Publications

Abdel Nour, Antoine. Introduction à l'histoire urbaine de la Syrie Ottomane (xvie-xviiie siècle). Beirut: L'Université Libanaise, 1982.

Abraham, Antoine J. Lebanon at Mid-Century: Maronite-Druze Relations in Lebanon, 1840-1860, A Prelude to Arab Nationalism. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981.

Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim. Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1985.

Abu-Izzeddin, Nejla M. The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984.

AbuKhalil, As'ad. "The Society and the Environment." In Lebanon: A Country Study , ed. Thomas Collelo, 39-86. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989.

Ahmad, Feroz. "Great Britain's Relations with the Young Turks." Middle Eastern Studies 2 (1966): 302-329.

Ahmad, Feroz. "Review of Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 by Ulrich Trumpener." Middle Eastern Studies 6 (1970): 100-105.

Ajay, Nicholas Z. "Political Intrigue and Suppression in Lebanon during World War I." IJMES 5 (1974): 140-160.

Akarli, Engin D. "Abdulhamid II's Attempt to Integrate Arabs into the Ottoman System." In Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period , ed. D. Kushner, 74-89. Jerusalem and Leiden, 1986.

Akarli, Engin D. "Abdulhamid II's Islamic Policy in the Arab Provinces." In Arab-Turkish Relations , 44-60. Ankara: Hacettepe University, 1979.

Akarli, Engin D. "Cebel-i Lübnan'da Mutasarriflik Düzeni, 1861-1961." Docentship thesis, Bosphorus University, Istanbul, 1981.

Akarli, Engin D. "Economic Policy and Budgets in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1909." Middle Eastern Studies 28(1992): 443-476.

Akarli, Engin D. "Friction and Discord within the Ottoman Government under Abdulhamid II." Bogaziçi University Journal--Humanities 7 (1979): 3-26.

Akarh, Engin D. "Gedik: Implements, Mastership, Shop Usufruct, and Monopoly among Istanbul Artisans, 1750-1850." In Wissenschaftskolleg Jahrbuch 1985/86 , 223-232. Berlin, 1987.

Akarh, Engin D. "Ottoman Attitudes Towards Lebanese Emigration, 1885-1910." In The Lebanese and the World , ed. A. Hourani and N. Shehadi, 109-138. London, 1992.

Akarh, Engin D. Ottoman Documents on Jordan. Amman: University of Jordan Press, 1989.

Akarh, Engin D. "The Problems of External Pressures, Power Struggles, and Budgetary Deficits in Ottoman Politics under Abdulhamid II (1876-1909): Origins and Solutions." Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1976.

Akarh, Engin D. "Provincial Power Magnates in Ottoman Bilad al-Sham and Egypt, 1740-1840." In La vie sociale dans les provinces Arabes à l'époque Ottomane , eds. Abdeljelil Temimi, vol. 3: 41-56. Zaghouan, Tunisia: Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur les Provinces Arabes à l'Époque Ottomane, 1988.

Akarh, Engin D. "Spatial Organization in 14th-Century Syria: An Exercise in Historiography." Bogaziçi University Journal--Humanities 6(1978): 1-25.

Akarh, Engin D. "Toplum Tarihçiliginde Yöntem Sorunlari". Toplum ve Bilim 31-39 (1987): 129-146.

Akarh, Engin D. and Gabriel Ben-Dor, eds. Political Participation in Turkey: Historical Background and Present Problems. Istanbul: Bogaziçi University Press, 1975.

Altindag, Sinasi. "Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasa'nin Suriye'de Tatbik Ettigi Idare Tarzi." Belleten 8(1944): 231-244.

Anderson, M. S. The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations. London: Macmillan and St. Martin's, 1966.

Arslan, Shakib. Muzaffar Bâsha fi Lubnân. Alexandria, 1907.

Atiyah, Edward. An Arab Tells His Story: A Study in Loyalties. London: John Murray, 1946.

'Awad, 'Abd al-'Aziz M. al-Idârat al-'uthmâniyya fi wilâya Sûriyya, 1864-1914. Cairo: Dâr al-Ma'ârif bi-Misr, 1969.

'Awad, Walid. Ashâb al-fakhâma: ruasâ Lubnân , Beirut: al-Ahliyya, 1977.

Azrak, Ülkü, "Tanzimat'tan sonra Resepsiyon." Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi 3: 602-606. Istanbul: Iletisim, 1985.

Baaklini, Abdo I. Legislative and Political Development: Lebanon, 1842-1972. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1976.

Bailey, Frank E. British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement: A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1942.

Beaumont, Peter, G. H. Blake, and J. M. Wagstaff. The Middle East: A Geographical Study , 2nd ed. New York: Halsted Press, 1988.

Belgesay, Mustafa R. "Tanzimat ve Adliye Teskilati." In Tanzimat, 100. Yildönümü Münasebetiyle , 211-220. Istanbul, 1940.

Ben-Dor, Gabriel. State and Conflict in the Middle East: Emergence of the Postcolonial State. New York: Praeger, 1983.

Betts, Robert B. The Druze. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.

Binder, Leonard, ed. Politics in Lebanon. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1966.

Bocock, Robert. Hegemony. London and New York: Ellis Harwood and Tavistock, 1986.

Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. 2 vols. New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1982.

Browne, Walter L., ed. The Political History of Lebanon, 1920-1950. 4 vols. Vol. 1: Documents on Politics and Political Parties under French Mandate. Salisbury, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1976.

Bryer, David. "The Origins of the Druze Religion." Der Islam 52 (1975): 47-84 and 239-262; and 53 (1976): 5-27.

Buheiry, Marwan. "The Peasant Revolt of 1858 in Mount Lebanon: Rising Expectations, Economic Malaise, and the Incentive to Arm." In Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East , ed. Tarif Khalidi, 291-302. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984.

Çetin, Atilla. Basbakanlik Arsivi Kilavuzu. Istanbul: Enderun, 1979.

Çetin, Atilla. "Yildiz Arsivi'ne Dair." IUEFTD 32 (1979): 563-586.

Cevdet Pasa, Ahmed. Târîh-i Cevdet. 12 vols. Istanbul: Matba'a-i Osmâniyye, 1288-1303 [1871-1886].

Cevdet Pasa, Ahmed. "Vak'anüvis Cevdet Pasa'nin Evrâki" Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmû'asi no. 44 (Haz. 1333 [1917]): 93-105.

Chevallier, Dominique. "Aux origines des troubles agraires Libanais en 1858." Annales: Economies--Sociétés--Civilisations 14 (1959): 35-64.

Chevallier, Dominique. "Les cadres sociaux de l'économie agraire dans le Proche-Orient au début du xixe siècle: le cas du Mont Liban." In Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East , ed. M. A. Cook, 333-345. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Chevallier, Dominique. "Lubnân." In Encyclopaedia of Islam , new ed.

Chevallier, Dominique. "Non-Muslim Communities in Arab Cities." In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire , ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, vol. 2: 159-165. New York and London, 1982.

Chevallier, Dominique. La société du Mont Liban à l'époque de la révolution industrielle en Europe. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1971.

Chevallier, Dominique. "Western Development and Eastern Crisis in the Mid-19th Century: Syria Confronted with the European Economy." In The Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East , ed. W. R. Polk and R. L. Chambers, 205-222. Chicago, 1968.

Choueiri, Youssef M. Arab History and the Nation-State: A Study in Modern Arab Historiography, 1820-1980. London and New York: Routledge, 1989.

Churchill, [Charles H.]. The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860. London, 1862; reprint, New York: Arno, 1973.

Churchill, [Charles H.]. Mount Lebanon: A Ten Years' Residence from 1842 to 1852. 3 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1853.

Cleveland, William L. Islam against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985.

Clogg, Richard. "The Greek Millet in the Ottoman Empire." In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire , ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, vol. 1: 185-208. New York and London, 1982.

Cobban, Helena. The Making of Modern Lebanon. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1985.

Cohen, Amnon. Palestine in the 18th Century: Patterns of Government and Administration. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973.

Comité Libanais de Paris. Mémoire sur la question du Liban. Paris, 1912.

Craig, Gordon A. Europe since 1815 , 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966.

Cuinet, Vital. Syrie, Liban, et Palestine: Géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive, et raisonnée. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1896.

Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963.

Dawn, C. Ernest. "The Emergence of an Arab Lebanese Self-View." Paper presented at conference on "Processes of Arab Self-Definition," University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, November 11-12, 1989.

Dawn, C. Ernest. From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973.

Dubar, Claude, and Salim Nasr. Les classes sociales au Liban. Paris: La Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1976. (Arabic ed.: al-Tabaqât al-ijtimâ'iyya fi Lubnân. Beirut: al-Abhâth al-'Arabiyya, 1982).

Düstûr , 1st series. 8 vols. Istanbul, 1289-1335 (1872-1917) and 1937-1943.

Encyclopaedia of Islam , new ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Engelhardt, Edouard. La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou histoire des réformes dans l'Empire Ottoman depuis 1826 jusqu'à nos jours. 2 vols. Paris: A. Cotillon et Cie, 1882-1884.

Entelis, John P. Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: al-Ketaib, 1936-1970. The Hague: E. J. Brill, 1974.

Farah, Caesar E. "The Lebanese Insurgence of 1840 and the Powers." Journal of Asian History 1 (1967): 105-132.

Farah, Caesar E. "The Problem of the Ottoman Administration in the Lebanon, 1840-1861." Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1958.

Fawaz, Leila T. "The City and the Mountain: Beirut's Political Radius in the 19th Century as Revealed in the Crisis of 1860." IJMES 16 (1984): 489-495.

Fawaz, Leila T. Merchants and Migrants in 19th-Century Beirut. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983.

Fawaz, Leila T. "Understanding Lebanon." The American Scholar 54 (1985): 377-384.

Fawaz, Leila T. "Zahla and Dayr al-Qamar: Two Market Towns of Mount Lebanon during the Civil War of 1860." In Lebanon: A History of Conflict and Consensus , ed. N. Shehadi and D. Mills, 49-63. London, 1988.

Findley, Carter V. "The Acid Test of Ottomanism: The Acceptance of Non-Muslims in the Late Ottoman Bureaucracy." In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire , ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, vol. 1: 339-368. New York and London, 1982.

Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Findley, Carter V. Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A Social History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.

Gellner and John Waterbury, eds. Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies. London: Duckworth, 1977.

el-Gemayel, Antoine E., ed. The Lebanese Legal System. 2 vols., continuously paginated. Washington, D.C.: International Law Institute, 1985.

Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib. "1840'dan 1861'e kadar Cebel-i Lübnan Meselesi ve Dürziler." Belleten 10 (1946): 641-703.

Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib. "Durûz." In Encyclopaedia of Islam , new ed. ("Dürzîler" in Islâm Ansiklopedisi .)

Gordon, David C. Lebanon: The Fragmented Nation. London: Croom Helm, 1980.

Gordon, David C. The Republic of Lebanon: Nation in Jeopardy. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1983.

Haddad, Robert M. "On Melkite Passage to the Unia: The Case of Patriarch Cyril al-Za'îm (1672-1720)." In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire , ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, vol. 2: 67-90. New York and London, 1982.

Haddad, Robert M. Syrian Christians in Muslim Society: An Interpretation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970.

Haddad, Wadi D. Lebanon: The Politics of Revolving Doors. New York: Praeger, 1985.

Haffar, Ahmad Rafic. "France in the Establishment of Greater Lebanon: A Study of French Expansionism on the Eve of the First World War." Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1961.

al-Hakim, Yusuf. Bairût wa Lubnân fi 'ahd âl 'Uthmân , 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar al-Nihâr, 1980 (1st ed., 1964).

Harik, Iliya F. "The Iqta' System in Lebanon: A Comparative Political View." Middle East Journal 19 (1965): 405-421.

Harik, Iliya F. "The Maronite Church and Political Change in Lebanon." In Politics in Lebanon , ed. L. Binder, 31-55. New York, 1966.

Harik, Iliya F. Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon, 1711-1845 . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968.

Havemann, Axel. Rurale Bewegungen im Libanongebirge des 19. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur Problematik sozialer Veränderungen . Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1983.

Hitti, Philip K. Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the Present. London: Macmillan, 1957.

Hobsbawm, Eric J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. "Durûz." In Encyclopaedia of Islam , new ed.

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Hoexter, Miriam. "The Role of the Qays and Yaman Factions in Local Political Divisions." Asian and African Studies 9 (1973): 249-311.

Hottinger, Arnold. "Zu'ama in Historical Perspective." In Politics in Lebanon , ed. L. Binder, 85-105. New York, 1966.

Hourani, Albert. "The Changing Face of the Fertile Crescent in the 18th Century." Studia Islamica 8 (1957): 89-122.

Hourani, Albert. The Emergence of the Modern Middle East . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981.

Hourani, Albert. "From Jabal 'Amil to Persia." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49 (1986): 133-140.

Hourani, Albert. Political Society in Lebanon: A Historical Introduction. London: Centre for Lebanese Studies, [1985].

Hourani, Albert. Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay. London: Oxford University Press, 1946.

Hourani, Albert and Nadim Shehadi, eds. The Lebanese and the World: A Century of Emigration. London: I. B. Tauris, 1992.

Hudson, Michael C. The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization in Lebanon. New York: Random House, 1968.

Hudson, Michael C. "The Problem of Authoritative Power in Lebanese Politics: Why Consociationalism Failed." In Lebanon: A History of Conflict and Consensus , ed. N. Shehadi and D. Mills, 224-239. London, 1988.

Inal, Ibnülemin M. K. Osmani Devrinde Son sadriâzamlar. 14 parts, continuously paginated. Istanbul: Milli Egitim, 1940-1953.

Inalcik, Halil. "The Status of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch under the Ottomans." Turcica 21-23 (1991): 407-436.

Inalcik, Halil. "Tax Collection, Embezzlement, and Bribery in Ottoman Finances." Bulletin of the Turkish Studies Association 15 (1991): 327-346.

Islâm Ansiklopedisi. Istanbul: Milli Egitim Basimevi.

Isma'il Haqqi, ed. Lubnân: mabâhith 'ilmiyya wa ijtimâ'iyya , 2nd ed., re-edited, with an introduction and indexes by Fouad Boustany. 2 vols., continuously paginated. Beirut: L'Université Libanaise, 1969-70. (1st ed., Beirut: al-Matba'at al-Adabiyya, 1334 [1918]).

Issawi, Charles, ed. The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.

Johnson, Michael. Class and Client in Beirut: The Sunni Muslim Community and the Lebanese State, 1840-1985. London: Ithaca Press, 1986.

Johnson, Michael. "Confessionalism and Individualism in Lebanon: A Critique of Leonard Binder, ed., Politics in Lebanon." Review of Middle East Studies 1 (1975): 79-91.

Johnson, Michael. "Political Bosses and Their Gangs: Zuama and Qabadayat in the Sunni Muslim Quarters in Beirut." In Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies , ed. E. Gellner and J. Waterbury, 207-224. London, 1977.

Joumblatt, Kamal. I Speak for Lebanon , trans. M. Pallis, as recorded by P. Lapousterle. London: Zed Press, 1982.

Jouplain, M. [Bulus Nujaim]. La question du Liban: Étude d'histoire diplomatique et de droit international. Paris: Librairie nouvelle de droit et de jurisprudence, 1908.

Karal, Enver Ziya. Osmanli Tarihi , vols. 5-8. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1954-1962.

Karam, Jurj (Georges) Adib, ed. Qadiyya Lubnân, 1918-1920: Usûl Târîkhiyya. Beirut: Dâr al-Manhal, 1985.

Karpat, Kemal H. An Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Nationalism in the Ottoman State: From Social Estates to Classes, from "Millets" to Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973.

Karpat, Kemal H. "Millets and Nationality: The Roots of the Incongruity of Nation and State in the Post-Ottoman Era." In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire , ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, vol. 1: 141-170. New York and London, 1982.

Karpat, Kemal H. "The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860-1914." IJMES 17 (1985): 175-209.

Kawtharani, Wajih. al-Ittijâhât al-ijtimâ'iyyat-al-siyâsiyya fi Jabal Lubnân wal-mashriq al-'arabî, 1860-1920. Beirut: Ma'had al-Inmâ al-'Arabî, 1976.

Kayali, Hasan. "Arabs and Young Turks: Turkish-Arab Relations in the

Second Constitutional Period of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988.

Kerr, Malcolm H., ed. Lebanon in the Last Years of Feudalism, 1840-1868: A Contemporary Account by Antûn Dâhir al-'Aqîqi, and Other Documents. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1959.

Khair, Antoine A. Le Moutaçarrifat du Mont-Liban. Beirut: L'Université Libanaise, 1973.

Khalaf, Samir. "Changing Forms of Political Patronage in Lebanon," Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies , ed. E. Gellner and J. Waterbury, 185-205. London, 1977.

Khalaf, Samir. Persistence and Change in 19th-Century Lebanon: A Sociological Essay. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1979.

Khalifa, 'Isam K. Abhâth fi târîkh Lubnân al-mu'âsir. Beirut, 1985.

Khater, Lahad. 'Ahd al-mutasarrifîn fi Lubnân, 1861-1918. Beirut: L'Université Libanaise, 1967.

Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.

al-Khuri, Bishara. Haqâiq Lubnâniyya. 3 vols. Beirut: Awrâq Lubnâniyya, 1961.

Koury, Enver M. Crisis in the Lebanese System: Confessionalism and Chaos. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1987.

Kushner, David, ed. Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi; and Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.

Kütükoglu, Mübahat S. Osmanli-Ingiliz Iktisâdî Münâsebetleri. 2 vols. Ankara and Istanbul, 1974-1976.

Labaki, Boutros. "L'Emigration libanaise en fin de periode Ottomane, 1850-1914." Hannon, Revue libanaise de géographie 19 (1987): 7-32. (Beirut: L'Université Libanaise.)

Lewis, Norman N. Nomads and Settlers in Syria and Jordan, 1800-1980. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Lutfi, Ahmed. Târîh-i Lutfî. 8 vols.; vol. 8 ed. Abdurrahman Seref. Dersa'âdet: Sabah Matba'asi, 1290-1328 [1873-1910].

Mackey, Sandra. Lebanon: The Death of a Nation. New York and Chicago: Congdon and Weed, 1989.

al-Mallah, 'Abdallah. Mutasarrifiyya Jabal Lubnân fi 'ahd Muzaffar Bâsha, 1902-1907. Beirut: Muassassa Khalîfa, 1985.

Mardin, Serif A. Continuity and Change in the Ideas of the Young Turks. Ankara: Yenisehir Matbaasi, 1969.

Mardin, Serif A. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962.

Mardin, Serif A. Jön Türklerin Siyasi Fikirleri, 1895-1908, 2nd ed. Istanbul: Iletisim, 1983.

Marfoe, Leon. "The Integrative Transformation: Patterns of Sociopolitical Organization in Southern Syria." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 234(1979): 1-42.

Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Meo, Leila M. T. Lebanon, Improbable Nation: A Study in Political Development. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965.

Messarra, Antoine N. The Challenge of Coexistence. Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies, 1988.

Mishaqa, Mikhayil. Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries, trans. Wheeler M. Thackston, Jr. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.

Moore, Barrington. Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon, 1966.

Moosa, Matti. The Maronites in History. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1986.

Muhâkamat al-harakat al-'arabiyya fi Lubnân. Beirut: Dâr ul-Râid al-'Arabî, 1982.

Mutluçag, Hayri, ed. Sovyet Devlet Arsivi Belgelerinde Anadolu'nun Taksimi Plani. Istanbul: Belge Yayinlari, 1972.

Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois Press, 1985.

Naffah, Jean. "Administrative Law." In The Lebanese Legal System , ed. A. E. el-Gemayel, 59-99. Washington, D.C., 1985.

Nawwar, 'Abd al-'Aziz S. Wathâiq asâsiyya min târîkh Lubnân al-hadîth, 1517-1920. Beirut: Arab University Press, 1974.

Nettl, J. P. "The State as a Conceptual Variable." World Politics 20 (1968): 559-592.

Noradounghian, Gabriel, ed. Recueil d'actes internationaux de l'Empire Ottoman. 4 vols. Paris, 1897-1902.

Okandan, Recai G. "Amme Hukukumuzda Tanzimat Devri." In Tanzimat, 100. Yildönümü Münasebetiyle , 97-128. Istanbul, 1940.

Orfalea, Gregory. Before the Flames: A Quest for the History of Arab Americans. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1988.

Ossyran, Jawad. "Civil Procedure." In The Lebanese Legal System, ed. A. E. el-Gemayel, 101-136. Washington, D.C., 1985.

Owen, Roger. The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914. London: Methuen, 1981.

Owen, Roger, ed. Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon. London: Ithaca Press, 1976.

Pamuk, Sevket. The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820-1913. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Philipp, Thomas. "Image and Self-Image of the Syrians in Egypt: From

the Early 18th Century to the Reign of Muhammad Ali." in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire , ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis, vol. 2: 167-184. New York and London, 1982.

Poghossian, P. E. Karapet Artin Pascha Daoud. Vienna, 1949.

Poliak, A. N. Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the Lebanon. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1939.

Polk, William R. The Opening of South Lebanon, 1788-1840: A Study of the Impact of the West on the Middle East. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Polk, William R. and Richard L. Chambers, eds. The Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Porath, Yehoshua. "The Peasant Revolt of 1858-1861 in Kisrawan." Asian and African Studies 2 (1966): 77-157.

Qasimiyya, Khairiyya. al-Hukûmat al-'arabiyya fi Dimashq bain 1918-1920. Cairo: Dâr al-Ma'ârif bi-Misr, 1971.

Quataert, Donald. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908. New York: State University of New York Press, 1983.

Rafeq, Abdul-Karim. al-'Arab wal-'uthmâniyûn, 1516-1916. Damascus, 1974.

Rafeq, Abdul-Karim. The Province of Damascus, 1723-1783. Beirut: Khayats, 1966.

Rihbany, Abraham M. A Far Journey: An Autobiography. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1914.

Rizk, Salam. Syrian Yankee. New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1943.

Rustum, Asad. Bashîr bain al-sultân wal-'azîz, 1804-1841. 2 vols., continuously paginated. Reprint, Beirut: L'Université Libanaise, 1966 (1st ed., Beirut, 1956-57).

Rustum, Asad. Lubnân fi'ahd al-mutasarrifiyya. Beirut: Dâr ul-Nihâr, 1973.

Saba, Paul. "The Creation of the Lebanese Economy." In Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon , ed. R. Owen, 1-22. London, 1976.

Safa, Elie. L'émigration libanaise. Beirut: L'Université Saint-Joseph, 1960.

Sa'id, 'Abdallah. Tatawwur al-mulkiyyat al-'iqâriyya fi Jabal Lubnân fi 'ahd al-mutasarrifiyya. Beirut: Dâr al-Mudû, [1987].

Salamé, Ghassane. Lebanon's Injured Identities. Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies, 1986.

Salibi, Kemal S. "Dâwûd Pasha." In Encyclopaedia of Islam , new ed.

Salibi, Kemal S. "The 1860 Upheaval in Damascus, as Seen by al-Sayyid Muhammad Abu'l-Su'ud al-Hasibi, Notable and later Naqib al-Ashraf of the City." In The Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East , ed. W. Polk and R. Chambers, 185-202. Chicago, 1968.

Salibi, Kemal S. A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsid -

ered. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988.

Salibi, Kemal S. "The Lebanese Identity." Journal of Contemporary History 6 (1971): 76-86.

Salibi, Kemal S. The Modern History of Lebanon. New York: Praeger, 1965.

Sâlnâme: Cebel-i Lübnân , vol. 4. Bait ul-Din: Mutasarrifiyya Matba'asi, 1307 [1889-90].

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