Acknowledgments

This project has benefited over the years from the generosity of insightful and stimulating communities of scholars. It began as a dissertation at the University of California, San Francisco, and my deepest gratitude is to my thesis adviser, the late Anselm L. Strauss. Anselm's version of symbolic interactionism and his long-term support of my historical sociological research provided me with the intellectual home I had long been seeking. In my pursuit of the reproductive sciences, I was also following his injunction to study the unstudied—which certainly served me well. Ans was a deeply provocative yet gentle and intellectually empowering adviser, and I shall miss him always. My committee—Howard Becker, Sheryl Ruzek, and Leonard Schatzman—was a delight. Howie's grasp of the problem of the illegitimacy of reproductive research aided my extending that analysis. Sheryl asked the question that triggered it all. Lenny's passion for sociology carried me over many rough spots when I returned to graduate school. Virginia Olesen and Carroll Estes were and still are faculty members and colleagues extraordinaire.

A number of historians have also been key to my progress. Gert Brieger and Dan Todes were both gracious and generous in training me in the history of medicine at UCSF. Jane Maienschein, Charles Rosenberg, Gerald Geison, Gregg Mitman, John Farley, Barbara Rosencrantz, and others validated and supported my work in myriad ways, especially during its early stages. Guenter Risse generously provided me with a joint appointment in the Department of the History of Health Sciences at UCSF and teaching responsibilities that certainly enhanced my confidence as a historian.

My deepest thanks go to the stunningly generous scholarly community that has grown up around the history of reproductive sciences: Merriley Borell, who welcomed me first in 1982, Diana Long (Hall), Susan Bell, Nelly Oudshoorn, and more recently Monica Casper, Naomi Pfeffer, Anni Dugdale, Marcia Meldrum, Renee Courey, Lisa Moore, Julia Rector, and others. Sociologist Rue Bucher's early confirmation of the intersectional nature of the reproductive sciences enterprise was deeply affirming. Her intellectual enthusiasm for this project was matched only by her practical assistance. The work and I have both suffered from her untimely death.

I also participated in three extraordinarily helpful groups during the early years of this project. My dissertation group included Leigh Star, Joan Fujimura, Nan Chico, Rachel Volberg, and Kathy Gregory. My writing

group included Leigh Star, Kathy Charmaz, Marilyn Little, and Anna Hazan, who is now deceased and sorely missed. My "cohort" in the graduate sociology program at UCSF—Katarin Jurich, Steve Wallace, Nan Chico, Petra Liljestrand, and Gilly West—succored and sustained me.

A number of other scholars have, over the years, provided further insights and assistance on this and other projects: Donna Haraway, Bruno Latour, Ruth Mahaney, Val Hartouni, Evelyn Keller, Peter Taylor, Jane Jordan, Gail Hornstein, and Susan Greenhalgh. My life and this book were both considerably enhanced by participating in a Residential Research Group in Spring, 1996, at the University of California Systemwide Humanities Research Institute based at UC Irvine. Titled "Postdisciplinary Approaches to the Technosciences," the group was convened by Roddey Reid and Sharon Traweek, and included Joan Fujimura, Val Hartouni, Emily Martin, Jackie Orr, and Molly Rhodes. Chapters were kindly read and commented upon by this group, by the Bay Area Technology Studies Group organized by Gabrielle Hecht of Stanford (and including scholars from Stanford and UC Berkeley, UC San Francisco, and UC Santa Cruz) and by Lily Kay, Lynn Nyhart, Hans H. Simmer, Nelly Oudshoorn, Philip Pauly, and Carol McCann. Scrupulous final reading of the entire manuscript was lovingly provided by Monica Casper and Brian Powers. All mistakes are still mine!

A number of very senior reproductive scientists and people associated with such work were kind enough to grant me interviews. Only the very oldest had had careers spanning the period I was examining, of course, so I used these interviews to explore and confirm my analysis of the historical record. My respondents were, thank goodness, deeply validating, drawing on their experiences as students and telling me stories their own advisers had told them. Respondents willing to be cited for the record included Andrew Nalbandov (University of Illinois), Neena Schwartz (Northwestern University), the late Larry Ewing (Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions), the late Roy O. Greep (Harvard University), George Stabenfelt, Reuben Albaugh, Perry T. Cupps, and Hubert Heitman (all of UC Davis), and John Biggers (Harvard University Medical School). In addition to giving me a wonderful interview, M. C. Shelesnyak (Weizmann Institute, Israel), has most generously commented on papers and provided some historical materials and an exceptional bouillabaisse. Michael Wade at the University of Chicago arranged for me to interview the ecologist Thomas Parkes, now deceased, who had worked down the hall from Frank Lillie and his group in the 1930s. I will never forget the stories, kind assistance, and affirmations they all provided. Several sociologists were exceptionally generous and shared their unpublished materials on the history of the reproductive sciences with me: Carl Backman, Daryl Chubin, and Kenneth E. Studer. I thank them especially.

I was given the opportunity to work full-time on this project, a very special gift, by several Regents and Graduate Opportunity Fellowships from the University of California, San Francisco. The always considerate support of the Graduate Division also included awards of Patent Funds for archival esearch in Chicago and Baltimore. I was able to examine crucial archival materials at the Rockefeller Archive Center thanks to a generous grant from the Rockefeller University. The Century Club of the School of Nursing provided a sorely needed grant to support transcription of my interviews. The Sierra Pacific Region of Soroptomists International, Inc., provided a fellowship and friendly support. Elihu and M. Sue Gerson and Tremont Research Institute provided photocopying and library privileges, as well as initial entrée into the history of biology.

Special thanks for kind assistance are also due to the staffs of several libraries and archives. Nancy Zinn, then UCSF university librarian, consistently provided answers and warm support of the project, as did her assistants. Nancy McCall, assistant archivist, and her associates, Gerald Shorb and Harold Kanarek of the Chesney Archives at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, were extraordinarily helpful. Permission to examine the then uncatalogued papers of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Embryology at Hopkins was invaluable, dust and all. Sioban Harlow provided housing and warm hospitality during my visit. Daniel Meyer, assistant university archivist of special collections at the University of Chicago, was most thoughtful in his assistance. Susan Vasquez of the Carnegie Institution of Washington was more than hospitable in providing access to their records and a photocopying machine. June Bente, manager of the Hartman Library, Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, kindly provided an extremely helpful bibliography of pre-1940 works on contraception. Don Kunitz, university archivist, and John Skarstad, special collections archivist, at the University of California, Davis, graciously provided access to their recently acquired papers of the Animal Sciences Department as well as sorely needed historical background. Ruth Davis, former archivist at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratories, was also most helpful.

Last but far from least, I want to thank family and friends for loving and sustained support of many kinds over the years: Allan Regenstreif, the late Agatha McCallum, Nat and Vivian Regenstreif, Pam Mendelsohn, Arlene Reiss, Jenny Ross, Dan Doyle, Leigh Star, Geof Bowker, and Fran Strauss. This book has been part of my relationship with my husband, Allan, for more than half of our twenty-five years together. So this book is, finally, for Allan, without whom I have no idea what would have happened.