Ambiguous Angels "d0e8471"

Index

A

Abuelo, El (novel), 155 , 163

Adultery, 48 , 53 , 181 ;

in 18th century, 20 -21

Afrancesados , 19

Alas, Leopoldo (pseud. Clarín), 22 , 52 , 79 , 90 , 124 , 125

Albareda, José Luis, 96 , 102

Aldaraca, Bridget, 8 , 10 , 17 , 31 ;

on the concept of ángel del hogar , 16 , 2686 ,

on La de Bringas , 91 -3;

on luxury, 86 , 88

Alonso y Rubio, Francisco, 87 -8

Althusser, Louis, 4

Amigo Manso, El (novel):

themes of education in, 95 passim

Anarchism, 7 , 21

Ancien régime, 19 , 31 , 56

Andreu, Alicia, 8 , 10 , 33 , 52 , 181

Ángel del hogar . See Angels, women as

Ángel del hogar. El (novel). See Sinués de Marco, María del Pilar

Angel Guerra (novel):

compared to Halma , 153

Angels, women as:

asexuality of, 24 , 28 , 40 , 104 -5, 137 ;

and bourgeois ideology of domesticity, 8 , 11 , 35 -6, 77 , 182 ;

characteristics of, 16 , 20 , 25 , 26 -7, 30 , 41 , 70 , 106 ;

discourse and, 10 , 13 -4, 20 , 41 ;

fallen, 58 , 67 -70, 72 , 103 -19, 178 ;

in the novel, 60 , 62 , 99 , 147 , 159 -60;

as nurses and healers, 111 , 142 , 148 ;

in western iconography, 37 -8.

See also Birds and women

Anglo-American feminist criticism. See Criticism, feminist

Anticlericalism, 75 , 164 , 166 ;

in Galdós, 2 , 50 , 164 ;

in the novel, 80 , 84 , 166

Antifeminism, 42 , 43 -4, 123 -4;

in the novel, 132 , 134 , 164 ;

of women writers, 30

Aporia, 34 , 35 , 39 , 95 , 139 ;

and imagery, 37 -8, 41 , 112 , 119

Arenal, Concepción, 11 , 43 , 126 , 199 n92;

on enclosure as mutilation, 39 , 126 , 137 , 210 n31;

on the woman question, 122

Aristocracy: attitudes toward, 18 , 90 , 164 , 171 , 176 ;

women of, 19 , 20 , 21 , 26 , 46

Aristotle notions of gender in, 24 , 77 , 79 , 84

Armstrong, Nancy, 7 , 8 , 18

Audaz, El (novel):

18th-century aristocratic women in, 195 n28;

satire of poet Pepita Sanahuja, 199 n6

Augustine, Saint, 146 -47

Ayguals de Izco, Wenceslas, 33

Azcárate, Gumersindo de, 75 -8, 84

B

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 11 ;

concept of heteroglossia, 9 , 179 , 181

Balzac, Honoré de, 1 , 35 , 204 n35

Barrantes, viscountess of, 51

Barthes, Roland, 179

Beatería , 86 , 102 .

C

Caballero, Fernán. See Böhl de Faber, Cecilia

Caballero encantado, El (novel), 168 passim;

comparison to Cervantes, 169 -70

Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 17 , 24 , 29

Capitalism, rise of:

and bourgeois ideology, 7 , 87 , 90 , 93 -4, 130 ;

and effects on the novel, 86 , 90 -91

Casalduero, Joaquín, 141 , 150

Castelar, Emilio, 23

Castro, Fernando de, 15 , 23 , 29 , 36 , 51 , 77

Catalina, Severo, 51

Cate, Francie, 153

Catholic Church, 2 , 28 , 74 -5, 80 ;

and relationship to women, 56 , 75 , 80 -1.

See also Anticlericalism; Krausism; Virgin Mary

Caudet, Francisco, 117 , 206 n34, 207 nn35,41

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel, 1 , 169 -70, 212 n54

Charcot, Jean-Martin, 121

Charles IV , 19

Charnon-Deutsch, Lou, 6 , 154

Chopin, Kate, 11

Claret, Antonio, Father, 11 , 15 , 28

Clarín. See Alas, Leopoldo

Clarke, Edward, 121

Class, 53 , 109 , 135 , 158 , 182 ;

and notions of femininity, 21 , 40 , 117 , 175 ;

representations of working class, 59 , 98 -9, 104 , 107 , 169 .

See also Aristocracy; Domesticity, ideology of; Women

Cobián, Lorenza, 125

Collins, Wilkie, 178

Conduct literature, 14 -5, 26 , 33 , 34 , 104 , 153

Congreso Pedagógico:

of 1882, 100 ;

of 1892, 123

Consumption:

and consumerism, 86 , 87 -91, 94 , 180 ;

and sexuality, 86 -7, 89 , 92 -4, 96 ;

tuberculosis and, 89 , 134 .

D

Dalton, Francis, 162

Dante, 147

Darwin, Charles, 37

Desheredada, La (novel):

modelled on work by Sáez de Melgar, 52 ;

naturalism in, 85 passim;

theme of luxury in, 86 passim

Desire, pathologization of, 8 , 24 , 89 , 92 -3, 133 -4.

See also Disease

Dickens, Charles, 1 , 6 , 178

Discourse, 13 , 14 , 37 , 67 ;

and gender, 7 , 11 , 38 , 117 , 122 -23;

and relation to ideology, 4 , 5 , 14 -5, 24 , 62 ;

scientific, 23 -4, 37 , 90 , 121 -2.

See also Disease; Sexual difference; Womanhood; Women writers

Disease, 129 , 134 -40;

medical notions of, 44 , 90 , 98 , 121 -2;

and sexuality, 88 -9, 129 -30, 136

Doctor Centeno, El (novel), 89 ;

serialized, 43

Domesticity, ideology of, 14 , 16 -7, 18 , 46 -7, 62 ;

attributes of women in, 26 , 142 , 149 -50;

and class, 14 , 21 , 107 ;

as cult, 23 , 40 ;

Galdós and, 158 , 178 ;

and language, 24 -5;

in the novel, 68 -9, 70 , 72 , 106 , 136 -7.

See also Angels, women as; Religion; Sinués de Marco, María del Pilar

Domestic novel. See Novel, rise of

Domestic novelists. See individual authors .

See also Conduct literature; Women writers

Doña Perfecta (novel), 56 -7;

allegory in, 179 -80;

dichotomy in, 58 ;

idealization of characters in, 85 ;

plot of, 71

Dumas, Alexandre, fils, 46 , 89

E

Eagleton, Terry, 55

Education, 101 -2;

attitudes toward, 44 , 100 , 123 , 158 , 167 ;

Galdós on, 50 -1;

of 19th-century women, 32 -3, 95 -6, 125 ;

women in, 45 , 99 , 168 , 172 .

See also Krausism

Electra (play):

anticlericalism in, 164 ;

compared to other works, 165 -6

Eliot, George, 110

Ellis, Sarah Stickney, 15 , 26 , 41 , 51

Emancipación, La (journal), 166

Emancipation, of women, 45 , 48 , 122 -3, 125 , 177 ;

Christianity as, 100 ;

as prostitution, 44

Enclosure, of women, 38 -9, 40 -1, 61 -2, 69 , 73 , 106 .

See also Arenal, Concepción; Pardo Bazán, Emilia

― 233 ―

Enlightenment, the, 7 , 13 , 22 , 87

Eternal feminine, 14 , 40 , 101 , 170

F

Familia de León Roch, La (novel), 56 , 73 passim;

anticipates later works, 85 ;

departs from feminine ideal, 59 ;

ideological shifts in, 179 ;

serialized, 43

Fanaticism, religious. See Mojigatería

Fashion, 39 -40, 92 , 93 -94

Feal Deibe, Carlos, 135

Femininity, construction of:

in the 18th century, 16 , 21 ;

morality and the, 21 , 25 , 58 , 87 , 114 , 119 ;

in the 19th century, 7 -8, 26 , 28 , 31 , 57 , 89 -90.

See also Eternal Feminine; Womanhood

Feminism, 3 , 6 , 14 , 177 ;

imagery and, 62 , 119 , 127 , 154 , 180 ;

19th-century, 30 , 38 , 41 , 122 -4, 167 , 182 .

See also Antifeminism; Criticism, feminist; Women

Fernández y González, Manuel, 33

Fetterley, Judith, 5

Fin de siècle, 122 , 132 , 139 ;

imagery and, 132 , 151

First Republic, 7 , 23 , 56

Fontana de Oro, La (novel), 56 -7, 59 ;

revised version, 58

Fortunata y Jacinta (novel), 180 , 182 ;

as allegory of Spain, 56 ;

analysis of, 102 -19;

compared to Madame Bovary , 5 ;

view of working-class women, 40

Foucault, Michel, 15

Fourierism, 11 , 30

Franco, Francisco, 2 , 15

G

Galdós, Benito Pérez. See Pérez Galdós, Benito

Ganivet, Angel, 121 , 124

Gassó y Ortiz, Blanca de, 25 , 27 , 35 , 187 -89

Gender, 18 , 56 -7, 139 ;

bourgeois construction of, 14 , 15 , 18 -22, 32 , 141 ;

definition of, 3 ;

ideologies of, 16 -7, 22 , 40 , 76 -7, 121 , 176 ;

rebellion, 59 , 65 , 67 , 110 -11, 156 ;

relations in the novel, 80 , 162 .

See also Discourse

Gilbert, Sandra, 9 , 14

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 122

Gilman, Stephen, 5 , 57

Gimeno de Flaquer, Concepción, 194 n15, 198 n75

Giner de los Ríos, Francisco, 77 , 79

Gloria (novel), 56 -7;

bird-angel in, 59 passim;

departs from feminine ideal, 59 ;

ideological shifts in, 179 -80;

plot of, 71

Golden Age women in the, 16 , 39

Goldman, Peter, 134

Gómez de Avellaneda, Gertrudis, 61

González Serrano, Urbano, 43 , 44 , 123 , 212 n2

Goyri, María, 123

Grassi, Angela, 34 , 163

Gubar, Susan, 9 , 14

Guirnalda, La (journal):

Galdós publishes in, 42 -3;

promotes domestic ideal, 43

H

Hall, Catherine, 18

Hall, G. Stanley, 121

Halma (novel):

and Augustine's Confessions in, 146 -47;

counterpart to Angel Guerra , 153 ;

as didactic work, 140 -55;

sequel to Nazarín , 140

Harrison, Fraser, 24 , 40

Heteroglossia. See Bahktin, Mikhail

Home, concept of:

as sanctuary, 7 , 24 ;

Victorian, 16 , 19 , 21 , 88 , 176 ;

as workplace, 15 , 26

I

Ibsen, Henrik, 51 , 163

Iconography, religious. See Angels, women as

Ideas madres , 121 ;

and regenerationism, 154

Ideology, definition of, 4 ;

contradictions and, 9

Ilustración de la Mujer, La (journal), 123

Isabel , 91

J

James, Henry, 6

Jameson, Fredric, 4 , 7

Journals, 14 , 25 , 42 , 166 ;

growth of women's, 18 , 32 -4, 123 ;

women contributors to, 33 -5, 43 .

See also Women writers

K

Kirkpatrick, Susan, 2 , 22 , 119

Kolodny, Annette, 5 , 9

Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich von, 73

Krausism, 73 -80, 82 , 84 , 96 , 157 ;

and the Catholic Church, 74 -5

Kronik, John W., 84 , 177

L

Labra, Rafael María de, 76

La de Bringas (novel):

as allegory of Spain, 56 ;

parody in, 128 ;

theme of luxury in, 86 , 91 , 93

La de San Quintín (play), 163 -64

Laqueur, Thomas, 22 , 89 , 90

Larra y Sánchez de Castro, Mariano José de, 170

Lauretis, Teresa de, 9 , 95

― 234 ―

Le Bon, Gustave, 122 , 158

Leo , pope, 28

León, Fray Luis de, 16 -7

Liberal Revolution, the, 7 , 28 -9, 180

Lida, Dena, 84

Llanos, Adolfo, 122

Loca de la casa, La (novel), 153 ;

analyzed, 159 -63

Lombroso, Cesare, 122

López-Cordon Cortezo, María Victoria, 31

Lovell, Terry, 87 , 95

Lujo, el , 26 , 86 -97, 173 , 181

M

Macherey, Pierre, 9

Madre y el Niño, La (journal):

Galdós publishes in, 42

Maetzu, Ramiro de, 157 , 165

Mallada, Lucas, 157 , 158 , 161 , 169

Marianela (novel), 57

Mariucha (play), 163 -64

Marriage:

use of married name in, 28 , 141 ;

Victorian concept of, 19 , 20 , 73 , 76 -7.

See also Women

Martín Gaite, Carmen, 21

Martínez Reguera, Leopoldo, 27 , 35 , 196 n42

Martínez Sierra, María (pseud. Gregorio Martínez Sierra), 32 , 38 , 197 n64, 204 n1

Marxist criticism, 4 , 9 , 207 n35

Maudsley, Henry, 121

Men, representation of, 16 , 77 , 79 , 85 , 129 , 154 .

See also Moulding, theme of

Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino, 63

Michelet, Jules, 51 , 198 n13;

anticlericalism of, 75 ;

on marriage, 77 ;

and the woman question, 15 , 44 , 73 , 202 n13

Mill, John Stuart, 125

Miller, Nancy K., 9 , 13 , 57

Millett, Kate, 9

Minter, G. G., 150

Misericordia (novel), 153 , 155

Mitchell, Weir, 122

Moderado government. See Spain

Moi, Toril, 9

Mojigatería , 48 , 52 , 58 , 80 , 85 , 92 .

N

Nación, La (newspaper):

Galdós in, 49

Napoleonic Code, 36

Nash, Mary, 15

Nazarín (novel), 140 -41

New Criticism, 6

New woman, 8 , 10 , 156 -7, 159 , 164 , 182

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 124

Nightingale, Florence, 38

Novel, rise of:

domestic, 18 , 44 , 51 ;

in the 19th century, 7 , 8 , 52 , 54 ;

sentimental, 48 , 59 , 82 , 163

O

Oligarchy, bourgeois, 7 , 89 -90, 121 , 157

Orwell, George, 136

P

Palido, Angel, 98

Pardo Bazán, Emilia, 38 , 43 , 46 , 51 , 126 , 210 n32;

affair with Galdós, 125 , 178 ;

on enclosure of women, 38 , 210 n31;

Galdós's praise of, 52 -3;

and the woman question, 123 -4, 208 n2

Patmore, Coventry, 14 , 15

Patriarchy, 3 , 5 , 6 , 11 ;

and construction of sexual relations, 29 ;

medical support of, 121 , 151 ;

in the novel, 64 -5, 69 , 78 -9, 136 , 139 , 149

Pérez Galdós, Benito:

articles and essays, 42 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 51 -3;

Episodios nacionales , 10 , 169 , 170 ;

library of, 15 , 51 ;

literary career of, 1 , 5 ;

Novelas contemporaneas , 1 , 4 , 10 -11, 58 , 85 -6, 153 ;

Novelas de la primera epoca , 1 , 10 , 56 -8, 85 ;

politics of, 2 , 50 , 53 , 166 -7;

public recognition of, 1 -2, 158 , 166 ;

scholarship and, 2 , 5 , 51 , 52 , 74 ;

sexual liaisons of, 125 -6, 133 , 139 , 178 ;

work in translation, 191 n1.

See also individual titles

Perrot, Michelle, 156 , 167

Perry, Mary, E., 28

Philanthropy:

women's involvement in, 41 , 143 -4

Picavea, Macías, 157 -58

Piety, excessive. See Beatería; Mojigatería

Poovey, Mary, 9 , 32

Posada, Adolfo, 123 -4

Postmodernism, 6

Print culture, western, 3 , 13 , 87 , 92

― 235 ―

Prohibido, Lo (novel), 10 , 163 , 178 ;

theme of luxury in, 86

Pygmalion figures, 78 , 83 -4, 148

R

Razón de la sinrazón: Fábula teatral absolutamente inverosímil (novel), 168

Realidad (novel):

adapted for stage, 159

Realism, 19th-century, 1 , 6 , 8

Realist novel, 8 , 119 ;

Galdós and the, 48 , 52 -5, 58 -9, 95 , 159 , 181

Regenerationism, 157 -8;

and the novel, 154 -5, 162 , 169 -71

Religion, 80 -1 107 , 142 ;

as divisive force, 54 , 65 , 71 , 74 -5, 80 ;

and domesticity, 152 ;

and spirituality, 38 , 141 -2.

See also Beatería ; Catholic Church; Mojigatería ; Representation of women, 19th-century; Restoration; Rhetoric, religious

Representation of women, 19th-century as artifact, 78 , 83 -4;

as authority figure, 17 , 35 , 105 , 145 , 148 -9, 161 ;

and death, 6 , 58 -9, 72 ;

and family, 16 -7, 19 , 20 , 155 ;

as "mad," 116 , 160 , 162 ;

and mission, 11 , 25 , 34 , 41 , 167 -8;

as morally superior, 8 , 16 -7, 49 -50, 143 ;

and motherhood, 70 , 97 -8, 168 , 170 ;

as nation, 56 , 162 , 179 -80;

in opera, 72 , 89 ;

as redeemer, 28 , 104 , 141 , 170 , 175 ;

and reproduction, 23 , 28 , 44 ;

as victim, 57 -8, 68 , 72 , 107

Restoration, 7 , 29 , 53 , 56 ;

Civil Code of 1889, 36 -7;

instability of 120 -21;

and religion, 28 , 73 .

See also Oligarchy, bourgeois

Revista de España (journal):

Galdós as editor, 43 -4;

review of Galdós, 86

Revista Popular (journal), 123

Rhetoric, religious, 24 , 36 , 100 , 122 , 128

Rich, Adrienne, 5

Río, Angel del, 161

Rodríguez, Alfred, 75

Romanticism, 11 , 13 , 34

Rosalía (novel):

idealization of characters in, 85

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 23

Ruiz Aguilera, Ventura, 54

Ruskin, John, 15 , 20 , 77 , 147

S

Sacerdocio de la mujer, El (journal), 25

Sáez de Melgar, Faustina, 33 -4, 36 , 43 , 52 , 153

Sáinz de Robles, Federico Carlos, 142

Sáiz de Otero, Concepción, 45 , 99

Sánchez, Roberto, 177

Sánchez de Toca, Joaquín, 100 , 195 n27, 208 n1

Sanz del Río, Julián, 73 -4

Schor, Naomi, 6 , 83

Segovia, Angel María, 88

Sentimental novel. See Novel, rise of

Sexual difference, 16 , 22 , 29 , 39 ;

discourse and, 3 , 7 , 18 , 37

Sexuality, 23 -4;

in the novel, 103 -5, 110 , 136 -7, 153 , 171 , 181 ;

and promiscuity, 40 -1, 44 .

See also Adultery; Consumption; Desire, pathologization of; Disease

Sexual politics, 3 , 37 , 51 -3;

in ideology, 8 , 11 , 193 n25;

in the novel, 62 -4, 67 , 142 , 149

Shaw, George Bernard, 165

Showalter, Elaine, 139 , 151

Silió, César, 158

Sinnigen, John, 154

Sinués de Marco, María del Pilar, 32 , 33 , 43 , 88 , 90 ;

and concept of el ángel del hogar , 17 , 24 -5, 27 , 36 , 147 ;

and El ángel del hogar (novel), 14 -5, 30 , 33 , 107 ;

and Galdós, 44 , 153

Smith, Alan, 60

Snow, C. P., 2

Socialism, 29 , 166

Sombart, Werner, 87 , 92

Sontag, Susan, 89 , 134

Spain: Moderado government, 18 ;

political/historical climate in, 7 , 13 , 86 ;

position in Europe of, 1 ;

sense of collapse in, 120 -2, 157 -8;

social/cultural change in, 15 , 19 , 56 , 77

Spheres:

deconstruction of, 143 -4;

in the novel, 155 , 177 , 164 ;

public/private, 15 -6, 35 , 39 , 41 , 122 , 167 -8;

and segregation, in 18th century, 19 ;

separate, 18 , 22 , 28 , 43

Stone, Lawrence, 19

Suffragism, 30 , 122 , 167

Suplicio de una mujer, El (play): reviewed by Galdós, 47

T

Tanner, Tony, 119

Tartilán, Sofía, 13 , 16

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 178

Tolosa Latour, Manuel de, 43

Tompkins, Jane, 4 , 9

Tormento (novel), 10

Translations, importance of, 15 .

See also Pérez Galdós, Benito

Tristana (novel):

woman question in, 126 -40

― 236 ―

Trollope, Anthony, 178

Tuñón de Lara, Manuel, 157

Turner, Harriet S., 104

U

Urey, Diane, 169

V

Valera, Juan, 22 , 125

Varey, J. E., 150

Veblen, Thorstein, 21

Victoria (queen of England), 44 -5

Virgin Mary:

cult of, 19 , 28 ;

as model of femininity, 19 , 28 , 72 , 146 -48;

in the novel, 72 , 146 -7

Vives, Juan Luis, 16

Voluntad (play), 163

W

Watt, Ian, 7

Weibel, Kathryn, 39

Womanhood: discourse of, 8 , 13 , 15 , 46 , 158 ;

idealized, 24 , 30 , 32 , 35 , 100 , 175 ;

nature of, 11 , 13 -4, 18 -9, 21 , 168 ;

"true," in the novel, 58 -9, 70 , 72 , 141 , 154 .

See also Femininity, construction of; New Woman

Woman question, the, 14 , 120 , 123 -4;

and Galdós, 45 , 125 , 126 -7, 140

Women:

18th-century, 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ;

employment of, 50 , 96 , 167 -8, 172 ;

middle-class, 8 , 21 , 27 , 41 , 46 , 143 ;

and politics, 29 -30, 57 -8, 94 ;

rights of, 36 -7, 90 , 122 ;

in western iconography, 37 , 78 ;

working-class, 21 , 59 , 98 -9, 103 , 121 .

See also Education; Emancipation; Representation of women, 19th-century; Sexuality; Suffragism

Women writers:

and domestic ideal, 31 -5, 43 ;

Galdós's opinion of, 44 -5, 52 ;

in the 19th century, 11 , 29 , 41 .

See also Conduct Literature; Journals

Woolf, Virginia, 32 , 139

Work ethic, bourgeois, 21 , 161 , 173 -5

Z

Zola, Émile, 90 , 92 , 204 n35