Concordance and Glossary of Sanskrit and Prakrit Words

A

abala (powerless, a synonym for woman): III, #84

abhavya (one who is incapable of attaining moksa): II, iv; VI, #55, n. 34

acarya (head of a mendicant group, spiritual leader; monk-scholar): I, i; II, vi

acelaka (a Jaina mendicant without clothes): Intro. #2, #32; I, n. 3; II, n. 31; VI, #19

adharma-tattva (the principle of rest): II, n. 4

adholoka (the lower part of the universe; the hellish abode): II, n. 17

agama (scripture; the Jaina canon): Intro. #2; I, i

agurulaghutva (a quality of the Siddha: freedom from expansion and contraction of the soul's space points): II, n. 18

ahara (food; intake of food): II, n. 69

aharaka (a monk who can project an astral body): VI, #23

ahimsa (nonharming, the first mahavrata): Intro. #32; I, #7; II, #40; VI, #72

ailaka (the highest state of a Digambara layman, wherein he retains only one piece of clothing): I, #4

ajiva (nonsouls): II, n. 4

akasa (space): II, n. 4

akincanya (nothingness; a synonym for aparigraha): V, ii

alpacelaka (one who wears few clothes): VI, #20

anatanubandhi-kasaya (the first grade of passions, which prevents the attainment of samyagdarsana): VI, n. 33

ananta-virya (infinite energy): II, n. 18

angopanga-namakarma (karmic matter responsible for producing primary and secondary signs—e.g., the gender signs—in a given body): II, #133; VI, #3

anivrttibadarasamparaya (a synonym for anivrttikarana): II, #124; III, #31

anivrttikarana (the ninth gunasthana where all sexual feelings are overcome): VI, #6

antaraya (obstruction): V, ii

antarmuhurta (a period of up to forty-eight minutes): II, #41

anumana (inference): Intro. #9; VI, #25

anuvrata (minor vows pertaining only to lay people): I, n. 9; II, n. 4; VI, #55, #59, #90

aparigraha (nonpossession; the fifth mahavrata binding a Jaina monk): Intro. #27, #32; I, n. 9; II, #40; VI, #70

aparyapta (beings whose physical formation is never completed): II, #137, #140

apavadavesa (exceptional garb allowed for monks in times of famine): II, n. 32

apratyakhyanavarana-kasaya (the second grade of passions, which prevents the assumption of anuvratas): VI, n. 33

apta (spiritual authority): II, #48

Ardhaphalaka (a mendicant who covers himself with half a piece of cloth): II, iii

Arhat ("worthy of worship"; an epithet of one who has attained kevalajnana; a synonym for a Kevalin and occasionally for a Jina): I, n. 1; II, #1, #67, #68

arta-dhyana (sorrowful meditation): Intro. #15

arya ("noble woman"; an epithet of a Jaina nun): II, #41

aryika (a synonym for arya): Intro. #3; VI, #74

asamyama (nonrestraint): II, #50

ascarya (an extraordinary event; a miracle): Intro. #23

asrava (influx of karmic matter): II, n. 4

asteya (nontheft; the third mahavrata binding a Jaina monk): I, n. 9

audarika-sarira (the "gross" body of human and animal beings): II, n. 3

avagahanatva (quality of a Siddha: ability to occupy a common space with other souls): II, n. 18

avinabhava (invariable concomitance; a synonym for vyapti): Intro. #9

avyabadhatva (quality of the Siddha: freedom from pleasure and pain): II, n. 18

ayoga-kevalin (the fourteenth gunasthana, attained by the Kevalin when, in the instant before death, all activities cease): II, #11, n. 12, n. 14

B

badarasamparaya (the ninth gunasthana): II, #124

baladeva (a Jaina literary type; the hero and companion of narayana): II, #73, n. 49; VI, #23, n. 22

baladiksa (initiation of a child into mendicancy): II, n. 42; VI, #77

bandha (bondage): II, n. 4

bhakti (devotional prayer): I, ii

bhattaraka (clergy; an advanced lay administrator of Jaina temples): II, n. 32

bhava (volition; internal or psychological state; sexual feeling): II, #109, #113, #114, #126, n. 17; VI, #4

bhavanapumsaka (one who is "psychologically" hermaphrodite; i.e., one who desires a hermaphrodite): VI, #4

bhavapurusa (one who is "psychologically" male; i.e., one who desires a female): VI, #4

bhavasiddhika (one who attains moksa in the present life): II, #137

bhavastri (one who is "psychologically" female; i.e., one who desires a male): IV, #9; VI, #4

bhavya (one who may attain moksa): VI, n. 34

bhiksunisangha (the Buddhist order of nuns): Intro. #41, #45

bhogabhumi (earthly paradise; an earthly realm of enjoyment from which moksa is not possible): II, #3; VI, #6

bodhi (right view; a synonym for samyagdarsana): VI, #17

brahmacarin (celibate; one who has reached the seventh pratima): Intro. #2; VI, #75

brahmacarya (renunciation of all sexual acts, the fourth mahavrata): I, n. 9

brahmana (a member of the priestly caste): II, #74

C

cakradhara (a synonym for cakravartin): II, #73

cakravartin (universal monarch): II, #73; III, #44, #72

caritramohaniya (karma that prevents proper conduct): VI, #3

chala (fallacious reasoning; perverting the sense of a term): II, #21; III, #46

D

darsana (a philosophical school; right view; perception): Intro. #7; I, n. 13; II, n. 69

darsanavaraniya (perception-obscuring karma): II, n. 70

darsanavisuddhi (purification of samyagdarsana): IV, #13

Dasasilamattawa (advanced Buddhist laywomen who assume the precepts of nuns in Sri Lanka): Intro. #45

desasamyata (partially restrained; i.e., one who assumes the anuvratas): I, n. 11

deva (heavenly being): II, n. 7

dharma (righteousness; precepts): III, #53; IV, #1

dharma-dhyana (righteous meditation): Intro. #15

dharma-labha (gain in righteousness, a blessing uttered by Jaina monks): V, ii

dharma-tattva (the principle of motion): II, n. 4

dharma-upakarana (things that aid in keeping the precepts): Intro. #3; II, #36

dharma-vrddhi (increase in righteousness, a blessing uttered by a Jaina monk): V, ii

Digambara (sky-clad; naked; a synonym for nagna; name of the Jaina sect whose male mendicants practice ascetic nudity): Intro. #2; VI, i, #40, n. 26, n. 28

diksa-kalyana (the auspicious event of leaving the household life and assuming the mendicant vows by a Tirthankara): Intro. #24; VI, n. 11

dravya (substance): II, #118, #125, n. 4; VI, #1

dravyanapumsaka (hermaphrodite by gender): VI, #5

dravyapurusa (male by gender): VI, #5

dravyastri (female by gender): VI, #5

E

ekanta (the one-sided view): VI, i

ekendriya (one-sensed beings): I, n. 9

G

gamya-gamaka-sambandha (relationship between the indicator and the indicated): Intro. #16, #17; III, #36, #40

ganadhara (the first mendicant disciple of a Tirthankara who compiles the scriptures; the principal leader of the Jaina mendicant community): II, #6; III, #71; VI, #23

ganini (the chief nun): VI, #75

garbha-kalyana (the auspicious event of conception of a Tirthankara): Intro. #24

gati-margana (the topic of births as human, animal, and so forth, where a soul may be reborn): II, #128

gunasthana (the fourteen stages of spiritual development): Intro. #19; II, #6, #91, n. 12; VI, #45

gupti (protections; restraint): I, #3

gurudharma (the eight major rules applied to the order of Buddhist nuns): Intro. #42; VI, n. 17

H

hetu (reason): Intro. #39; II, #15

himsa (injury; harmful violence): Intro. #31; II, #32, #41; VI, #25

hunda (deformed): II, n. 53; VI, n. 48

I

indriya (sense organ): II, #133, n. 69

J

Jaina (lit., a follower of the Jina; a member of the Jaina community): 1, n. 1

Jainabhasa (a false Jaina): II, iii

Jainamata (the Jaina tradition): V, ii

janma-kalyana (the auspicious event of birth of a Tirthankara): Intro.#24

jantu (small creatures such as vermin): II, #40

jatarupadhara (one who has the form at birth; i.e., a naked mendicant): II, iii

jati (self-refuting replies in a debate): II, #21; III, #46

jatikliba (congenital hermaphrodite): VI, #57

Jina (spiritual victor; a synonym for Tirthankara): Intro.#2; I, #1, #6; II, #74; VI, #23

jinakalpa (lit., the "Course of the Victors (i.e., Jinas)"; a monk who leads a solitary life): II, #12, #57, #58, n. 35; VI, #84, n. 45

jiva (soul; sentient): II, n. 4

jivasthana (states of the soul; a synonym for gunasthana): II, #123

jnana (cognition): II, n. 69

jnanavaraniya (knowledge-obscuring karma): II, n. 70

K

kala (time): II, n. 4

kaliyuga (the age of vice): Intro. #45

kalyanaka (the five auspicious events in the career of a Tirthankara): Intro. #24; VI, #43

kamandalu (water pot for toilet purposes carried by mendicants): II, #35

karma (action; a form of matter): II, #8

karmabhumi (realm of action): II, n. 7; IV, #10

kasaya (passion—a cause of bondage): II, #50, n. 69; VI, #51, #55, n. 33

kautilya (crookedness, a synonym for maya): VI, #8

kavalahara (eating morsels of food): II, n. 3

kaya (body): II, n. 69

kesava (a Jaina literary type; a synonym for narayana, vasudeva, and visnu): II, #74

kevalajnana (enlightenment; knowledge isolated from karmic obstruction; infinite knowledge; omniscience): Intro. #24; I, n. 1; VI, #24, #77, n. 13

kevalajnana-kalyana (the auspicious event of attaining kevalajnana): Intro. #24

Kevalin (one who has attained kevalajnana): I, n. 1; II, #I, #74; VI, #41, #42, #43

krodha (anger): II, n. 12

krtrimakliba (noncongenital hermaphrodite): VI, #62, n. 35

ksapaka-sreni (the gunasthana "ladder" leading to the destruction of karmas): VI, #6

ksatriya (member of a warrior caste): II, #74

ksaya (destruction): VI, #55

ksayika-samyagdrsti (one whose wrong view has been destroyed forever): II, n. 57

ksullaka (an advanced Jaina layman; a male novice): I, #4, n. 13

ksullika (an advanced laywoman; a female novice): I, #5, n. 15

kubja (hunchback): II, n. 53

L

labdhi (supernatural powers): II, #12; VI, #23

labdhi-namakarma (karma that produces the capacity of sense organs): II, #134

lajja (shame, bashfulness): Intro. #4, #22, #30; III, #64, n. 71

lesya (mental colorings): II, n. 69

linga (outward sign or emblem of a mendicant; gender; an inferential mark): Intro. #4, #9; I, #2; II, #95; VI, #32

lobha (greed): II, n. 12

loca (the plucking out of one's hair by hand): V, ii

lokakasa (the inhabited universe): Intro. #13

M

Madhyaloka (the middle abode; i.e., the earth): Intro. #13

mahavrata (the five great vows of a mendicant): I, #3, n. 9; II, n. 4; VI, #17, #59, #84

manahparyayajnana (direct awareness of thought forms of others without the aid of mind or senses): II, #12, n. 16

manusi (woman, a synonym for stri): II, #123, #125, #128

manusya (man, a synonym for purusa): II, #123, #125

manusyini (woman, a synonym for stri): VI, ii, #8, #45, #46, #48, #50, n. 7, n. 30

margana (topic; a method of examining a certain aspect of the soul): II, #128, n. 69

maya (deceitfulness; crookedness; cunning behavior; a synonym for kautilya): Intro. #24; II, #78; III, #25; VI, #51

mithyadrsti (wrong view of reality, the first gunasthana): III, #80

mithyatva (holding a wrong view, a synonym for mithyadrsti): II, #50; III, #80

mleccha (a species of human beings with animal faces in Jaina cosmology): II, iv

mohaniya-karma (karma that prevents the purity of the soul by generating passions and other causes of bondage): Intro. #18, #30; II, #109; III, #25; VI, n. 49

moksa (salvation, spiritual liberation, emancipation of the soul from the state of embodiment; a synonym for mukti and nirvana): I, #1, n. 2; II, #8, n. 4

muka-kevalin (a Kevalin who does not preach): Intro. #34; V, #35

mukhavastrika (a piece of cloth held in front of the mouth while speaking): V, ii mukti (a synonym for moksa): II, #31

muni (mendicant; sage): Intro. #1, #44

muni-linga (the identifying feature of a mendicant; e.g., a whisk broom): Intro. #2

murccha (delusion of ownership; attachment to objects; a synonym for parigraha): II, #53; III, #57

N

nagna (naked): Intro. #2; I, #6; VI, #20

nairgranthya (the state of Jaina mendicancy): III, #54

nama-karma (karma that determines body types as human, animal, male, female, etc.): II, #133, #134

namaskara (reverential greeting): II, iv

napumsakalinga (hermaphrodite gender): Intro. #18

napumsakaveda ("hermaphroditic" libido; i.e., simultaneous sexual desire for both males and females): Intro. #18; VI, #4

narada (a Jaina literary type notorious for cunning and deceitful activities): V, n. 19

narakaloka (hellish abodes): Intro. #13; II, n. 17

narayana (a Jaina literary type; the companion of baladeva and slayer of the villain; a synonym for kesava, vasudeva, and visnu): II, #88, n. 49; VI, #23, n. 22

niragara (without a household, i.e., a renouncer): I, #2, n. 8

nirapeksa-samyama (the unqualified mendicant restraint of a Jinakalpa monk): II, #50

nirgrantha (unattached; without possession; designation of a Jaina monk): I, #3, n. 12; II, #38

nirgranthi (a female nirgrantha; designation of a Jaina nun): II, #37

nirjara (dissociation of karmas): II, n. 4

nirmana-namakarma (karmic matter responsible for producing the general bodily shape): VI, #3

nirvana (a synonym for moksa and mukti): II, #1, n. 2

nirvana-bhumi (a place where a Tirthankara has attained nirvana): II, #80; VI, #81

nirvana-kalyana (the holy event of the death of a Tirthankara): Intro. #24

niscela (without clothes, a synonym for acelaka, Digambara, and nagna): I, n. 3

nokarma (karmic matter that sustains the body and the senses): II, #39; III, #20

nyagrodhaparimandala-samsthana (shape of the body where only the upper part is symmetrical): II, n. 53

P

padartha (category of existence): III, #39

pahuda (Prakrit for prabhrta): I, ii

palya (a measure of time): II, #111

pancamakala (the fifth stage of time in Jaina cosmology): Intro. #45; II, n. 22, n. 35

pancendriya-namakarma (karma that produces the five sense organs): II, #133

panipatra (a mendicant who uses his hands as a bowl): I, n. 4

papa (inauspicious or demeritorious karma): Intro. #13

papayoni (of evil birth; base-born): Intro. #40; VI, #82

para-gati (the highest goal; a synonym for moksa): Intro. #40

parama-audarika-sarira (supremely pure gross body): II, n. 3; VI, #41, n. 28, n. 49

parigraha (attachment to worldly possessions; property; a synonym for murccha): Intro. #3, #27, #39; II, #32; VI, #91

parigraha-parimana (placing limits on one's property): I, n. 9

pariharavisuddhi (the purificatory course followed by a mendicant): II, #57

parisaha (afflictions): II, #45; VI, #79

parivrajaka (a Brahmanical mendicant): I, n. 6

parivrajika (a Brahmanical female mendicant): Intro., n. 30

patra (bowl for collecting food): V, ii

pinchi (a whisk broom made of molted peacock feathers): Intro. #25; I, n. 6

prabhrta (Sanskrit for pahuda: gift; treatise): I, ii

pradesa (space points occupied by a soul): VI, #40

prakarana (treatise): Preface

pramada (carelessness, negligence, lack of concentration, apathy): II, #50

pratilekhana (whisk broom; a synonym for rajoharana): II, #31

pratima (the eleven stages of renunciation for a layman): I, n. 13; VI, #55, #62, #68

pratinarayana (a Jaina literary type; the villain; a synonym for prativisnu): II, n. 49

prativisnu (a synonym for pratinarayana, the villain): II, n. 49; VI, #92

pratyakhyanavarana-kasaya (the third grade of passions, which prevents the assumption of mahavratas): VI, n. 33

pratyaksa (perception): Intro. #9

pratyekabuddha (one who attains kevalajnana independent of a teacher): II, #6

pravrajya (mendicant ordination): I, #7, n. 17

prayascitta (expiation): II, iii

prayoga (a syllogistic formula): Intro. #7, #12; V, iii; VI, ii

pudgala (matter): II, n. 4

pumlinga (male gender): Intro. #18, #43

pumveda ("male" libido or sexual desire for a female): Intro. #18; III, #82; VI, #4

punya (meritorious or wholesome karma): Intro. #13

purusa (male; man): III, #83; VI, #40

purvapaksa (the first or objectionable argument; the prima facie view): Preface; VI, iii

R

rajoharana (a whisk broom made of woolen tufts): Intro. #2, #25; I, n. 6

rama (an abbreviated form of balarama): II, #74

ratnatraya (Three Jewels: right view, right knowledge, right conduct): Intro. #9; II, #1, n. 4

raudra-dhyana (cruel thinking; meditation on the perverse pleasure of causing injury to others): Intro. #15

rudhirasrava (menstrual flow of blood): Intro. #22; VI, #89

S

sacelaka (a mendicant with clothes): Intro. #32; I, iii

sadhana (the middle term in a logical syllogism): II, #15

sadhu (monk; a synonym for muni): VI, #73, #91

sadhvi (nun; a synonym for arya or aryika): Intro. #3; VI, #73

sadhya (the major term in a logical syllogism): Intro. #9, #39; II, #15

sagara ("ocean": a measure of time in Jaina cosmology): II, #91

salaka-purusa (an illustrious being in Jaina mythology): II, n. 49

sallekhana (ritual death by fasting): II, #55, n. 24; VI, n. 12

samacaturasra-samsthana (perfectly symmetrical body): II, n. 53

samanera (a Buddhist novice): II, n. 44

samavaya (inherence): Intro. #17; III, #38

samayika (avoiding all evil action, identical to the assumption of the five mahavratas): II, #21, n. 21; III, #12

samhanana (six types of joints of bones): IV, #7, n. 3; VI, #85

samjni (beings with five senses and mind and hence capable of making spiritual progress): II, #20

samjvalana-kasaya (the fourth grade of passions, which prevents the total destruction of sexual desires): VI, n. 33

samsara (cycle of birth and death; transmigration): Intro. #7; II, #2, #87, n. 5

samsthana (six bodily configurations): II, #84, #90, n. 53; VI, #85, n. 48

samvara (restraint): II, n. 4

samyagdarsana ( = samyak-darsana, Jaina view of reality; right view; faith in the teachings of the Jina): Intro. #9, #22; II, n. 4

samyagdrsti ( = samyak-drsti, the fourth gunasthana, in which one attains samyagdarsana: II, #89, n. 12; III, #80

samyagjnana (= samyak-jnana, correct knowledge; knowledge associated with samyagdarsana): Intro. #9; II, n. 4

samyagmithyadrsti (= samyak-mithyadrsti, the third gunasthana in which both correct and incorrect views are present): II, #89, n. 12; III, #80

samyakcaritra (right conduct): Intro. #9; II, n. 4

samyama (restraint): II, n. 69

samyata (mendicant): I, #3, n. 11

sandigdha (uncertainty; a logical fallacy): Intro. #39

sangha (the fourfold Jaina community consisting of the order of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen): I, iii; II, vi; V, #40; VI, #73

sapeksa-samyama (the qualified mendicant restraint of a sthavirakalpa monk): II, #50

sarira (body): V, n. 17

sasana (the Jaina Teaching): II, #63

sasana-devata (guardian deity of the Jaina religion): Intro. #33

sasvadana-samyagdrsti (state of "mixed taste"; the second gunasthana): II, #89, n. 12; III, #80

sattva (physical and spiritual strength): II, #85-88, n. 17; III, #26, #79

satya (truthfulness, renunciation of all lying speech, the second mahavrata binding a Jaina monk): I, n. 9

sayoga-kevalin (a Kevalin still possessed of the activities of body, speech, and mind; the thirteenth gunasthana): II, n. 12; VI, #42

Siddha (a Perfected Being; i.e., a being who has attained moksa): Intro. #1, #18, #19; II, #16, #56, #67, #76; VI, #40

siddhagunas (the eight qualities of a Siddha): II, n. 18

Siddhaloka (the permanent abode of the Siddhas): Intro. #13; II, n. 17; VI, #24, #40, n. 23

siddhanta (the ancient Jaina scripture; a synonym for agama): I, i

siddhi (a synonym for moksa): II, v, #21

sila (moral restraint, the vows taken by a layman or a mendicant): III, #60

Sitambara (a synonym for Svetambara): III, #39

sraddha (faith): II, n. 4

sramana (a non-Vedic mendicant, usually a Jaina or a Buddhist): Intro. #2

sramana-sangha (the order of Jaina mendicants): II, vi

sramani (nun; a synonym for arya or sadhvi; sometimes applied to a female novice): Intro. #45; IV, #18

sravaka (a listener; i.e., a layman): I, #4, n. 13; VI, #73

sravika (a female listener; i.e., a laywoman): VI, #73

sruta-kevalin (a Jaina mendicant who memorizes the entire agama): II, #6

sthavira (an elder; a synonym for sadhu): I, i

sthavirakalpa (lit., the "Course of Elders"; a mendicant who lives in an ecclesiastical community): Intro. #2; II, #50, #58, n. 35; VI, #84, n. 45

stri (woman): II, #1, #95, #112, #122, n. 45; III, #27, #28

strilinga (female gender): Intro. #18; II, #95; III, #27

striveda ("female" libido or sexual desire for a male): Intro. #18; II, #109, #110, #118; VI, #4

subha (auspicious; pure): III, #44, n. 45

subhagatva (pleasing countenance): VI, n. 39

sukladhyana (the purest form of meditation): Intro. #15; III, #84, #85, n. 86; VI, n. 21

svadara-santosa (fidelity within marriage): I, n. 9

svargaloka (heavenly abode): Intro. #13

svati-samsthana (a shape of the body where the lower part is symmetrical): II, n. 53

Svetambara (clad in white cotton; name of the Jaina sect whose mendicants wear white garments): Intro. #2; III, iii; IV, #1; VI, #17, n. 16

syadvada (the Jaina method of conditional assertion of a view): VI, #84

T

tapas (austerity): Intro. #35; II, #87

tattva (existent): II, n. 4

Tirthankara (the omniscient spiritual teachers of the Jainas; a synonym for Jina): I, #6, n. 16; II, #67; III, #71, #74-76; VI, #75, #77

tiryak-bhava (bestial sexuality): II, #136

U

udaya (arising; fruition of karma): III, #82, #83

upacara (conventional usage): I, n. 14; IV, #11

upadhi (requisites, e.g., a water pot, used by mendicants): II, #38

upadhyaya (preceptor): III, #72, VI, i

upakarana (requisites used by mendicants; a synonym for upadhi): II, #36

upasama (suppression): II, n.57, n. 67

upasama-samyagdrsti (one whose wrong view is temporarily suppressed): II, n. 57

uttama-sravika (advanced laywoman, a synonym for a nun in the Digambara tradition): Intro. #6; II, n. 35

uttarapaksa (refutation of the purvapaksa): Preface

V

vaisya (merchant): II, #74

vajra-vrsabha-naraca-samhanana (the perfect joint of bones): IV, #9, n. 3

vamana (dwarf): II, n. 53

varna (social order): II, #84

vasudeva (a Jaina literary type; a synonym for narayana and visnu): II, #73, n. 49

veda (libido, sexual desire): II, #109, #128, n. 69; III, #83, #85; VI, #3, #89

viryasrava (discharge of semen): Intro. #22; VI, #89

visnu (a Jaina literary type; a synonym for narayana and vasudeva): VI, #92

vitaraga (one who is free from passion): Intro. #39

vrtti (commentary): II, vi

vyapti (invariable concomitance): Intro. #16; II, #15; III, #9, #36

Y

Yapaniya (name of a Jaina sect now extinct): II, n. 35; V, n. 2; VI, n. 16, n. 25

yathakhyata-caritra (mendicant conduct conforming to perfect purity): V, #26, n. 12

yathalandavidhi (the "time-bound" course followed by a mendicant): II, #57, n. 41

yoga (activities of mind, speech, and body): II, #50; n. 12, n. 69

yogini (a non-Jaina female who practices meditation): VI, #72, n. 37