Index

A

Abbott, Nathan K., 71

Abolitionism, 233 n.43

and antislavery events, 41

attitudes toward, 12 –13, 40 , 146 , 158 , 162

women as abolitionist lecturers, 233 n.43

Abortion, 114 –15

Acker, Joan, 198 n.6

Adams, Chloe. See Metcalf, Chloe Adams

Adams, Edmund, 48

Adams, Eliza, 49 , 82 , 117 , 140 , 168 , 213 n.26, Fig. 12

and church visiting, 150 –51

and conversion to Christianity, 153 –54

and gossip, 114 –15, 125 –26

Adams, Elizabeth Karr, 48 –49

Adams, Hannah, 22 , 48 –49, 87 , 141 , 144 , 163 , Fig. 11

Adams, James, 73 , 157

Adams, James, Jr., 145

Adams, Margaret, 22 , 49 , 87 , 140 , 141

Adams, Mary, 22 , 48 –49, 84 , 87 , 121 , Fig. 11

Advice literature, 18 , 24

Advocate of Moral Reform, The , 12

African-American church(es):

African Union Meeting House (Providence, R.I.), 227 n.14

as central to community, 224 n.4, 226 –27n. 14

Colored Union Church (Newport, R.I.), 227 n.14

sectarian rivalry in, 147 , 150

and social reform, 138 –39

Talcott Street Church (Hartford, Conn.), 147 , 226 n.14

white reaction to, 151

African Americans:

exclusion of, from trades, 198 n.8

legal status of, 15 , 193 n.22, 198 n.8

Aguilar, Grace, 56

American Anti-Slavery Society, 233 n.43

American Colonization Society, 236 n.8

Amussen, Susan Dwyer, 135 , 222 n.38

Artisans, 109

Asher, Rev. Jeremiah, 147 , 226 n.14

Atwood, Henry, 72

Autobiographies, 179 –81, 228 n.21

African American, 162

compared to letters and diaries, 238 n.22

female authors of, 237 n.18

B

Baldwin, Abigail, 96 , 108 , 120 , 141 , 234 n.44

Baldwin, Thomas, 108

Ballard, Martha, 96 , 102 , 175 , 209 –11n.8

Barrett, Martha Osborne, 11 , Fig. 1

and abolitionism, 8 , 39 –40, 146 , 158 , 162 , 168

conception of womanhood, 21 –22

as critical of ministers, 145 , 146

and friendship, 60 –61, 89

and visiting, 4 , 5 –6, 79

Barrett, Samantha, 94 , 95 , 108 , 213 n.26

Barrett, Zeloda, 94 , 107 , 168

Beacham, Sarah, 142 , 149

Beal, J. Foster, 44 , 67 –70, 76 –77, 99

Bees (work parties), 106 –9

Bennett, Arthur, 107 , 124 , 175

Bennett, Francis, Jr., 104 , 151

Benson, Charles, 111 , 175

Berbineau, Lorenza, 92 , 218 n.64

Betsey (domestic servant), 182 , 218 n.64

Birthing, 102 –6

assistance with, 102 –4, 216 n.48

gendered division of labor in, 103 –4

and postpartum care, 103 , 104

Black church. See African-American church(es)

Black womanhood, ideal of, 19

Blewett, Mary, 194 n.32

Boarding houses, and social control, 193 n.21

Bodwell, Sophia, 127 –30, 131 , 132 , 135

Bodwell v. Osgood , 129 –30

gossip as evidence, 130

Boundaries of spheres, as targets of change, 11 –12

Boys, preference for, 105 –6

Braxton, Joanne M., 237 –38n.21

Brereton, Virginia, 231 n.37

Brown, Addie (Adeline), 84 –85, 96 , 115 , 116 , 120 –21, 168

and conversion to Christianity, 156 –57

effects of poverty on, 94 , 225 n.10

and relations with employer, 218 n.64

and romantic friendship, 44 –46, 54 –59, 62 , 63 –64, 76 –77

Brown, Pamela, 95 , 108 , 162

Brown, Susan. See Forbes, Susan Brown

Brown, William J., 157 , 179 –80

and racism and treatment of African Americans, 13 –14, 118 , 198 n.8, 226 n.14

on visiting customs, 86

Bryant, Philip, 126 –27

Bulfinch Street Church (Boston), 151

Burleigh, Charles, 73

Burleigh, John, 73

Byars, Ronald, 16

C

Caring for the sick, 93 –101, 215 n.44

gendered division of labor, 96 –97, 99 –101

gender stereotypes of, 99

and kinship, 214 n.34

racial division of labor, 101

wages for, 95 –98

Carpenter, Edward J., 101 , 108 , 175

Carter, Clark, 50

Carter, Hannah, 50

Carter, Sarah, 50 –51, 77 –78, 86

as confidante, 123 –24, 137

and conflict with friend, 64 –66

and friendship, 59 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 69 , 72 –73

Cathcart, Pollie. See Tilton, Pollie Cathcart

Chandler, Horatio:

and birthing, 103 , 104

and caring for sick, 100

and housework, 23

and religion, 82 , 142 , 177

and sectarianism, 148 –49

and Temperance Society Pledge, 233 –34n.44

Chaplin, Eliza, 54

Chapman, Louisa, 40 –41, 82 , 95 , 98 , 165

Chesnut, Mary, 177 –78

Christianity, 223 nn. 1, 3

Church, 141 , 142 , 219 n.6, 227 n.15

attendance at, 137 , 140 –42, 152

attendance at, gender differences in, 160 , 231 –32n.38

as entertainment, 142 –46

racial mixing in, 143 –44, 150

as social, 138 , 151 –52, 158 , 160 –61, 164

and social reform, 138 –39

Church visiting, 149 –52, 164 , 229 nn. 25, 27

Civil society, 8 , 9

Clapp, David, 163 , 178 , Fig. 22

Clark, Betsey, 171 –72

Clark, John Gilman, 51 , 61 –62, 100 –101

Clark, Nathaniel, 172

Clark, Sarah Holmes, 51 , 66 , 100 –101, 131

commitment to husband v. friend, 61 –62, 63

concern for reputation, 123 –24, 134 , 222 n.33

and pro-slavery opinion, 124 , 233 n.43

and religion, 145 –46, 150

and visiting, 86 –87, 90 , 91

Class status: of African Americans, 34 –35, 199 n.8

changes over life course, 34

critique of "middling," 31 , 196 –97n.4

definitions of, 30 –35, 197 n.4

of farmers, 33 , 172 , 197 n.4

of ministers, 35

of women, 33 –34, 198 n.6

Coffin, Thomas, 213 n.26

Communal labor, 106 –9, 208 –9n.4

Community jury, 116

accountability to, 123 –24

convening of, 219 n.6

Conversion, to Christianity, 153 –58, 160 –61, 224 n.6

as community endeavor, 138 , 154 –57

gender differences in, 159 –61, 231 n.37

incentives for, 154 –55, 158

and individual agency, 230 n.33

language of, 158 –59, 229 n.29

longevity of, 159 , 225 n.7, 231 n.37

and selfcondemnation, 158 , 230 n.37

Corning, Robert, 177

Cott, Nancy:

defining middle class, 196 –97n.4

motivations for diary-keeping, 174

and separate spheres, 18 , 53 –54, 211 n.8

women and conversion, 231 n.38

women's work as premodern, 109

Coult, Mary Giddings. See Jones, Mary Giddings Coult

Cross-examining documents, 36 –38

Crossman, Adelaide, 98 , 108

Culley, Margo, 175 –77, 236 n.12

Czolgosz, Leon, 177

D

Dame, George Washington, 74 , 159

Dame, Harriet, 74

Dame, Permelia, 74 , 153 , 159

Daniels, Arlene Kaplan, 212 n.21

Davis, Rev. Noah, 89 –90, 228 n.21

Day, Sarah Jane, 44

Death, incidence of, 229 n.32

Diaries, 178 , 236 nn. 9, 15

Diary-keeping, 176 , 177 , 218 n.64

gender differences in, 209 n.8, 236 n.14

motivation for, 174 –76, 177 –78

Di Leonardo, Micaela, 90 –91, 112

Dixon, Ann Lilley, 59 –60, 73 , 85 , 119 , 125

Doloff, Melissa, 126 , 222 n.33, 233 n.43

Domesticity, 24

cult of, 19 , 22 –23

Domestic servants, 55 , 92 , 111 , 218 n.64

Douglass, Frederick, 236 n.8, 237 n.19

Douglass, Sarah M., 226 n.14

E

Employments, 14 , 31 , 32 , 217 n.63

Epstein, Barbara Leslie, 162 –63, 231 nn. 37, 38

Essex County Anti-Slavery Society, 4 , 233 n.43

Ex-slave narratives. See Slave narratives

F

Faragher, John Mack, 196 n.40, 209 n.8

Farmers, 92 –93, 96 , 109 , 213 n.27

Fictive kin, 55 –56, 202 n.3

First African Baptist Church (Boston), 226 n.14

First Great Awakening, 139

First-person accounts, 2 , 35 –36

Forbes, Susan Brown, 34 , 52 , 87 , 108 , 144

Foster, Frances Smith, 180

Foster, John Plummer, 23 , 92 –93, 99 , 104 , 105 , 169

Franklin Total Abstinence Society, 163

Fraternal associations, 66 , 76 , 204 –5n.24

Freedman's Aid Society of Hartford, 45

Freemasonry, attitudes toward, 225 n.10

Freud, Sigmund, 77

Friendship, 55 , 58 , 64 –65, 71

attitudes toward, 56 , 205 n.25

between brothers and sisters, 73 –75

between men and women, 64 –65, 70 –75, 78

as central to community, 52 –53, 78

class differences in, 77 , 201 n.3, 207 n.38

gender differences in, 67 , 69 , 202 n.3, 206 n.26

insecurity about, 62 –64

intimate v. romantic, 53 , 69 , 75

length of, 65 –66, 67 , 76 , 206 n.25

and marriage, 65 –66, 76

missing absent friends, 57 –58, 60 –61, 62

physical expressions of, 56 –57, 66 –68, 205 n.25

romantic language, 56 , 59 –60, 203 n.5, 205 n.25

Fugitive Slave Law, 193 n.47

G

Garrison, William Lloyd, 236 n.8

Gendered division of labor, 6 –7, 19 , 23 , 26 , 195 –96n.40

Genealogies, 181

Gilbert, Parna:

and caring for sick, 84 , 94 , 96 , 98 –99

and concern for reputation, 121 –22

and religion, 141 –42, 158 , 160 , 219 n.6

and work of visiting, 90

Gluckman, Max, 220 n.21, 222 n.36

Goodenough, Lizzie, 85 , 92 , 111 –12, 218 n.64

Gossip, 115 , 121

and community formation, 115 , 121 –22, 124 –25, 220 n.21, 222 n.36

concern for, 117 –18, 121 –22

countering and minimizing, 122 –23, 126 –27, 127 –32, 134

functions of, 135 –36

gender differences of, 127 , 131 –32, 133 –34, 222 n.37

negotiation of, 115 , 125 –26

and power, 116 , 133 –34, 222 n.37

and racial differences, 132

Gould, Susan Selina, 43

Greven, Philip, 230 –31nn. 33 , 37

Grimes, William, 101 , 119 –20, 131 –32

Guilestad, Marianne, 208 n.4, 210 n.8, 211 n.10

H

Hall, Mary, 95 , 103 , 142

Haltunnen, Karen, 17

Hampsten, Elizabeth, 176 , 236 n. 12

Harding, Susan, 133 –34, 222 n.36

Harrison, Rev. Samuel, 147 , 162 , Fig. 21

Hartsock, Nancy, 133

Hatch, Nathan O., 145

Heilman, Samuel C., 222 n.37

Hemphill, C. Dallett, 18

Henry, George, 140

Hephzibah (friend of Sarah Carter), 51 , 65

and romantic friendship, 60 , 69

and educational disparity between friends, 60 , 63 , 77

Hill, Ivory, 100

Hired girls, 218 n.64.

See also Domestic servants

Holbrook, Mary Grace, 34 , 92 , 107 , 108

Holmes, James, 51 , 72

Holmes, Marcella, 51 , 115 , 137

conflict in friendship, 64 –65, 72 –73

and doubts about religion, 144

proslavery opinions of, 233 n.45

Holmes, Sarah. See Clark, Sarah Holmes

Hopkins, Marion, 92

Howe, Julia Ward, 233 n.43

I

Imray, Linda, 234 n.4

Industrialization, 14 –15, 81 , 109 –10, 113

Intimacy, definition of, 53

J

Jackson, Charity A. ("Aunt Chatty"), 55 , 57 –58

Jacobs, Harriet A., 162 , 179 , Fig. 25

James, Samuel Shepard, 105 , 151 , 177

James Duncan Phillips Library, 174

Jones, Mary Giddings Coult, 89 , 95 , 97 –98, 103 , 168 –69, 178 , Fig. 15

Jordon, Dr., 64 –65, 72 , 78

K

Kelley, Abigail, 233 n.43

Kerber, Linda, 18

Kimball, Joseph, 105 , 162 , 163 , 227 n.14

Kin work, 90 –91

L

Leavitt, Judith Walzer, 102

Letters, 211 n.l5

advantages of, 173 –74, 177

of African Americans, 236 n.8

gender differences in, 174 , 235 nn. 6, 7

Lewis, Earl, 210 n.8

Liberator, The , 236 n.8

Life expectancy, 213 n.28

Lilley, Ann. See Dixon, Ann Lilley

Lincoln, Abraham, 65

Lincoln, C. Eric, 144

Literacy rate, 173

Loomis, Barbara, 143

Lovell, Laurel, 54

Lowell Offering, The , 20

Lukes, Steven, 133

Lye, Joseph, 149

M

McKinley, William, 177

McLoughlin, William, 160 , 161

Mail, volume of, 173

Mamiya, Lawrence H., 144

Manhood:

middle-class ideal of, 16

criteria for, 77

Mann, Sarah Metcalf. See Metcalf, Sarah

Mann, William, 47

Mariners, 111 , 217 n.63

Market, 10

Marriage, 57 , 61 –62, 63 , 66

Mars, James, 101 , 219 n.6

Mason, Isaac, Fig. 24

Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 233 n.43

Mayo, Minerva, 2 –3, 4

Memorials, 182

Merrill, Lavinia, 59 , 60 , 154 –55, 158 –59

Metcalf, Calvin, 148

Metcalf, Charles A., 46 –47, 110 –11, 141 , 144 –45, 146 , 157

Metcalf, Chloe Adams, 1 , 46 –48, 73 , 157 , Fig. 10

Metcalf, Elizabeth Hight, 1 , 23 , 47 , 88 , 106

Metcalf, Joseph, 46 , 145

Metcalf, Mary, 47 , 98 , 110 , 155 –56, 159

Metcalf, Sarah, 46 –47, 84 , 144 , 158

Middleton, Audrey, 234 n.4

Mills, C. Wright, 38 , 197 n.4

Millworkers, 110

Ministers, 144 –46, 152

African American, 143 –44, 226 –27n.14

Moral reform societies, 12 , 161 –62

Motz, Marilyn Ferris, 99 , 208 n.4, 215 n.44, 235 –36n.7

on gender differences in letter styles, 174 , 235 n.5

on rural v. urban diarykeeping style, 176 –77, 236 n.12

Mudge, Mary, 121 ,175

class status of, 34

and communal labor, 107 –8

and countering gossip, 126 –27, 222 n.33

and visiting conventions, 86 , 87

N

Networks, importance of kin in, 209 –10n.8, 235 n.5

New Hampshire Historical Society, 171

Nims, Brigham, 43 –44, 85 , 99 , Fig. 7

class status of, 34

domestic involvement of, 23 , 169

and friendship, 67 –70, 73 –74, 76 –77

and quilting, 7 , 106

Nims, Laura, 43 , 73 –74, Fig. 8

North Star , 236 n.8

Norton, Mary Beth, 133

Nursing. See Caring for the sick

O

Old maids, 22 , 116 , 121

Oliker, Stacey J., 53

Oppression of women, opinions of, 22

Osgood, Benjamin, 126 –30, 131 , 132 , 135

Osterud, Nancy Grey, 18 , 209 n.4, 210 –11n.8, 235 –36nn. 5, 7

P

Parallel projects, 91 –93

Parker, Anne Abbott, 49 , 50 , 88 , 110

Parker, Lucy, 49

Parker, Mary, 95 , 96

Parker, Rhoda, 49 –50, 174

and caring for sick, 95 , 96 , 97

and friendship, 59 , 74 –75

and religion, 154 –55, 159

and visiting, 91 ,110

Parker, Stephen, 49 , 88 , 159

caring for sick, 97

and friendship, 74 –75

and gossip, 120 , 121

pride in son, 105

and visiting, 91

Parker, Winthrop, 49 , 75 , 97 , 110

Parks, Vestus Haley, 107

Peabody Unitarian Church, 39 , 40 , Fig. 4

Pederson, Jane Marie, 210 n.8

Perley, William, 41

Pieceworkers, 109

Pillsbury., Parker, 8 , 79 , 162

Political, definitions of, 192 n.13

Porter, Alfred, 145

Power, 133 , 159 –60

Primus, Henrietta, 62

Primus, Holdridge, 45 , Fig. 9

Primus, Rebecca, 44 –46, 84

and conversion to Christianity, 156 –57

and racism, 76

and romantic friendship, 55 –59, 62 , 63 –64, 77 , 168

Prince, Nancy, 230 n.33

Private:

definition of, 9 , 167

gender associations, 166

inappropriate use of, 81

as prescription for female behavior, 26

qualities of, 8 –9

resonance of, 25

Probate records, 182

Propery holdings, of subjects, 189 n.3

Public:

definition of, 9 –10, 167

feminist valuing of, 234 n.2

gender associations, 166

importance of access to, 169

qualities of, 5

resonance of, 25

Public/private dichotomy, 6 , 7

critiques of, 3 –4, 6 , 7 –8, 25 , 137 –38

implications of, 81

Q

Quilting parties, 106 –8, Fig. 18

R

Rabinowitz, Richard, 146

Racial double standards, 135

Racism, 13 –14, 76 , 118 , 198 n.8, 226 n.14

Raising barns and houses, 108

Randolph, Rev. Peter, 143 –44, Fig. 20

Religious denominations, 228 n.19

Baptist, 139 , 145 , 147 , 226 n.14, 228 n.19, 229 n.24

Calvinist, 147 , 149 , 230 n.33

Catholic, 150 –51

Congregational, 139 , 147 , 148 , 151 , 224 n.6, 225 n.10, 228 n.19, 229 n.24

Episcopal, 141 , 228 n. 19

Freewill Baptist, 151 , 225 n.10

Methodist, 139 , 145 , 147 , 150 , 151 , 224 n.6, 226 n.14, 228 n.19, 229 n.24

Millerite, 145 , 148

Mormon, 145

Presbyterian, 147 , 150 , 151 , 225 n.10

Quaker, 151 , 226 n.14

Second Advent, 148

Unitarian, 141 , 145 , 228 n.19, 229 n.24

Universalist, 145 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 227 n.15, 228 n.19

Religious messages about women, 146 , 232 n.39

Religious sectarianism, 146 –52, 226 n.14, 228 n.21

Reputation, 116 –17

criteria for, 118 –21, 130 , 134 –35, 222 n.38

and negotiation, 116 –17, 130 –31

and race, 118 , 220 n.12

Reverby, Susan, 95 –96

Richardson, Marilyn, 160

Root, Sarah, 79

Rosaldo, Michelle, 234 n.4

Rotundo, E. Anthony, 16 , 66 –67

Ryan, Mary R, 9 , 18

S

Sands, Emily (Aunt Emily), 121

Schlesinger, Arthur, 70

Schoolteachers, 110 , 111 , 130 , 132 , 221 –22nn. 30, 33

Seamstresses, 55 , 91 –92

Second Great Awakening, 139 , 224 n.5

Sekora, John, 180 , 237 n.21

Sellers, Charles, 223 n.3

Separate spheres, 15 –19, 109

challenges to, 18 , 23 –24, 26 , 104 , 112 , 211 n.8

and feminism, 17 –18, 194 n.28

as metaphor, 18

Severance, Harriet, 95 , 97 , 229 n.24

Sewing societies, 161 –62

Shaw, Adaline, 20

Shoebinding, 91 –92

Slaughtering animals, 108

Slave narratives, 179 –80, 237 nn. 19, 20

Slavery, attitudes toward, 206 –7n.35, 224 n.6

pro-slavery, 124 , 233 n.43

Smith, Erlunia ("Luna"), 59 –60, 85 –86, 110 , 119 , 125 , 127

Smith, James L., 150 , 162 , 233 n.43

Smith, Lewis W., 50

Smith, Rhoda Parker. See Parker, Rhoda

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 53 –54, 58 –59, 61 –62, 76 , 211

Social insurance, 210 n.8, 211 n.10

Social movements, 161 –64

Social sphere, 1 –2

advantages of, 25

definition of, 1 , 8

distinctive features of, 9 , 10

exclusion in, 13 , 168

Social sphere (continued )

highlights women, 9

importance of, 167

influence on private, 167 –68

influence on public, 164 , 167

as mediator, 112 , 169

Social work, 90 , 112 –13, 212 n.21

Sociology, 190 n.9

Source material, 171 –72

Spacks, Patricia, 133

Stack, Carol, 210 n.8

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 15

Stockwell, Hannah Ellis, 36 –38

Stockwell, Leonard, 36 –38, 82 , 83 , 118 , 122 , 182 , Fig. 3

Stockwell, Orilla, 36

Stoddard, Ann Julia, 175 , 218 n.64

Swan, Caleb, 129 , 221 n.28

Swan, Mrs. Caleb, 129 , 221 n.28

T

Talcott Street Church (Hartford, Conn.), 147 , 226 n.14

Temperance, 162 –63, 164

Temperance Society pledge, 233 –34n.44

Textile mills, 15 , 217 n.61

Textile-mill workers, 52 , Fig. 2

Thomas, Charles H, 46 , 59

Thompson, Edward P., 109

Thoreau, Henry David, 70

Tilton, Pollie Cathcart, 42 –43, 94

Tilton, William, 43

Tines, Joseph, 46 , 58 , 59 , 62

Tomes, Nancy, 209 –10n.8, 211 n.10

Town histories, 181

Town meetings, 109 n.8, 209 n.7

Trask, Sarah, 21 , 41 –42, 175

and friendship, 62 –63, 71 –72

impact of gossip, 122 –23, 127 , 134

and parallel projects, 91 –92

and religion, 140 , 225 n.8

and visiting, 85 , 87 , 88 , 99

"True womanhood":

class message, 17

cult of, 16 –17, 19 –22, 24

Tucker, Mary Orne, 141 , 227 n.15

and black minister, 227 n.14

and creating a Christian culture, 143

and moral reform, 232 n.42

and sectarianism, 148 , 168

and watching the sick, 215 n.41

U

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher:

and class status of women, 33

and importance of gossip in colonial New England, 117 , 133

and motivation for diarykeeping, 175 , 209 n.8

and neighborliness, 208 –9n.4, 211 nn. 8, 10, 213 n.27

Universalist Watchman, The , 148

U.S. manuscript census, 181 –82

V

Vaughan, Benjamin B., 50

Veney, Bethany, Fig. 23

Visiting, 80 , 85 , 166

challenge to separate spheres, 112 , 211 n.8

characteristics of, 83 , 86 , 208 n.4

and community, 80 , 86

and emotional sustenance, 88 –89

functions of, 81 , 84 , 112 –13

and gender differences, 83 , 110 , 210 n.8, 212 n.20

as labor exchange, 93 –109

limits on, 87 , 109 –10

and obligation, 82 , 84

and reciprocity, 80 , 108

and refutation of women as private, 112

ritualized, 82 –83, 94 , 102 , 103

as social exchange, 82 –93, 210 n.8

and work and leisure, 80 , 81 , 89 –91, 93 , 208 n.4

volume of, 79 , 213 n.26

Voice of Industry, The , 21

W

Wages of women, 31 , 55

Watching the sick, 93 –94, 215 n.41

Whipple, George S., 140

White womanhood, working women's ideal of, 20 , 21 , 194 n.32

Whiting, Benjamin, 48

Wilenz, Sean, 197 n.4

Williams, Paulina Bascom, 141 , 225 n.10

and community exclusion, 88 –89

concern for reputation, 117 –18

resources as minister's wife, 197 n.4, 232 n.39

Wolfe, Alan, 8 , 9

Women:

as isolated, 209 n.8

legal status of, 6 , 15 , 221 n.28

and public activism, 6

as wage laborers, 193 n.21

Women's associations, 232 n.42

Daughters of Temperance, 162

Female Moral Reform Society, 12

Ladies Unitarian Association, 40

Methodist Sewing Society, 41

Women's Christian Temperance Union, 164

Women's Friendships (Aguilar), 56

Woodberry, Luther, 41 –42, 71 –72, 88 , 122 –23, 127

Woodward, C. Vann, 178

Working people, definition of, 3 , 32 –33

Work patterns, gender differences in, 92 –93

Y

Yanagisako, Sylvia Junko, 166

Yeatman, Anna, 166 –67, 234 n.4

Z

Zboray, Ronald, 173 , 235 n.7

Zeliger, Viviana, 105 –6