Secondary Sources

Acosta de Hess, Josefina. Galdós y la novela de adulterio . Madrid: Pliegos, 1988.

Aldaraca, Bridget. El ángel del hogar: Galdós and the Ideology of Domesticity in Spain . Chapel Hill: North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 1991.

Andreu, Alicia. "Arte y consumo: Angela Grassi y 'El Correo de la Moda.' " Nuevo Hispanismo 1 (1982): 123–35.

———. Galdós y la literatura popular . Madrid: Sociedad General Española de Librería, 1982.

———. Modelos dialógicos en la narrativa de Benito Pérez Galdós . Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1989.

———. "Un modelo literario en la vida de Isidora Rufete." Anales Galdosianos Anejo 15 (1980): 7–15.

Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Atkinson, Clarissa W. " 'Your Servant, My Mother': The Figure of Saint Monica in the Ideology of Christian Motherhood." In Immaculate and Powerful: The Female in Sacred Image and Social Reality , ed. Clarissa Atkinson, Constance H. Buchanan, and Margaret R. Miles, 139–72 Boston: Beacon Press, 1985.

Auerbach, Nina. Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination . Ed. Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.

Barickman, Richard, Susan MacDonald, and Myra Stark. Corrupt Relations: Dickens, Thackeray, Trollope, Collins, and the Victorian Sexual System . New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

Barrows, Susanna. Distorting Mirrors: Visions of the Crowd in Late Nineteenth-Century France . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.

Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text . Trans. Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.

Basch, Françoise. Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel, 1837–67 . London: Allen Lane, 1974.

Belsey, Catherine. Critical Practice . London: Methuen, 1980.

Berkowitz, H. Chonon. Pérez Galdós: Spanish Liberal Crusader . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1948.

Bieder, Maryellen. "El sacrificio: Tema y recurso dramático en la obra teatral de Benito Pérez Galdós, 1892–1903." Actas del Tercer Congreso Internacional de Estudios Galdosianos , 2:383–89. Las Palmas: Excmo. Cabildo Insular, 1989.

Blanco, Alda. "The Moral Imperative for Women Writers." Indiana Journal of Hispanic Literatures 2, no. 1 (Fall 1993): 91–110.

Blanco Aguinaga, Carlos. "Having No Option: The Restoration of Order and the Education of Fortunata." In Conflicting Realities: Four Readings of a Chapter by Pérez Galdós (Fortunata y Jacinta, Part III, Chapter IV ), ed. Peter B. Goldman, 13–38. London: Tamesis, 1984.

———. "On 'The Birth of Fortunata.' " Anales Galdosianos 3 (1968): 13–24.

Blanco Aguinaga, Carlos, Julio Rodríguez Puértolas, and Iris Zavala, eds. Historia social de la literatura española . Madrid: Castalia, 1987.

Bly, Peter. "From Disorder to Order: The Pattern of Arreglar References in Galdos'[Galdós'] Tormento and La de Bringas ." Neophilologus 62 (1978): 392–405.

———. Galdós's Novel of the Historical Imagination . Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1983.

———. Vision and the Visual Arts in Galdós . Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1986.

Bonet, Laureano, ed. Benito Pérez Galdós: Ensayos de crítica literaria . Barcelona: Ediciones Península, 1990.

Bravo-Villasante, Carmen. Cartas a Benito Pérez Galdós, 1889–1890 . Madrid: Turner, 1975.

———. Galdós . Madrid: Mondadori, 1988.

———. Galdós visto por sí mismo . Madrid: Editorial Magisterio Español, 1970.

———. "Veintiocho cartas de Galdós a Pereda." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 250–52 (1970–71): 9–51.

Cacho Viu, Vicente. La Institución Libre de Enseñanza: Orígenes y etapa universitaria . Madrid: Rialp, 1962.

Capel Martínez, Rosa María. "La apertura del horizonte cultural femenino: Fernando de Castro y los congresos pedagógicos del siglo XIX." In Mujer y sociedad en España (1700–1975) , ed. R. M. Capel Martínez, 109–73. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1982.

Casalduero, Joaquín. Vida y obra de Galdós, 1843–1920 . Madrid: Gredos, 1951.

Cate, Francie. "El espacio novelesco y la creación simbólica: Un estudio de Halma ." Hispanic Journal 6, no. 2 (1985): 115–21.

Charnon-Deutsch, Lou. Gender and Representation: Women in Spanish Realist Fiction . Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990.

———. "Gender-specific Roles in Pepita Jiménez ." Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 19, no. 2 (1985): 87–105.

———. The Nineteenth-Century Spanish Story: Textual Strategies of a Genre in Transition . London: Tamesis, 1985.

Condé, Lisa. Stages in the Development of a Feminist Consciousness in Pérez Galdós (1843–1920): A Biographical Sketch . Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1990.

———. Women in the Theatre of Galdós: From Realidad (1892) to Voluntad (1895) . Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1990.

Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

———. "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology." Signs 4, no. 2 (1978): 219–36.

Coward, Rosalind. Patriarchal Precedents: Sexuality and Social Relations . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.

Crow, Duncan. The Victorian Woman . London: Allen and Unwin, 1971.

Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Degler, Carl. "What Ought To Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century." American Historical Review 79, no. 5 (1974): 1467–90.

Delgado, Luisa Elena. "Más estragos que las revoluciones : Lo ornamental como construcción de la feminidad en La de Bringas ." Paper given at the Midwest Modern Language Association convention, St. Louis, November 1992.

Dendle, Brian. "Albareda, Galdós, and the Revista de España (1868–1873)." In La Revolución de 1868: Historia, pensamiento, literatura , ed. Clara Lida and Iris Zavala, 362–77. New York: Las Americas, 1970.

DeRosset, Frederick. "Nazarín and Halma : A Study of Ambiguity and Resolution." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1981.

Dijkstra, Brain. Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-de-Siècle Culture . New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Drinka, George F. The Birth of Neurosis: Myth, Malady, and the Victorians . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology . London: Verso, 1978.

Eitner, Lorenz. "Cages, Prisons, and Captives in Eighteenth-Century Art." In Images of Romanticism: Verbal and Visual Affinities , ed. Karl Kroeber and William Walling, 13–38. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.

Feal Deibe, Carlos. "Tristana de Galdós: Capítulo en la historia de la liberación femenina." Sin Nombre 7 (1976): 116–29.

Febo, Giuliana di. "Orígenes del debate feminista en España: La escuela krausista y la Institución Libre de Enseñanza (1870–1890)." Sistema 12 (1976): 49–82.

Felski, Rita. "The Counterdiscourse of the Feminine in Three Texts by Wilde, Huysmans, and Sacher-Masoch." PMLA 106, no. 5 (1991): 1094–1105.

Fetterley, Judith. The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.

Flax, Jane. "Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory." Signs 12, no. 4 (1987): 621–43.

Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality . Trans. Robert Hurley. 1978. Reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1980.

Fox, E. Inman. "Galdos'[Galdós'] Electra : A Detailed Study of Its Historical Significance and the Polemic Between Martínez Ruiz and Maeztu." Anales Galdosianos 1 (1966): 131–41.

Friedman, Edward. "'Folly and a Woman': Galdos'[Galdós'] Rhetoric of Irony in Tristana ." In Theory and Practice of Feminist Literary Criticism , ed. Gabriela Mora and Karen S. Van Hooft, 201–28. Ypsilanti, Mich.: Bilingual Press, 1982.

Gay, Peter. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud . 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984–86.

Gilbert, Sandra, and Susan Gubar. "Tradition and the Female Talent." In The Poetics of Gender , ed. Nancy K. Miller, 183–207. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.

Gilman, Stephen. "The Birth of Fortunata." Anales Galdosianos 1 (1966): 71–83.

———. "The Consciousness of Fortunata." Anales Galdosianos 5 (1970): 55–66.

———. "Feminine and Masculine Consciousness in Fortunata y Jacinta ." Anales Galdosianos 17 (1982): 63–70.

———. Galdós and the Art of the European Novel, 1867–1887 . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Ginsberg, Judith. Angel Ganivet . London: Tamesis, 1985.

Goldman, Peter. "Galdós and the Aesthetic of Ambiguity: Notes on the Thematic Structure of Nazarín." Anales Galdosianos 9 (1974): 99–112.

———. "Feijoo and Mr. Singer: Notes on the aburguesamiento of Fortunata." Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 9 (1982): 105–114.

Gómez Martínez, José Luis. "Galdós y el krausismo español." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 32, no. 1 (1983): 55–79.

Gubar, Susan. "'The Blank Page' and the Issues of Female Creativity." Critical Inquiry 8, no. 2 (1981): 243–63.

Gullón, Ricardo. Técnicas de Galdós . Madrid: Taurus, 1980.

Habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Experience . Trans. Thomas Burger. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991.

Harrison, Fraser. The Dark Angel: Aspects of Victorian Sexuality . London: Sheldon Press, 1977.

Hart, Stephen. "Galdós's Fortunata y Jacinta : An 'Inoffensive Hen'?" Forum for Modern Language Studies 22 (1986): 342–53.

Hernández, Librada. "Electra y su Máximo: Galdós y la libertad de la mujer en Electra ." Crítica Hispánica 15, no. 2 (1993).

Jagoe, Catherine. "Disinheriting the Feminine: Galdós and the Rise of the Realist Novel in Spain." Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 27, no. 2 (1993): 225–48.

———. "María del Pilar Sinués de Marco." Spanish Women Writers: A Biobibliographical Sourcebook . Ed. Linda Gould Levine, Ellen Engelson Marson, and Gloria Feinman Waldman, 473–83. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Jameson, Fredric. "Symbolic Inference; or, Kenneth Burke and Ideological Analysis." In Situations of Theory: The Ideologies of Theory; Essays 1971–1986 , 1:137–52. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.

Jongh-Rossel, Elena de. El krausismo y la generación de 1898 . Valencia: Albatros Hispanófila, 1985.

Kany, Charles. Life and Manners in Madrid, 1750–1800 . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1932.

Kirkpatrick, Susan. Las Románticas: Women Writers and Subjectivity in Spain, 1835–1850 . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

———. "More on the Narrator of Fortunata y Jacinta ." Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 9 (1982): 143–50.

Köhler, Carl. A History of Costume . New York: Dover, 1963.

Kolodny, Annette. "Dancing Through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism." In The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory , ed. Elaine Showalter, 144–67. New York: Pantheon, 1985.

Kronik, John. "Feijoo and the Fabrication of Fortunata." In Conflicting Realities: Four Readings of a Chapter by Pérez Galdós (Fortunata y Jacinta, Part III, Chapter IV ), ed. Peter Goldman, 39–72. London: Tamesis, 1984.

Labanyi, Jo, ed. Galdós . London: Longman, 1993.

Landes, Joan B. Women in the Public Sphere . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.

Langland, Elizabeth. "Nobody's Angels: Domestic Ideology and Middle-Class Women in the Victorian Novel." PMLA 107, no. 2 (1992): 290–304.

Laqueur, Thomas. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Lauretis, Teresa de. Technologies of Gender: Essays on Theory, Film, and Fiction . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Lida, Denah. "Sobre el 'krausismo' de Galdós." Anales Galdosianos 2 (1967): 1–27.

Livingstone, Leon. "The Law of Nature and Women's Liberation in Tristana ." Anales Galdosianos 7 (1972): 93–100.

López-Baralt, Mercedes. La gestación de Fortunata y Jacinta: Galdós y la novela como re-escritura . Riopiedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1992.

López-Cordon, María Victoria. "La literatura religiosa y moral como conformadora de la mentalidad femenina (1760–1860)." In La mujer en la historia de España (siglos XVI–XX) , 59–69. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1984.

———. "La situación de la mujer a finales del antiguo régimen (1760–1860)." In Mujer y sociedad en España: 1700–1975 , ed. Rosa María Capel Martínez, 47–107. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1982.

López-Morillas, Juan. El krausismo español: Perfil de una aventura intelectual . Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1956.

———. "Galdós y el krausismo: La familia de León Roch ." Revista de Occidente 60 (1968): 331–57.

Lovell, Terry. Consuming Fiction . London: Verso, 1987.

Mandrell, James. "Economies of Representation in Misericordia ." Paper presented at Modern Language Association convention, 28 December 1992.

Martin-Fugier, Anne. La bourgeoise: Femme au temps de Paul Bourget . Paris: Grasset, 1983.

Martín Gaite, Carmen. Usos amorosos del dieciocho en España . Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1972.

Martínez Sierra, Gregorio. "Benito Pérez Galdós." In Motivos , 37–47. Paris: Garnier, 1905.

———. Cartas a las mujeres . Madrid: Pueyo, 1916.

———. Nuevas cartas a las mujeres . Madrid: Iberoamericana, 1932.

Martínez Sierra, María. Una mujer por caminos de España . Ed. Alda Blanco. Madrid: Castalia, 1989.

Miller, Nancy K. The Heroine's Text: Readings in the French and English Novel, 1722–1782 . New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.

Minter, G. G. "Halma and the Writings of St. Augustine." Anales Galdosianos 13 (1978): 73–97.

Miró, Emilio. "Tristana o la imposibilidad de ser." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 250–52 (1970–71): 505–22.

Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory . London: Methuen, 1985.

Moncy Gullón, Agnés. "The Bird Motif and the Introductory Motif: Structure in Fortunata y Jacinta ." Anales Galdosianos 9 (1974): 51–75.

Montero-Paulson, Daria J. La jerarquía femenina en la obra de Pérez Galdós . Madrid: Pliegos, 1988.

Montesinos, José. Galdós . 3 vols. Madrid: Castalia, 1968.

Nash, Mary. Mujer, familia y trabajo en España, 1875–1936 . Barcelona: Anthropos, 1983.

Nead, Lynda. Myths of Sexuality: Representations of Women in Victorian Britain . Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

Newton, Judith Lowder. Women, Power, and Subversion: Social Strategies in British Fiction, 1778–1860 . Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981.

Olafson Hellerstein, Erna, Leslie Parker Hume, and Karen Offen. Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Women's Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France, and the United States . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981.

Ortega, Soledad. Cartas a Galdós . Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1964.

Orwell, George. "Charles Dickens." In The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell , ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, 1:413–60. London: Secker and Warburg, 1968.

Parker, Alexander. "Nazarín , or the Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ according to Galdós." Anales Galdosianos 2 (1967): 83–101.

Pattison, Walter T. "La Fontana de Oro : Its Early History." Anales Galdosianos 15 (1980): 5–9.

———. "Two Women in the Life of Galdós." Anales Galdosianos 8 (1973): 23–31.

Percival, Anthony. Galdós and his Critics . Buffalo: Toronto University Press, 1985.

Perinat, Adolfo, and María Isabel Marrades. Mujer, prensa y sociedad en España, 1800–1939 . Madrid: CIS, 1980.

Perrot, Michelle. "The New Eve and the Old Adam: Changes in French Women's Condition at the Turn of the Century." In Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars , ed. Margaret Randolph Higonnet, Jane Jenson, Sonya Michel, and Margaret Collins Weitz, 51–60. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

———, ed. From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War: A History of Private Life . Vol. 4. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Perry, Mary E. Gender and Disorder in Early Modern Seville . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Pope, Barbara Corrado. "Angels in the Devil's Workshop: Leisured and Charitable Women in Nineteenth-Century England and France." In Becoming Visible: Women in European History , ed. Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, 296–326. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.

Prado Escobar, María del. "Galdós y la educación de la mujer." In Actas del Segundo Congreso Internacional de Estudios Galdosianos , 2:165–82. Las Palmas: Cabildo Insular de Gran Canarias, 1980.

Pratt, Annis. Archetypal Patterns in Women's Fiction . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

Rendall, Jane. The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France, and the United States, 1780–1860 . London: Macmillan, 1985.

Ribbans, Geoffrey. Fortunata y Jacinta . London: Grant and Cutler, 1977.

Rich, Adrienne. On Lies, Secrets, and Silences: Selected Prose 1966–1978 . New York: Norton, 1979.

Río, Angel del. Estudios Galdosianos . Zaragoza: General, 1953.

Roberts, Helene. "The Exquisite Slave: The Role of Clothes in the Making of the Victorian Woman." Signs 2, no. 3 (1977): 557–58.

Rodríguez, Alfred. "Un título y una protagonista." Anales Galdosianos 15 (1980): 129–30.

Rodríguez-Puértolas, Julio. Galdós: Burguesía y revolución . Madrid: Turner, 1975.

Roig Castellanos, M. La mujer y la prensa desde el siglo XVIII a nuestros días . Madrid: M. Roig, 1977.

Russett, Cynthia Eagle. Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Sánchez, Roberto. "Galdos'[Galdós'] Tristana , Anatomy of a 'Disappointment.' " Anales Galdosianos 12 (1977): 111–25.

Scanlon, Geraldine. La polémica feminista en la España contemporánea, 1868–1974 . Madrid: Akal, 1986.

———. "Nuevos horizontes culturales: La evolución de la educación de la mujer en España, 1868–1900." In Mujer y educación en España, 1868–1975 , 721–40. Santiago: Universidade de Santiago, 1990.

Schmidt, Ruth. "Tristana and the Importance of Opportunity." Anales Galdosianos 9 (1974): 135–44.

Schor, Naomi. Breaking the Chain: Women, Theory, and French Realist Fiction . New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

Shoemaker, W. H. "¿Cómo era Galdós?" Anales Galdosianos 8 (1973): 5–21.

Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980 . New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.

———. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siécle . New York: Viking, 1990.

———. Speaking of Gender . New York, London: Routledge, 1989.

Simón Palmer, María del Carmen. "Escritoras españolas del siglo XIX o el miedo a la marginación." Anales de literatura española de la Universidad de Alicante 2 (1983): 477–90.

———. "Revistas españolas femeninas del siglo XIX." In Homenaje a don Agustín Millares Carlo , 1:401–45. Las Palmas: Caja Insular de Ahorros de Gran Canaria, 1975.

Sinnigen, John H. "Individual, Class, and Society in Fortunata y Jacinta ." In Galdós Studies , ed. Robert J. Weber, 2:49–68. London: Tamesis, 1974.

———. "Resistance and Rebellion in Tristana ." MLN 91 (1976): 277–91.

———. "The Search for a New Totality in Nazarín, Halma, Misericordia ." MLN 93, no. 2 (1978): 233–51.

———. "Sexo y clase social en Fortunata y Jacinta : Opresión, represión, expresión." Anales Galdosianos 12 (1987): 53–70.

Smith, Bonnie. Ladies of the Leisure Class: The Bourgeoises of Northern France in the Nineteenth Century . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Smith, Gilbert. "Galdós, Tristana , and Letters from Concha-Ruth Morell." Anales Galdosianos 10 (1975): 91–120.

Snow, C. P. The Realists: Portraits of Eight Novelists . London: Macmillan, 1978.

Sombart, Werner. Luxury and Capitalism . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967.

Sontag, Susan. Illness as Metaphor . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1978.

Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500–1800 . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977.

Stopp, Christine. "Woman as Represented and Discussed in the Popular and Periodical Literature of Spain in the Period 1860–1900." D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1984.

Summers, Anne. "A Home from Home: Women's Philanthropical Work in the Nineteenth Century." In Fit Work for Women , ed. Sandra Burman, 34–63. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.

Tanner, Tony. Adultery in the Novel: Contract and Transgression . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.

Taylor, Barbara. Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century . New York: Pantheon, 1983.

Tierno Galván, Enrique. Costa y el regeneracionismo . Barcelona: Editorial Barna, 1961.

Tompkins, Jane. Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 . New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Trumbach, Rudolf. The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England . New York: Academic Press, 1978.

Tsuchiya, Akiko. "The Struggle for Autonomy in Galdós's Tristana ." MLN 104, no. 2 (1989): 330–50.

Tuñón de Lara, Manuel. Medio siglo de cultura española (1885–1936) . 3d ed. Madrid: Tecnos, 1984.

Turner, Harriet S. "Family Ties and Tyrannies: A Reassessment of Jacinta." Hispanic Review 51 (1983): 1–22.

Urey, Diane. The Novel Histories of Galdós . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Utt, Roger. "'El pájaro voló': Observaciones sobre un leitmotif en Fortunata y Jacinta ." Anales Galdosianos 9 (1974): 37–50.

Valis, Noël. "Art, Memory, and the Human in Galdos'[Galdós'] Tristana ." Kentucky Romance Quarterly 31, no. 2 (1984): 207–20.

———. "Fabricating Culture in Cánovas ." MLN 107, no. 2 (1992): 250–73.

Varey, J. E. "Man and Nature in Galdos'[Galdós'] Halma ." Anales Galdosianos 13 (1978): 59–72.

Veith, Ilza. Hysteria: The History of a Disease . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

Vicinus, Martha. Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972.

Warner, Marina. Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985.

Weibel, Kathryn. Mirror, Mirror: Images of Women Reflected in Popular Culture . New York: Anchor Books, 1977.

Woolf, Virginia. "Professions for Women." In Collected Essays , 2:284–89. New York: Harcourt and Brace, 1967.

Zahareas, Anthony. "El sentido de la tragedia en Fortunata y Jacinta ." Anales Galdosianos 3 (1968): 25–34.