed. Rossi, 2:366-67.

94. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 17, ed. Piur, p. 226; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book Without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 106.

95. Ibid. 12, ed. Piur, p. 204; trans. Zacour, p. 78.

94. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 17, ed. Piur, p. 226; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book Without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 106.

95. Ibid. 12, ed. Piur, p. 204; trans. Zacour, p. 78.

96. Petrarch, Ep. met. 1.2, 2.5, ed. Rossetti, 3:110-40.

97. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 53.63-65, pp. 128-29. For a recent study see Anna Maria Voci, "Per l'interpretazione della canzone Spirto gentil di Francesco Petrarca," Romanische Forschungen, 91 (1979), 281-88.

98. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 128, pp. 256-57.

99. For Scipio's father see the full citations n. 100. For the wounds of the slain Romans see Petrarch, Africa 1.368, 382, 556; 3.20-21; ed. Festa, pp. 19, 20, 26, 52; and the wounds of the enemy, 1.572, p. 27. For Lucretia: 3.732, 736, 741, 755, p. 81; 8.919-20, p. 253; for Massinissa: 5.120-21, p. 106; 5.470-71, p. 121. For the wounds inflicted by Hannibal's army see 4.183, p. 92; the massacre of Croton, 6.477-80, p. 152; Hannibal's memory of the slaughters, 6.532-46, pp. 154-55, 6.670-76, pp. 159-60; Mago's death, 6.886, p. 168; Hannibal's prediction that Scipio will vanquish without a wound, 7.237, p. 180; Juno beholding the forthcoming battle, 7.626, p. 195; Carthage's wounds, 7.526, p. 192, 7. 1054, p. 212, 8.737, p. 247. Cf. also related imagery, 6.638-43, p. 158; 7.449, p. 188; 8.173, p. 224. For crucifixion see 8.793, p. 249; 8. 1025-26, p. 257.

100. Ibid. 1.161-229, pp. 9-12; trans. Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 6-8.

101. Ibid.1.10, p. 3; trans. Begin and Wilson, p. 1.

99. For Scipio's father see the full citations n. 100. For the wounds of the slain Romans see Petrarch, Africa 1.368, 382, 556; 3.20-21; ed. Festa, pp. 19, 20, 26, 52; and the wounds of the enemy, 1.572, p. 27. For Lucretia: 3.732, 736, 741, 755, p. 81; 8.919-20, p. 253; for Massinissa: 5.120-21, p. 106; 5.470-71, p. 121. For the wounds inflicted by Hannibal's army see 4.183, p. 92; the massacre of Croton, 6.477-80, p. 152; Hannibal's memory of the slaughters, 6.532-46, pp. 154-55, 6.670-76, pp. 159-60; Mago's death, 6.886, p. 168; Hannibal's prediction that Scipio will vanquish without a wound, 7.237, p. 180; Juno beholding the forthcoming battle, 7.626, p. 195; Carthage's wounds, 7.526, p. 192, 7. 1054, p. 212, 8.737, p. 247. Cf. also related imagery, 6.638-43, p. 158; 7.449, p. 188; 8.173, p. 224. For crucifixion see 8.793, p. 249; 8. 1025-26, p. 257.

100. Ibid. 1.161-229, pp. 9-12; trans. Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 6-8.

101. Ibid.1.10, p. 3; trans. Begin and Wilson, p. 1.

99. For Scipio's father see the full citations n. 100. For the wounds of the slain Romans see Petrarch, Africa 1.368, 382, 556; 3.20-21; ed. Festa, pp. 19, 20, 26, 52; and the wounds of the enemy, 1.572, p. 27. For Lucretia: 3.732, 736, 741, 755, p. 81; 8.919-20, p. 253; for Massinissa: 5.120-21, p. 106; 5.470-71, p. 121. For the wounds inflicted by Hannibal's army see 4.183, p. 92; the massacre of Croton, 6.477-80, p. 152; Hannibal's memory of the slaughters, 6.532-46, pp. 154-55, 6.670-76, pp. 159-60; Mago's death, 6.886, p. 168; Hannibal's prediction that Scipio will vanquish without a wound, 7.237, p. 180; Juno beholding the forthcoming battle, 7.626, p. 195; Carthage's wounds, 7.526, p. 192, 7. 1054, p. 212, 8.737, p. 247. Cf. also related imagery, 6.638-43, p. 158; 7.449, p. 188; 8.173, p. 224. For crucifixion see 8.793, p. 249; 8. 1025-26, p. 257.

100. Ibid. 1.161-229, pp. 9-12; trans. Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 6-8.

101. Ibid.1.10, p. 3; trans. Begin and Wilson, p. 1.

102. See chapter 1, nn. 97-99.

103. Petrarch, Africa 3. 20-21, ed. Festa, p. 52; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 42.

104. This particular parallel has also been noted by Bernardo, Petrarch, Scipio and the "Africa": The Birth of Humanism's Dream (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), p. 249 nn. 26-27.

105. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 62, pp. 140-41. See chapter 1, p. 31.

106. Petrarch, Africa 3.87-264, ed. Festa, pp. 54-62. For studies of this description see Enrico Fenzi, "Di alcuni palazzi, cupole e planetari nella letteratura classica e medioevale e nell' 'Africa' del Petrarca," Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 153 (1976), 12-59, 186-229; Ernest H. Wilkins, "Descriptions of Pagan Divinities from Petrarch to Chaucer," Speculum, 32 (1957), 511-19; Eberhard Leube, "Petrarca und die alten Götter: Zum Bild der antiken Mythologie in der Africa und im übrigen lateinischen Werk des Dichters," Romanistisches Jahrbuch, II (1960), 89-107; Festa, Saggio sul ''Africa" del Petrarca (Palermo: Remo Sandrone, 1926), pp. 94-109; Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, trans. Barbara F. Sessions (New York: Pantheon, 1953), pp. 17-79.

107. Petrarch, Africa 3.90-110, citing 101-5, ed. Festa, p. 55; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 45. Apollo himself is depicted with the conventional iconography of the solar steed, sacred lyre, bow and arrows, and the laurel, ibid. 3.156-73, ed. Festa, pp. 57-58.

106. Petrarch, Africa 3.87-264, ed. Festa, pp. 54-62. For studies of this description see Enrico Fenzi, "Di alcuni palazzi, cupole e planetari nella letteratura classica e medioevale e nell' 'Africa' del Petrarca," Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 153 (1976), 12-59, 186-229; Ernest H. Wilkins, "Descriptions of Pagan Divinities from Petrarch to Chaucer," Speculum, 32 (1957), 511-19; Eberhard Leube, "Petrarca und die alten Götter: Zum Bild der antiken Mythologie in der Africa und im übrigen lateinischen Werk des Dichters," Romanistisches Jahrbuch, II (1960), 89-107; Festa, Saggio sul ''Africa" del Petrarca (Palermo: Remo Sandrone, 1926), pp. 94-109; Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, trans. Barbara F. Sessions (New York: Pantheon, 1953), pp. 17-79.

107. Petrarch, Africa 3.90-110, citing 101-5, ed. Festa, p. 55; trans. Bergin and Wilson, p. 45. Apollo himself is depicted with the conventional iconography of the solar steed, sacred lyre, bow and arrows, and the laurel, ibid. 3.156-73, ed. Festa, pp. 57-58.

108. See Léopold Pannier, Les Lapidaires français du moyen âge des XII ^e , XIII ^e , et XIV ^e siècles (Paris, 1882), pp. 52, 95-96, 134, and for its location in Africa, pp. 135, 163; Le Lapidaire du quatorzieme siècle, ed. Is. del Sotto (Vienna, 1862), pp. 3-4; Paul Studer and Joan Evans, Anglo-Norman Lapidaries (Paris: E. Champion, 1924), pp. 49, 175.

109. Jean de Meun, Roman de la Rose 19931-20026.

110. See George Ferguson, Signs and Symbols in Christian Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 22.

111. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 3.1-3, 7-8, pp. 38-39.

112. Ibid. 16, pp. 50-51.

111. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 3.1-3, 7-8, pp. 38-39.

112. Ibid. 16, pp. 50-51.

113. Dante, Paradiso 31.103-111; trans. Singleton, pp. 353-54.

114. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 9.13.34, ed. Rossi, 2:254. For the veil see Sixten Ringbom, Icon to Narrative: The Rise of the Dramatic Close-Up in Fifteenth-Century Devotional Painting (Turku, Finland: Åbo Akademi, 1965), pp. 23-24.

115. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 264.1-14, pp. 426-27.

116. Ibid. 357.9-11, pp. 554-55.

117. Ibid. 358.5-7, pp. 554-55.

115. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 264.1-14, pp. 426-27.

116. Ibid. 357.9-11, pp. 554-55.

117. Ibid. 358.5-7, pp. 554-55.

115. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 264.1-14, pp. 426-27.

116. Ibid. 357.9-11, pp. 554-55.

117. Ibid. 358.5-7, pp. 554-55.

118. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.3.54, ed. Rossi, 2:73; trans. Bernardo, 1:308.

119. Cited in translation by Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 77; but this translation is mine.

120. The most recent major study, which emphasizes the ecological basis, is Robert Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (New York: Free Press, 1983).

121. Francis A. Gasquet, The Great Pestilence (London, 1893), p. 37.

122. Anne-Marie Hayez, "Avignon au temps de Pétrarque," in Actes du Congrès international Francesco Petrarca [Avignon, 1974], p. 261.

123. Gasquet, The Great Pestilence, pp. 38-40.

124. Ibid., p. 28.

123. Gasquet, The Great Pestilence, pp. 38-40.

124. Ibid., p. 28.

125. Petrarch, Ep. met. 1.14.7-10, ed. Rossetti, 2: 80; trans. Bergin, Petrarch's Bucolicum Carmen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 235. See also Ep. fam. 8.7, ed. Rossi, 2: 174-79; and for a survey, Renée Neu Watkins, "Petrarch and the Black Death: From Fear to Monuments," Studies in the Renaissance, 19 (1972), 196-223.

126. See Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1932), p. 172, noting the treatise of Jean d'Anneux, a Parisian doctor of theology who was in Avignon as chaplain to the cardinal of San Lorenzo.

127. See Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order, p. 355.

128. See Gasquet, The Great Pestilence, pp. 40-41.

129. See Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, pp. 19, 129.

130. See Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order, pp. 205-15, 406-16.

131. Regula Sanctae Clarae 11-12, citation 11.7; trans. Regis J. Armstrong and Ignatius C. Brady in Francis and Clare: The Complete Works (New York: Paulist, 1982), p. 223.

132. Ibid. 5.11.

131. Regula Sanctae Clarae 11-12, citation 11.7; trans. Regis J. Armstrong and Ignatius C. Brady in Francis and Clare: The Complete Works (New York: Paulist, 1982), p. 223.

132. Ibid. 5.11.

133. For these parishes see Hayez, "Avignon au temps de Pétrarque," pp. 259-62. Hayez, who is city archivist, accepts the common literal interpretation of Petrarch's reference as the "soeurs de Sainte-Claire dans l'église desquelles le poète vit Laure pour la première fois" (p. 262).

134. Celano, Legenda Sanctae Clarae Virginis 1.2; trans. Brady in The Legend and Writings of Saint Clare of Assisi (St. Bonaventure, N.Y.; Franciscan Institute, 1953), pp. 19-20.

135. Alexander IV, Clara claris praeclara; trans. Armstrong and Brady in Francis and Clare: The Complete Works, p. 169.

136. Karl Buresch, Klaros: Untersuchungen zum Orakelwesen des späteren Altertums (Leipzig, 1899; rpt., Aalen: Scientia, 1973); Louis Robert, "L'Oracle de Claros," in La Civilisation grecque de l'antiquité à nos jours, ed. Charles Delvoye and Georges Roux (2 vols.; Brussels: La Renaissance du livre, 1967), 1:305-12.

137. Bonaventure, Legenda maior S. Francisci 1.5-6; Celano, Vita I S. Francisci 94-95; Bonaventure, Legenda maior 13.3, 15.2; Legenda minor S. Francisci 6.2-3; Itinerarium mentis in Deum 7.3. For a biography that focuses on this theme see Stéphane-Joseph Piat, Saint François d'Assise et la découverte du Christ pauvre et crucifié (Paris: Editions franciscaines, 1968). For a collection of primary sources see Le stimmate di santo Francesco dagli scritti del XIII e XIV secolo, ed. Marino B. Barfucci (Arezzo: La Verna, 1975).

138. Petrarch, De vita solitaria 2.10, ed. Martellotti, p. 454; trans. Zeitlin, p. 219.

139. Bonaventure, Legenda minor 1.4; Celano, Vita II 10-11; Henri d'Avranches, Legenda versificata 12.53-55; Umberto da Casale, Arbor vitae crucifixae Jesu 5.3.

140. See Richard J. Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and

Their Religious Milieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 89-121.

141. See Williell R. Thomson, "The Earliest Cardinal-Protectors of the Franciscan Order: A Study in Administrative History, 1210-1261," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, 9 (1972), 27-39; Robert Brentano, Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome (New York: Basic, 1974). p. 180.

142. Livario Oliger, "B. Margherita Colonna," Lateranum, n.s., 1/2 (1935); Brentano, Rome before Avignon, pp. 174-79.

143. Bonaventure, De perfectione vitae ad sorores 6.2, cited in translation by Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order, pp. 260-61. Cf. also Catherine of Siena: "Make his wounds your home," cited by Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls, p. 109.

144. Celano, Legenda Sanctae Clarae 20-22; trans. Brady in The Legend and Writings of Saint Clare of Assisi, pp. 39-40, 41.

145. E.g., "Legenda versificata," "Gaudia S. Clarae Assisiensis seu vita eius versificata," in Celano, Legenda Sanctae Clarae .

146. Among the cinque santi in the transept of the lower church and also in the lower church in the Capella di San Martino. Simone Martini: The Complete Works, pl. 26.

147. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, pp. 165-66; 8, p. 193, 10, pp. 200-201, 11, p. 203, 16, p. 217, 19, p. 235; see also Gaetano Cipolla, "Labyrinthine Imagery in Petrarch," Italica, 54 (1977), 263-89; 8, p. 193, 15, p. 216; and Jacomino of Verona, "De Babilonia civitate infernali."

148. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 17, ed. Piur, p. 221; trans. Zacour, pp. 99-100. See also Ep. fam. 6.1.21-22, ed. Rossi, 2:52.

149. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 7, ed. Piur, pp. 191-93; trans. Zacour, pp. 64-66. For the addressee see Wilkins, "Petrarch and Cardinal Niccola Capocci," in Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), pp. 186-92.

150. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 12, ed. Piur, pp. 195-208; trans. Zacour, p. 78.

151. Ibid. 17, pp. 222-23; trans. p. 101.

150. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 12, ed. Piur, pp. 195-208; trans. Zacour, p. 78.

151. Ibid. 17, pp. 222-23; trans. p. 101.

152. See William H. Brownlee, "Ezekiel's Poetic Indictment of the Shepherds," Harvard Theological Review, 51 (1958), 191-203; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad loc.

153. See Lorenz Dürr, Ursprung und Ausbau der israelitisch-jüdischen Heilandserwartung (Berlin: C. A. Schwetschke, 1925), pp. 116-24.

154. Petrarch, Bucolicum carmen 6, 7, ed. Avena, pp. 119-31.

155. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 8.7.12-15, ed. Rossi, 2:176-77; trans. Bernardo, 1:417.

156. See G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, 1305-1378, trans. Janet Love (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1963), pp. 182-83; J. B. Christophe, Histoire de la papauté pendant le XIV siècle (3 vols.; Paris, 1853), 2:138-39, 141-43.

157. Gasquet, The Great Pestilence, p. 42.

158. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 7.18.7, ed. Rossi, 2:138; trans. Bernardo, 1: 385. 8.3.11, ed. 2:160; trans. 1: 399. 12.7.5-6, ed. 3:28-29; trans. 2:152-53.

159. Ibid. 13.7.4, ed. Rossi, 3: 80; trans. Bernardo, 2: 199. 13.12.5-7, ed. 3: 94; trans. 2: 214.

158. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 7.18.7, ed. Rossi, 2:138; trans. Bernardo, 1: 385. 8.3.11, ed. 2:160; trans. 1: 399. 12.7.5-6, ed. 3:28-29; trans. 2:152-53.

159. Ibid. 13.7.4, ed. Rossi, 3: 80; trans. Bernardo, 2: 199. 13.12.5-7, ed. 3: 94; trans. 2: 214.

160. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, pp. 13-17.

161. See John E. Wrigley, ''Réhabilitation de Clément VI: Sine nomine 13 et le Royaume de Naples," Archives de l'histoire des papes, 3 (1965), 127-38. See also Petrarch's biography of Semiramis in De viris illustribus, ed. Pierre de Nolhac, "Le 'De viris illustribus' de Pétrarque: Notice sur les manuscrits originaux suivie de fragments inédits," Notes et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 34/1 (1895), 119-21; her foundation of Babylon, Ep. fam. 21.8.11-12, ed. Rossi, 4: 64, and incestuous lust, 9.9.4, ed. 2:218.

162. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 8, ed. Piur, p. 193. 10, ed. p. 199; trans. Zacour, pp. 67, 72; see also 10, ed. p. 197, 17, ed. p. 220. 13, ed. p. 209; trans. p. 83.

163. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 175-83.

164. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.1.2-3, ed. Rossi, 2:3; trans. Bernardo, 1:228.

165. Ibid. 5.3.8-16, ed. pp. 7-9; trans. p. 234.

166. Ibid. 6.5, ed. pp. 81-85; trans. pp. 318-23.

164. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.1.2-3, ed. Rossi, 2:3; trans. Bernardo, 1:228.

165. Ibid. 5.3.8-16, ed. pp. 7-9; trans. p. 234.

166. Ibid. 6.5, ed. pp. 81-85; trans. pp. 318-23.

164. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.1.2-3, ed. Rossi, 2:3; trans. Bernardo, 1:228.

165. Ibid. 5.3.8-16, ed. pp. 7-9; trans. p. 234.

166. Ibid. 6.5, ed. pp. 81-85; trans. pp. 318-23.

167. For a history of the interpretation of this pericope see Pierre Prigent, Apocalypse 12: Histoire de l'exégèse (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1959), and for the woman, A. Y. Collins, The Combat Myth in the Book of Revelation (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars, 1976), pp. 101-16.

168. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 366.1-6, 29, 31, 43-44, pp. 573-74, 575-76, 577-78. The imagery of light as dominating the first six stanzas has also been noted by Edward Williamson, "A Consideration of 'Vergine Bella,'" Italica, 29 (1952), 227, although he does not acknowledge its citation of Rev. 12:1. For other studies of this poem see Georg Rabuse, "Petrarcas Marienkanzone im Lichte der 'Santa Orazione' Dantes," in Petrarca 1304-1374: Beiträge zu Werk und Wirkung, ed. Fritz Schalk (Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), pp. 243-54; Luigi Pietrobono, "'Vergine bella che di sol vestita,'" Annali della cattedra petrarchesca, 2 (1931), 135-62; Alfonso Bertoldi, ''La canzone alla Vergine," in Esempi di analisi letteraria, ed. Ciro Trabalza et al. (2 vols.; Turin: G. B. Paravia, 1926), 1: 348-62, rpt. from Rivista d'Italia, 13 (1910), 521-38.

169. For the type see Millard Meiss, "The Madonna of Humility," Art Bulletin, 18 (1936), 435-64; H. W. van Os, Marias Demut und Verherrlichung in der sienesischen Malerei 1300-1450 (The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij, 1969), pp. 75-142. For the fresco see Simone Martini: Complete Edition, pp. 47-48 and pl. 102, with sinopia drawings, pls. 104, 105; and François Enaud, "Les fresques de Simone Martini a Avignon et leurs restaurations," in Simone Martini: Atti del convegno (Siena, 27, 28, 29 marzo 1985), ed. Luciano Bellosi (Florence: Centro Di, 1988), pp. 217-20, and figs. 2 and 3 of before and after restoration, and also figs. 6-21. Restoration of the very badly damaged fresco was done in 1979-80, and it was moved to Avignon, Musée du Palais des Papes.

170. Rime sparse 30.1, p. 87, 34.12-14, p. 93, 160.9-10, p. 307, 337.7-8, p. 535.

171. Africa 7.23-24, ed. Festa, p. 199.

172. Ibid. 3.232-41, ed. Festa, p. 61.

171. Africa 7.23-24, ed. Festa, p. 199.

172. Ibid. 3.232-41, ed. Festa, p. 61.

173. See M. J. Vermaseren, Corpus Cultus Cybelae Attidisque (CCCA) (7 vols.; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977-89), vol. 5, pl. CXIX, no. 344. Cf. vol. 3, pl. CCXXXV, no. 378; pl. CCXXXIX, no. 384; pl. CCXLIV for examples from Italia-Latium.

174. Chapter 2, pp. 50-53.

175. For the tradition of a Martini portrait of Laura see Alessandro Bevilacqua, "Simone Martini, Petrarca e i ritratti de Laura e del poeta," Bollettino del Museo Civico di Padova, 68 (1979), 107-50. The relevant poems are in Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 77, p. 177, and 78, p. 179. On these see also Giuseppe Mazzotta, "Antiquity and the New Arts in Petrarch," Romanic Review, 79 (1988), 36-40; Willi Hirdt, "Sul Sonetto del Petrarca Per mirar Policleto a prova fiso, " in Dal medioevo al Petrarca: Miscellanea di studi in onore di Vittore Branca (2 vols.; Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1983), 1: 435-47.

176. See chapter 1, n. 107. For an artistic example in which the Madonna's body merges with the laurel see the painting by Giovanni Agostino da Lodi (pseudo-Boccaccino), Madonna and Child with Donors, Naples, Muzeo Nazionale. Reproduced in Mirella Levi d'Ancona, The Garden of the Renaissance: Botanical Symbolism in Italian Painting (Florence: L. S. Olschki, 1977), p. 202 fig. 76.

177. For numerous examples of this attribution see the concordance to Rime sparse, s.v.

178. Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 363-65, pp. 573-75. For his literature of personal repentance see Marino Sasali, "Petrarca 'penitenziale': Dai Salmi alle Rime, " Lettere italiane, 20 (1968), 366-82.

179. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 16.5.2, ed. Rossi, 3:187; trans. Bernardo, 2:302.

180. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 80, pp. 181-83.

181. Ibid. 81, pp. 184-85.

182. Ibid. 366.46-52, pp. 578-79.

180. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 80, pp. 181-83.

181. Ibid. 81, pp. 184-85.

182. Ibid. 366.46-52, pp. 578-79.

180. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 80, pp. 181-83.

181. Ibid. 81, pp. 184-85.

182. Ibid. 366.46-52, pp. 578-79.

183. For a theological critique of the inadequacies of Augustine's aesthetics with which this author is in essential agreement see Robert J. O'Connell, Art and the Christian Intelligence in St. Augustine (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).

184. Consider also the ascription to Petrarch of a "humanistic mind intent on showing that Mount Parnassus and Mount Calvary are not necessarily contradictory. At the summit of each is something too beautifully human and too beautifully divine to be mutually exclusive. And this something is the power of creativity for which Man is crowned with a crown of laurel and God with a crown of thorns. This explains Petrarch's near-obsession with Good Friday and Christ's Passion which remain so inextricably bound with his very existence." Bernardo, Petrarch, Laura, and the Triumphs (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), p. 194.

185. See chapter 2, nn. 76-79.

1. Letter of Luigi Marsili to Guido del Pelagio, cited by Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study of Joachimism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), pp. 253–54.

2. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 166.1–2, pp. 312–13. See Lucan, Bellum civile 5.82–85. It should be noted that Petrarch's "Letter to the Florentines expressing gratitude for the restitution, or better, the gift of his estate," in response to the redemption of his ancestral land at public expense and a summons for the poet to return to that city is dated "the sixth of April." Ep. fam. 11.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 331–35. Rime sparse 166 implies that Florence did not have its poet or its prophet in Dante, although Dante did anticipate certain aspects of his role and poetics. For this issue see Robert E. Lerner, "Petrarch's Coolness toward Dante: A Conflict of Humanisms," in Intellectuals and Writers in Fourteenth-Century Europe, The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Perugia, 1984, ed. Piero Boitano and Anna Torti (Tübingen: Gunter Narr; Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), pp. 204–25; Giuliano Tanturli, "Il desprezzo per Dante dal Petrarca al Bruni," Rinascimento, 25 (1985), 199–219; Nancy J. Vickers, "Re-membering Dante: Petrarch's 'Chiare, fresche et dolci acque,'" Modern Language Notes, 96 (1981), 1–11; Aldo S. Bernardo, "Petrarch's Attitude toward Dante," Publications of the Modern Language Association, 70 (1955), 488–517.

3. Johannes Wolf, Lectionum memorabilium et reconditarum centenarii XVI (Laving, 1600), 2:889ff., cited by Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy, pp. 488–89 n. 11. In his own lifetime Petrarch acknowledged the title of "theologian," as applied to him by Francesco Bruni in Ep. sen. 1.6, in Operum, 1:745. Cited by Paul Oskar Kristeller, "Petrarcas Stellung in der Geschichte der Gelehrsamkeit," in Italien und die Romania in Humanismus und Renaissance, ed. Klaus W. Hempfer and Enrico Straub (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1983), p. 105.

4. For absolute certitude as the epistemological basis of Luther's rejection of allegorical method in theology see Boyle "The Chimera and the Spirit: Luther's Grammar of the Will," in The Martin Luther Quincentennial, ed. Gerhard Dünnhaupt (Detroit: Wayne State University Press for Michigan Germanic Studies, 1985), pp. 17–31, and my Rhetoric and Reform: Erasmus' Civil Dispute with Luther (Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 47–56. For Luther's criticism of the moralizers of Ovid see his Enarratio in Genesin 30:9, in Werke, 43, 668.

5. Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Modern Library, 1954), p. 219; cf. Georg Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums (Berlin, 1859). See Werner Handschin, Francisco Petrarca als Gestalt der Historiographie (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhang, 1964), pp. 170–71.

6. Thus Ronald Witt, "Coluccio Salutati and the Conception of the Poeta Theologus in the Fourteenth Century," Renaissance Quarterly, 30 (1977), 539, 542–43, 544. His notion of theology as expressing "truths accessible to natural reason" (539) is contrary to Christian tradition; that is the function of philosophy, not theology.

7. Petrarch, Ep. sen. 14.7, in Operum, 2:1038–39.

8. For studies emphasizing the influence of Augustine on Petrarch see especially Evelyne Luciani, Les Confessions de saint Augustin dans les lettres de Pétrarque (Paris: Etudes augustiniennes, 1982); Nicolae Iliescu, Il canzoniere petrarchesco e sant' Agostino (Rome: Società accademica romana, 1962); Pietro P. Gerosa, Umanesimo cristiano del Petrarca: Influenza agostiniana, attinenza medievali (Turin: Bottega d'Erasmo, 1966).

9. Ernest H. Wilkins, "Petrarch's Ecclesiastical Career," in Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), pp. 3–32.

10. For a contrary argument that Petrarch's literature exhibits strong monastic elements see Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," in Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World (Washington, D.C.; n.p., 1980), pp. 53–99. To the texts discussed there should be added a consideration of the "Collatio" attributed to St. Francis of Assisi, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, 7 (1904), 527–29. It has since been "probably" attributed to Petrarch by Cajetan Esser in his critical edition of Francis of Assisi, Opuscula, p. 37. See also Giuseppe Mazzotta, "Humanism and Monastic Spirituality in Petrarch," Stanford Literary Review, 5 (1988), 57–74.

11. Erasmus, Epistolae 2771.78–84. Paraclesis, ed. Holborn, pp. 145, 142. Cf. Epistolae 858.559–61. See my Erasmus on Language and Method in Theology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), pp. 129–30.

12. See chapter 3, n. 96.

13. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 13.6, 13.7, ed. Rossi, 3:71–79, 79–84; De remediis utriusque fortune 1.44, in Operum, 1: 55–57, and see also the annotated edition of this dialogue by Conrad Rawski, Petrarch: Four Dialogues for Scholars (Cleveland: Western Reserve University Press, 1967), pp. 46–54, 145–59.

14. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.17.8, ed. Rossi, 2:39–40.

15. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 183; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 56.

16. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 239.29–30, pp. 400–401.

17. Ibid. 325.108, pp. 512–13.

18. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.22.1, ed. Rossi, 1: 149.

19. Ibid. 11.8.10, ed. Rossi, 2: 342; trans. Bernardo, Rerum familiarum libri I–VIII (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975); Letters on Familiar Matters: Rerum familiarum libri IX–XVI (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 2: 103.

20. Ibid. 14.2.6, ed. Rossi, 3:107; trans. 2:227.

21. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 7.5–11, p. 43.

22. Ibid. 1.9–10, pp. 36–37. See also 292.14, p. 471; cf. Job 30:31.

23. Ibid. 105.1–4, 16–17, 46–48, pp. 208–9, 210–11. See also F. J. Jones, "An Analysis of Petrarch's Eleventh Canzone: 'Mai non vo' più cantar com'io soleva,'" Italian Studies, 41 (1986), 24–44. He interprets this of Laura, not the Church, although he argues her birth date as the feast of the Chair of St. Peter (February 22). The Chair was Rome!

24. Rime sparse, ed. Durling, "Poems Excluded from the Rime sparse, " 8.11, pp. 592–93; cf. 14.14, p. 49.

25. See my Erasmus on Language and Method in Theology and Christening Pagan Mysteries: Erasmus in Pursuit of Wisdom (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), pp. 15–25.

26. See chapter 1, n. 57; chapter 2, n. 135.

27. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 21.10.8–15, ed. Rossi, 4:75–77. For this argument see Gerosa, Umanesimo cristiano del Petrarca, pp. 278–316.

28. Petrarch, Ep. sen. 1.5, in Operum, 2: 818–59.

29. See n. 23.