Index
A
"African-American," use of term, xvii
African roots, 114 -115
AIDS- HIV:
at-risk populations, 169 -172;
bereavement, 178 -181;
care-giving, 177 -178;
Centers for Disease Control statistics, 215 n11;
education, 174 , 192 ;
as gay disease, 169 -171, 191 ;
in Harlem, 172 -173, 215 n13;
impact on gay community, 173 -177, 181 -182, 190 -192;
research projects, 3 , 170 ;
testing for, 214 n6;
transmittal to IV drug users, 170
Altman, Dennis, 7 -8
Anti-gay behaviors, 25 ;
discrimination against gay men, 22 , 208 n2;
and homophobia, 155 -156
Anti-homosexual, teachings of the Bible, 110
B
Baldwin, James, 94 , 120
Billingsley, Andrew, 5
Black, Phil, 85
Black community, participation in by gay black men, 190
Black culture, as portrayed in media, 96 , 213 n7
Black folklore:
heroes, 117 ;
John Henry epic, 117 -118, 208 n22;
sports heroes, 118 -119;
storytelling in, 116 -117
Black gay men vs. gay black men, 11 -12
Black history, 111 -114;
exposure to, 94 ;
in oral traditions, 113 ;
roots in the South, 115 -116.
See also Civil rights movement; Harlem Renaissance; Slavery
Black identity, 90 , 93 -95, 185
Black Muslims, 97 , 109 , 114
Black pride, 98 , 114 , 115 , 206 n4
Black writers, exposure to, 94 -95
Blakey, Art, 76
Brown, Ruth, 72 , 76 , 86
C
Census, and black men, 4 , 6 , 202 n3
Chicago School of Sociology, 4
Child care, help with, 56 , 103 , 190
"Children," defined, 22
Church in the black community, 38 -40, 107 -111;
acceptance of homosexuality, 39 , 109 -110, 155 -156;
black political leadership role, 10 , 207 n13;
participation by gay men, 39 -40, 78
Civil rights movement, 110 , 111 -112, 115
Class differences, in gay scene, 101 -102
Columbia University:
and relations with Harlem neighbors, 18 , 201 n46;
Anthropology Department, ix ;
fellow student, 1 ;
voguers at monthly gay dances, 189
Coming out, as final stage in gay identity, 94 , 137 -140
Cruising, symbols and gestures, 140 -141
Cullen, Countee, 152 , 186
D
Dance Theater of Harlem, 120
Discrimination:
anti-gay, 22 ;
anti-black, 99 , 157 -158
Diversity, in Harlem, 20 , 52 , 125
Drag, in black community, 8 , 85 -87, 152 , 205 n20
DuBois, W. E. B., 94 -95, 119
E
Education:
about black culture, 93 -94;
of men in study, 20 , 27 -28, 55 ;
in census data on black men, 202 n3
Ellison, Ralph, 94
Employment, patterns of, 27 -28
Expression of black identity, 122 -123
Expression of gay identity, 67 , 167 ;
in gender roles, 141 -143, 163 ;
in language used, 144 -148, 188 ;
in styles worn, 187 ;
by use of gestures and symbols, 140 -141
F
Familial titles:
as expressions of kinship status, 66 ;
in close relationships, 204 n5;
for college friends, 21 ;
to indicate individual status, 64 -66;
in social networks, 1 , 12 , 52 , 63 , 190 , 201 n3
Family, extended, 5 , 62 -63, 104
Family, in the black community, 37 , 93 , 150 ;
acceptance of gay relative by, 104 -106;
as center of daily life, 104 ;
loyalty to, 64 , 150
Family, in the gay community, 1 , 102
Family values, 107
Father figures, 103
Fathering children, 34 , 37 , 55 -57
Female friends, 102
Female-headed households, 6 -7, 107
Female relatives, 102 -105;
as early role models, 160 -162
Fictive kin:
in social networks, 12 , 52 ;
relationships of, 1 ;
terms used for, 62 -63, 203 n10
G
Garber, Eric, 8 , 75 , 85 , 87 , 186 -187
Garvey, Marcus, 120
Gay artists, in Harlem Renaissance, 8 -9
Gay bars, 68 , 78 ;
closures of, 88 -89, 192 , 201 n42;
on New Year's Eve, 73 -75
Gay bashing, 75 , 89 , 175 , 182
Gay black identity, and management of multiple identities, 125 , 139
Gay black men, 11 -12;
as portrayed in the literature, 3 , 199 n21
Gay black subculture attributes, 67
Gay folklore, 153 -155
Gay history in Harlem, 13 , 152 -153;
oral history, 152 ;
at Schomburg Center for Research, 153 , 186 , 216 n1;
written record of, 211 n23
Gay identity:
coming out experiences and reactions, 94 , 137 -139;
homosexual and gay experiences, 125 -126, 136 , 159 , 209 n4;
initial visit to gay section of town, 133
Gay liberation movement, 8 , 89 , 134
Gay organizations, 13
Gay pride, parades, 13 , 22
Gay scene, 21 , 67 , 135 , 148 -150;
in Harlem, 78 ;
impact of AIDS on, 181 ;
racism in, 157 -158
Gay social events:
boat rides, 84 -85;
card games, 179 -181;
drag balls, 85 -86;
formal dances, 82 -83;
private parties, 87 -88
Gay underworld, 50 , 70
Gay vs. homosexual, distinctions, 209 n3
Gender roles, 141 -143;
early role models for, 162 ;
popular images or, 212 n2;
sexual role playing of, 163 -164
Gossip as verbal expression of gay identity, 145 -148
Greenwich Village:
gay scene, 133 ;
proximity to Harlem, 184
H
Hannerz, Ulf, 5 , 103 , 198 n11
Harlem:
as black gay capital, 22 ;
as core of black culture, 91 -92;
Dance Theater of, 120 ;
as mecca for blacks from the South, 25
Harlem Renaissance:
jazz clubs established during, 75 ;
naming of, 216 n2;
place in history, 111 -112, 186 ;
role of gay black men during, 8 , 186 -187;
writings about, 94 -95, 186
Holiday, Billie, 68 , 161
Homophobia, 17 , 110 , 155 -156, 182
Homosexual identity, 125 -127, 209 n4;
and initial homosexual experiences, 24 , 111 , 164
Homosexuality:
as defining gay, 125 -126, 165 ;
as deviant behavior, 125 , 139 -140, 167 ;
as illness, 212 n2
Homosexual underground, 85
Hughes, Langston, 94 , 152 , 186 -187
Humphreys, Laud, 7 , 10 , 199 n19, 200 n28
Hustler population, 15 , 29 , 33 , 101 ;
cliques in, 36 ;
drug usage by, 35 ;
sexual behaviors of, 163 , 213 n4
I
Identities, multiple:
black and gay, 11 -13, 165 , 185 ;
homosexual and gay, 125 -126, 159 , 165 , 209 n3
Immigration to Harlem, 22 -23. See also Migration to Harlem
Islam, Nation of, 42 , 109
K
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 41 , 110 , 120
Kinship networks, 5 -6, 62 -63, 104 -107
L
Lee, Spike, 100
Lesbians in Harlem, 207 n6
Levine, Lawrence, 113 -114, 117
Liebow, Elliott, 4 , 117
Lincoln, C. Eric, 108 , 114
Living arrangements, 30
M
Malcolm X, 41 -42, 97 , 110 , 112 , 119
Martin, Elmer, and Joanne Martin, 5
Masculinity, 6 ;
appearance of, 25 , 163 ;
in folklore stories, 117 ;
in sports heroes, 118 ;
standards of, 162
Mazrui, Ali, 114
Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick, 107 -108
Migration to Harlem, 20 -21, 108 . See also Immigration to Harlem
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 4 , 5
N
Nation of Islam, 42 , 109
Nugent, Richard Bruce, 96 , 186
O
Occupations, of men in study, 27 -28
Ownership of homes and businesses, 26 -30, 78 , 205 n16
P
Personal networks, of gay black men compared to gay white men, 53 -54
Plummer, Kenneth, 10
R
Racism, in gay scene, 157 -158
Religion. See Church in the black community
"Rent party," 45 , 87 , 203 n13
Role models:
black artists, 120 ;
black power leaders, 120 ;
black preachers, 121 ;
black writers, 94 -95;
political leaders, 119 -120;
prominent black women, 119 ;
sports heroes, 118 -119
S
Schomburg Center for Research, 153 , 186 , 216 n1
Sexual behaviors, 162 -165;
and condom use, 173 -174, 181 ;
and risk of AIDS, 172 -173
Sexuality and social status, 159 , 165 -167
Sexual orientation determinants, 9
"Shadow values," 5 , 117
Skin color, 97 -101
Slavery, 112 -114
Soares, John Victor, 199 n20
Socialization process, 160 -162;
for becoming black, 92 -93;
for becoming gay, 73 , 136 -140, 161 -162
Social networks, 33 , 185 ;
as family, 64 ;
female relatives and friends in, 102 -103;
for financial and mutual support, 55 , 65 , 103 , 107 , 151 ;
heterogeneity in, 53 , 61 ;
inclusion of different classes in, 102 ;
membership of, 52 -54, 184
Socio-economic groups, 29 , 65 , 78 , 101 -102
South, roots in, 115 -116
Spirituality vs. formal religion, 42
Stack, Carol, 3 -6, 53 -54, 103 , 190
Stereotypes:
gay black men, 28 ;
racial, 158 ;
sexual behaviors, 161 -162;
skin color, 100
Stonewall Riots, 13 , 132
"Street corner men," 6 , 29 , 166
Support, 103 ;
for family members, 150 ;
for gay businesses, 148 -149;
of less fortunate, 33 , 55 -56
Sutter, Gerald, 4 , 198 n9
T
Theater in Harlem, popularity of, 204 n1
Third World Gay Revolution, 13
Thurman, Wallace, 95 -96, 186
Tolerance for gays, 17
Two-parent families, 37 , 106
V
Valentine, Bettylou, 6
Vogueing, 188 -189
W
Waters, Ethel, 80
Weinberg, Thomas, 10 -11
West Indies, immigrants from, 22 -23