INDEX

A

Abortion legislation, 205 , 305 n

Adkins, Bertha, 61 -62;

career of, 258 n

Affirmative action programs, 201 -202

AFL (American Federation of Labor), 44 , 45 -46, 46 -47, 49

AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations):

anti-ERA lobby of, 37 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 98 , 100 , 101 ;

equal pay legislation and, 49 -50, 91 -94;

Kennedy's administration and, 84 -85;

women's affiliates of, 8

African-Americans. See Blacks; Black women

Airline stewardesses, 204

Allen, Florence, 56

Ambassadors, 60 ;

women appointees, 58 , 77 ;

women appointees of Truman, 56

American Association of University Women (AAUW), 8 , 94 , 193 ;

Committee on Civil and Political Rights (PCSW) and, 126 , 128 ;

equal pay legislation and, 95 ;

on women in preparedness programs, 109 -110

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 20 ;

ERA-compromise activities of, 37

American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 113

American Medical Women's Association, 129

American Nurses Association, 128 , 188 ;

Committee on Civil and Political Rights (PCSW), 126

American Women (PCSW report), 134 -136, 172 -173

Anderson, Eugenie, 56 , 58 , 74 ;

ministerial appointment of, 76

Anderson, Mary, 34 , 59 , 77 , 82 ;

career of, 17 -18;

equal pay legislation and, 41 , 42 , 43 ;

on Frances Perkins' appointment, 63 ;

Kennedy campaign, 74 ;

political skills of, 9 ;

on selection by sex in civil service, 143 -144

Appointments of blacks, 255 n-256n;

by Kennedy, 72

Appointments of women, 11 , 52 -65;

Carpenter's influence on, 292 n;

by Eisenhower, 53 , 58 -65, 78 ;

by Hoover, 53 , 255 n;

importance of, 62 -65;

by Johnson, 174 -175, 194 ;

by Kennedy, 75 , 76 -81;

PCSW recommendation for, 146 ;

public opinion polls on, 57 -58;

by Roosevelt, 52 -53, 54 , 58 , 255 n;

Stevenson's (Adlai) views on, 58 ;

strategy of, 53 -54;

by Truman, 53 , 54 -58, 62 , 78 , 83 , 256 n.

See also Tokenism

B

Ball, Joseph, 44 , 45

Barden, Graham, 46 , 50 , 91

Barney, Nora Stanton, 44

Beirne, Joseph A., 84 , 92

Berthelot, Helen, 93

Bethune, Mary McLeod, 11

Bettelheim, Bruno, 171 -172

Biemiller, Andrew, 37 , 38 , 103

Birth control legislation, 279 n

Blacklist provision, 42 -43, 48

Blacks:

Civil Rights Act and, 176 -182;

Kennedy's appointments of, 79 , 262 n;

Kennedy's civil rights activities and, 72

Black women:

appointments to office of, 255 n-256n;

economic opportunities for, 291 n;

employment of, 91 ;

PCSW's consultations on, 161 -162;

support of ERA by, 11 -13;

wartime opportunities for, 12

Blatt, Genevieve, 77

Bolton, Frances P., 47 -51

Bookbinder, Hyman, 37 , 124 , 139

Boyle, William M., Jr., 55

BPW. See National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs

Brandeis brief, 279 n

Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 33

Buck, Pearl, 6 , 16

Bunting, Mary, 80 , 113 , 132

Bureau of the Budget, 98 -100

Burner, David, 71

C

Cabinet:

public opinion regarding women on, 57 ;

women in Eisenhower's, 62 ;

women in Kennedy's sub-, 77 ;

women, lack of, in Kennedy's, 78 ;

women in Truman's, 56 , 62

Cable Act (1922), 52

CACSW. See Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women

Campaign Conference for Democratic Women, 81

Carpenter, Elizabeth, 173 , 174 , 175 ;

women appointees and, 292 n

Case, Clifford, 70

Catholic organizations, 16 .

See also National Council of Catholic Women

Catt, Carrie Chapman, 22

CCPR. See Committee on Civil and Political Rights

Celler, Emanuel, 32 , 78 , 121 , 178 ;

Civil Rights Act of, 176 ;

ERA and, 205 ;

views on the PCSW, 122

Chafe, William, 170

Chamber of Commerce. See U.S. Chamber of Commerce

Childrearing, 141 , 155 , 156 ;

feminist theory of, 200 , 217 ;

NWP's views on, 14 ;

Women's Bureau coalition's views on, 13 .

See also Day care; Motherhood

Children's Bureau, 157

Child support legislation, 184

Christian Science Monitor,121 -122

Christman, Elizabeth, 74

Church, Frank, 70

Church, Marguerite Stitt, 144

CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 49 .

See also AFL-CIO

Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women (CACSW), 164 , 173 -176, 197 ;

on the ERA, 206 ;

membership of, 174 , 176 ;

state commissions and, 185 ;

Title VII amendment and, 180 ;

Title VII implementation and, 185 -187

Civil rights:

equal rights alliance, 26 ;

during Kennedy administration, 72 ;

Truman's contributions to, 26

Civil Rights Act (Title VII , 1964), 176 -182, 215 ;

House debate on, 176 -179, 181 ;

implementation of, 185 -186;

issue of sex in, 176 -180;

NOW and, 200 ;

Senate debate on, 180 -181.

See also Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Civil service:

pay differentials forbidden in, 52 ;

sex discrimination in, 142 -146, 283 n-284n

Civil Service Commission (CSC), 132 , 142 -146, 185 ;

Federal Women's Program of, 202

Clarenbach, Kathryn, 194 ;

elected chairman of NOW, 196 ;

on a new women's movement, 194 -195;

on protective labor laws, 202 -203

Clark, Georgia Neese, 56

Classification Act (1923), 143

Collective bargaining versus equal pay legislation, 45 , 47

Commerce Department, 50

Commission on the Legal Status of Women (congressional), 27 -28

Commissions on women (presidential), 215 -219.

See also President's Commission on the Status of Women

Commissions on women (state), 160 -161, 172 -173, 184 -186;

June 1966 meeting of, 193 -195;

new women's movement and, 193 -194

Committee on Civil and Political Rights (PCSW), 123 , 151 ;

compromise of, 126 -130;

ERA and, 125 -126;

on financial support, 155 -156;

members of, 231

Committee on Education (PCSW), 154 -155;

members of, 232

Committee on Federal Employment (PCSW), 146 ;

members of, 233

Committee on Government Contract Compliance, 26

Committee on Home and Community (PCSW), 140 , 157 -158;

members of, 233 -234

Committee of Labor Women (CLW), 74 -75

Committee on Private Employment (PCSW), 148 ;

members of, 234 -235

Committee on Protective Labor Legislation (PCSW), 151 -154;

members of, 235

Committee on Social Insurance and Taxes (PCSW), 156 ;

members of, 236

Comparable work concept, 96 , 98 , 105

Congress for Racial Equality, 13

Connelly, Matthew, 21

Constitutional Amendments:

First, 188 , 204 ;

Fifth, 134 ;

Fourteenth, 18 -19, 134 , 136 ;

Nineteenth, 16 ;

joint resolutions versus, 27 .

See also Equal Rights Amendment; Murray compromise

Constitutional equality, 18 -19, 133 -137, 199

Contractors, EO regarding federal, 198 , 202

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), 98 -99

Craig, May, 37 , 111 , 177

Crypto-feminism, 172 -173

D

DACOWITS (Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services), 57

David, Henry, 132 , 133 -134;

PCSW and, 113 ;

on protective labor legislation, 152 -153

Davis, Bette, 95

Davis, Caroline, 93 , 94 , 121 , 148 , 149 ;

regarding Peterson's work on the Equal Pay Act (1963), 104

Day care, 157 -159, 164 ;

Kennedy's views on, 75 ;

NOW's position on, 198 ;

PCSW recommendations on, 157 -159;

postwar termination of, 5 ;

tax deductions for, 182 ;

during World War II, 4 , 242 n.

See also Childrearing

Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS), 57

Defense Department, 182

Democratic National Committee (DNC), 11 ;

on appointments of women, 54 ;

India Edwards and, 54 -56;

influence of, on women's affairs during Kennedy administration, 79 , 81 ;

Kennedy's vice-chairman appointee to, 73 ;

lack of representation on PCSW of, 146 ;

women's vote, 1948, and, 29 -30

Democratic party platform:

of 1944 and the ERA, 19 ;

of 1948 and the ERA, 29 ;

of 1956 and the ERA, 36 ;

of 1960 and the ERA, 117 , 118 ;

of 1964 and the ERA, 183

Demographic factors:

divorce rate, 219 ;

fertility rate, 219 ;

marriage rates, 6 , 25

Dewey, Thomas E., 29

Dewson, Molly, 53

Dickason, Gladys, 74

Dickerson, Nancy, 267 n

Dirksen, Everett, 181

Discrimination:

in state legislation, 18 , 20 , 26 .

See also Racial discrimination; Sex discrimination

Divorced women, 156

Divorce rate, 219

DNC. See Democratic National Committee

Domestic service during World War II, 4

Dougherty, Cardinal Dennis, 21

Dungan, Ralph, 86

E

East, Catherine, 183 , 191 , 192 , 193 ;

ERA and, 206

Eastwood, Mary, 183 , 185 , 186 , 192 ;

"Jane Crow and the Law," 202

Edelsberg, Herman, 187 , 189 , 190

Education of women:

degrees earned (1960-1968), 171 ;

during the 1950s, 90 ;

PCSW and, 154 -155;

postwar, 25

Edwards, India, 29 , 77 , 81 , 292 n;

on DNC's influence during Kennedy's administration, 79 ;

Truman's view of, 63 ;

women appointees and, 54 -56

EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Eisenhower, Dwight D.:

equal pay legislation, 48 -49, 89 ;

ERA position of, 33 -38;

political style of, 60 ;

presidency of, 69 ;

women appointees of, 53 , 58 -65, 78

Election of women, 29 -30

Ellickson, Katherine, 28 , 203 ;

PCSW and, 111 , 120

Employment of women:

in the civil service, 142 -146;

during the 1950s and 1960s, 89 -91;

postwar, 5 -6, 25 ;

in the private sector, 146 -151;

wartime, 3 -4

EO 10925 (equal employment opportunity), 147

EO 10980. See President's Commission on the Status of Women

EO 11246 (discrimination by federal contractors), 198 , 201 -202

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 185 -191, 215 ;

membership of, 195 -196;

NOW's

EEOC (continued )

position on, 198 ;

protests against, 192 -196

Equal Pay Act (1963), 98 -105;

costs of enforcement of, 100 ;

enforcement of, 105 ;

final provisions of, 104 -105;

hearings on, 101 -103;

House passage of, 103 ;

introduction of, 100 ;

provisions of, 98 ;

Senate passage of, 103 ;

text of, 223 -224

Equal pay legislation:

background to, 40 -42;

defeat (1946) of, 45 ;

as FLSA amendment, 47 -51;

introduction of, 39 ;

Peterson's goals of, 87 ;

post-defeat activity, 45 -51;

provisions of, 42 -43;

public opinion polls regarding, 58 ;

state, 96 , 184 ;

support of, 44 -45

Equal pay legislation (1962), 89 -98;

comparable versus equal work in, 96 ;

context of, 89 -91;

hearing on, 95 ;

House endorsement of, 95 -96;

House passage of, 96 ;

introduction of, 93 ;

organizing support for, 91 -98;

provisions of, 91 -92;

in the Senate, 97 -98

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 218 ;

activity in the 1920s, 9 -10;

activity in the 1930s, 15 -16;

activity in the 1940s, 15 , 16 -19;

alternative legislation to, 26 -30;

congressional activity in the 1940s, 15 , 20 -23, 244 n;

congressional activity in the 1960s, 120 ;

defeat in 1946, 22 ;

effects of ratification, 17 -18;

during the Eisenhower years, 33 -38;

equal pay legislation versus, 39 -42;

Hayden amendment of, 30 -33, 35 , 38 ;

Johnson's position on, 182 -183;

Kennedy's 1960 campaign and, 116 -119;

Kennedy's views on, 75 , 86 ;

Nixon's endorsement of, 75 ;

NOW's position on, 199 , 205 -207;

NOW's versus NWP's approach to, 205 ;

organized opposition to, 19 -23;

original proviso of, 30 ;

political party women's support of, 11 ;

racial factors in support of, 11 -13;

summary of issues of, 211 -212;

vote in May 1959 on, 38 .

See also Democratic party platform; Republican party platform

Equal work concept, 96 , 98 , 105

Evans, Sara, 218 , 307 n

Executive Orders. See EO 10925; EO 10980; EO 11246

F

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 22 , 42 , 91 ;

amendment to, 101 , 102 ;

equal pay amendment to, 47 -51

Farmer, James, 13

Farnham, Marynia, 24 -25

Fatherhood, 155 -156, 159

Federal Women's Award Study Group, 202

Federal Women's Program, 202

Feldman, Myer, 73 , 162 -163, 282 -283n

The Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 159 -160, 172 , 193

Feminism, 219 -221;

childbearing versus childrearing theory, 200 , 217 ;

crypto-, 172 -173;

definition of, 220 ;

postwar views of, 24 -25

Fenn, Dan, 79 -80, 146

Ferris, Muriel, 149

Fertility rate, 219

Financial support concept, 155 -156

"First women," 62 , 75 -76, 78 , 174

Fleeson, Doris, 76

FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act

Fortas, Abraham, 188

Fourteenth Amendment strategy. See Murray compromise

Freeman, Jo, 172 , 217 , 219

Friedan, Betty:

elected president of NOW, 196 ;

The Feminine Mystique , 159 -160, 172 , 193 ;

a new women's movement and, 193 -196;

NOW activities of, 202 ;

on NOW goals, 201 ;

on the PCSW, 216

Fritchey, Clayton, 77 -78

G

General Federation of Women's Clubs, 117 , 205 ;

equal pay legislation and, 44 ;

ERA and, 10 , 11 ;

Status Bill and, 28

GI Bill, 25 , 69 , 90

Goldberg, Arthur, 84 -85, 86 , 98 ;

on equal pay legislation, 94 , 95 ;

PCSW and, 109 , 111

Goldwater, Barry, 97

Gompers, Samuel, 22

Goodell, Charles, 96 ;

equal pay legislation of, 101 , 102

Graham, Richard, 188 , 190 , 192 , 193 ;

dismissal of, 193 -194;

elected to NOW office, 196

Green, Edith, 73 , 80 ;

Committee on Civil and Political Rights (PCSW), 123 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 100 , 102 ;

equal pay legislation of, 48 , 49 ,

50, 91 , 92 , 93 , 96 ;

on the Title VII amendment, 179

Green, William, 117

Griffiths, Martha, 177 , 179 , 191 , 193 , 203

Griswold, Mabel, 250 n

Guggenheimer, Elinor, 75 , 157

H

Halsted, Anna, 174

Hannegan, Robert, 55

Harrison, Evelyn, 185 , 186

Hart, Philip, 70 , 145

Hassett, William, 21

Hatfield, Mark, 70

Hayden, Carl, 22 , 122 , 135 , 136 ;

ERA and, 205 .

See also Hayden amendment

Hayden amendment, 30 -33, 35 , 38 , 135 ;

text of, 31

Hayes, Helen, 16

Health, Education, and Welfare Department, 60 , 61

Health programs for mothers and infants, 52

Height, Dorothy, 180

Heller, Walter, 98

Hepburn, Katharine, 16

Hernandez, Aileen, 187 , 188 , 195 -196;

election to NOW office, 196

Hickey, Margaret, 146 , 153 ;

NOW organizers on, 197 ;

PCSW and, 113

Hobby, Oveta Culp, 60 , 62 , 77 ;

appointments of, 60 , 62 ;

as HEW secretary, 60 , 261 n

Holcomb, Luther, 188 , 190

Honey, Maureen, 4

Hoover, Herbert, 10 ;

on selection by sex in civil service, 143 ;

women appointees of, 53 , 255 n

Houghton, Dorothy, 36

Hours legislation, 8 , 9 , 18 , 152 -153, 154 , 176 , 184 , 304 n

House Education and Labor Committee, 91 , 95

House Judiciary Committee, 16 , 21 , 29

House Select Subcommittee on Labor, 101

Howard, Katherine, 59

Hughes, James, 16

Hughes, Sarah, 16

Humphrey, Hubert, 206

Hymes, Viola, 125 , 132 , 193

I

ICSW. See Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Women

Illinois commission on women, 161

Independent Woman (IW), 60

Indiana commission on women, 161

Industrial League for Equality, 22

Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Women (ICSW), 164 , 173 -176, 197 , 202 ;

membership of, 174 ;

state commissions and, 185

J

Jackson, Sam, 188

"Jane Crow and the Law" (Murray and Eastwood), 202

Jeffries, Mildred, 288 n

Job advertisements:

regulations against sex-segregated, 204 ;

sex-segregated, 188 -191, 195

Joelson, Charles S., 96

Johnson, Lady Bird, 173

Johnson, Lyndon, 113 ;

agenda of, 169 -170;

attitudes toward his rate of appointments, 194 ;

domestic legislation of, 71 ;

ERA support by, 182 , 305 -306n;

NOW and, 201 -202;

post-PCSW activities of, 173 -176;

women appointees to office, 174 -175, 194

Judges, 62 ;

women appointees of Truman, 56 -57

Jury service legislation, 184

Justice Department, on constitutional changes, 133

K

Kaiser Industries, 133

Kefauver, Estes, 31

Kennedy, John F. (Representative):

equal pay legislation of, 45 ;

on labor issues, 83 -84

Kennedy, John F. (Senator), 70 ;

black adviser of, 73 ;

campaign promises for day care, 157 ;

campaign theme (1960), 70 ;

on equal pay, 93 ;

on the ERA and protective labor legislation, 86 ;

on labor issues, 84

Kennedy, John F. (President):

assassination of, 170 ;

black appointees of, 79 , 262 n;

civil rights activities of, 72 ;

economic legislation of, 72 -73;

history of equal pay efforts, 93 ;

on the PCSW, 113 -114, 115 ;

relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt, 112 ;

on selection by sex in civil service, 145 ;

signing the Equal Pay Act (1963), 104 ;

style and substance of, 70 -72;

victory of, 70 ;

views on women of, 259 n-260n;

Kennedy, John F. (continued )

women appointees of, 75 , 76 -81;

women's agenda of, 73 -81, 213 , 216

Kennedy, Robert, 170 ;

assassination of, 206 ;

civil rights movement and, 72 ;

on civil service sex bias rulings, 145 ;

on the ERA, 206

Keyserling, Mary, 185 , 186 , 193 , 293 n;

appointment as Women's Bureau director, 175 -176;

on the June 1966 conference, 195 ;

NOW organizers on, 197

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 71 , 170 , 206

Klein, Ethel, 219

Kolb, Frances, 218

Korean War, 45 , 57

Krause, Edwin, 6

L

Labor Advisory Council (Women's Bureau), 28

Labor Department, 30 , 182 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 93 , 98 -100;

equal pay amendment to the FLSA and, 48 ;

ERA opposition of, 35 ;

NOW and, 201 ;

position on ERA, 17 -18.

See also Women's Bureau; Women's Bureau coalition

Labor unions;

equal pay legislation and, 44 , 45 ;

Kennedy and, 84 ;

on protective labor legislation at EEOC hearings, 203 -204

Lawrence, Bill, 80

Lawrence, David L., 123

Lawson, Marjorie, 73

League of Women Voters, 8 , 19 , 29 , 193

Leonard, Margery, 128

Leopold, Alice:

appointment as Women's Bureau director, 34 , 83 ;

on equal pay legislation, 49 ;

withdrawal of opposition to equal pay, 250 n;

on a woman's commission, 110

Lester, Richard, 113 , 132 , 148 -149

Louchheim, Katie, 73 -74, 87

Lowndes County (Alabama) lawsuit, 183 -184

Luce, Clare Boothe, 16 ;

as ambassador to Italy, 60

Lundberg, Ferdinand, 24 -25

Luxembourg ministerial appointment, 58

M

McAllister, Dorothy, 21 , 44

McCarthy, Eugene, 70 , 206

McGrath, J. Howard, 55

McGuire, Marie, 77

McNamara, Patrick, Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 93 , 97 , 100 , 102

Macy, John, 132 , 145 , 200 , 202

Magazines:

postwar attacks on feminism of, 24 ;

on postwar careers of women, 6 ;

on postwar roles of women, 6 , 171 -172;

on working mothers during World War II, 3 , 4

Magee, Elizabeth, 44

Maggs, Douglas B., 17 -18

Mannes, Marya, 171

Margolin, Olya, 93 , 195

Marriage partnership, 156

Marriage patterns:

in 1945-1958, 25 ;

in 1946, 6 ;

in wartime, 6

Married women:

employment of, during 1950s and 1960s, 90 ;

property rights of, 184 ;

social security payments to, 156

Married women workers;

increases in, 171 ;

postwar, 5 ;

in World War II, 3 -4

Marshall, Burke, 180

Maternity benefits, 152 , 153 , 164

Matthews, Burnita, 56

Mead, Margaret, 16 , 173

Mealey, Margaret, 134 , 139 -140

Means, Gardiner, 113

Meany, George, 46 -47, 84 , 85

Men:

equal pay legislation and, 42 ;

extension of protective labor legislation to, 18 , 152 .

See also Sex roles; Wage differentials

Mesta, Perle, 19 ;

appointed minister to Luxembourg, 58

Meyer, Agnes, 74

Michigan commission on women, 288 n

Military services, 57 , 247 n

Miller, Emma Guffey, 19 , 21 , 76 ;

on the Democratic platform (1964), 183 ;

equal pay legislation and, 95 ;

PCSW and, 122 , 123 ;

on the PCSW report, 135 -136;

on Peterson, 87 ;

presidential campaign (1960) and, 117 -119

Miller, Frieda, 43 ;

career of, 18 , 82 -83;

equal pay legislation and, 44 ;

Jessica Weis on, 59 ;

Mildred Palmer and, 46 ;

on postwar employment of women, 5 ;

replacement of, 34 ;

on Women's Bureau goals, 82

Minimum wage legislation, 8 , 9 , 163 , 184

Ministerial appointments, 58 , 76

Mitchell, James P., 35 , 83 , 84

Modern Woman:

The Lost Sex (Lundberg and Farnham), 24 -25

Morgan, Gerald D., 36

Morse, Wayne:

equal pay legislation and, 41 , 42 , 45 , 93

Motherhood, 13 , 14 , 23 ;

childrearing and, 141 , 155 , 156 ;

education and, 154 -155;

NWP on, 13 -15;

PCSW and, 138 -140;

Women's Bureau on, 13 -15

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 161

Muller v. Oregon (1908), 127 , 279 n

Murray, Pauli, 183 , 193 ;

"Jane Crow and the Law," 202 ;

Title VII amendment and, 180 -181;

views on ERA, 130 -131.

See also Murray compromise

Murray compromise (Fourteenth Amendment), 126 -130, 133 -134, 136 , 137 , 205 ;

Johnson's position on, 182 ;

Lowndes County (Alabama) suit and, 183 -184

Muskie, Edmund, 70

N

National Advisory Council (NWP), 44

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 9

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 13

National Association of Colored Women, 11

National Association of Manufacturers, 47 ;

equal pay legislation and, 95

National Association of Women Lawyers, 113 ;

ERA and, 10 ;

on Murray compromise, 129

National Committee on Day Care, 157

National Committee to Defeat the Unequal Rights Amendment (NCDURA), 19 -23, 27 , 41 , 44

National Committee on Equal Pay (NCEP), 41 , 43 , 47 , 50 , 93

National Committee on the Status of Women, 31 , 35

National Conference for Day Care for Children (1960), 157

National Consumers League (NCL), 8 , 44 , 86 ;

on protective labor legislation, 203

National Council of Catholic Women (NCCW), 8 , 134 ;

equal pay legislation and, 95 ;

on motherhood and public life, 139 -140;

on Murray compromise, 129 ;

PCSW and, 113

National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), 8 , 93 , 125 , 128 , 132 , 195 ;

equal pay legislation and, 95 ;

PCSW and, 113

National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), 8 ;

black women appointees and, 255 n-256n;

equal pay legislation and, 95 ;

ERA and, 11 ;

PCSW and, 113 ;

Title VII amendment and, 180

National Education Association (NEA), 99 ;

ERA and, 10

National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs (BPW), 86 , 113 , 117 , 205 ;

Committee on Civil and Political Rights (PCSW), 126 ;

equal pay legislation and, 44 , 95 ;

ERA and, 10 , 11 , 15 -16;

on inclusion of sex in affirmative action programs, 202 ;

on Murray compromise, 129 ;

state commissions and, 160 ;

Status Bill and, 29 ;

support of PCSW by, 121 ;

on women appointees, 60

National Labor Relations Act, 42 , 101

National Manpower Council (NMC), 48 , 110

National Organization for Women (NOW), 192 -209;

efforts to reappoint Graham, 195 ;

ERA and, 199 , 205 -207;

first-year agenda of, 198 ;

founding of, 192 ;

inaugural conference of, 196 -197;

inaugural meeting of, 194 -195;

local movements and, 208 -209;

officers of, 196 ;

on protective labor legislation, 202 -204;

purpose of, 197 ;

on sexual issues, 199

National Press Club, 80

National Recovery Administration, 11

National War Labor Board, 3 , 242 n

National Woman's party (NWP), 113 ;

activity in the 1940s, 19 ;

black women and, 12 ;

Committee on Civil and Political Rights (PCSW) and, 126 ;

equal pay legislation and, 43 , 44 , 46 , 95 ;

evolution of, 9 ;

goals of, 9 -11;

on Murray compromise, 128 -129;

NOW and, 205 ;

PCSW and, 122 , 160 ;

PCSW conclusions and, 135 ;

Peterson's views on, 124 ;

presidential campaign (1960) and, 116 -117;

program of, 14 -15;

NWP (continued )

reorganization in the 1940s, 16 -17;

on selection by sex in civil service, 143 ;

Status Bill and, 28 , 29 ;

Title VII and, 177 , 181

National Women's Trade Union League (NWTUL), 8 , 14

Neuberger, Maurine, 80

New Republic , 188

Newspaper advertising, sex-segregated, 188 -191, 195 , 204

New York Business and Professional Women's Club, 111

New York Herald Tribune , 24 , 29 , 43

New York Times , 22 -23

Nicholson, Norman, 133

Niles, David, 21

Nixon, Richard M., 117 ;

ERA endorsement by, 75 , 206

Norton, Mary, 43 , 93 ;

equal pay legislation and, 44 -45

NOW. See National Organization for Women

NWP. See National Woman's party

O

O'Brien, Lawrence, 86

O'Keeffe, Georgia, 16

Overtime pay, 152 , 153 , 164 , 184

P

Palmer, Mildred, 46

Part-time work, 163

Paul, Alice, 34 -35, 246 n;

on equal pay legislation, 47 ;

Equal Rights Amendment of, 9 -11;

language of ERA by, 16 ;

NOW's gratitude to, 205 ;

on the PCSW, 122 ;

on the PCSW report, 136 ;

racist sentiments of, 12 ;

on the Status Bill, 32

PCSW. See President's Commission on the Status of Women

Peace Corps, women appointees and, 76

Peden, Katherine, 95

Pepper, Claude, 21 , 31 , 44 ;

equal pay legislation and, 41 , 43

Perkins, Frances, 21 , 22 , 34 , 56 , 62 , 74 , 77 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 104 ;

as Labor Secretary, 63 , 82 , 261 n

Peterson, Esther, 28 , 38 , 74 , 80 ;

appointments of, 76 ;

appointment to consumer affairs, 175 ;

appointment as Women's Bureau director, 85 , 119 , 213 ;

career of, 85 -86;

contributions of, 88 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 98 -105;

equal pay legislation and, 89 ;

ERA, Kennedy's 1960 campaign and, 116 -119;

ICSW and, 293 n;

on inclusion of sex in affirmative action programs, 201 -202;

NOW organizers and, 197 -198;

NOW support by, 201 ;

on the NWP, 160 ;

NWP views of, 124 ;

PCSW and, 111 , 113 , 115 ;

PCSW formation and, 119 -124, 165 ;

as policy maker, 77 ;

post-PCSW activities of, 173 ;

on protective labor legislation, 186 ;

on sex-segregated advertising, 190 -191;

on Simler's criticisms of the Equal Pay Act (1963), 99 ;

on the Title VII amendment, 180 ;

views on the EEOC, 192 -193, 194

Phillips, Cabell, 256 n

Pilpel, Harriet, 282 n

Policy and the women's movement, 216 -219

Political party women, 7 , 11

Popular press. See Magazines

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 91

Powers, N. Thompson, 187

Presidential campaigns:

in 1948 and the role of women in, 29 -30;

in 1956 and the role of women in, 36 ;

in 1960, 70 , 74 , 116 -119, 157 ;

in 1968, 206 -207

Presidential commissions, 215 -219

Presidential committee on civil rights, 26

President's Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW), 87 , 88 , 214 -215, 216 ;

American Women , report of, 134 -136;

charge to, 114 ;

committees of, 115 , 230 -236;

controversies avoided by, 140 -141;

on equal pay legislation, 94 ;

ERA versus, 109 -137;

executive order establishing, 225 -227;

golas of, 111 ;

history of, 109 -111;

impact of, 159 -165;

membership of, 112 -113, 229 -230;

NOW and, 197 , 198 ;

Peterson's goals for, 109 ;

protective labor legislation and, 151 -154;

recommendations of, 138 -159;

reforms following, 182 -187;

results of, 136 -137;

summary of, 214 -215;

support of, 121

President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (EO 10925), 147

Pressman, Sonia, 193

Price, Margaret, 73 -74, 87 , 175 , 292 n;

influence of, on Kennedy, 262 n;

on Kennedy's women appointees, 76 -77;

role of, 81

Price, Nina, 36

Priest, Ivy Baker, 60

Private sector employment, 146 -151, 163

Professional women, 50 ;

WBC and, 14

Protective labor legislation, 20 ;

AFL and, 46 ;

EEOC and, 187 ;

equal pay and, 41 -42;

ERA and, in the 1920s, 9 -10;

ERA and, in the 1940s, 30 ;

Kennedy's views on, 86 ;

NOW's views on, 202 -204;

PCSW and, 151 -154;

Peterson's views on, 274 n;

postwar movement for, 7 -9;

support by black women, 11 ;

Title VII and, 185 -187;

views on, in Kennedy's 1960 campaign, 116

Public assistance:

day care for children, 158 ;

work for mothers on, 162

Public opinion polls:

on equal pay, 48 ;

on a woman as president, 57 , 58 ;

on women in government, 57 -58

Public Welfare Amendments (1962), 158

R

Racial discrimination:

employment and, 147 -148;

of NWP, 12 ;

sex discrimination and, 162 ;

sexism issue versus, 12 , 13 , 162 ;

during World War II, 13

Racial factors, support of ERA and, 11 -13

Radcliffe College, 113

Rawalt, Marguerite, 113 , 129 , 183 ;

Committee on Civil and Political Rights, 125 ;

ERA and, 131 -134, 206 ;

PCSW and, 123 ;

suit against the EEOC, 204

Recession of 1957, 69

Republican National Committee (RNC), 11 ;

women appointees and, 59 -62

Republican party platform:

of 1940 and the ERA, 19 ;

of 1944 and the ERA, 19 ;

of 1948 and the ERA, 29 ;

of 1956 and the ERA, 36 ;

of 1960 and the ERA, 274 n

Reuther, Walter, 84

RNC. See Republican National Committee

Roberts, C. Wesley, 61

Robinson, Dollie Lowther, PCSW and, 111

Robsion, John, 24

Rockefeller, Nelson, 70

Roebling, Mary, 174

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 22 , 26 , 29 , 77 , 162 ;

equal pay legislation and, 95 ;

on the ERA, 277 n-278n;

on the ERA during World War II, 19 ;

Friedan's homage to, 197 ;

PCSW and, 111 -112;

at PCSW meeting, 94 ;

relationship with Kennedy, 73 , 112 ;

on the Status Bill, 32 ;

on WCNF, 74 ;

women appointees and, 54

Roosevelt, Franklin, 246 n;

on selection by sex in civil service, 144 ;

women appointees of, 52 -53, 54 , 58 , 255 n

Roosevelt, Franklin, Jr., 188 , 190 , 195

Roosevelt, James, 147

Rosenberg, Anna, 58 , 74 , 77

Rosie the Riveter, 3 , 5

S

St. George, Katharine, 31 -32, 35 , 177 ;

equal pay legislation of, 91 , 96

Sanders, Frank, 130

Sanger, Margaret, 16

Schneiderman, Rose, 14

Schoeppel, Andrew, 31

Senate Judiciary Committee, 16 , 22 , 29 , 38

Sex discrimination:

in the civil service, 142 -146;

in private sector employment, 146 -151;

racial discrimination versus, 12 , 13 , 162 ;

in state legislation, 18

Sex roles, 138 -140;

education and, 154 -155;

financial support concept and, 155 -156;

NOW's view of, 199 -200.

See also Fatherhood; Motherhood

Shelton, Isabelle, 175

Shientag, Florence, 57

Shriver, Sargent, 76

Shulman, Stephen, 196 , 200

Simchak, Morag, 93 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 98 , 104

Simler, Norman, 99

Smith, Al, 10

Smith, Elizabeth, 76

Smith, Howard, 21 , 177 , 178 , 295 n

Smith, Margaret Chase, 16 , 31 -32, 181

Social feminists. See Women's Bureau; Women's Bureau coalition

Social Security system, 156 ;

amendments for day care, 157

Socioeconomic factors:

during 1945-1960, 33 ;

in support of ERA, 11 ;

in Women's Bureau coalition and NWP membership, 7 -11

Sorensen, Theodore, 79

Soviet Union, challenges of, 48 , 69

State commission movement. See Commissions on women (state)

State Department, 182

Status Bill, 26 -30;

policy statement of, 27 -28, 29

Stevenson, Adlai, on women appointees, 58

Stitt, Louise, 86

Suffrage:

for blacks, 72 ;

for women, 8

Suffrage coalition, splintering of, 7 , 9

Supreme Court:

desegregation decisions of, 70 ;

Fair Labor Standards Act and, 22 ;

public opinion regarding women on, 57 ;

rulings affecting women of, 19 ;

women on, 56 -57

Swainson, John, 288 n

T

Taft, Robert, 27 , 44 , 45

Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 41 ;

Kennedy on, 83 -84

Taft-Wadsworth bill. See Status Bill

Terrell, Mary Church, 11

Thompson, Frank, 101

Tillett, Gladys, 54

Tokenism, 52 , 63 -64, 212 -213

Travell, Janet, 77 , 80

Trazenfeld, Hattie, 94

Treasurer (U.S.):

Elizabeth Smith's appointment as, 76 ;

women appointees of Truman, 56

Truman, Harry (Senator):

1948 campaign, 29 ;

on the ERA, 21

Truman, Harry (President):

anti-discrimination programs of, 40 ;

civil rights actions of, 26 ;

equal pay legislation and, 40 ;

on the ERA, 21 -22, 246 n;

India Edwards' support by, 55 ;

political style of, 60 ;

on the Status Bill, 32 ;

women appointees of, 53 , 54 -58, 62 , 78 , 83 , 256 n;

on women's wartime contributions, 7

Tunnell, James, 44

U

UAW. See United Automobile Workers

Udall, Lee, 139

Unemployment insurance coverage, 164

United Automobile Workers (UAW), 93 , 148 , 203 ;

wage differentials among, 94

U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 47 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 101 , 103 ;

equal pay legislation and, 97

V

Veterans' postwar employment, 5 -6

Veterans' Preference Act, 143

Vison, Fred, 56

W

Wadsworth, James, 27 , 247 n

Wage differentials, 42 , 43 ;

CEA's views on, 99 -100;

in civil service, 52 , 142 -146;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 98 ;

postwar increase in, 171 ;

studies of, 92 , 94 -95;

World War II and, 3 .

See also Equal pay legislation

Wallace, George, 206

Wallace, Henry, 29

Wallace, Lurleen, 206

Wall Street Journal , 97 , 188 -189

Walzer, Michael, 70

Want ads:

regulation against sex-segregated, 204 ;

sex-segregated, 188 -191, 195 , 204

Ware, Caroline, 113 , 132 -133, 150

War propaganda for women, 4

Washington (state) commission on women, 160 -161

Washington Post , 121

Weight-lifting legislation, 8 , 152 , 304 n

Weis, Jessica, 59 ;

equal pay legislation of, 91

West, Thomas, 71

Wheaton, Anne, 61 , 258 n

White House press secretary, 61

Widows, social security payments to, 156

Willis, Frances, 77

Wilson, James Q., 219

Wilson, William, 14

Wirtz, W. Willard, 93 -94, 98 , 149 , 186 ;

Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 104 ;

support of NOW by, 201

Wisconsin working conditions, 30

Wolanin, Thomas R., 215 -216

Womanpower (NMC, 1957), 48 , 110 , 113

Women in Industry Service (World War I), 8

Women's Bureau, 11 ;

Anderson's directorship of, 82 ;

changes under Kennedy, 83 ;

constituency of, 50 ;

creation of, 52 ;

equal pay legislation and, 89 -105;

ERA counterattack (1940s), 17 -18;

ERA opposition of, 19 -23;

establishment of, 8 ;

Kennedy and, 81 -88;

Keyserling's

appointment to, 175 ;

leadership of, 34 -35, 82 -83;

Palmer at, 46 ;

PCSW and, 112 -113, 114 , 160 ;

Peterson's appointment to, 76 , 85 , 86 -87;

programs of, 14 , 15 ;

on selection by sex in civil service, 143 ;

Status Bill and, 28 , 29 ;

on Title VII, 177 -178;

views on women's working roles, 13 -14

Women's Bureau coalition, 11 ;

black women's organizations and, 12 ;

composition of, 8 -9

Women's Committee for New Frontiers, 74 -75

Women's Joint Legislative Committee, 16 -17

Women's movement:

influence of federal policy on, 217 -218;

local, 208 -209, 218 -219;

milieu of, 170 -173;

postwar, 6 -15.

See also National Organization for Women

Women's Trade Union League (New York), 28

Woolley, Mary, 16

Work at home, 152

Working class women, 4 , 7 -8, 50 ;

postwar views on, 9

World War II:

impact on black women, 12 -13;

impact on women in general, 3 , 39 -40

Y

Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), 8

Z

Zelenko, Herbert, 95