Pioneer Urbanites "d0e9693"

Index

A

Acme Saloon, 80 , 147

Acty, Ruth, 52

African Free School (New York City), 114

African Methodist Episcopal Church, 98 , 113 , 118 -21

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 98 , 112 , 113 , 117 , 119 , 121

Afro-American Councils of California, 51 -52

Afro-American League, 36 , 51 , 111 , 117 , 121

Afro-San Franciscans. See Pioneer urbanites

After Freedom:

A Cultural Study in the Deep South (Powdermaker), 6

Alberga, Aurelious P., 15 , 54 , 78 , 171 , 177

Alcatraz Island, 134

A.M.E. Church, 98 , 113 , 118 -21

American Colonization Society, 62 , 114

A.M.E.Z. Church, 98 , 112 , 113 , 117 , 119 , 121

"Amigo" (William H. Yates), 111

Anderson, Marian, 169

Anderson, Peter, 45 , 56 , 115 , 190 n4

Anderson, Reverend E. T., 70

Angelou, Maya, 52

Antislavery reformers, 4 , 111 , 114 , 140 -41

Apex Club, The, 160

Apollo Hall, 147

Aurora, 147

Autobiography of Malcolm X, The (Malcolm X and Haley), 3

B

Baldwin, Elias J. "Lucky," 16 , 72

Baldwin Hotel, 107 -8

Barbary Coast, 79 , 82 , 97 , 143 , 145 , 148 , 152 , 155

Barber, John A., 121

Barber, Richard, 26

Barbers, 46 , 49 , 57

Bay Area, 7 , 52 , 102 , 165 .

See also Great Migration

Beasley, Delilah L., 37 , 41 , 116

Becker, Howard S., 11

Bell, George W., 133 -34

Bell, James Madison, 125 , 137

Bell, Philip A., 54 , 56 , 67 , 69 , 71 -72, 114 -16, 128 , 136 -37.

C

California:

economy of, 14 , 27 -29, 40 , 45 -47;

racism in, 45 , 49 , 63 -67, 107 ;

testimony in courts of, 129

California Athletic Club, 138

California Colored Citizens' State Union, 50 , 51

California Colored Conventions. See California State Colored Conventions

California Protective League, 117

California State Colored Conventions, 110 -11, 117 -19, 121

― 224 ―

California Voice, The,116 , 131 .

See also Daly, Elbert A.

Call (San Francisco), 135 , 138 , 139 , 146 , 150

Callender, John T., 15 , 78 , 98

Canada, 64 , 70 .

See also British Columbia

Carlisle, William E., 29

Carney, Sergeant W. H., 133

Castle, Vernon and Irene, 150

Cayton, Horace (Black Metropolis ), 6 , 71

Chalfen, Richard, 10

Chinatown, 76 -77, 81 , 97 , 169

Chinese, 32 -35, 67 -68, 97 , 128 -29, 170

Christian Recorder,119

Christiansen, Axel W., 151

Chronicle (San Francisco), 26 , 38 , 98 , 139

Churches, 118 -19.

See also A.M.E. Church; A.M.E.Z. Church; Third Baptist Church

CIO Minorities Committee, 166

Civil rights, 49 -50.

See also Race improvement organizations

Clark, Kenneth B., 3

Clark, Simon P., 136 , 147

Clemens, Samuel L. (Mark Twain), 128 , 146

"Clio," 71

Cole, Peter K., 70 , 71 , 73

Collier, John, 8 -9

Collins, Augustus A., 116

Collins, Henry M., 29 , 61 , 71 -72, 112 , 116

Collins, Joseph, 71 -72

Colored American,114 .

See also Bell, Philip A.

Colored American Day, 120 , 124

Colored California State Convention, 110 -11, 117 -19

Colored Entertainers' Club, 148

Colored Women's Club, 54 -55

Comstock boom, 45

Cooks' and Waiters' Anti-Coolie Association, 36

Cooks' and Waiters' Union, 37 , 40

Cooper, Ezekiel, 26 , 98

Corbett, "Gentleman" Jim, 139 , 140

Cornish, Henry C., 45

Corps D'Afrique, 120

Cosmopolitan Coal and Wood Yard, 30

Cosmos Social Club, 131 , 132

Cosmos Whist Club, 131

Cox, Abraham, 14 , 78

Crawford, Matt, 44 , 163 , 165 , 166 , 173 , 178

Crisis, The, 34

Crocker, Charles, 33

Cummings, Urania, 163 , 164 , 173 , 178

Custom House Livery Stable, 30 , 45

D

Daily Alta California (San Francisco), 38

Dalton, Richard, 14

Daly, Elbert A., 116 , 164 , 174 , 178 -79, 194 n32

Dance, 127 , 131 , 136 , 146 -47, 150 , 152 -53, 157 .

See also Entertainment; Night clubs

Davis, Manus D., 147

Davis, Russell, 26

Dedrick, Simon A., 47 -48, 56

Delany, Martin R., 112 , 119

Dellums, C. L., 164

Dennis, A. G., 60

Dennis, George Washington, 30 , 45

Dennis, Margaret, 56

Dennis's, "Link," 143 -44

Derrick, J. L., 116

Discrimination. See Racism

Dixon, Lillian, 164

Dodson, Beverly, 133

Douglass, Frederick, 114 , 115 , 131 , 141

Dove, Alexander, 61

Drake, St. Clair (Black Metropolis ), 6

Dred Scott decision, 45 , 49

Drill Squad and Fancy Drill Corps D'Afrique, 120

Du Bois, W. E. B., 6 , 34 , 118 , 130 , 131

Dyer, John P., 45

E

East Bay:

Berkeley, 163 -64, 173 ;

effects on, of earthquake, 101 ;

neighborhoods, 93 , 95 ;

population and housing, 17 , 98 , 101 -3, 164 , 169 ;

racism, 54 -55;

Richmond, 165 ;

World War I, 24 , 101 .

See also Oakland

East Bay Negro Historical Society, 173

Eldorado Hotel, 30

Elevator (San Francisco):

business and organization of, 34 , 50 , 70 , 114 , 115 ;

and economic life of Blacks, 26 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 47 , 54 ;

and immigrants, 32 -33;

reports on Blacks, 80 , 110 , 119 , 129 , 134 , 138 , 147 ;

and travelcraft, 60 , 64 -66, 68 -69, 71

Emancipation Day, 119 , 128 , 133 , 146 , 147

Entertainment, 16 , 126 -27, 134 , 136 -40, 143 -61.

See also Emancipation Day; Musicians; Night clubs; Vice

Evening Mail (Stockton), 150

Examiner (San Francisco), 26 , 145 , 152 -55

Executive Committee, 50 -51, 111 -12, 114

Executive Order 8802, 165

F

Ferguson, Alexander, 69 , 112

Ferguson, William H., 134

Fifteenth Amendment, 50 , 121

Fillmore District, 169 , 211 n35

First Colored California Convention. See California State Colored Conventions

First Unitarian Church, 112

― 225 ―

Fisher, John "Jack," 116

Frances, J. S., 99 , 116

Frances, Robert Coleman, 47

Franchise League, 149

Frazier, E. Franklin, 118

Frederick Douglass' Paper,28 , 62 , 114

Freeman, Moses, 15

Freeman, William, 147

G

Genthe, Arnold, 81 , 148

Gentlemen. See Refinement

Ghetto:

formation of, in Bay Area, 75 -76, 99 , 104 , 169 -70, 198 n43;

traditional portrait of, 4 , 6

Gibbs, Mifflin W., 28 -29, 33 -34, 49 , 61 , 194 n32

Gibson, Veola and Walter L., 179

Golden City Club, 147

Golden Gate Boarding House, 78

Gold Rush, 7 , 27 , 59 , 62

Gordon, George W., 49 , 57 , 129

Grace Church. See A.M.E. Church

Grant Invincible Billiard Saloon, 147

Great Migration:

and the ghetto, 99 , 104 , 169 ;

and housing, 168 -70;

and jobs, 42 , 166 -67;

and Los Angeles, 13 , 29 , 42 ;

and music, 150 ;

newcomers' character, 167 -68, 171 -75;

and northeastern cities, 13 ;

residential patterns, 102 ;

in World War I, 13 , 17 , 31 , 41 -42, 52 , 102 , 165 -66, 174 ;

in World War II, 164 -67

Gutman, Herbert, 6

H

Hall, William H., 60 , 62 , 111 , 121 , 130

Hickman, Art, 151 .

See also Musicians

Housing, 99 , 102 -3, 168 -70

Howard, Shadrack, 45 , 136 , 147

Hudson, Luther M., 46 , 112

Hudson, Oscar, 56 , 205 n37

Huggins, Nathan Irvin, 6 , 158

Hunter's Point, 169

Hyers, Anna Madah and Emma Louise, 16

I

Identity:

and African heritage, 119 , 120 ;

as cultured citizens, 131 , 135 -36, 140 , 142 ;

and dress, 127 , 131 -35;

Du Bois on, 130 ;

and mixed racial origins, 128 ;

and music, 159 ;

and San Franciscans' view of Blacks, 123 -26;

and stereotypes, 125 -26, 162 .

See also Passing (as white)

Illiteracy. See Literacy

J

Jackson, "Blind Bob," 124

Jackson, Ida, 164

Jackson, Oscar T., 150

Jackson, Peter, 108 , 138 , 139

Jackson, Young Peter, 139

Jamieson, Charles A., 147

Johnson, Charles S. (Negro War Worker in San Francisco),21 , 99 , 166 , 170 , 171 , 173

Johnson, Edward J. "Buster," 53 , 56 -57, 104 -5, 179 , 192 n40

Johnson, Jack, 131 , 139 , 140 , 206 n55

Johnson, James Weldon, 71 , 108 , 131 , 163 , 209 n37

Jones, Deacon, 80 , 124

Jones, John, 71 -72, 134

Joseph, Peter H., 29

Jupiter, 154 , 158

K

Kaiser, Henry, 165

King, Samuel F., 147

Kusmer, Kenneth, 195 nl

L

Labor unions, 17 , 27 , 34 , 36 -42, 78

Lapp, Rudolph M., 59 , 195 n46

Lasartemay, Eugene, 15 , 172 -73, 179 -80

Lee, Archy, 114

Leidesdorff, William A., 199 nl

Lenear, Dr. Earl, 180

Le Protti's (Sid) Crescent Orchestra, 148

Lester Mapp's Jazz Dogs, 148

Lester, Peter, 49

Lewis, Edmonia, 136

Lewis, E. T., 130

Liberator, 114

Lincoln Zouaves, 120

"Link" Dennis's, 143 -44

Literacy, 10 , 18 -19, 21

Literary Institute, 114 , 136 -37

Livingston, C. H., 38

Loche, Alain, 131

Los Angeles, 70 , 72 ;

A.M.E. churches in, 119 , 121 ;

Black businesses in, 47 ;

conditions of life in, 105 ;

effects on, of Great Migration, 13 , 31 , 42 ;

politics and jobs, 51 ;

Black population of, 18 , 20 -21, 31 , 42 , 47 , 66 , 72 , 121

Love, Nat, 73

Lunar Visitor,113

M

McDonough Brothers, 155

McEntire, Davis, 168

McWilliams, Freddie, 171 -72, 180

Maddox, Walter G., 54

Mann Act, 149

Mapp, Lester, 97 , 148 , 149 , 155 , 158 , 160

Mapp's (Lester) Jazz Dogs, 148

Maritime workers, 14 -15, 29 , 54 , 77 -78

Marsh, Leon F., 52

Marsh, Vivian Osborn, 164 , 174 , 180

Masons, 121 , 135

― 226 ―

Meneweather, Martel, 163 -64, 173 -74, 180

Midwinter Fair, 34 , 120 , 124

Midwinter International Fair. See Midwinter Fair

Migration. See Great Migration; Travel-craft

Military societies, 16 , 133 -35

Mirror of the Times (San Francisco), 111 , 112 , 119

Mitchell, George W., 36

Montoya, 97

Moore Cadets, 133

Moore, Reverend John J., 34 -35, 64 , 70 , 111 , 113

Morton, "Jelly Roll," 16 , 150

Morton, Theophilus B., 36 , 111 , 117

Mothers' Fidelity Club, 157

Muffin Tom, 124

Musicians:

ragtime and jazz, 148 , 150 -51;

San Francisco, 16 , 97 , 130 , 136 , 148 , 152 , 159 .

See also Dance; Night clubs

Myrdal, Gunnar, 25 , 32

N

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 50 ;

of Northern California, 117

Napa City, Calif., 65

Native Son (Wright), 3

Negro Business League, 55

Neighborhoods:

Barbary Coast, 79 , 82 , 97 , 143 , 145 , 148 , 152 , 155 ;

Blacks in, 99 -104;

effects on, of earthquake, 101 ;

in East Bay, 77 -79, 98 , 100 -102;

enumeration in, of Black and white, 77 ;

ethnic, 81 -82;

Fillmore District, 169 , 211 n35;

Fourth Ward, 76 , 97 ;

Hunter's Point, 169 ;

Johnson, Charles S., on, 99 ;

Morton Street, 79 ;

in San Francisco, 75 -76;

suburbs, 102 -5, 155 ;

Tenderloin, 79 , 144 , 152 ;

effects on, of transportation changes, 101 -2;

and World War I, 101 ;

and World War II, 99.

See also Chinatown; Ghetto

Newby, William H., 111

Newcomers, 164 -75

New Fillmore Workers Center, 153

New Pavilion Skating Club, 127

Newspapers, 115 -16.

See also Elevator; Pacific Appeal; Pacific Coast Appeal

Ng, Jean, 97

Night clubs, 78 , 79 -81, 144 , 147 , 152 , 158 , 160 ;

Jupiter, 154 , 158 ;

Olympia, 97 , 154 ;

Purcell's, 143 , 151 , 154 , 158 .

See also Mapp, Lester

Ninth Cavalry, 134

North Oakland, 165

Nurse, Alvin D., 164

O

Oakland:

A.M.E. churches in, 119 , 121 ;

Black businesses in, 47 -48;

Black residence patterns in, 98 , 101 -3;

demographic characteristics of, 13 , 15 -22, 27 , 102 , 164 -65, 169 ;

effects on, of earthquake, 17 , 20 , 101 ;

economy of, 14 , 31 , 77 , 92 , 143 , 165 ;

entertainment in, 143 , 147 , 164 ;

and Great Migration, 13 , 163 -66;

housing in, 102 -3;

jobs in, 15 , 16 , 52 -54, 166 ;

politics in, 52 , 166 ;

racism in, 53 -54;

rents in, 103 ;

suburban character of, 102 -4

Ohrn, Karen Becker, 7

Olympia Cafe, 97 , 148 , 149 , 154 , 155 , 158

Ong Fung Yu, 97

Oral history, 7 -8, 10

Orpheum, 97

Orr, William, 35

Oxendine, Brittain, 47 , 48

P

Pacific Appeal (San Francisco):

business and organization of, 56 , 70 , 114 , 115 ;

characterizes Blacks, 44 ;

on colonization, 63 -64;

on discrimination, 132 ;

on Black San Francisco's economic condition, 25 , 46 ;

on history, 119 ;

on migration, 65 -66;

on organizations, 109 ;

defines racism, 140 ;

representative men, 110 -11;

travel letters, 60 , 64 , 70 , 74 ;

on T. M. D. Ward, 113

Pacific Brass Band, 130

Pacific Coast Appeal (San Francisco), 56 , 115 , 126

Palace Hotel:

Black musicians in, 159 ;

Black service workers in, 16 , 35 -40, 115 , 124 , 125 , 130 ;

and silver, 29 ;

and unions, 36 -40

Pan-African Conference, 113

Panama-Pacific Exhibition, 143 , 156

Pasadena, Calif., 121

Passing (as white), 55 , 128 -29, 141 -42, 191 n33, 205 n22

Patrick, Wellington C., 130

Pavlova, Anna, 81 , 152

Persons, Charles R., 56

Petaluma, Calif., 65

Peterson, "Uncle" Jerry, 125

Philadelphia Negro (Du Bois), 6

Phillipses, 28 , 46 , 71

Photographs, 8 -11, 55 , 128 , 136 , 171

Pindell, Anne ("Black Nightingale"), 16 , 192 n41

Pioneer Seamen's Boarding and Lodging house, 54 , 78

Pioneer urbanites:

as businessmen, 45 -48, 167 ;

and civil service, 52 -54;

and competition, 31 , 32 , 34 -35, 37 -42, 167 , 191 n22;

cosmopolitanism of, 17 -19, 99 -100, 126 -27, 129 , 130 -32, 135 -39;

defined, 21 -23;

― 227 ―

demographic characteristics of, 12 -15, 17 -23, 31 , 42 -43, 47 -49, 57 , 66 , 72 , 102 , 168 ;

and discrimination, 52 -58;

diversification of, 55 -58;

domination by, of Black west, 121 -22;

and entertainment, 16 , 79 -81, 124 , 145 -47;

job trends of, 21 , 31 , 35 , 41 -43, 166 , 169 , 174 ;

in manufacturing and industry, 31 , 45 , 165 -66;

newspapers of, 114 -16;

and politics, 48 -52, 165 -66;

as professionals, 45 , 167 ;

prosperity of, 26 , 29 , 46 ;

recruitment of, 32 -33;

as service workers, 16 , 31 , 35 -43, 73 , 124 , 167 ;

skills of, 33 -34, 55 -57, 99 -100;

social life of, 17 , 19 , 106 -22;

in transportation, 14 -16, 29 , 71 -73, 77 -78;

wages of, 29 , 170 .

See also Churches; Elevator; Identity; Neighborhoods; Pacific Appeal; Racism; Women

Pittman, Tarea Hall, 164

Pleasant, Mary Ellen "Mammy," 26 , 73 , 124

Porter, Nathan, 134

Portland, Ore., 70 , 105

Portsmouth Square (Plaza), 30 , 123

Powdermaker, Hortense (After Freedom),6

Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr., 71

Powell Street Church, 118 .

See also A.M.E. Church

Powell, William P., 119

Presidio, 16 , 134

Prince Hall Masons, 121 , 135

Pullman porters. See Transportation workers

Purcell, Louis V., 147

Purcell's, 97 , 143 , 147 , 151 , 152 , 154 , 158

Purcell's Elite Cafe, 147 , 148

Purcell's Olympia Cafe, 148

Purcell's So Different Saloon, 147

R

Race improvement organizations, 70 , 107 , 109 , 110 , 115 -18

Racism:

and Chinese, 97 ;

defined, 140 ;

and employment, 26 , 33 -34, 41 -42, 48 , 165 -66;

during Hispanic period, 107 ;

in hotels, 36 , 38 -39, 107 -8;

and housing, 99 , 102 , 103 , 168 -71;

institutional response to, 107 , 109 , 118 ;

job-related, 191 n22;

and labor unions, 27 , 34 , 36 -37;

lack of, 108 ;

means of coping with, 53 -58;

and migration, 64 ;

New Fillmore Workers Center, 153 ;

as obstacle to business growth, 49 ;

pervasiveness of, 108 ;

and politics, 49 -50;

and recruitment, 31 , 33 ;

and rents, 103 ;

role of, in Black San Francisco, 122 ;

and stereotypes, 125 -26;

and Typographical Union, 34 .

See also Travelcraft; Passing (as white)

Ragtime. See Musicians

Refinement, 126 , 130 -32, 135 -38

Reformers, 154 -56, 159 , 164 , 174 , 314

Residence patterns. See Neighborhoods

Restaurant Men's Association, 41

Richmond, Calif., 165 .

See also East Bay

Right of Testimony, 49

Riker, James H., 133

Riverside, Calif., 51

Rivers, J. C., 111 , 117 , 136

Roller skating, 127

Ruggles, David, 111

S

Sacramento, Calif., 65 , 70

St. Cyprian Church, 118 , 125 .

See also A.M.E. Church

Sanderson, Jeremiah B., 57 , 67 , 68 , 74 , 98

San Diego, Calif., 40

San Francisco:

and earthquake, 29 -30;

economy of, 13 -14, 21 , 28 -29;

ethnic competition in, 32 -33, 48 , 67 ;

ethnic neighborhoods of, 81 -82, 97 ;

gambling in, 28 ;

and Gold Rush, 27 -28, 45 ;

labor unions in, 36 -42;

male/female ratio in, 21 , 156 -57, 186 n22;

manufacturing in, 14 , 165 -66;

and migration, 67 ;

population growth in, 13 , 15 , 18 , 156 -57;

prostitutes in, 93 , 94 , 123 ;

racism in, 33 -36, 48 ;

rank size, 13 , 14 ;

effects of silver on, 29 , 45 ;

and World War I, 40 -42

San Francisco Executive Committee. See Executive Committee

San Francisco public school (colored), 17 , 19 , 50 , 113 , 200 n14.

See also Literacy

Sanguinetti's, 152

San Jose, Calif., 65 , 70 , 121

Scott, Edward J., 78

Scott Street Church, 118 .

See also A.M.E. Church

Seales, Daniel, 60 , 70

Seamen, 14 -15, 29 , 54 , 77 -78

Seattle, Wash., 72 , 105

Seminario, Jose, 82

Sentinel (San Francisco), 116 , 132 , 138

Sharon, Alexander D., 159

Shorey, William, 98

Sid Le Protti's Crescent Orchestra, 148

Silver Dollar Trading Company, 47 , 48

Slavery, in California, 30 , 107 , 111 , 113 , 187 n18

Slavery in the Cities (Wade), 6

Smith, Charles, 16

Smith, George C., 61 , 147

Smith, Henry, 5

Smith, James McCune, 114

Smith, John E., 16

Smith, Reverend A. B., 121

― 228 ―

Social Dancing School, 157

Sojourner Truth Club, 120

Soldiers, 16 , 117 , 133 -35

Somerset Social Club, 138

Somerville, John A., 132

Soulé, Frank, et al.,123

Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 130

South Side (Chicago), 9

Spanish-American War, 16

Sports, 138 -40

Spreckles, Claus, 54

Starkey, James R., 57 , 111 , 137

Stephens (restaurant), 56

Stockton, 65 , 70 , 121 , 150

Stockton Evening Mail,150

Stoddard, Tom, 151 , 208 n27

Stoneman, George B., 51

Summers, Obadiah, 34

Sumner Guard, 133

Sunshine (Oakland), 29 -30, 103

T

Tarnopol, Julia R., 168

Taylor, Arthur C., 150

Taylor, Thomas, 16

Tenderloin, 79 , 144 , 152

Tenth Cavalry, 135

Terrell, Ethel, 97 , 162 , 163 , 181

Third Baptist Church, 56 , 98 , 119

Thorn, Samuel, 37 -39

Tinsley, Charles H., 136

Townsend, Jonas H., 26

Towns, Royal E., 52 -54, 79 , 100 , 181

Towns, William E., 78 , 79

Transportation workers, 14 -15, 29 , 34 -35, 71 -73, 78

Travelcraft, 45 , 49 , 59 -74, 163 , 165

Tuers, John, 80 , 149

Twelve Million Black Voices (Wright), 3 -4

Twenty-Fifth Infantry Regiment, 16 , 134 , 135

Twenty-Fourth Infantry Regiment, 16 , 134 , 135

Typographical Union, 34

U

"Uncle Sam," 123

Undertaking, 46

Union Bethel Church, 98 , 113 , 118 -19

Unions. See Labor unions

University of California, Berkeley, 46 -47, 168

Upshur, John, 61

Urban history, 5 -7, 9 -10, 42 -43, 75 -76, 104 .

See also Great Migration; Los Angeles; Oakland; Pioneer urbanites

U.S. Supreme Court, 111

V

Vallejo, Calif., 65

Vance, William L., 47 -48, 56

Vice, 145 , 153 , 155 -56, 197 n13

Victoria, Vancouver Island, 61 , 64 -65

Vindicator (San Francisco), 116

Virginia City, New., 121

W

Wade, Richard (Slavery in the Cities),6

Walker, George, 16 , 125

Walters, Bishop Alexander, 113 -14, 116

Ward, Bishop T. M. D., 61 , 66 , 70 , 112 -13, 118 -21

Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 115

Washington, Booker T., 71

Waters, Major, 124

Watkins, Eleanor Carroll, 153 , 164 , 174 , 175 , 181 , 210 n7

Watkins, George, 115

Watkins, John, 165 , 166 , 172 , 174 , 181

Wells, Evelyn, 124

Wells, Ida B., 71

Western Addition, 101 -3, 171

Western American,156

Western Outlook,99 , 116 , 126 , 148 , 152

West Indian Emancipation Day, 119 , 128 , 133 , 146 -47

Wilkerson, W. H., 155

Williams, Egbert "Bert," 16 , 125 , 151

Williams, Melvin D., 118

Williams, Salina, 29

Wilson, James B., 56 , 115 , 127

Wilson, John G., 72 , 74

Women:

in balls and beauty contests, 131 ;

Colored Women's Club, 54 -55;

Mothers' Fidelity Club, 157 ;

numbers of, in San Francisco, 20 -21, 168 ;

and prostitution, 94 , 123 , 156 ;

in resorts, 153 ;

take in boarders, 57 ;

unmarried, 21

Women's Club (San Francisco), 116 , 131

World War I, 17 , 40 -42, 101 , 159 , 164

World War II, 17 , 19

WPA (Works Project Administration), 8

Wright, Richard (Black Boy; Native Son; Twelve Million Black Voices),3 -4

Y

Yates, William H., 111 , 116 , 121

Yerba Buena, 76

Y.M.C.A., 157

Young Men's Hall, 98

Young, Samuel E., 15 , 30 , 54

Y.W.C.A., 157

Z

Zion A.M.E. Church. See A.M.E.Z. Church