1. Malabari, Indian Eye , 188.

2. For contemporary examples of men of color being “hailed" on the streets of the modern urban West, see Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Passage to England , 118; Stuart Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology," 108; Phillips, European Tribe , passim; Cornel West, Race Matters , ix-xi; and Appadurai, “Heart of Whiteness," 801-2.

3. Winter, London’s Teeming Streets, 1830-1914, 9-10. He traces this sentiment back to the Putney debates of 1648, where General Ireton declared that among the basic birthrights of English men was “the freedom of the highways." An 1851 commentator put it this way: “[A]ll who consign themselves to the chances of the pavement are equal " (emphasis in the original).

4. I am grateful here to Lara Kriegel, who first suggested to me that The Indian Eye functioned as a kind of conduct guide. Ania Loomba’s succinct comment is also appropriate: “Colonialism is manifestly the history of the intersection of various and color-coded patriarchies." See her “Color of Patriarchy," 33. For a discussion of a different but related kind of patriarchal bargain, see Laura Tabili’s analysis of Indian nationalists’ expectations of citizenship in exchange for support of the British Empire in World War I, “ We Ask for British Justice ", 19.

5. Lake, “Politics of Respectability," 116-31; Hall, White, Male and Middle Class ; Sinha, Colonial Masculinity ; and Bederman, Manliness and Civilization . See also Adams, Dandies and Desert Saints .

6. Sinha, Colonial Masculinity ; and Chowdhury-Sengupta, “Effeminate and the Masculine," 284-303. See also Sinha, “Gender and Imperialism," 217-31 and “Age of Consent Act," 99-127. Laura Tabili’s 1994 book, “We Ask for British Justice," argues that by the twentieth century, “British imperial identity was increasingly constituted around class-specific and gendered images of a predatory masculinity that was also race-specific—‘imperial manhood,’ " (10).

7. Malabari was certainly not alone among Indians in producing “racial prejudices" about the working class; the Bengali bhadralok adopted much the same attitude toward the indigenous proletariat in nineteenth-century India, with Sasipada Bannerjee a notable exception. See Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History , 146-48.

8. I am borrowing here from Jukes, Shout in the Street , xiv. I am grateful to Joe McLaughlin for this reference.

9. Bhabha, “Interrogating Identity," 184 and ff.

10. See Cornwall and Lindisfarne, Dislocating Masculinity , 1-8.

11. For relevant discussions of the everyday as a site of historical value, see Sumit Sarkar, “Popular Culture, Community, Power," 309-23; Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered ; and Langebauer, “City, the Everyday and Boredom," 80-120.

12. Mrs. Postans (Marianne Young), Western India in 1838 , vol. 2, 205.

13. Edwards, Rise of Bombay , 299.

14. Douglas, Book of Bombay 18.

15. I am thinking here particularly of Inderpal Grewal’s Home and Harem , 143-55; and Sinha, Colonial Masculinity , Chapter 4. Unfortunately, T. M. Lurhmann’s The Good Parsi appeared only as this book was going to press; it addresses many of the questions of Parsi cultural location articulated by both Sorabji and Malabari.

16. Kulke, Parsis in India , 136. For a discussion of Parsis before the nineteenth century, see White, Competition and Collaboration .

17. Dobbin, Urban Leadership in Western India , 63.

18. Karaka, History of the Parsis , vol. 1, xx.

19. See Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest , 37; and Tanika Sarkar, “Hindu Wife and the Hindu Nation," 214-35.

20. She was seven and he, eleven See Masani, Dadhabai Naoroji , 30.

21. See Chatterjee, “Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question," 233-54.

22. Karaka, History of the Parsis , 191.

23. Naoroji, “European and Asiatic Races," 21. See also his Manners and Customs of the Parsees (Bombay: Union Press, 1864), a paper read before the Liverpool Philomatic Society, March 1861.

24. Chatterjee, Nation and Its Fragments , 223.

25. Thanks to Philippa Levine for encouraging me to pursue this point. Quote is from Duara, Rescuing History from the Nation , 7.

26. Haynes, Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India , 79.

27. Arnold, Colonizing the Body , 272.Kathryn Hansen also observes that Parsi theaters were most imitative of English-style playhouses in nineteenth-century Bombay and Calcutta. See her “Birth of Hindi Dramain Banaras, 1868-1885," 75 and 77.

28. Kulke, Parsis , 186-87.

29. Tanika Sarkar, “Rhetoric against Age of Consent," 1870.

30. See Karkaria, India , especially chapter 5.

31. The notes were published as Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood in India: Being a Collection of Opinions for and against Received by B. M. Malabari from Representative Hindu Gentlemen and Officials and Other Authorities (Bombay: Voice of India Printing Press, 1887). See also Gidumal, Life , 1-5.

32. Dobbin, Urban Leadership , Chapter 10, esp. 247; see also Kosambi, “Gender Reform," 265-90.

33. See Gorham, “ ‘Maiden Tribute,’ "353-79; and Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight , chapters 3 and 4.

34. Bayly, Imperial Meridian , 111; Marks, “History, the Nation and the Empire," 111-19; Stanley, “British Feminist Histories," 3-7; Burton, “ ‘Rules of Thumb,’ "483-500; and Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire .

35. Valverde discusses the impact of Stead’s “Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon Campaigh" in Toronto, in The Age of Light, Soap and Water , 90-92. See also Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society ; Hearn, Men in the Public Eye ; and Mort, Dangerous Sexualities .

36. Bederman, Manliness and Civilization , 11

37. Gidumal, Life , 214; Gorham “Maiden Tribute," 353-79; and Anagol-McGinn, “Age of Consent Act (1891) Reconsidered," 110-118.

38. Gidumal, B. Malabari: A Biographical Sketch , 6.

39. For evidence of their influence on him, see B. M. Malabari, “Three Hours with Miss Carpenter in Bombay," Indian Magazine and Review 91 (July 1878): 300-304; and Gidumal, Life , 199-200 and 201-04.

40. Mani, “Contentious Traditions," 88-126.

41. See Kopf, Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind ; and Engels, “Age of Consent Act of 1891," 107-34.

42. Gidumal, Life , 137 and 143.

43. Ibid., 131. Sudhir Chandra points out that there was some debate over Malabari’s use of the term “un-English" itself. See Chandra’s “Whose Laws?" 202 (F. 25).

44. Ibid., 200.

45. Ibid., 1-5.

46. See Burton, “White Woman’s Burden," 137-57, and Burdens of History.

47. Gidumal, Life , 206.

48. Gidumal, Life , 201.

49. Ibid.

50. Gidumal, Life , 205 and 199.

51. Quoted in Radha Kumar, History of Doing , 16-17. See also Tanika Sarkar, “Book of Her Own," 37. I am grateful to Mrinalini Sinha for urging me to seek out historical evidence that this practice predated Malabari’s “speaking as" an Indian woman.

52. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight , 96.

53. Loomba is quoted in Sinha, “ ‘Chathams, Pitts and Gladstone in Petticoats,’ " 105.

54. This is his term. See Gidumal, Life , 228 (subtext). For a discussion of Malabari’s activities in London around the committee he formed, see Sinha, Colonial Masculinity , chapter 4.

55. Malabari, Indian Eye , 2.

56. Ibid., 144.

57. At least one other Indian visitor knew Dr. Bhabha. See Nadkarni, Journal , 10 and 57.

58. See for example, Ran, My Trip , 75-76; and Nadkarni, Journal , 26.

59. Ram, My Trip , 81. V.S. Naipaul admitted in The Enigma of Arrival that “the London I knew or imaginatively possessed was the London I had got from Dickens." Conversely, Jeremy Seabrook writing on Bombay in the twentieth century, could only see that Indian city as Mayhew’s London. See Jukes, Shout in the Street , 10 and 39. For another take on England as the imaginary property of the colonial subject, see Gooneratne. “Family Histories as Post-Colonial Texts." 96.

60. The phrase “rhetoric of walking" is Michel de Certeau’s. See Practice of Everyday Life , 100.

61. Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out ; and Margaret Harkness, In Darkest London , especially 3; Nord, “Social Explorer as Anthropologist," 122-34. George Sims’s How the Poor Live (1883) suggests that the literature o the 1890s was the acceleration of a well-established Victorian trend; see Jukes, Shout in the Street , 22. See also Keating, Into Unknown England 1866-1913 ; Arata, “Occidental Tourist," 621-45; and McLaughlin, Writing the Urban Jungle . I am also grateful to Michael Levenson and my colleagues in NEH summer seminar, “The Culture of London, 1850-1925," for enabling me to appreciate this point.

62. See Baijnath, England and India , 30; and Pandian, England to an Indian Eye . For a fuller discussion of Indian male travelers in the metropole, see Antoinette Burton, “Making a Spectacle of Empire," 96-117.

63. Malabari, Indian Eye , 94, 1, 87, respectively.

64. Nord, “City as Theater," 186.

65. The Anglo-Indian photojournalist Olive Christian Malvery ventriloquized the Cockney visually rather than verbally in her investigative reports for the early twentieth-century London periodical press. See Walkowitz, “Daughter of Empire."

66. Malabari, Indian Eye , 70.

67. See for example Shaw, Travels in England .

68. Baijnath, England and India , 22; Satthianadhan, Holiday Trip to Europe and America , 99. For a contemporary contrast, see Phillips, European Tribe : “In the rain Paris looks suspiciously like London. This is one of the reasons I dislike France. It reminds me of Britain" (56).

69. Pandian, England to an Indian Eye , 91.

70. Pollin, “Transport Lines and Social Divisions," 29-61.

71. Malabari, Indian Eye , 27.

72. Ibid., 32.

73. See Pollock, “Dangers of Proximity," esp. 11. Alejo Carpentier uses a bus scene to stage another kind of colonial encounter in an interior space in The lost Steps (1953). For an analysis of this text, see Kutzinski, Sugar’s Secrets , 2-4.

74. Quoted in Chakrabarty, “Difference-Deferral of (a) Colonial Modernity," 1.

75. I am grateful here to Kutzinski, Sugar’s Secrets , 32.

76. I am drawing heavily here from Nord’s Walking the Victorian Streets , 2-3.

77. Malabari, Indian Eye , 33-34.

78. See Sugar’s Secrets, 41. For my arguments about humor and seriousness, I am also drawing on Paul Edwards’s helpful essay, “Unreconciled Strivings and Ironic Strategies," 32; and Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s Figures in Black , 85. I am grateful to Harry Marks for encouraging me to consider Malabari’s irony in the first place.

79. Murray’s 1875 Handbook to London at It Is warned about the “heat and crowding’ of the omnibus and about the difficulty, if not the unsuitability, of climbing upon the “knife-board," or roof, for women (36). For a fuller description, see Clunn, Face of London , 6.

80. I am grateful to Judith Walkowitz for this suggestion.

81. The expression is de Certeau’s. See his Practice of Everyday Life , 111.

82. Jhinda Ram knew the fleshpots, however: he named the Royal Aquarium as a site for profligate women, in My Trip , 49. See also Baijnath, England and India , 26; and Nadkarni, Journal , 7.

83. Mary Hobhouse, “London Sketches by an Indian Pen," Indian Magazine and Review (February 1890): 61-73 and “Further Sketches by an Indian Pen" (March 1890): 139-58. The incident described above is related in the second installment by M. Hasan Khan, who visited England in the spring and summer of 1888.

84. Hobhouse, “Further Sketches," 145.

85. Visram, Ayahs , 81-82 and 169-89.

86. M. Dorothy George was one of the earliest historians of London to note the presence of Afro-Caribbean and South Asian peoples. See her London Life in the Eighteenth Century , 134-44. See also Visram, Ayahs , esp. chapter 4 and appendices; Salter, Asiatic in England ; Augustus Mayhew, Paved with Gold , 1-4; Duffield and Gundara, Essays on the History of Blacks in Britain .

87. See Kutzinski, Sugar’s Secrets , 3 and 32.

88. Ram, My Trip , 77.

89. Malabari, Indian Eye, 31.

90. See Sedgwick, Between Men , especially chapters 1 and 10; and Brown, “Polyrhythms and Improvisation," 85-90. Thanks to Robert Reid-Pharr for helping me to make this connection.

91. Ram, My Trip , 76.

92. Karkaria, Charm of Bombay , 292 and 297.

93. Ibid., 319.

94. Dwivedi and Mehrotta, Bombay . Thanks to Rob Gregg for the reference and to Barbara Ramusack for the gift.

95. Dasa, Reminiscences , 237; Thorner, “Bombay," xv; and Kosambi, “British Bombay and Marathi Mumbai", 3-24.

96. Anadibai Joshi, Speech by a Hindu Lady , 7-8, quoted in Anagol, “Sexual Harassment in India," 228. See also Dall, Life of Dr Anandabai Joshee , 40. Kadambini Ganguli suffered similar humiliations in Bengal, suggesting that the woman doctor was among the most threatening public women of all. Karlekar, Voices from Within , 177-79.

97. Anagol, “Sexual Harassment," 225.

98. I am grateful to Judith Walkowitz for pressing this point.

99. Elizabeth Wilson, “Invisible Flaneur," 93.

100. Pollock, “Vicarious Excitements," 38; Elizabeth Wilson, “Invisible Flaneur," 90-93; and for the American context, see Ryan, Women in Public .

101. Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets .

102. As an American, Jack London apparently didn’t feel much at home either as he did his investigative slumming in London disguised as a stoker—dressed, in his words, “in the clothes of the other and unimaginable men." See his “People of the Abyss" (1903) in Keating, Into Darkest England , 226-38.

103. Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets , 145 and 240.

104. Gandhi, Autobiography ; Rakhal Haldar Das, English Diary of an Indian Student, 1861-62 ; Meredith Borthwick, The Life and Teachings of Keshub Chunder Sen (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1977); Tagore, My Reminisences .

105. Or of “black men" in spaces where contact with white women might be unregulated. For three examples, see Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks , 72; Anant, “Three Faces of an Indian," 87-88; and Kureishi, “London and Karachi," 270-288

106. David Morgan, Discovering Men , 202. Significantly perhaps, Morgan makes this observation in connection with the challenges to masculinity posed by the women’s suffrage movement.

107. Malabari, Indian Eye , 87.

108. Quoted in Mohanram, “Postcolonial Maori Sovereignty," 64. I am grateful to Devoney Looser for pointing me toward this reference. According to W. E. B. Du Bois, “[T]he black man is a person who must ride ‘Jim Crow’ in Georgia." Quoted in Appiah, In My Father’s House , 40.

109. Dasa, Reminiscences , 1-5.

110. Malabari, Indian Eye , 12.

111. Restaurants and theaters are two other such spaces.

112. Baedeker, London and Its Environs , 12-13; Hamid Ali, “The Cost of Living in London," Indian Magazine and Review 134 (February 1882): 88-92.

113. See for example The Indian Spectator , December 17, 1893, p. 1004.

114. Malabari, Indian Eye , 152.

115. Baijnath, England and India , 29. See also Mrs. E. T. Cook, Highways and Byways of London , 295. I am grateful to Heidi Holder for this latter reference.

116. See Ragaviah, Pictures of England , 58.

117. Malabari, Indian Eye , 155. See also Walker, “Men and Masculinity in the Salvation Army, 1865-1890," 92-112.

118. See Davidoff, “Class and Gender in Victorian England," 17-71; Pollock, “Dangers of Proximity;" and McClintock, Imperial Leather , part II.

119. Malabari, Indian Eye , 156.

120. Ibid., 154. I am grateful to Angela Woollacott for suggesting this particular reading to me.

121. Malabari, Indian Eye , 59.

122. Satthianadhan, Holiday , 98.

123. Mukharji, Visit to Europe , 87.

124. Malabari, Indian Eye , 75-76.

125. See Baijnath, England and India , 40; Pandian, England to an Indian Eye , 16-17; and Dutt, Three Years in Europe, 28.

126. See Kopf, Brahmo Samaj , 13-15.

127. Malabari, Indian Eye , 76.

128. Ibid., 74

129. See for example, “The Hindoo Marriage Law," Englishwomen’s Review , April 15, 1887, p. 182; Behramji Malabari’s Appeal from the Daughters of India ; and Sinha , Colonial Masculinity .

130. Malabari, Indian Eye , 73.

131. Ibid., 159. Significantly perhaps, one of Malabari’s biographers believed that Malabari had inherited his concern for Hindu women from his own mother, a Parsi woman with “an almost incredible attachment for Hindus." Karkaria, India , 123.

132. Burton, Burdens of History . To borrow from Chakrabarty’s analysis of the working class in nineteenth-century Bengal, the nature of Malabari’s defiance may also be said to have mirrored the nature of the colonial authority to which he was responding. See Rethinking Working-Class History , 185.

133. Malabari, Indian Eye, esp ., 59-66.

134. ibid., 121-22. T. B. Pandian recounted a similar resistance on the part of English officials when he tried to meet with some on a trip to London in 1893. See his Slaves of the Soul in Southern India (Madras, 1899), 193. The official in question was G. W. E. Russell, undersecretary of state for India. See also John Bright’s brief account of one of his visits with Lalmohun Ghose (1879) in Walling, Diaries of John Bright , 424.

135. Malabari, Indian Eye , 60-62.

136. See Lake, “Politics of Respectability," 117.

137. Satthianadhan, Four Years in an English University , 21.

138. Malabari, Indian Eye , 60.

139. Chakrabarty, “Difference-Deferral," 5.

140. See for example The Mahratta , August 17, 1890, p. 4 and August 24, 1890, p. 5.

141. See Prakash’s introduction to his After Colonialism , 3.

142. I intend this as a critical reading of recent tendencies to speak of “trans" national practices and “globalized" cultural formations. See Grewal and Kaplan, Scattered Hegemonies . Robert Carr’s essay in the volume, Crossing the First World/Third World Divides , 153-72, offers an important and useful critical appraisal of these tendencies in his reading of how I, Rigoberta Menchu has been put to use in Western-feminist classrooms; see also Gyan Prakash in his introduction to After Colonialism .

143. Malabari, Indian Eye , 192.

144. Hay, “Making of a Late-Victorian Hindu," 74-98; Moira Ferguson, History of Mary Prince ; Alexander and Dewjee, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands ; C. L. R. James, Beyond a Boundary ; Equiano, Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself ; Murphy, “Olaudah Equiano, Accidental Tourist," 551-68; Western, Passage to England ; Foner, Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass , 62-75; and David H. Burton, Anglo-American Plutarch , chapter 4; and Gilroy, Black Atlantic .

145. Bederman, Manliness and Civilization , chapter 5. I am grateful to Herman Bennett and Susan Thorne for urging me to engage this point.

146. See Sinha, Colonial Masculinity , chapter 1.

147. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather , 16.

148. See Mitchell, Colonising Egypt , chapter 1.

149. See Wallace, Walking, Literature and English Culture , esp. chapter 4, “Walking as Ideology"; and Grewal’s Home and Harem , esp. 171-77.

150. Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets , 238.

151. Pandian, England to an Indian Eye ; and Pillai, London and Paris through Indian Spectacles .

152. For a discussion of postcolonial history as a quest to provincialize Europe, see Chakrabarty, “Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History," 20.

153. Mukharji, Visit to Europe , xi. See also Nagendra Nath Ghose, Indian Views of England .