Index
A
Abbasayulu, Y. B., 132 , 133
Aboriginals, 2 , 33 , 34 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 220 , 285 , 313 , 314
Adilabad District, 11 , 13 , 14 , 20 , 42 , 46 , 51 -64, 87 , 90 -111, 127 -141, 151 -166, 169 -184, 193 -199, 203 -249, 308
Adis, 35
Administration, 23 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 115 , 123 , 152 , 154 ;
of Naga Hills, 35 ;
of tribal areas, 38 , 43 -45, 47 , 115 , 148 , 149
Agriculture, 8 , 12 , 103 -109, 125 , 288 ;
development of, 234 , 249 ;
modern techniques, 107 ;
traditional methods of, 53 . See also Slash-and-burn cultivation
Ancestral land, 12 , 15 , 34 , 35 , 97 , 297
Andhra Pradesh, 1 , 2 , 4 , 14 -20, 22 , 32 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 45 -50, 57 -77, 79 -96, 143 , 163 , 166 , 192 , 299 , 309 , 313
Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer regulation, of 1959, 39 , 45 , 69 , 278
Animal husbandry, 97 , 288 , 292
Apa Tanis, 2 , 28 -30, 35 , 287 -300, 311 , 312
Arunachal Pradesh, 1 , 22 , 23 , 28 -32, 49 , 169 , 200 , 286 , 288 , 310 , 311 , 313
Aryan:
languages, 14 ;
populations, 199
Assam, 23 , 30 , 35 , 288
Assimilation, of tribals to Hindus, 7 , 147
Auction, of land, 54 , 57 ;
of forest coups, 255 , 261 , 267 , 270
Authority system, 145 , 146 , 147 , 152 , 237 , 300
B
Bagatas, 149 , 189
Bailey, S. F. G., 214
Bamboo, commercial exploitation of, 72 , 73 , 116 , 117 , 150 , 256 -259, 271
Bangnis, 28 , 31
Banjaras, 62 , 68 , 83 , 135 , 155 , 159 , 161 , 162 , 181 , 186 , 187 ;
history of, 196 -199
Bards, 15 , 170 , 226 , 243 , 244 , 249 . See also Pardhans; Totis
Barter, 35 , 97 , 185 , 186 , 288
Basket making, 85 , 255 , 267
Bastar District (former princely state), 14 , 15 , 65 , 150 , 201 , 202
Beals, A. R., 246
Beef eating, 34 , 108 , 171 , 189 , 221 , 223 , 292 , 299
Bhagavan (Hindu deity), 3 , 173
Bhils, 36
Bhotias, 31
Bhutan, 23 , 31
Bihar, 20 , 21 , 320 , 321
Bilingualism, 315 , 317
Bondos, 78 , 316
Bond service, 116 , 192
Bon religion, 31 , 308 , 311
Borrowing, 98 , 202 , 275 , 276
Bow and arrow, 3 , 9 , 81
Brahmins, 54 , 63 , 71 , 91 , 168 , 178 , 189 , 192 , 205 , 212 , 215 , 220 , 221 , 236 , 247 , 248 , 272
Bribery, 55 , 58 , 157 , 194 . See also Corruption
British Indian, 2 , 35 , 39 , 40 , 175
British rule, 23 , 34 , 120 , 148 , 149 , 152 , 191 , 192 , 201 , 202 , 286 , 288 , 300 , 313 , 320
Buddhism, 30 -32, 307 , 308 , 317
Burma, 22
Businessmen, 48 , 110 , 121 , 294
C
Caplan, Patricia, 246
Cash:
crops, 85 , 98 , 104 , 109 , 185 , 194 , 205 , 248 ;
economy, 66 , 98 , 99 , 151 , 209 ;
transactions, 290
Caste system:
and tribals, 189 , 220 ;
artisan castes, 219 ;
service castes, 218 , 221 , 247 ;
trading castes, 294 ;
casteism, 294 . See also Varna system
Chanda, history of, 14 , 152 ;
rajas of, 151 , 152 , 158 , 163 , 166 , 221
Chaudhuri, Nirad C., 313
Chenchus, 2 -5, 81 -84, 97 , 143 , 146 , 147 , 167 , 168 , 185 -189;
cultivation of, 120 , 142 ;
economic changes, 82 -84, 186 -188;
social changes, 146 ;
religious practices, 167 , 168
Chieftains, 14 , 52 , 148 , 150 , 152 , 298 . See also Gond rajas
China, 22 , 295
Christianity, 166 , 190 , 319 , 320 ;
conversion to, 190 , 306 , 307 , 319
Clans, 15 , 23 , 29 ;
clan-cult, 15 , 20 , 180 , 215 , 219 , 220 , 245 ;
clandeities, 15 , 169 , 170 , 215 , 242 , 243 ;
clan-territory, 20 , 79
Classes, 29 , 30 , 298
Collieries, 124 , 139
Commerical crops, 71 . See also Tobacco cultivation
Communications, 35 , 46 , 52 , 54 , 147 , 185 , 247
Community development, 46
Cooperative farming, 112 , 114 , 253 , 264 -267
Cooperative society, 116 , 119 , 271
Corruption, 45 , 48 , 50 , 207 , 241 ;
of forest officials, 91 -96;
of police, 36 , 37 ;
of revenue officials, 58 , 111 , 204
Cotton cultivation, 100 -102, 109 , 110
Crime, 44 , 146
D
Daflas, 23 . See also Nishis
Debt. See Indebtedness
Deccan, 2 , 36 , 152 , 287
Deities:
Hindu, 3 , 263 , 280 ;
tribal, 9 -11, 167 , 168 , 170 ;
earth mother, 9 , 169 , 239 , 262
Democratic system, 158 , 320
Descent system, 242 , 243
Detribalisation, 12 , 20
Development:
loans, 232 ;
planned, 231 -235;
projects 119 -125, 261 ;
schemes, 47 , 232 , 233
Disputes, settlement of, 44 , 147 , 148 , 153 , 298
Drama performance, 183 , 184
Dravidian, 157 , 199 ;
kinship system, 243 ;
languages, 11 , 12 , 127 , 315
Dress, change of, 260 , 262
Dumont, Louis, 243
Dwellings, 3 , 110 , 111 , 194 , 255 , 304
E
East Godavari Agency Tract, 7 , 38
East Godavari District, 37 , 149
Economy:
changes in, 27 , 66 , 83 , 98 , 99 , 108 , 109 , 115 , 149 , 214 -235, 242 , 244 , 247 , 255 ;
commercialization of, 109 , 154
Education, 126 -144, 199 , 225 -227, 248 , 294 , 308 , 309 ;
educational institutions, 130 , 132 , 143 , 144 , 295 ;
Gond education scheme, 127 -130, 170 ;
higher education, 135 -139, 295
Ehrenfels, U. R. von, 4
Elwin, Verrier, 46 , 312
Endogamy:
of classes, 298 ;
of tribes, 30 , 149 , 166
Endowment Department, 168 , 176 , 178
English, as medium of instruction, 295 , 316
Epics, 14 , 184
Equality:
of status, 3 ;
social, 9 ;
sexual, 165
Eschatology, 4 , 168 , 169
Ethnicity, tribal, 249 , 287
Eviction of tribals from land, 55 , 63 , 68 , 78 , 80 , 86 -95, 109
Excluded areas, 39
Excommunication, 149 , 166 , 239
Exogamy:
of clans, 3 , 12 , 29 , 31 , 149 ;
of phratries, 23
Exploitation:
of tribals, 35 , 40 , 41 , 48 , 49 , 57 , 73 , 74 , 111 , 126 , 190 , 200 , 258 ;
freedom from 295
F
Family, joint, 164 ;
nuclear, 3 , 164
Farming economy:
changes in, 99 , 104 -109;
diversification of, 99 -104
Ferishta, 3
Feudal system, 52 , 148 , 151 , 152 , 209
Feuds, 299 , 305
Fishing, 9
Foodgathering, 8 , 81 , 97 , 98 , 118
Forest Department, 77 -79, 116 , 120 , 146 , 186 , 212 , 257 ;
contractors of, 73 , 82 , 114 , 150 , 256 ;
corruption of, 42 , 87 -96;
relations with tribals, 80 -96
Forest policy, 83 ;
effect on tribals, 40 , 51 , 53 , 80 , 81 , 84 -96, 99 , 247 , 281 , 282
Forest produce, 80 , 115 , 186 -188;
collection of, 67 , 82 , 146 , 187
Forests, commercial exploitation of, 79 , 80 , 83 , 255 -257, 260 , 282
Frykenberg, R. E., 209
Funeral, 172
G
Gadabas, 21 , 141
Girijan Cooperative Corporation, 117 , 123 , 269 -271;
marketing by, 83 ;
purchasing depots of, 261
Gods, 12 , 13 , 87 , 168 -170, 173 . See also Deities
Gondi:
language, 12 , 14 , 127 , 131 , 225 , 226 , 315 ;
literature, 128 , 170
Gond rajas, 14 , 52 , 151 , 153 , 157 , 163 , 175 , 179 , 207 , 298
Gonds, 12 -20, 34 , 36 , 42 , 51 -64, 85 , 90 -111, 127 -141, 151 -166, 169 -184, 193 -199, 203 -249, 308 , 312 . See also Marias; Murias
Gond society:
changes of, 239 -246;
disintegration of traditional structure of, 235 ;
functioning of, 169 ;
structure of, 15
Government:
of Andhra Pradesh, 46 , 47 , 64 , 111 , 120 , 193 , 196 , 301 ;
of Hyderabad (Nizam's), 40 , 52 , 204 , 247 , 301 ;
of India, 39 , 46 , 48 , 286 , 288 , 295 , 300 , 318 ;
of Madras, 37 , 146
Government employment, 129 -132, 136 -141
Grigson, W. V. (Sir Wilfrid), 40 -42, 202
Group identity and cohesion, 249
Guntur District, 277 ;
immigrants from, 65
H
Harijans, 63 , 67 , 68 , 122 , 123 , 166 , 187 , 219 . See also Untouchability
Hatkars, 58 , 195
Headmen, 146 , 152 -155, 158 , 162 , 163 , 166 , 207 , 230 , 237 , 265 , 266
Hereditary principle, 9 , 15
Hierarchy, of castes and ethnic groups, 219 , 222 , 223 , 242 , 248
Hindus, 3 , 4 , 8 , 52 , 64 , 67 , 151 , 169 , 204 , 215 , 217 , 314 ;
and tribals, 3 , 13 , 33 , 34 , 65 , 68 , 147 , 149 -151, 168 , 169 , 178 , 179 , 191 , 230 , 299
Hinduism:
impact of, 13 , 170 , 171 , 177 , 178 , 182 -184, 222 , 226 , 247 , 262 , 263 ;
and tribal religions, 318
Horticulture, 118 , 119 , 121 , 290
Hunters and foodgatherers, 4 , 5 , 51 , 81 , 120 , 168 , 250
Hyderabad State, 40 , 71 , 95 , 146 , 148 , 150
I
Identity, tribal, 249 , 287 , 316
Immigration, 59 , 61 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 145 , 157 , 161 , 189 , 191 , 193 , 195 -197, 201 , 247 , 270 , 274
Incest, 149
Illegal fees, extortion of, 95 -98, 272 , 273
Indebtedness, 65 , 73 , 98 , 106 , 107 , 115 , 117 , 118 , 151 , 189 , 190 , 193 , 275
Indian Civil Service, 34
Industrialization, 139 , 140 , 321
Infiltration of non-tribals, 67 , 68 , 145 , 163 , 170 , 191 , 199 , 297
Inheritance, rules of, 164 , 165 , 243 , 244
Inner Line (in Arunachal Pradesh), 288 , 297
Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA), 47 , 67 , 68 , 121 , 225 , 231
Integration, 313 , 314 , 322
Irrigation, 29 , 66 , 76 , 78 , 118 , 121 , 231 , 232 , 288 , 305 , 307
J
Jangams, 149
Jatapus, 21 , 22 , 78 , 123 , 141 , 191 -193
Jatra , 175 -180
Jayaprakash Rao, xi , 250
K
Kadars, 4
Kameng District, 23 , 28 , 307
Kapus, 54 , 149 , 190
Khammam District, 70 -74, 96 , 112 -118, 123 , 124
Khasis, 314 , 317
Khovas, 28 -31, 307
Kinship system, 217 , 243
Kolams, 11 -13, 15 , 52 , 58 , 75 , 77 , 84 -90, 97 , 110 , 121 , 127 , 161 , 195 ;
cult centre of, 12 ;
relations with Gonds, 214 -216
Komits, 54 , 63 , 70 , 91 , 221 , 236 , 261 , 268 , 269 , 294
Konda Reddis. See Reddis, Konda
Koyas, 20 , 64 -74, 111 -113, 124 , 125 , 272 , 321 , 375
Kunbis, 53 , 54 , 213
Kurnool District, 81 , 120 , 142 , 146
L
Lama, 307
Land alienation, 34 , 35 , 38 , 46 , 48 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 109 , 154 , 191 , 195 , 204 , 205 , 247 , 283 -285, 297
Land allocation, 55 , 56 , 65 , 88 , 99 , 159
Landlords, 35 , 42 , 48 , 56 , 203 -209, 236 , 247 , 248
Land of the dead, 169 , 182
Landownership, 237 , 240 ;
communal, 9 , 54 , 114 , 265 , 266 , 306
Land tenure: 26 , 34 , 108 -109;
system of, 55 , 113 ;
leasing of land, 58 , 62 , 71 , 113 , 154 , 291 ;
mortgaging of land, 73 , 211 , 247 , 276
Languages, tribal, 127 , 141 , 246 , 315 , 317
Law: 37 ;
courts, 45 , 301 ;
customary, 153 , 301 ;
law and order, 26 , 34 , 300
Leadership, 147 -152, 156 , 157 , 207 , 230 , 234 , 236 , 240 , 248 , 249
Legislative assembly:
of Andhra Pradesh, 48 , 74 , 149 , 156 , 161 , 296 ;
of Arunachal Pradesh, 23 , 295 , 298 , 310 ;
tribal members of, 149 , 161 , 166 , 190 , 233 , 296
Linguistic unity and diversity, 127 , 214 , 315 , 316
Literacy, 126 , 130 , 263 , 285 , 294 , 319
Literature in Gondi, 128 , 170
M
Madhya Pradesh, 14 , 21 , 80 , 84 , 150 , 201 , 202 , 320
Madigas, 68 , 189 , 219
Madras Presidency, 2 , 7 , 37 , 41 , 71 , 120 , 146
Magician, 10 , 263
Mahabharata, 183 , 212
Maharashtra, 12 , 157 , 163 , 164 , 201 , 213
Mahars, 58 , 63 , 195 , 218
Malas, 166 , 187 -189, 219
Mann, E. G., 36
Marathas:
history, 52 , 53 , 152 , 193 ;
in tribal areas, 58 , 181 , 193 , 195 , 213
Marathi, 12 , 128 , 183
Marias:
Bisonhorn Marias, 14 , 20 ;
Hill Marias, 8 , 14
Market, 165 ;
market economy, 165 , 259
Marriage:
change in marriage customs, 165 ;
inter-communal, 149 , 166 , 246 ;
preferential, 243 ;
rules of, 3 , 149 , 244 , 301
Merchants, 71 , 73 , 74 , 98 , 100 , 101 , 106 , 107 , 109 -111, 117 , 163 , 260 , 271 . See also Traders
Miners, 124 , 125
Minorities, 248
Miris, Hill, 23 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 35 , 292
Mizos, 35 , 319
Missions:
Christian, 184 , 273 , 306 , 307 , 319 ;
Hindu, 184
Monasteries, 31
Monetisation, 272
Moneylenders, 36 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 56 , 68 , 111 , 151 , 157 , 163 , 202 , 248 , 294
Moneylending, 99 , 268 , 269
Mongoloid racial type, 23 , 286 , 314
Monpas, 30 -32, 307
Morris, Brian, 5
Mughal, 14 , 34 , 65 , 151 , 152 ;
empire, 247
Munda languages, 10 , 21 , 78 , 316 , 317
Mundas, 321
Murias, 14 , 20 , 201 , 202
Muslim rule, 171 , 184 , 199
Muslims:
historical, 52 ;
in tribal areas, 54 , 58 , 63 , 65 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 91 , 155 , 157 , 187
Muttadar , 37 , 118 , 148 , 149 , 191 . See also Chieftains
Mythical ancestor (of Nishis), 23
Mythology, 14 , 165 , 169 , 170 , 176 , 184 , 215 , 226 , 245 , 319 ;
Gond clan myths, 171 , 244
N
Nagaland, 35 , 296 , 300 , 316 , 320
Nagas, 8 , 35 , 314 , 319
Naikpods:
in Adilabad, 13 , 75 , 77 , 84 , 162 , 195 , 214 , 216 , 223 ;
in Warangal, 13 , 65 , 67
Naxalites, 47 , 49 , 78 , 96 , 192 , 207 , 236 , 247 , 254 , 256 , 278 , 279 , 284
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 312 , 322
Nepal, 31
Nishis, 8 , 24 , 26 -28, 35 , 287 , 292 , 300
Nizam of Hyderabad, 2 , 37 , 52 , 65 , 152 , 171
Nizam's Dominions, 2 , 7 , 39
Nizam's Government, 41 , 42 , 48 , 52 , 56 , 68 , 74 , 82 , 116 , 127 , 204 , 227 , 247
North East Frontier Agency (NEFA), 22 , 286 . See also Arunachal Pradesh
North East India, 35 , 39 , 79 , 132 , 200 , 316
O
Oppression of tribals, 35 , 40 , 41 , 55 , 59 -61, 204 -211
Oral tradition, 170 , 245
Oraons, 20 , 321
Orissa, 7 , 21 , 22 , 77 , 191 , 192 , 320
Oriya speakers, 192 , 316
P
Palaeolithic age, 2
Paloncha, Samasthan of, 70 , 74 , 115
Panchayati raj, 235 , 237 -240, 320
Panchayats: 129 , 295 ;
gram panchayat , 158 -160;
tribal, 43 -45, 153 ;
village, 153 , 165
Panchayat samithi, 129 , 156 , 157 , 160 -162, 227 , 236
Pandey, B. B., xiii , 28
Paper mills:
Andhra, 256 , 257 , 258 , 271 ;
Sirpur, 73 , 83 , 84 , 117 , 120 , 256 , 257
Pardhans, 12 , 15 , 127 , 161 , 162 , 166 , 170 , 176 , 195 , 217 , 243 -245
Parliament, 163 , 196 , 320
Patta , 53 , 65 , 66 . See also Title deed to land (patta )
Patwari , 44 , 58 , 61 , 65 , 129 , 157 , 194 , 195 , 204 -209, 213 , 320
Perkas, 63 , 208 , 209 , 213
Phratries, 23 , 26 , 169
Planned development. See Development
Plough cultivation: 31 , 51 , 72 , 76 -78, 305 ;
on dry land, 115 , 263 , 264 -267;
on irrigated land, 76 ;
use of cows for, 68
Plural society, 246
Podu , 37 , 75 -78, 118 , 119 , 169 , 252 , 271 ;
prohibition of, 253 , 259 , 262 , 282 . See also Slash-and-burn cultivation
Police:
corruption and partiality of, 36 , 60 ;
illegal extortions by, 36 , 42 , 254 ;
massacre of Gonds by, 323 -326
Political system, 295
Politicians, 227 , 298 , 310 , 313
Politics, 161 -163, 190 , 191 , 209 , 227 , 236
Pollution, 150 , 183
Population growth, 237 , 247 , 305 , 306
Pratap, D. R., xii , 229
Priests, 29 , 30 , 87 , 168 , 174 , 189 , 212 , 243 , 307 , 308
Princely states, 2 , 14 , 201 , 202 , 320
Property in land:
concept of, 54 ;
individual, 306 ;
communal, 54 , 79 , 306
Purification, ritual, 166
Purity, concept of, 215 , 219 , 245
R
Racial distinctions, 314 , 317
Raiding, 299 , 300
Raja. See Gond rajas
Raj Gonds. See Gonds
Rajputs, 34
Ramayana, 183 , 212
Rathnaiah, E. V., 134
Rebellions, tribal, 35 -38, 91 -93
Reddis (Hindu caste), 7 , 69 , 179
Reddis (Konda or Hill), 6 -11, 15 , 36 , 75 -77, 97 , 113 -119, 250 -285;
cultivation of, 113 -115, 147 ;
habitat of, 147 , 321 ;
relations with other communities, 189 , 281
Reincarnation, 4 , 169
Religion: 167 -184, 299 , 315 , 317 ;
changes in, 167 , 170 , 184 ;
religious reform movements, 156 , 170 , 172 -174, 180 , 212 , 225 ;
tribal religions, 318
Restoration of tribal land, 63 , 64 , 70 , 210
Rites, seasonal, 9
Rituals: 167 -184;
Bon, 308 ;
Buddhist, 308 ;
Hindu, 180 ;
Tribal, 167 -184, 299 , 307 , 308 ;
Tribal and Hindu rituals merged, 180 , 181
Russell, R. V., 13
S
Sacrifice:
animal, 9 , 169 , 177 , 180 , 307 ;
cow, 167 , 171 , 299 , 318 ;
opposition to cow sacrifice, 171 , 172 , 180
Sanskritization, 212 , 225
Santals, 36
Saoras (Savaras), 12 , 21 , 22 , 77 , 78 , 123 , 141 , 191
Sarasin, P., 5
Scheduled areas and tribes, 32 , 39 , 46 , 196 , 198 , 222 , 320
Schools, 42 , 128 -135, 141 -144, 150 , 158 , 228 , 261 , 285 ;
ashram schools, 130 , 133 , 183 , 225 , 228 , 263 , 270 , 272 , 285
Seligmann, C. G., 5
Settlement pattern, 29 , 85 , 86 , 146 , 147 , 301
Shaman, 10 , 29 , 168 , 169 , 174
Sharecropping, 112 , 114 , 193 , 238 , 275 , 276 , 291
Sharma, B. D., 80 , 81 , 96 , 202 , 321
Sherdukpens, 110 , 117 , 179 , 206 , 293
Shifting cultivation, 6 , 37 , 75 -78, 85 , 113 , 114 , 252 , 305 . See also Slash-and-burn cultivation
Shiva cult, 167 , 173 , 179 , 180
Shopkeepers, 110 , 117 , 179 , 206 , 293
Shrines:
Gond, 15 , 173 , 175 , 178 , 179 , 182 ;
Hindu, 168 , 173 ;
Kolam, 87 , 88
Sin, 172
Slash-and-burn cultivation, 6 , 12 , 21 , 27 , 29 , 51 , 72 , 75 -78, 85 , 114 , 118 , 119 , 263 , 264 , 302 , 322
Slaves, 27 , 294 , 298 , 300
Smuggling, 268 , 273 , 275
Social cohesion, 149 , 154 , 158 , 184 , 202 , 240
Social Service Department (of Hyderabad State), 42 , 43 , 45 , 74 , 82 , 224 , 225
Solidarity, 153 , 158 , 159 , 164
Srikakulam District, 21 , 47 -49, 77 , 96 , 111 , 123 , 141 , 191
Sri Lanka, 2 , 4
Standard of living, 85 ;
of farmers, 105 -108
Stratification, 29 , 31
Subansiri District, 23 , 286
Subsistence farming, 97 , 98
Sundis (Sondis), 181 , 192
Symbiosis, 188 , 190
Symbols of identity, 245 , 246
T
Taboo, 181
Tawang monastery, 31
Teachers, tribal, 128 -131, 140 , 141 , 161 , 162 , 190 , 229 , 307
Teacher training centres, 128 -130, 153
Telugu:
castes, 8 , 223 , 247 ;
culture, 191 , 213 -223;
language, 2 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 22 , 127 , 179 , 315
Temples:
Hindu, 64 , 65 , 168 , 176 , 189 , 262 , 280 ;
Shiva, 167 , 179 ;
Tribal, 176 ;
Vishnu, 176 , 182
Terrace fields, 78 , 306
Thurston, Edgar, 11 , 21 , 22 , 191
Tibet, 22 , 23 , 30
Tibetan culture, 31
Tibeto-Burman languages, 31 , 286 , 287
Title deed to land (patta ), 53 -55, 93 , 94 , 152 , 204 , 206 , 238 , 266
Tobacco cultivation, 117 , 264 , 276 -278
Totis, 15 , 217 , 243 -245
Traders, 35 , 69 , 109 -111, 191 , 294 . See also Merchants
Tribal Areas Regulation, 43 , 45 , 69 , 153
Tribal rehabilitation, 78
Tribal Welfare Department, 47 , 67 , 74 , 121 , 130 , 188
U
Underworld, 29 , 169 , 299
University education, 161 , 295
Untouchability, 171 , 189 , 219 . See also Harijans
Urdu language, 128 , 161
V
Valmikis, 119 , 149 , 190 , 191
Varna system, 215 , 217
Veddas (of Sri Lanka), 2
Veddoid racial type, 2 , 8 , 314
Velmas, 54 , 55 , 63 , 203 , 206 , 211 , 247 , 248
Village:
council, 298 ;
elders, 301 ;
foundation, 237 ;
membership, 239 ;
political structure, 240 ;
sarpanch, 159 , 235 , 236
Vishakapatnam District, 127 , 191
Vishwabrahmans, 218 , 222 , 223 , 225
W
Waddars, 187
Wanchus, 169
Warangal District, 64 -70, 111 -113
Watan, Watandar, 179 , 195 , 204 , 220
Weddings, cost of, 165 , 272
West Godavari District, 251 , 260
Wojaris, 218 , 220 , 222
Y
Yorke, Michael, xi , 152 , 174 , 199
Youth dormitory (ghotul ), 20 , 202