INDEX

A

Abel, Walter, 733

Administration. See Local administration

Agrarian reform:

efforts, 35 –43, 738 ;

theories, 51 –77, 518 –19, 520 , 532 –33;

turning points, 96 , 99 , 156 .

See also Campomanes; Council of Castile; Jovellanos; Land; Olavide

Agricultural labor. See Jornaleros

Agricultural practices:

breaking new ground, La Armuña, 214 –15, 275 –77, 526 ;

labor needs, 791 –93;

rotations, seven towns, 170 –71, Table N.1;

area plowed by a yoke, 667 .

S ee also Crops; Harvests

Agricultural prices:

animals, Table K.1;

eighteenth-century trends in, 13 , 15 , 782 ;

in famine 1803–4, 693 n, 694 ;

grain, 126 , 415 , 587 , 735 , 782 , 801 ;

olive oil, 126 , 415 , 587 ;

seven towns, tables 7.4, 8.3, 9.5, 9.6, 10.3, 11.3, 12.3, 13.3, K.1, N.3

Agricultural rents:

Charro district, 306 ;

Córdoba, 381 ;

customary, 521 ;

frozen 1785–1803, 104 ;

increases in, 181 , 214 –15, 276 , 524 , 665 ;

Jaén province, 381 –87;

seven towns, 521 , 665 .

See also Baños (town); El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Pedrollén; Villaverde

Agriculture. See also Agrarian reform; Market economy

— commercial:

Andalusia, 18 , 31 ;

of despoblados, 666 ;

expansion of, 725 , 737 , 745 –47;

Jaén province, 583 , 601 –4;

and local consumption, 555 , 559 –60, 567 –68;

in nineteenth century, 710 –11;

and per capita income, 525 ;

and population growth, 15 –18;

Salamanca province, 639 –40;

and transportation, 528 –29

— for local consumption:

Jaén province, 583 ;

Salamanca province, 639 –40

— mean income from a measure of land, 655 n

— regional types, 24 –32

Alagón River, 822 , 823

Alava, disentail, 730

Alba, Duque de:

buyer, 686 ;

gets excusado of El Mirón, 353 ;

properties, 651 , 702 ;

señorío, 309 –10, 626 , 651 , 702 , 822 , 824

Alba, Duquesa de. See Alba, Duque de

Alba de Tormes (partido), 541 , 628 , 640 , 646

Alba de Tormes (town):

buyers reside in, 682 ;

in middle ages, 645 –46;

population, 618 , 678

Alba de Tormes zone (Salamanca), 608 , 819

Alburquerque, Duque de, señorío, 627 , 651 , 817 , 821

Alcalá la Real, 576

Alcalá la Real zone (Jaén), 564 , 817

Alcaudete, 593

Aldeadávila zone (Salamanca), 607 –8, 821

Alfonso XI, of Castile, 644

Alicante, agriculture, 25

Almarza, Marqués de:

señorío, 651 ;

property, 652 , 691

Alonso y Moral, Francisco:

business activities, 693 –95;

purchases, 282 , 683 , 693 , 695 –96

Alonso y Pizarro, Eugenio (buyer), 685

Alquerías:

decline in population, 648 –49;

land uses, 653 ;

origin, 644 ;

size of, 648

Amiens, Treaty of, 102

Amigo de los hombres,63 . See also Mirabeau, Marquis de

Amortization fund (Caja de Amortización):

commissioners, 539 ;

established, 87 ;

receives capital of disentail, 94 , 97 , 107 ;

records of, 119 –22, 778 –79;

used for government needs, 101

Amortization fund (fondo de amortización), 1794, 81 –82

Andalusia:

baldíos, 20 , 23 ;

colonies of, 39 –41;

considered fertile, 56 ;

economy, 14 , 18 , 31 , 74 –75;

population, 17 ;

social structure, 31

See also Baños; Jaén; Las Navas; Lopera

Andraca, Juan de (buyer), 692

Andújar:

artisans, 576 ;

buyers reside in, 689 , 709

Andújar zone (Jaén), 564 , 568 , 809

Aragon:

canal of, 79 , 87 ;

landowning, 27 ;

tax system, 7 –8

Aranda, Conde de:

and agricultural reform, 38 ;

president of Council of Castile, 35 ;

sent to Versailles, 41

Aranjuez riots, March 1808, 155 , 158 , 712

Arauzo (despoblado), 650 –52, 691

Arcos, Duque de:

property, 394 ;

señorío, 810

Aristocrats, as buyers, 556 , 724

Ariza, Marqués de:

señorío, 816

Arjona zone (Jaén), 564 , 810

Armuña (plain of). See La Armuña (plain of)

Armuña zone (Salamanca), 606 , 622 , 818 –19

Arrieros, See Muleteers

Artisans:

in Jaén zones, 576 –77;

in Salamanca zones, 617 –19.

See also Crafts

Artola, Miguel, 705

Asturias:

landowning, 26 ;

riots 1798, 85

Avila, landowning, 27

B

Baeza:

artisans in, 576 ;

buyers reside in, 688 , 709

Baeza zone (Jaén), 564 , 813 –14

Bailén:

battle of, 368 ;

buyers reside in, 689 , 690 ;

jurisdiction over, 593

Baldíos:

Carlos III attempts to distribute, 42 , 44 ;

Jovellanos's plan for, 73 –75;

Olavide's plan for, 66 ;

prior history of, 19 –20, 24 , 30 ;

sale of, 716

Balenzuela, Antonio de (agent in Lopera), 465 –68, 690

Bank of San Carlos, 81 , 87

Banks:

Dutch, 142 ;

Madrid, 447 .

See also Croese; De Smeth; Fizeaux Grand and Company; Hope and Company

Baños (town):

— administrators of property, 387 , 391

— agricultural rents, 381 , 386

— church revenues, exploitation of, 427 –28

— crafts, 394 , 411 –12, 527

— disentail:

local buyers, 425 –28;

outside buyers, 419 –25;

buyer preferences, 426 –27;

effects of, 419 , 429 ;

and pattern of prior ownership, 535 ;

sales, 416 –19;

social class of buyers, 428 –29

— economy, evolution of, 414 –15

— employment structure, 369 –70, 415

— harvests:

costs of, 387 –91;

kinds of, 375 –76;

minor, 393 –94;

size of, 378 –81;

yield-seed ratios, 379 –80

— hidalgos, 407 –9

— income:

from agriculture, 381 ;

of hidalgos, 407 ;

of individuals, 398 –413;

from inns, 394 , 410 ;

of jornaleros, 399 –406, 412 ;

of labradores, 410 –11;

from livestock, 392 –93;

of outside owners, 391 ;

per capita, 396 –98;

of priests, 409 –10;

of service sector, 410 –12;

of town, 396 –98;

of women, 411 –12

— landowners' residence, effect of, 530

— leasing practices, 386 –87

— loses land to Sierra Morena colonies, 414

— migrant labor, 405 –6

— physical features, 368 –69, 370 –76, 410

— population, 369 , 414 –15

— property distribution:

buildings, 391 ;

in entail, 415 ;

land, 375 –76, 381

— royal taxes, 395

— ruling families, 407 –10

— social structure, 413

— socioeconomic pyramid, 406

— término privativo:

described, 371 –75;

exploitation of, 401 –5, 748

— tithes:

amount of, 378 –79, 380 ;

distribution of, 395 ;

minucias, 394 ;

renting of, 427 ;

Voto de Santiago, 395

Baños River, 823

Baños zone (Jaén), 564 , 813

Barcelona:

disentail, 730 ;

response to subsidy of 1800, 117

Barco de Avila (partido), 542 , 628 , 824

Barco de Avila (town), buyer resides in, 682

Basel, Treaty of, 83

Basque provinces:

agriculture, 26 ;

food supply, 12 –15;

proto-industry, 528

Basque Society of Friends of the Country, 47

Becedillas River, 823

Bedmar, jurisdiction over, 593

Bedmar, Marqués de, señorío, 815

Bedmar zone (Jaén), 564 , 815

Béjar (partido), 542 , 627 –28

Béjar (town):

buyer resides in, 682 ;

population, 678 ;

wool industry, 607 , 617 , 620

Béjar, Duque de, señorío, 627

Béjar zone (Salamanca):

disentail in, 611 ;

jurisdiction over, 627 ;

physical characteristics of, 607 , 823 –24

Benavente, Conde-Duque de:

and income from inns, 492 , 508 ;

property in Las Navas, 482 –83, 487

Bennassar, Bartolomé, 191

Bernal, Antonio Miguel, 729

Bilbao, buyer resides int, 687

Black Death, 643 –44

Blanco, José María:

father of, 691 ;

on Spanish priests, 409 , 459

Bloch, Marc, 705 –6, 725

Blockade, British, of Spanish ports, 84 , 100

Bonaparte, Joseph:

abolishes taxes on agriculture, 144 ;

continues disentail, 713 –14;

made king of Spain, 155 , 158

Boserup, Ester, 10

Bourgeoisie:

and disentail, 560 , 719 –21, 728 –33;

rural, 747

Braun, Rudolf, 528

Brenan, Gerald, 719 , 724

Bruna (dean of Audiencia of Seville):

on agricultural conditions, 56 , 58 ;

on capellanías, 91 ;

defends economic freedom, 64 –66, 77 , 738 ;

memoir of, 76

Bula de la cruzada, 96

Burgos, intendant of, criticizes entail, 58

Buyers (of disentailed properties):

characteristics and preferences of, 544 –61, 721 –28;

division into four levels, 544 , 567 ;

Jaén province, 545 –49, 573 , 688 –91;

large, Jaén city, 837 –38;

large, Salamanca province, 834 –36;

mentality, 751 ;

mid-nineteenth century, 730 –33;

preferences, 533 –35, 549 –50, 570 –72;

Salamanca province, 549 , 682 –87;

and social class, 534 –35, 556 ;

and terms of purchase, 550 –55;

women, 559 .

See also Baños (town); Clergy; Don; Doña; El Mirón (town); Hidalgos; Las Navas; Lopera; Merchants; Pedrollén; Villaverde

C

Caballero, José Antonio, (secretary of grace and justice; buyer), 686 , 721

Caballero, Marqués de (buyer), 686

Cabarrús, Francisco de, 87 , 763

Cabo Alonso, Angel:

on agricultural prices, 782 ;

on despoblados, 646 , 648 , 653 ;

on effects of disentail, 674 ;

on food requirements, 192 ;

on La Mata, 783

Cáceres, corregidor of, on agrarian reform, 57

Caciquismo, 745

Cadalso José, 559

Cajas de Reducción:

closed, 118 ;

to exchange vales reales, 111 , 142

Calatrava, military order of:

in Lopera, 430 , 456 , 457 , 469 –70;

royal jurisdiction over, 591 , 594 ;

sale of pastures, 45 ;

towns under, 591 , 603 , 810 –11, 816

Camarasa, Marquesa de señorio, 812 , 814 , 815

Cambil zone (Jaén), 564 , 816

Cambronero, Manuel (buyer), 687

Campillo de Arenas, 579

Campiña, defined, 29 , 564

Campomanes, Pedro Rodríguez de:

on Andalusia, 56 ;

on agrarian reform, 36 , 55 –56, 671 , 738 ;

career in Council of Castile, 33 , 41 , 43 , 49 ;

on charities, 742 ;

and despoblados, 667 ;

favors economic freedom, 58 ;

founds Economic Society of Madrid, 47 –48;

views on entail, 45 , 58 ;

and free grain trade, 34 –35, 72 , 737 ;

president of Mesta, 42 ;

criticizes religious orders, 741 –42;

favors mixed rural economy, 206 ;

and Sierra Morena colonies, 36 , 38 , 40 ;

on single tax, 9 ;

Tratado de la regalía de amortización,89 –90

Candamo, Francisco de (buyer), 692

Canga Arguelles, José:

memoria of 1802, 80 ;

on population of Spain, 758 ;

on types of property, 765

Cano Mucientes, Josef María (buyer), 217 , 686

Cano Mucientes, Pedro (buyer), 686

Cánones emfiteúticos, redemption of, 107 . See also Censos emfiteúticos

Cantalapiedra, buyer resides in, 685

Cañuelo, Luis, 741

Capellanías:

defined, 21 , 94 ;

disentail of, 94 , 150 –51;

disentail opposed, 132 ;

nature of property, 91

Cape Saint Vincent, naval battle, 84

Carbajosa de Armuña (town), 214 –15

Carders, Jaén province, 576

Carlos III:

accession, 33 ;

death of, 78 ;

flees rioters, 35 ;

reform of propios, 37 ;

and single tax, 9 –10

Carlos IV:

abdicates, 155 ;

approves disentail 1798, 77 , 93 , 98 ;

compared to Louis XVI, 158 ;

demoralized, 154 ;

issues pragmatic sanction 1800, 113 ;

defends privileged orders, 98

Carreteros, Real Cabaña de, 18

Casa excusada (first tither):

administration of, 187 –88, 781 ;

El Mirón, 353 ;

La Mata, 188 ;

Villaverde, 254 , 257 .

See also Excusado

Casas de campo, defined, 564

Castel Moncayo, Marqués de, señorío, 816

Castellar (town), 475 –76

Castile:

population of, 15 , 17 ;

mortality in, 12 ;

types of property in, 23

Catalonia:

agriculture, 18 , 25 ;

depression after 1802, 137 –38;

disentail, 123 –25, 730 ;

food supply, 12 –15;

population, 14 , 759 ;

redeemed censos, 123 –24;

tax system, 7 –8.

See also Censos emfiteúticos

Catastro (tax of Catalonia), 7

Catastro (cadaster) of the Marqués de la Ensenada:

on baldíos, 20 ;

calculation of property values, 125 ;

on ecclesiastical property, 23 , 763 , 765 ;

on value of livestock, 326 , 787 –90; types of libros, 160 ;

making of, 9 , 44 ;

records of, 4 , 10 , 160 –61

Catholic Church:

influence on economy, 722 ;

loan to crown, 88 ;

new payments to crown, 1795, 82 , 85 , 114 , 142 ;

property, 21 , 763 .

See also Disentail; Entail of land

Cattle. See Livestock

Cazorla:

buyers reside in, 690 ;

jurisdiction over, 593 ;

lack of roads in, 600

Cazorla zone (Jaén):

lack of olives in, 603 –4;

physical features, 564 , 812

Celemín, defined, Table 7.5

Censo de frutos y manufacturas de España,129

Censos:

economic effect of, 794 –96;

provincial totals of redemptions, 123 –25;

redemption of, 94 , 107 –9, 125 , 547 –48

Censos emfiteúticos, Catalonia, 25 . See also Cánones emfiteúticos

Censos perpetuos, elimination of, 107 –8, 115

Censuses:

1712, 14 ;

1768, 52 ;

of eighteenth century, 566 –67, 755 –57.

See also Population

Cente Rubio (despoblado), 658

Central Junta, Supreme (1808–9):

abolishes agricultural taxes, 144 ;

stops disentail, 714

Change offices. See Cajas de Reducción

Charidad Villalobos, Baños leading family, 407 , 410

Charro district:

described, 293 ;

rent increases, 306

Charro zone (Salamanca):

despoblados, 669 ;

physical features, 606 , 820

Chayanov, A. V.:

life cycle theory, 235 –36;

theory of peasant economy, 534 , 726 , 746

Chinín (despoblado), 696

Chiquero, Lopera leading family, 458

Church. See Catholic Church

Cicilia Coello, José, 69

Ciudad Real (province):

disentail, 730 ;

intendant of, dislikes large farmers, 61

Ciudad Rodrigo (partido), 541 , 644

Clergy, as buyers, 559 , 724 , 742 , 808

Climate:

Jaén province, 562 ;

Salamanca province, 818

Cobban, Alfred, 720

Colegio de Nuestra Señora de la Vega (Salamanca), properties, 700

Columella, 75

Common lands:

disentail of, 750 , 753 ;

use of, 19 , 748 –49

Commons. See Diputados del común

Compañía de Comercio (Salamanca), 692

Concentration of landowning, Salamanca zones, 629 –33

Concordat of 1753, 8

"Consolidation," in America, 147 –48

Consolidation Fund:

closed, 713 ;

commissioners, 539 ;

created, 113 –14;

meets fiscal emergencies 1803–6, 141 , 145 –47, 151 –53;

records of, 119 –22, 778 –79;

redeems vales reales, 117 –18;

sources of income, 113 , 138 , 142 –45

Consulado of Cádiz, administers royal loan, 144

Contadurías de hipotecas, 161 –62, 682

Convent. See Corpus Christi; Holy Trinity; La Concepción; Lopera; Nuestra Señora del Jesús monastery

Córdoba:

agricultural rents, 381 ;

Inquisition of, 457 ;

intendant of, on agrarian

     reform, 52 , 53 , 61 , 62 ;

landowning, 29 ;

relations with Lopera, 465 –68

Corneja River and Valley, 309 –10, 824

Corpus Christi, convent of (Salamanca):

leases in La Mata, 181 –82;

leases in Villaverde, 246 –47;

properties, 700

Corral, Feliciano del (Madrid notary), records of disentail, 120 , 123 , 150 , 543

Cortes of Cádiz:

write constitution, 155 ;

and disentail, 715 –16, 718 ;

abolish señorío, 826

Cortijos:

description of, 30 , 564 ;

influence on economy, 604 ;

in Las Navas, 487 ;

produce for market, 568 ;

plans for reform of, 59 –66

Costa, Joaquín:

criticizes disentail, 718 ;

views on eighteenth-century reformers, 50 –51, 59 , 68

Cotos redondos, 294 , 628 –29, 641 . See also Términos redondos

Council of Castile:

and agrarian reform, 36 , 38 , 42 , 43 –44, 47 , 60 ;

on disentail of mayorazgos, 105 –6;

rejects disentail 1765, 90 ;

appoints Olavide, 38 ;

arbitrates rents in Salamanca province, 306 ;

role in government, 33

Crafts:

decline of, in La Armuña, 211 –12, 273 .

See also Artisans; Baños; Carders; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Sandalmakers; Villaverde; Weavers

Croese, Widow E., and Company (Amsterdam), loans to Spain, 87 , 100 –101

Crops, failure of experiments, 527 . See also Harvests

Cuarto dezmero (fourth tither):

La Mata, 172 , 187 –88, 783 –84;

Villaverde, 254

Cuenca, landowning, 27

Cuerda, metric equivalent, 806

Cuerpo de Hombre River, 823

D

Deeds of deposit (escrituras de imposición ):

described, 120 –21, 543 ;

give information on buyers, 681 ;

record receipts from disentail, 123

Dehesas, Salamanca province, 293 , 674

Demography, historical, theories of, 10 –12. See also Population

Derrota, right of, 749

Desamortización:

in American colonies, 147 –48;

effects of, 3 ;

interpretations of, 718 –20;

objectives of, in 1798, 98 ;

response of wealthy sectors, 117 .

See also Disentail

Deserted villages. See Despoblados

De Smeth (Dutch banker), loan to Spain, 146

Despoblados:

disentail, 671 –74;

in nineteenth century, 674 –75, 710 –11;

labor needs, 655 –59;

labor productivity, 663 –66, 746 ;

land uses, 653 –55;

origin, 642 –49;

population structure, 659 –61;

resettlement of, 42 , 666 –71;

size of, 647 –48

Despuig, Antonio, 110

De Vries, Jan, 704

Diputados del común, 36 , 44

Dirección de Fomento General, 92

Disentail. See also Amortization Fund; Baños; Buyers; Censos; Consolidation Fund; Desamortización; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Pedrollén; Villaverde

— amount of:

annual totals, 148 , 778 –80;

ecclesiastical property sold, 132 –33;

real property sold, 135 –36; provincial totals, 123 –33

— background, 46 , 88 –93, 95 –97

— and bourgeois revolution, 728 –33

— of capellanías, 94 , 132 , 150 –51

— causes:

general analysis, 733 –43;

influence of economic growth, 536 ;

and patterns of prior ownership, 535 –37, 637 –41

— of charitable institutions, 94 , 148

— of crown property, 116

— decrees of 1798, 93 –95, 97 –98, 739 –40

— ecclesiastical, decreed, 94 ;

pressure to expedite, 131 –32;

procedures, 102 –5, 121

— effects:

on despoblados, 674 –76, 679 –80;

on economy, 641 , 675 –80, 711 , 752 –53;

in Jaén province, 605 ;

on reign of Carlos IV, 155 –58;

in Salamanca province, 630 –36, 641 ;

in seven towns, 532 –34, 537 ;

on society, 537 , 605 , 747 –49

— in Jaén province, 567 –605 passim,707 –10

— of mayorazgos, 105 –7

— in nineteenth century:

1808–23, 713 –16;

1836–1900, 717 –18, 730 –33, 736 , 752

— opposition to, 115 –16, 154

— papal authorizations, 149 –50, 785

— patterns of purchases:

Jaén province, 707 –10;

Salamanca province, 695 –700

— ratio of sale price to cadastral value, 125 –27, 774 –77

— expected return on purchases, 127

— Salamanca province, 629 –41 passim,695 –700, 834 –36

Disentail

— terms of purchase, 109 –10, 550 –55, 614 –16, 752

Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio, 643

Don (title):

in Baños, 406 , 408 –9, 413 , 426 ;

in Las Navas, 487 ;

Level 4 buyers, 682 , 685 , 690 ;

proportion of buyers, 556 –58;

in Salamanca province, 621 –22, 685 ;

use of, 556 , 807 –8.

See also Hidalgos; Notables

Doña (title):

in Baños, 406 –7;

among buyers, 556 –59;

Level 4 buyers, 682 ;

in Lopera, 468 .

See also Hidalgo spinsters

Duero River, 819 , 821

Dutch banks. See Banks

E

Earthquakes, 1804, 139

Economic liberalism:

accepted in Spain, 49 , 740 , 743 –44;

causes of, 753 .

See also Smith, Adam

Economic Society of Madrid:

consulted on agricultural reform, 47 –50, 738 ;

contest on agrarian reform, 55 , 69 ;

Junta on Agrarian Law, 47 –52, 70

Economy, Spanish redistributive, 534 –35, 722

EFW:

in calculation of standard of living, 191 –93;

as unit of income, 174 , 797 –801

El censor, on agrarian reform, 55 , 57 –58

El Collado:

gross income per capita, 350 ;

population, 310 ;

tithes, 317 , 343

El Mirón (partido):

disentail, 362 –65;

physical features, 310 , 824 ;

evolution of population, 312 , 366 ;

señorío, 628 ;

transferred to Avila, 542

El Mirón (town). See also El Mirón (partido)

— agricultural rents, 321 –22

— crafts, 339 –40, 351 –53

— church outside payments, 346

— decline in nineteenth century, 366

— disentail:

local buyers, 357 –58;

outside buyers, 362 ; effects of, 365 –66;

and pattern of prior ownership, 535 –36;

sales, 354 –57

— economy:

compared to La Mata and Villaverde, 330 ;

evolution of, 365

— employment structure, 315 , 351

— export products, 338 –40

— harvests:

evolution of, 353 ;

of outsiders, 365 –66;

size of, 316 –21;

yield-seed ratios, 316 , 320 –21

— income:

of agricultural workers, 338 –39;

from agriculture, 321 –26;

of crafts, 339 –40;

of labradores, 330 –38, 524 ;

from livestock, 326 –28; of notary, 342 ;

per capita, 347 –51;

of priests, 341 –42;

of service sector, 340 ;

of town, 347 –50

— labradores, stratification of, 331 –34

— landowners' residence, effects of, 530

— livestock, ownership of, 331 –34

— physical features, 310 –16

— population, 312 , 347 , 351

— property distribution, 321 –26

— royal taxes, 347

— señorío payments, 346 –47

— social structure, 413

— socioeconomic pyramid, 343

— tithes:

amount of, in catastro, 317 –20;

casa excusada, 353 ;

distribution of, 343 , 346 ;

first fruits, 328 ;

on livestock, 327 –28;

Voto de Santiago, 343 –46

Encabezamiento, defined, 83

Enclosures, in England, 735 –36, 750

England, historical demography, 11 , 13 , 14 . See also Enclosures

Enlightenment, relation to social class, 77

Ensenada, Marqués de la:

organizes catastro, 8 ;

dismissed, 9 .

See also Catastro of the Marqués de la Ensenada

Entail of land:

abolished, 717 ;

Carlos IV undermines, 156 ;

criticized, 57 –59, 74 ;

historical development, 18 –24.

See also Manos muertas; Mayorazgos; Vínculos

Equivalente (tax of Valencia), 7

Escalante, Mariano (buyer in Baños), 428

Escrituras de imposición. See Deeds of deposit

Esquilache, Marqués de, 9 , 33 –35

Esquilache, Motín de (riot 1766), 34 –35, 738

Estadal, metric equivalent, 806

Excusado, gracia del:

administration of, 187 –88;

established, 96 .

See also Casa excusada

Extremadura:

baldíos, 20 ;

landowning, 29

F

Fábricas, defined, 21

Famine 1803–5, 139 , 223 –24

Fanega (area):

metric equivalents, Table N.5;

variable measure, 295 , 315 –16

Fanega (volume):

conversion to weight, 782 n;

metric equivalent, Table 7.2;

of wheat, used in this study as standard measure, 174 .

See also EFW

Felipe II:

sells baldíos, 19 –20;

creates excusado, 96 ;

establishes millones, 112

Felipe IV, 7

Felipe V:

sells baldíos, 20 ;

orders census, 14 ;

tax policies of, 7 , 8

Fernández de Ocampo, Joseph Joaquín (buyer), 688

Fernando III, obtains tercias reales, 96

Fernando VI:

and baldíos, 20 ;

and free grain trade, 34 ;

tax policies, 8 –9

Fernando VII:

accession of, 155 , 158 ;

and disentail, 1814–17, 714 , 716

Finances, royal:

1793–93, 78 –88;

1798–1801, 100 –102, 110 –14;

1802–8, 137 –47, 151 –54;

tithes as a source of royal income, 157 .

See also Loans; Subsidy of 1800; Taxes; Vales dinero; Vales reales

First fruits, La Mata, 182 . See also Tithes

First tither. See Casa excusada

Fizeaux Grand and Company (Amsterdam), loans to Spain, 80

Flax, Salamanca province, 612 –14

Flórez Estrada, Alvaro, 743

Floridablanca, Joseph Moñino, Conde de:

named first secretary, 41 ;

and sale of Jesuit properties, 45 ;

turns against reform, 49

Foros:

in Galicia, 26 ;

not redeemable, 108

Fourth tither. See Cuarto dezmero

France:

deserted villages, 643 –47, 650 , 662 ;

historical demography, 11 , 13 , 14 ;

National Assembly, sellls church property, 735 ;

Republic, Spanish alliance with, 84

Francia River, 822

French Revolution, influence in Spain, 49 , 158

Fuente del Sahuco, Marqués de, señorío, 810

G

Galicia:

grain prices, 13 ;

held up as a model, 56 ;

junta of, stops disentail, 714 ;

landowning, 26 ;

population, 15

Galindo y Soriano, Baños leading family, 407 , 410

Gallegos de Solmirón:

description, 311 ;

disentail, 364

Gana, Martín de (buyer), 687 , 699

García Serrano, Francisco (tenant of Pedrollén), 298 –99, 303 –6, 519 , 531

García Serrano, Manuel (buyer), 685

García Zarza, Eugenio, 643

Garcíez, Conde de, señorío, 812

George, Henry, 718

Gerona, disentail, 730

Godoy, Manuel:

career, 50 , 86 , 88 ;

criticizes disentail procedure, 105 ;

engages Spain in war with Britain, 84 ;

fall of, 154 –55, 158 , 712 ;

tax policy of, 143 –44

Gómez, Julián (buyer), 673

González, Francisco (buyer in La Mata), 1 –2, 4 , 218 –19, 227 , 233 –35

González, Marcos (buyer in La Mata), 218 , 234

González, Pedro (buyer in La Mata), 217 , 234

González y Castañeda, Lucia (Madrid banker), 447 n

Grain consumption, early modern Europe, 191 –92

Grain trade:

freed 1765, 34 , 62 , 737 –38;

freedom of, defended, 72 ;

freedom suspended 1803, 140

Gramsci, Antonio, 720

Granada:

food supply, 17 ;

intendant of, on agrarian reform, 61 ;

landowning, 29

Granaries. See Pósitos

Granja, Marqués de la (buyer), 688

Guadalajara:

landowning, 27 ;

riots 1797, 85

Guadalbullón River, 811 , 816

Guadalén River, 476

Guadalimar River, 475 –76, 816

Guadalquivir:

River, 809 , 811 , 812 ;

valley, 475 –76, 563

Guadarromán inn (Baños), 368 , 414

Guarromán (town), 414

Guipúzcoa, agriculture, 26

Gypsies, Baños, 412

H

Hacendados mayores:

archival information on, 566 ;

Jaén province, 595 –99;

Salamanca province, 626 , 630

Hamilton, Earl, price indexes, 15 , 126 , 587 , 735 , 782 , 801

Harvests, effect of drought, 33 . See also El Mirón (town); Flax; La Mata: Las Navas; Villaverde; Yield-seed ratio

Hidalgos:

in Baños, 407 –9;

as buyers, 627 , 690 , 724 ;

census returns on, 556 –58, 598 –99;

criticized, 58 ;

influence on economy, 602 –4, 621 –23;

part of elites, 558 –59;

in Jaén province, 581 –83, 590 , 598 –99, 602 –4, 623 –24;

in Lopera, 456 –59, 461 ;

merchants, 691 ;

residence patterns, 623 –24, 627 ;

in Salamanca province, 621 –23, 627 , 637 .

See also Don; Doña; Notables

Hidalgo spinsters:

Baños, 410 –11;

Lopera, 457 , 459 , 468

Highways. See Roads

Historical analysis, the nature of, 740

Holy Trinity, convent of (Alcalá la Real), agricultural leases, 381 –86

Hope and Company (Amsterdam), loans to Spain, 80 , 146 –147

Horace, 53

Horros:

attempt to abolish, 785 –86;

La Mata, 172 ;

Villaverde, Table 8.4

Huebra, metric equivalent, 806

Huelma, jurisdiction over, 593

Huelma zone (Jaén), 564 , 817

I

Income, royal. See Finances

Income per capita:

and commerical agriculture, 525 ;

and population change, seven towns, 522 ;

relation to percent of households in agriculture, 801 –3.

See also Agriculture, commercial; Baños; El Collado; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Navahermosa; Pedrollén; Santa María del Berrocal; Villaverde

Infantado, Duque del, properties, 702

Informe de ley agraria:

criticism of, 51 ;

influence of, 99 , 739 ;

publication of, 50 ;

summary of, 70 –76, 744

Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 728

Isla Fernández, Condesa de (Lopera landowner), 468

Italy, historical demography, 14

Iznatoraf, jurisdiction over, 593

J

Jabalquinto, Marqués de, señorío, 810

Jaén (city):

artisans in, 576 ;

buyers reside in, 688 –91, 708 ;

landowning, 29 ;

physical features, 563 , 709

Jaén (province):

buyers, 544 , 549 –50;

climate, 562 ;

intendant of, on agrarian reform, 62 ;

outside administrators, 519 –20;

physical features, 542 –43, 562 –64;

señorío in, 591 –600, 826 ;

social structure, 583 ;

terms of purchase, 553 –55

Jaén zones:

market orientation, 569 –83, 590 ;

physical features, 562 –64, 809 –17;

population, 600 –601;

ratios of olive groves to arable, 584 –91;

town size, 575 –76

Jesuits:

expulsion of, 35 ;

properties sold, 44 , 46 , 93 –94, 735

Jódar, Marqués de, señorío, 812

Jornaleros:

Baños, 399 –406, 412 ;

days worked per year, 186 , 257 , 304 , 401 –5, 450 ;

Jaén province, 587 –88;

number of, 30 ;

number as measure of per capita income, 801 –2.

See also Baños; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Migrant labor; Pedrollén; Villaverde

Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de:

career of, 48 , 86 ;

condemns bad laws, 56–57 , 73 , 744 ;

criticizes church institutions, 91 , 741 –42;

criticizes entail, 58 , 73 , 518 , 604 ;

criticizes Mesta, 71 ;

and Economic Society of Madrid, 48 –50, 70 ;

erroneous reasoning of, 743 –46, 747 ;

favors economic freedom, 69 , 73 –74, 157 , 744 ;

favors farming over herding, 53 ;

favors free land market, 71 , 99 , 533 , 743 ;

favors small farmers, 55 , 527 ;

opposes rent control, 157

Juntas de repoblación (Salamanca province), 667 –68, 671

Junta Suprema for disentail (1799), 110

Jurisdiction. See Realengo; Señorío

Juros, 21

K

Kula, Witold, 706

L

La Armuña (plain of):

description, 1 , 165 –66;

harvests, 170 , 526 ;

in middle ages, 645 ;

population structure, 204 .

See also Armuña zone

Laborde, Alexandre de, 589

Labradores:

defined, 29 –30, 184 –85;

as buyers, 726 .

See also Baños; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Lopera; Villaverde

Labradores peujaleros. See Las Navas

La Cañada and La Cañadilla (despoblados):

agricultural rent, 665 ;

harvests, 250 , 275 ;

Villaverde farmers expand into, 275 –77, 526

La Concepción, convent of (Salamanca):

leases in La Mata, 181 –82;

properties, 700

Lainez, Conde de, property in Lopera, 471

La Mancha:

baldíos, 20 ;

landowning, 29 ;

towns, 31

La Mata (town):

— agricultural practices, 170 –71

— agricultural rents, 179 –82, 214 , 248 –49

— church outside payments, 200 –201

— crafts, 195 –96, 211 –12

— demography:

household size, 193 , 195 –96;

marriage patterns, 209 , 271 –72;

migration, 209 –11, 214 –15;

population 1753 and 1786, 201 –5;

population evolution, 209 –12, 223 , 522

— disentail:

local buyers, 217 –20, 227 –36;

outside buyers, 216 –17, 227 , 236 ;

effects of, 223 , 226 ;

example of, 1 –3, 217 –19;

and pattern of prior ownership, 536 ;

sales, 216 , 219 –20

— economy:

compared to El Mirón, 330 ;

compared to Villaverde, 291 ;

dual, benefits from, 206 , 527 , 536 ;

and population growth, 532

— employment structure, 166 –67, 211

— evolution after 1808, 236 –37

— famine 1803–5, 223 –24

— girls in service, 204 –5

— harvests:

evolution of, 212 –14, 226 ;

produce outside income, 526 –27;

size of, 171 –76;

value of, 782 ;

yield-seed ratios, 175 , 321

— holidays, 207 –8

— income:

from agriculture, 183 ;

of men in agriculture, 224 –26;

gross individual, from land, 658 ;

of jornaleros, 186 , 193 ;

of labradores, 184 –91, 193 , 783 –84;

from livestock, 182 –83, 189 –91;

of muleteers, 194 –95;

per capita, 204 ;

of priest, 196 –97;

of service sector, 195 –96;

of town, 199 –202, 216

— labradores, 184 –86, 232 –33

— landowners' residence, effects of, 530

— muleteers (arrieros), 193 –95, 215 –16, 529

— physical features, 166 –71

— property distribution, 176 –79

— royal taxes, 201

— social structure, 413

— socioeconomic pyramid, 197 –99

— tithes:

amount of, 172 –75;

distribution of, 200 ;

first fruits, 182 ;

individual payments, 186 –88, 783 –84;

kinds, 172 ;

from Narros, 201 ;

modifications in partible, 785 –86;

Voto de Santiago, 182 , 200

Land, free market in, 464 , 520 . See also Agrarian reform; Jovellanos

Land hunger, and disentail, 97 , 734 –37

Landowning:

ideal of small landowners, 53 –59, 68 ;

index of concentration, 828 –29;

regional patterns, 26 –31;

residence of landowners as analytic variable, 529 ;

scattered holdings, 700 –707; 750 –51

Lara, Lopera leading family, 456 –58, 470

Larruga, Eugenio, 612

Las Navas (town):

— agricultural rents, 486

— censos, 794 –96

— church revenues, exploitation of, 514 –15

— crafts, 491 , 503

— disentail:

local buyers, 513 –16;

outside buyers, 509 –13;

of capellanías, 509 ;

effect of economic growth on, 536 ;

effects of, 513 , 516 ;

and pattern of prior ownership, 536 ;

sales, 508 –9

— economy:

dual nature of, 487 ;

expansion of, 507 ;

pressures on, 531

— employment structure, 477 –78, 508

— farming practices, 479

— harvests:

costs of, 487 ;

minor, 482 ;

olive oil, 481 –82;

size of, 480 ;

yield-seed ratios, 480 –81

— income:

from agriculture, 482 ;

from inns, 491 –92, 508 ;

of jornaleros, 490 , 503 –4;

of labradores peujaleros, 501 –2;

from livestock, 490 ;

of no-tables, 495 –99;

of outside administrators and owners, 487 , 490 ;

per capita, 493 ;

of town, 493 –94

— labradores peujaleros, 499 –503, 516

— landowners' residence, effects of, 531

— leasing practices, 486 –87

— oil mill, 483 –85

— olive groves, expansion of, 500 , 503 , 507 , 509

— physical features, 476 –77

— population, 477 , 493 , 505 –6

— prices of grains, 479

— priests:

as buyers, 513 –14;

sources of income, 495 –99

— property distribution:

land, 482 , 487 ;

buildings, 490

— residential pattern, 504 –5

— royal taxes, 492

— señorío payments, 492

— social structure, 504 –5

— socioeconomic pyramid, 495

— tithes:

administration of, 480 , 515 ;

amount of, 480 , 507 ;

bula de la cruzada, 493 ;

distribution of, 492 –93;

Voto de Santiago, 493

— town officials, 501 –3

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 368

Lavoisier, A. -L., 191

Lechuga, Baños leading family, 408

Ledesma (partido):

economy, 640 ;

señorío, 541 , 628

Ledesma (town):

buyers reside in, 682 , 685 ;

in middle ages, 645 –46;

population, 618 , 678

Ledesma zone (Salamanca):

despoblados, 669 –70;

physical features, 607 , 820 –21

Legítima de los descendientes, 22

Legua, defined, 167 n

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 733

Liberalism. See Economic liberalism

Libro (of Catastro):

Maestro eclesiástico,

Libro (of Catastro)

     160 ;

maestro seglar, 160 ;

personal de eclesiásticos, 160 ;

personal de legos, 160

Linares zone (Jaén), 564 , 810

Livestock:

Calculate income from, 326 –27, 787 –90;

raising in Salamanca province, 655 .

See also Baños; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Pedrollén; Sheep raising; Villaverde

Livi Bacci, Massimo, 758

Llerena (Extremadura), disentail in, 424

Loans:

royal, 85 –88, 100 –101, 144 –47;

Consolidation fund pays interest on, 142 .

See also Finances

Local administration, weakness of royal, 44 , 117 , 744 –45

Lopera (town):

— agricultural rents, 439

— convent of San Juan de Dios, 431 , 442

— Córdoba, relations with, 474

— crafts, 527

— disentail:

local buyers, 468 –73;

outside buyers, 465 –68;

effect of economic growth on, 536 ;

effects of, 464 ;

and pattern of prior ownership, 536 ;

sales, 463 –64

— employment structure, 432 , 461

— farming practices, 435 –36

— harvests:

costs of, 441 ;

minor, 438 –39; olive oil, 438 ;

size of, 436 –38;

yield-seed ratios, 438

— hidalgos, 461

— income:

from agriculture, 439 ;

from inns, 447 ;

of jornaleros, 450 –51, 460 ;

of labradores, 460 ;

from livestock, 446 ;

of muleteers, 446 –47, 459 –60;

of notables, 456 –57;

of other sectors, 459 –61;

of outside administrators and owners, 444 ;

per capita, 448 ;

from property of outsiders, 451 ;

of town, 448 ;

of women, 459 , 460 –61

— landowners' residence, effect of, 530

— leasing practices, 439 –42

— muleteers, contribution to town economy, 529

— notables, 473 –74

— physical features, 430 –36

— population, 431 , 461

— priests, 459 , 461

— property distribution:

land, 439 ;

buildings, 446

— royal taxes, 448

— socioeconomic pyramid, 455 , 473

— tithes:

administration of, 438 ;

amount of, 436 –38;

distribution of, 447 –48;

Voto de Santiago, 448 , 516

López, Tomás, map of, 600

López Fando, Juan Manuel (Madrid notary), records disentail, 120 , 123 , 148 , 543

Los Villares, jurisdiction over, 593

M

McCloskey, Donald, 705

Machiavelli, 54

Madoz, Pascual, law on disentail, 717 , 736

Madrid (city):

buyers reside in, 217 , 282 , 727 , 730 –32;

food supply, 14 , 17 , 191 –92;

individual incomes, 801 ;

population, 759 ;

role in Spanish economy, 679 , 722

Madrid (province), disentail in, 129 –30

Madrid, Economic Society of. See Economic Society of Madrid

Malthus, Thomas, 10 , 15 , 522

Malthusian trap:

Jovellanos ignores, 747 ;

in La Mata, 526 ;

search for an escape from, 532 , 536 –37, 680 ;

threatens rural society, 522 , 723

Mancha Real zone (Jaén), 564 , 568 , 812

Manos muertas, defined, 21 . See also Entail of land

María Luisa, Queen, 154

Market economy, entry into:

of seven towns, 520 –21, 526 –27, 530 –31;

of Jaén zones, 567 –76, 590 ;

of Salamanca zones, 609 –17, 627 , 639 –40.

See also Agriculture, commercial

Marmol, del, Baños leading family, 408 , 426

Martínez Alier, Juan, 791

Martín Vicente (despoblado), 686

Martos, buyers reside in, 689 , 709

Martos zone (Jaén), 564 , 603 –4, 811

Marx, Karl, 725 , 729

Mata, See La Mata

Mateos Delgado, Josef (buyer), 687

Matilla (town), 652

Matilla Tascón, Antonio, 125 , 763

Mayorazgos:

defined, 21 –22;

decree authorizes sale of properties of, 95 , 105 ;

abolished, 107 .

See also Disentail; Entail of land

Medinaceli, Duque de, properties, 702

Medina Sidonia, Duque de, properties, 702

Meléndez Valdés, Juan (poet, buyer), 688

Memorial ajustado . . . sobre . . . la agricultura (1784), 48 –49, 72 , 76

Memorias, defined, 21

Mendels, Franklin, 528

Mendizábal, Juan Alvarez, laws on disentail, 717 , 732 , 736

Menéndez Pelayo, Marcelino, 718

Mengíbar (town), 580

Mengíbar zone (Jaén), 564 , 811

Merchants, as buyers, 687 , 691 , 693 –95, 699

Mesta:

development, 23 –24;

occupies baldíos, 30 ;

and poderosos, 32 ;

posesión (entail of pastures), 18 –19, 24 , 28 ;

posesión weakened, 42 , 43 , 667 ;

privileges criticized, 35 , 57 , 63 , 71 ;

Béjar sheepwalk, 611 ;

wheat allowance for laborers, 192

Migrant labor:

Baños, 405 –6;

Lopera, 450 –51

Military orders:

income ceded to king, 114 ;

proposals for properties of, 91 , 97 .

See also Calatrava; Santiago

Millones (tax), created, 20 , 112

Miñano, Sebastián, Diccionario geográfico:

cited, 351 –53, 507 , 648 , 668 , 677 ;

source for population data, 567

Mirabeau, Marquis de, L'ami des hommes (El amigo de los hombres) , influence in Spain, 53 , 54 , 59 , 63 , 66 , 69 , 71

Miranda, Conde de, señorío, 822

Miranda del Castañar (partido), 542 , 628

Miranda inn (Baños), 368 , 414

Miranda zone (Salamanca), 607 , 614 , 622 , 822 –23

Mirón. See El Mirón

Molina de la Zerda, Baños leading family, 407 , 410 , 425

Molina de la Zerda y Soriano, Francisca Luisa de (Baños landowner), 407 , 410 , 419 n, 801

Monastery. See Nuestra Señora del Jesús monastery

Moñino, Joseph. See Floridablanca

Monks, Lopera, 431

Montemayor (partido), 542 , 823

Montesquieu, 67 , 77

Montilla, Ignacio (Lopera landowner), 456 –58, 468

Montilla y Padilla, Miguel (buyer in Lopera), 469 –70

Montilla y Zevallos, Margarita, Inés, María Josefa (buyers in Lopera), 468

Montizón River, 475 –76, 813

Morales, Lopera leading family, 458

Morales, Juan Nepomuceno (buyer in Lopera), 465 –68, 690

Moreau de Jonnès, Alexandre, 763

Moreno Simón Pontero, Fernando (buyer in Baños), 425 , 428

Moro, Manuel (buyer), 685

Muleteers:

Jaén province, 577 –80, 590 ;

La Mata, 193 –95, 207 ;

Lopera, 459 –60;

provide economic stimulus, 528 –29, 536 ;

Salamanca province, 620 ;

Villaverde, 258 –61

Municipal buildings, disentail of, 92 –93

Muñoz Galindo, Baños leading family, 410 , 426

Murcia, disentail, 136 n

N

Napoleon:

gets information on Spanish finances, 80 , 121 –23, 133 ;

intervenes in Spain, 155 , 713

Naredo, José Manuel, 791

Narros de Valdunciel (despoblado):

agricultural rents, 214 –15, 665 ;

disentail purchases in, 218 –19, 222 , 673 ;

population, 209 ;

resettled, 215 , 276 –77, 526 , 669

Navahermosa:

disentail, 362 –64;

gross per capita income, 350 ;

population evolution, 351 ;

tithes, 343

Navarre:

disentail, 730 ;

landowning, 27

Navarro, Baños leading family, 408

Navas. See Las Navas

Nelson, Horatio, 84 , 141

Neutrality subsidy, of France by Spain, 137 , 141

Noalejo, 579 , 593

Nobles. See Hidalgos

North, Douglass, 733

Notables:

as buyers, 558 , 560 –61, 621 –22, 723 ;

composition of, 413 , 456 , 723 –25.

See also Don; Hidalgos

Nuestra Señora del Jesús monastery (Salamanca):

leases, 181 –82, 247 –48, 524 , 785 ;

properties, 702

O

Obras pías:

defined, 90 ;

order for disentail of 1798, 94 ;

proposals for disentail of, 91

Olavide, Pablo de:

believes Andalusia is deserted, 23 , 52 , 56 ;

career of, 38 –39, 41 ;

proposal to distribute baldíos, 66 –68, 77 ;

opposes common lands, 71 ;

favors small farms, 54 , 91 ;

and Sierra Morena colonies, 38 , 40 ;

views on economic freedom, 58 , 62 –64, 68 , 72 , 738

Olivares, Conde-Duque de, 7

Olive groves:

disentail of, 417 –18, 464 , 545 –47;

expansion of, Jaén province,

Olive groves

      584–91, 602 –4, 725 ;

expansion of, Las Navas, 500 , 503 , 507 , 509 , 531 ;

exploited, 386 –87, 439 –40;

labor needs of, 791 –93;

and market economy, 531 , 567 –71;

product per tree, 438 n, 482

Olmedilla (town), 652

Onís, Manuela de (buyer), 685 , 700

Oropesa y Alcaudete, Condesa de, señorío, 817

Ortiz Pinedo, Manuel (alcalde mayor of Salamanca), 1 –2

Osuna, Duque de, properties, 702 –3

Otero de María Asensio, buyer resides in, 685

Ouvrard, Gabriel Julien, 145 –47

P

Pando, Josef (buyer), 691 , 693

Parcelary concentration, 750 –51

Patiño, Josef, 7

Patronatos de legos, defined, 90

Peasants:

as buyers, 560 , 725 –27;

Malthusian and Ricardian pressures on, 522 –25.

See also Jornaleros; Labradores

Pedrollén (alquería):

— agricultural rents, 298 , 302 , 532

— disentail:

buyer, 307 ;

and pattern of prior ownership, 535 ;

sales, 307 –8

— economy, 531

— harvests:

kinds of, 298 ;

size of, 299 –301;

yield-seed ratios, 301

— income:

gross, 658 ;

of laborers, 304 –5;

from livestock, 301 –3;

net, 303 ;

per capita, 303 ;

of shepherds, 305 ;

of tenant, 305

— laborers, 298 –99, 659 , 665

— outside payments, 302 –3

— owners, 295 –96

— physical features, 293 –95

— population, 295 , 307 , 308 , 532

— social structure, 518 –19

Pedrosillo el Ralo, 249

Pegalajar zone (Jaén), 564 , 816

Pérez Albarez de Rueda, Carlos María (buyer), 692

Pérez Caballero, Joseph (buyer in Baños), 419 , 690

Physiocrats, 53 , 54 , 59

Piedrahita (partido), 542 , 628

Piedrahita (town), 309 –10

Piedrahita zone (Salamanca), 607 , 614 , 824 –25

Piñuela, Lorenzo (buyer in Villaverde), 282 , 683

Pliny the Younger, 706

Ponderosos:

economic role, 520 , 521 , 604 ;

examples of, 31 , 32 , 519 ;

as no-tables, 724 ;

oppose agricultural reform, 43 –44

Ponz, Antonio, 653

Pope, concessions to king:

on tithes, 85 , 114 , 785 ;

on disentail, 149 –50

Population:

changes in, as causal factor in history, 733 –34, 753 –54;

changes in, and the rural economy, 531 –32;

influence of growth of, on royal policies, 737 –38, 740 –41;

of Jaén zones, 600 –601;

of Salamanca plain, 661 n, 830 –31;

of Salamanca zones, 608 –9, 617 , 833 ;

of Spain, 12 , 14 –15, 756 –62.

See also Baños; El Mirón (town); Jaén zones;  La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Malthusian trap; Pedrollén; Salamanca (partido); Salamanca zones; Villaverde

Posesión. See Mesta

Pósitos, 32 –33, 145

Priests. See Baños; Clergy; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Villaverde

Prieto Hermosino, Anselmo (buyer), 692

Prince of the Peace. See Godoy, Manuel

Procurador general. See Salamanca (partido)

Procurador síndico personero del público, 36 , 44

Property distribution. See Baños; El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Villaverde

Propios, defined, 21 , 28 ;

plans for reform of, 37

Propios y arbitrios (municipal tax fund):

financial support for royal funds, 81 , 145 ;

Juntas de, 37 .

See also Subsidy of 1800

Proto-industry, lack of in rural Castile, 527 –29, 620

Putting-out system. See Proto-industry

Puyol, Josef (buyer), 683

Q

Quesada, jurisdiction over, 593

R

Rascón, Antonio, Vizconde de Revilla y Barajas (buyer), 683

Real contribución (tax of Aragon), 7

Realengo (jurisdiction):

defined, 591 ;

extent of, 765

Redistributive economy. See Economy

Reforms. See Agrarian reform; Tax structure

Reguera Valdelomar, Juan de la (critic of disentail), 132 , 156 , 715

Rentas provinciales, taxes of Castile, 8

Rent of land. See Agricultural rents

Respuestas generales, 160 , 566 –67

Revilla y Barajas, Vizconde de. See Rascón

Reyrruard, Antonio (buyer), 217 , 692 , 694 , 698

Ricardian trap:

appears unjust, 680 ;

produces marketable surplus, 746 –47;

reformers respond to, 667 –68;

restricts peasant income, 526 , 532 , 723 ;

towns search for an escape, 536 –37

Ricardo, David, applicability of rent theory in Spain, 523 –25, 665 –66

Rincón, Juan (landowner in La Mata), 185 –86

Ringrose, David, 191 , 722 , 801

Riolobos (despoblado), 650 , 658

Roads:

to Andalusia, 367 –68;

to Granada, 579 , 593 , 621 , 816 –17;

to Salamanca from Béjar, 620 ;

to Salamanca from León, 645 ;

to Seville, 589 –90, 593

Roca, Duque de la (buyer), 686

Rodas Viejas, buyer resides in, 685

Rodríguez, Josef (buyer in La Mata), 673

Rotations. See Agricultural practices

Royal finances. See Finances

Royal taxes. See Taxes

Rueda Hernanz, Germán, 731

Rus y García, Alonso de (buyer in Lopera), 470 –71

S

Saavedra, Francisco de (secretary of hacienda), 86 –87, 92

Safont brothers (buyers), 732

Salamanca (city):

buyers reside in, 227 , 281 –82, 308 , 679 , 682 –85, 687 , 708 , 834 –36;

economic strength in nearby towns, 179 , 220 , 244 , 281 –82, 295 , 308 , 618 ;

economy of, 640 –1;

food supply, 17 ;

in middle ages, 645 –46;

in nineteenth century, 678 ;

physical features, 165 ;

population, 834

Salamanca (partido):

despoblados, 650 ;

physical features, 541 ;

procurador general, 685 n;

royal jurisdiction, 625 –26;

sexmeros, 52 –53, 668

Salamanca-Albacete line:

and disentail, 136 ; location, Map 1.1;

physical features, 27 , 29 ;

divides property size, 517 –19

Salamanca cathedral, payments to, 645 –46. See also Cuarto dezmero

Salamanca zones:

absentee ownership, 634 –41;

concentration of landowning, 629 –33;

market orientation, 609 –17, 627 , 639 –40;

physical features, 606 –7, 818 –25;

population, 833 ;

terms of purchase, 614 –15;

town size, 608 –9, 617

Salvatierra zone (Salamanca):

despoblados, 670 ;

physical features, 608 , 821 –22

Sánchez de Onís, Segundo (buyer), 698

Sánchez García, Francisco (buyer), 699 , 707

Sánchez Tomé, Martín (notary of Salamanca), 1 –3

Sanchiricones (town), 306

Sandalmakers, Jaén province, 576 –77

San Esteban del Puerto. See Santisteban del Puerto

San García, buyer resides in, 687

Sangusín River, 823

San Martín y Coello, Francisco de Paula (buyer), 690

San Muñoz (town), 652

San Pedro de Azerón (despoblado), 658 –59

Santa Isabel, convent of (Salamanca), properties, 700

Santa María del Berrocal:

disentail, 364 ;

gross per capita income, 350 –51;

population, 312 , 351 , 366 ;

weavers, 339

Santiago, military order of, towns under, 815 , 821

Santiago de Calatrava zone (Jaén), 564 , 810 –11

Santisteban del Puerto:

jurisdiction over, 593 ;

physical features, 475 –76

Santisteban del Puerto, Duque de:

property in Las Navas, 482 –87;

señorío of, 476 , 811 , 814 , 815

Santisteban zone (Jaén), 564 , 815

Schofield, Roger, 11

Segura River, irrigation dam breaks, 138

Sempere y Guarinos, Juan, Historia de los vinculos,92

Señores, residences of, Jaén province, 594 –95

Señorío:

— as cause of despoblados, 651 –53

— effect on landowning, 31

— extent of, 765

— influence on the economy:

Jaén province, 591 –605;

Las Navas, 490 ;

Salamanca province, 624 –29

— lands of, defined, 591

— origin:

Jaén province, 593 ;

Salamanca province, 627 –28, 646

— payments under:

as fixed amounts, 521 ;

El Mirón, 346 –47;

Las Navas, 492 ;

Valencia, 25

Señorío

— types of señorío lego, 826 –27

Servicio ordinario y extraordinario y su quince al millar, 83

Seville:

buyer resides in, 690 ;

city council of, protests high grain price, 60 ;

food supply, 17 ;

intendent of, pushes disentail, 131 –32;

landowning, 29 ;

riots 1797–98, 85 ;

síndico personero of, favors agrarian reform, 52 , 53 , 61 , 64

Sexmeros. See Salamanca (partido)

Sheep raising:

El Mirón, 331 –34;

Salamanca province, 611 , 653 –55;

wool production per sheep, 251 n.22

Sierra Morena (colonies of), 38 –41, 368 , 413 –14

Sierra Morena zone. See Baños zone

Single tax, plans for in Castile, 8 –10, 44 , 82

Single women. See Hidalgo spinsters

Sixto Espinosa, Manuel, 110 , 712

Smith, Adam:

doctrine not original, 59 ;

economic theory, 54 , 73 , 679 ;

Jovellanos reads, 49 –50, 77 , 739 ;

becomes known in Spain, 69 , 738 –39

Soler, Miguel Cayetano:

organizes Cajas de Reducción, 111 ;

death of, 712 ;

organizes disentail, 102 ;

recommends ecclesiastical disentail, 88 –89;

on disentail of mayorazgos, 106 –7;

urges disentail of military orders, 89 , 98 ;

reports of 1798 and 1799, 80 ;

secretary of hacienda, 88 ;

tax policy, 144

Soria, landowning, 31

Standard of living, calculation in EFW of, 191 –93

Subleasing (subarriendo), 62 , 519

Subsidy of 1800, for municipalities, 112 , 115 , 116 –17. See also Propios y arbitrios

Supreme Central Junta. See Central Junta, Supreme

Swinburne, Henry, 40

T

Talleyrand, Prince, 147

Tauste, canal of, 79

Tavira y Almanzán, Antonio (bishop of Salamanca), 132

Taxes, royal:

to support Consolidation Fund 1800 and 1805, 113 , 142 ;

on servants 1799, 111 , 115 , 117 ;

on untithed harvests 1805, 142 –43;

on wine 1805, 143 .

See also Baños (town);

El Mirón (town); Finances; La Mata: Las Navas; Lopera: Villaverde

Tax structure:

under Felipe V and Fernando VI, 7 –9;

in Castile, 83 ;

reform of, 115 , 156 –58.

See also Single Tax

Términos redondos:

defined, 294 , 642 ;

disentail, 672 –74;

in nineteenth century, 678 , 710 –11

Terms of purchase. See Disentail

Terrones (town), 306

Thompson, F. M. L., 720

Tierras de aprovechamiento común. See Common lands

Tierras entradizas, 659 , 665

Tither, first. See Casa excusada

Tither, fourth. See Cuarto dezmero

Tithe rolls:

La Mata, 186 –88;

Salamanca province, 162 –63;

Villaverde, 252 –54

Tithes:

fixed share of harvest, 521 ;

modifications in 1796, 785 –86.

See also Baños (town); Casa excusada; El Mirón (town); first fruits; Horros; La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Villaverde; Voto de Santiago

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 158

Toledo (archbishop of), señorío in Jaén, 593 , 599 , 812 , 814 , 815

Toledo (province):

landowning, 29 ;

proto-industry, 528

Tomás y Valiente, Francisco, 719

Toribio y Galán, Antonio (buyer), 685

Tormes River, 165 , 309 , 819 , 821 , 823 –24

Toro, laws of, 91

Torralba y de Talara, Conde de, señorío, 811

Torre, Antonio de la (Madrid banker), 447 n

Townsend, Joseph, 589

Trafalgar, battle of, 141

Transportation sector, in peasant economy, 528 –29, 536 . See also Muleteers

Trespalacios, Cosme de (buyer), 282 , 686 , 694 , 697

U

Ubeda:

artisans in, 576 ;

buyers reside in, 688 , 690 , 709

Ubeda zone (Jaén), 564 , 814

Uceda, Duquesa de, señorío, 652

Unica contribución. See Single tax

United States, sale of public lands, 736 –37

Urquijo, Mariano Luis de, 88

Uztáriz, Gerónimo de, on population of Spain, 52 , 757 –58

V

Valdemolinos, 310 , 364

Valencia (province):

agriculture, 25 ;

disentail, 730 ;

food supply, 13 –15;

protoindustry, 528

Vales dinero, 144 –45

Vales reales:

discount 1795–98, 84 ;

discount 1798–1802, 101 –2, 110 , 112 –13, 118 ;

discount 1802–8, 142 , 151 ;

rules for use in disentail, 95 , 109 –10;

payments for disentailed properties in, 550 –55, 614 –16, 752 ;

interest unpaid, 153 ;

issues, 79 , 81 –83, 100 , 766 –67;

monthly quotations, 768 –73;

redemptions, 117 –18, 151

Valladolid (city):

buyers reside in, 687 , 731 ;

food supply, 17 ;

grain consumption, 191 –92

Valladolid (province):

disentail, 731 ;

landowning, 27 ;

sale of Jesuit properties, 45

Vara castellana, metric equivalent, 806

Vecinos (town), 652

"Vecindario general de España" (ca. 1712), 566

Vélez y España, María del Rosario (buyer of Pedrollén), 307 , 683 , 700

Vicens Vives, Jaime, 719

Vilar, Pierre, 14 , 25 , 411

Villacarillo (town), 582 , 593

Villafranca, Sierra de, 310

Villafuertes, Manuel Francisco de Zevallos Guerra, Conde de, 469

Villagonzalo, Conde de (buyer), 685

Villanueva del Arzobispo (town), 582 , 593 , 600

Villanueva zone (Jaén), 564 , 814

Villar, Juan Josef (buyer in Baños), 419 , 428

Villar de Corneja, 310

Villar don Pardo, Conde de, señorío, 811

Villares, Vizconde de, señorío, 816

Villares de la Reina, buyer resides in, 685

Villas eximidas, 625

Villaverde (town):

— agricultural rents, 245 –49, 665

— church outside payments, 267

— crafts, 261 –63, 273 , 527

— demography:

household size, 257 , 261 ;

marriage patterns, 271 –72;

population evolution, 268 –71, 522

— disentail:

local buyers, 283 –90;

outside buyers, 281 –83;

effect of economic growth on, 536 ;

effects of, 290 –91;

and pattern of prior ownership, 535

— economy:

compared to El Mirón, 330 ;

compared to La Mata, 291 –92;

and stagnant population, 532

— employment structure, 239 , 273 –74

— girls in service, 272 –73

— harvests:

evolution of, 274 –78;

outside town limits, 275 –76, 526 ;

size of, 239 –44;

yield-seed ratios, 239 , 321

— income:

from agriculture, 252 ;

gross individual, from land, 658 ;

of jornaleros, 258 ;

of labradores, 254 –58, 278 –79;

from livestock, 251 –52;

of muleteers, 258 –61;

per capita, 268 ; of priest, 263 –66;

of service sector, 263 ;

of town, 266 –68, 278 –79

— landowners' residence, effect of, 530

— muleteers (arrieros), 273 –74, 529

— physical features, 238 –39

— property distribution:

in town, 244 –45;

across town lines, 249 –50

— royal taxes, 267

— social structure, 413

— socioeconomic pyramid, 266

— tithes:

amount of, 239 –44;

first fruits, 251 ;

individual payments, 252 –56;

modifications in partible, 785 –86;

Voto de Santiago, 250 –51

Vínculos, 21 –22. See also Mayorazgos

Vizcaya, agriculture, 26

Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary , 54

von Thünen, Johann Heinrich, rings, 376 –78, 435 –36, 564

Voto de Santiago, 521 . See also Baños (town); El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Villaverde

W

Ward, Bernardo, 742

Wars:

with Britain 1796, 84 ;

with Britain 1804, 137 ;

influence on disentail, 741 ;

economic effects of, 80 –82, 84 –85, 137 –38, 144 ;

between France and Britain 1803, 137 ;

with French Republic 1793, 80 ;

with Napoleon, 155 , 236 –37;

with Portugal 1801, 102 ;

with Portugal 1807, 154 ;

of Spanish Succession, 7 , 12 , 78 ;

of U.S. Independence, 78

Weavers:

Jaén province, 576 ;

Santa María del Berrocal, 339 .

See also Crafts

Wrigley, E. A., 11 , 679

Y

Yellow fever, epidemic 1800–3, 138

Yeltes River, 821

Yields of grain per hectare, seven towns, 797 , Table N.2

Yield-seed ratio, seven towns, 797 , Table N.1.

See also Baños (town): El Mirón (town); La Mata; Las Navas; Lopera; Pedrollén; Villaverde

Young, Arthur, 704

Z

Zambrana, Baños leading family, 408 , 426 , 427

Zamora, buyer resides in, 688

Zaragoza, food supply, 17

Zaratán (alquería), 673