INDEX

A

Adams, Abigail, 42

Adams, Clover Hooper, 37

Adams, Henry, 74

Adams, John, 189 -90, 194

Adultery: and domestic ideals, 111 -12;

and middle-class marriage, 198 ;

in The Scarlet Letter,186 -87

Advice to a Daughter (Savile), 222

Alcott, Bronson, xix , 156

The American Notebooks,xiii

"The American Scholar" (Emerson), 33

Androgyny: of Beatrice Cenci portrait, 261 ;

Hawthorne's, 11 , 123 -24, 130 , 141 -42;

in patriarchal system, 299 n8;

in The Scarlet Letter,206

Anima, Jungian, 299 n8

Antinomianism, 303 n1

Antinous, statue of, 263 -64

Anti-rent agitations (New York State), 296 n1 (Chap. 6)

Aristocracy, early American, 33 -34, 296 n1 (Chap. 6);

and democratic society, 103 -4;

in The House of the Seven Gables,103

Autonomy: individual, 33 , 72 -73;

of women, 222 -24, 243 , 244 , 250

B

Badger, Clay, 241 , 242 , 244 , 245 , 252

Bancroft, George, xviii , 88 -89

Bank of the United States, 89

Barker-Benfield, G. J., 143

Baym, Nina, 62 , 145 , 290 n2 (Intro.), 295 n16, 297 n2 (Chap. 8), 298 n9, 299 n8, 300 n13

Beatrice Cenci (painting), 219 -21, 224 , 305 n2 (Chap. 13)

Beecher, Catharine, 136

Beecher, Henry Ward, 195

Beggar girl, Sophia's parable of, 44 -47

Bell, John, 241

Bensick, Carol, 303 n1

Bercovitch, Sacvan, 303 n1

Berland, Lauren, 303 n1

"The Birthmark," 145

Bledstein, Burton, 81

The Blithedale Romance,xvii -xviii, 7 , 166 ;

domestic ideals in, 8 ;

marriage in, 17 ;

nature in, 20 ;

womanhood in, 18 -19;

women in, 9 , 11 -12, 15 -16

Bolsena (Italy), 217

Bourgeoisie. See Middle class

Bowdoin College, 3 , 266 -67

Boyer, Paul, 63

Bridge, Horatio, xviii , 83 -84, 158 , 170 , 171

Brodhead, Richard, 270

Brook Farm commune, xviii , 8 , 114 ;

Hawthorne at, 132 -33

Brown, Gillian, 296 n3, 296 n5, 303 n1

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 253

Buckminster, Joseph Stephens, 15

Burns, Robert, 262

Burroughs, James, 140

Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 215

C

Calvinism, 51 , 128 ;

Hawthorne on, 75

Capitalism, commercial, 33 , 41 , 90 ;

in The House of the Seven Gables,94 , 104 ;

and rise of the middle class, 79 ;

and transcendentalism, 55 -56

Carnival, Roman, 258

"Castle Dismal" (Hawthorne home), 69 , 70 , 130 , 131 , 171

Cenci, Beatrice, xix , 219 -22, 260 , 261 , 266

Cenci, Francesco, 220 , 265

Channing, Ellery, 210 -11

Channing, William Ellery, 48 , 51

Channing, William Henry, 302 n5

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Byron), 215

Child rearing, nineteenth-century, xix , 16 , 174 , 182 , 302 n11.

See also Hawthorne, Sophia, child-rearing practices of

Children, grieving process of, 66 , 294 n10, 307 n3

Chillingworth, Roger (The Scarlet Letter),186 , 264 ;

as physician, 196 ;

pursuit of Dimmesdale, 187 -88, 192 -93, 198 ;

self-reliance of, 191 -93

Chodorow, Nancy, 79

Christianity: and transcendentalism, 291 n13;

and womanhood, 74 ;

and women rights, 14 -15

Clarke, James, 150

Clarke, Sarah, 215

Clement VIII (pope), 220

Clergymen: Hawthorne on, 194 -95;

as sex symbols, 195 -96

Community life, nineteenth-century, 93 -94

Concord River, 144 -45

Confidence games, 97 -98, 106

Conversations with Children on the Gospels (Peabody), 156

Conversion (religious experience), 15

Conway, Moncure Daniel, 302 n5

Corinne; or, Italy (de Staël), xix , 215 -16, 218 -19, 229

Cott, Nancy, 15 , 244 , 295 n1

Coverdale, Miles (The Blithedale Romance),7 -8, 11 , 308 n7;

illness of, 18 ;

love for Priscilla, 29 ;

and Zenobia, 19

Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, 196

Cradle of the Middle Class (Ryan), 60

Crews, Frederick, 37 -38, 289 n2

Crowninshield, Sarah Hathorne, 60

"Cuba Journal" (Sophia Hawthorne), 49 , 51

Curtis, George William, 302 n5

"The Custom House" (The Scarlet Letter),161

D

"Declaration of Sentiments" (Elizabeth Cady Stanton), 9

Demagogues, in The House of the Seven Gables,98

Democratic party, 88 -89;

in election of 1848, 162 ;

Hawthorne's service to, 163

Deslandes, Leopold, 197

Dew, Thomas, 14

The Dial (periodical), 52

Diary of an Ennuyée (Jameson), 215

Dike, Priscilla Manning, 61 , 168

Dimmesdale, Arthur (The Scarlet Letter),8 , 115 , 164 ;

acknowledgment of Hester, 204 ;

dependence on Chillingworth, 187 -88, 198 ;

on Hester's punishment, 185 -86;

and Pearl, 205 ;

self-loathing of, 192 -93, 198 ;

union with Hester, 186 , 188 , 199 -201, 206 -8;

and women parishioners, 193 , 195

Domestic Individualism (Brown), 296 n5

Domesticity, cult of, 60 , 296 n1 (Chap. 5);

and patriarchy, 296 n2

Dominance and submission, in Hawthorne marriage, 139

Donatello (The Marble Faun),260 , 269 ;

innocence of, 260 , 264

Douglas, Ann, 296 n4

Dove, imagery of, 75 , 77 , 82 -83, 87 , 117 -19, 121 , 124 , 126 -27, 129

Drawings, of Hawthorne children, xiv -xv

Duffy, Eliza P., 300 n14

Dwight, Timothy, 11

"The Dynamo and the Virgin" (Adams), 74

E

Eddy, Mary Baker, 53

Election Day sermon (The Scarlet Letter),201 , 205

Electrotherapeutics (shock therapy), 275

Emerson, Ellen Louisa Tucker, 37

Emerson, Lidian, 37 , 189 , 195

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, xviii , 33 , 53 , 159 ;

on individualism, 72 ;

on self-reliance, 84 , 100 ;

views on marriage, 188 -89;

vision of selfhood, 60

England, as world power, 249

Equality, in American society, 77 -79

Erikson, Erik, 170

Erlich, Gloria, 65 , 262 , 290 n4 (Chap. 1), 295 n15

Eroticism: cruelty in, 198 ;

in nineteenth-century America, 142 -45.

See also Sexuality

F

Family life: and adultery, 111 -12;

in The House of the Seven Gables,91 -92;

middle-class, xx , 221 ;

nineteenth-century ideals of, xiii , xvi , 33 ;

Tocqueville on, 77 -79.

See also Child rearing

Family Notebooks (Hawthorne family), 4 -5, 25 -27, 290 n2 (Chap. 1), 291 n1

Fanshawe, 72 , 86

Faragher, John Mack, 187

Father-son relationships, 78 -80;

in "My Kinsman Major Molineux," 81

"Feathertop," 301 n1

Feminism, 289 n2;

male resistance to, 10 -11;

and marriage, 17

Fields, Annie (Mrs. James T.), 274 , 275 , 278 , 293 n9, 308 n6 (Epilogue)

Fields, James T., 164 , 264 ;

and middle-class cultural supremacy, 270 -71;

promotional campaigns of, 6 , 290 n3 (Chap. 1)

Fiske, Joseph E., 136 -37

Flowers, imagery of, 145 -46

Forrester, Rachel Hathorne, 60

Forrester, Simon, 67 -68

Foucault, Michel, 139 , 244 , 298 n5 (Chap. 9)

Fourier, Charles, xviii , 114

Franco, Dr., 241 -46;

treatment of Una's illness, 252 -55

Freudian psychological theory, 112 , 196 -97, 246 , 298 n5 (Chap. 9), 306 n4

Friendship Hall (Palmer home), 39 , 41

Fuller, Margaret, 218 ;

Commonplace Book of, 291 n9;

and Corinne,215 -16;

death of, 13 ;

feminism of, xviii , 12 -13, 14 , 158 ;

friendship with Una, 156 -57;

and Hawthorne's androgyny, 141 ;

Hawthorne's repudiation of, 226 , 228 , 269 ;

Italian experiences of, xix ;

as model for Zenobia, 13 ;

readings of, 136 ;

and transcendentalism, 52 ;

visit to Emerson, 189 ;

visit to Old Manse, xvi , 141 , 157

G

Gardiner, John, 11

Gay, Peter, 139 , 244 , 298 n5 (Chap. 9)

Gender roles: in The Blithedale Romance,17 -19, 21 -22;

in de Staël, 216 -17;

in Hawthorne, 6 -7, 9 , 161 ;

in The House of the Seven Gables,92 , 105 ;

in The Marble Faun,260 ;

and parable of beggar girl, 46 ;

and Roman Catholicism, 217 ;

in Rousseau, 10 ;

in The Scarlet Letter,164 , 200 , 201

"The Gentle Boy" (Hawthorne), 72

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 136

Gilmore, Michael, 106

Giovanni ("Rappacini's Daughter"), 154

Golden, Dora, 274 , 282 , 308 n6 (Epilogue)

Goodrich, Samuel Goodwyn, xviii , 83 -84, 86

Gordon, Linda, 222

Gouge, William, 93

Graeter, Francis, 56

Graham, Sylvester, 143

Grandfather's Chair,110

"The Great Stone Face," 301 n1

Greenberg, David, 307 n5 (Chap. 17)

Grimke, Sarah, 139

Guernsey, Henry, 198

H

Hall, Connie, 128 , 136 -37, 156 , 215

Haller, John, 196 , 291 n2

Hathorne, Daniel, 59

Hathorne, Elizabeth (Ebe), 61 , 66 -67, 68 , 69 , 132 ;

and Andrew Jackson, 73 ;

on family's mental illness, 302 n9;

on Hawthorne's marriage, 134 ;

political activities of, 89 ;

resentment of Sophia, 133 ;

and Una, 172

Hathorne, Elizabeth Manning, 167 -68, 295 n16, 298 n8;

death of, 161 , 167 -69, 170 , 256 ;

marriage of, 64 ;

relationship with Nathaniel, 130 -31, 133 -35, 167 -68, 290 n2 (Intro.), 295 n15;

widowhood of, 65 -66

Hathorne, Eunice, 59

Hathorne, Louisa, 132 , 156 , 173 ;

and death of mother, 168 -69;

on Hawthorne's portrait, 297 -98n3

Hathorne, Nathaniel: death of, 59 , 65 , 279 ;

logbooks of, 68 -69;

marriage of, 64 , 112 , 113 -16

Hathorne, Ruth, 59

Hathorne family, 59 -60, 62 -65.

See also Hawthorne family

Hawthorne, Elizabeth Manning. See Hathorne, Elizabeth Manning

Hawthorne, Julian, xiii , 3 ;

biography of father, xvi , 281 ;

birth of, 160 , 171 , 173 , 175 ;

on bust of Hawthorne, 233 ;

and Canadian mining scandal, 280 ;

childhood behavior of, 16 , 24 , 110 , 176 , 178 , 183 ;

nicknames of, 160 , 175 ;

photographs of, 275 , 277 ;

and Rose's marriage, 280 ;

on Sophia, 35 , 47 , 53 -54

Hawthorne, Louisa. See Hathorne, Louisa

Hawthorne, Manning, 297 n3 (Chap. 8)

Hawthorne, Nathaniel: and Andrew Jackson, 73 ;

androgyny of, 11 , 123 -24, 130 , 141 -42;

appointment as consul, 166 ;

biographies of, xv -xvi, 281 ;

and birth of Una, 151 -52;

at Boston Custom House, 82 -83, 88 , 116 -18;

at Brook Farm,

132 -33;

and Calvinism, 75 , 128 ;

charisma of, 35 ;

childlike qualities of, 124 , 131 -32, 148 , 258 -59, 265 ;

on clergymen, 194 -95;

correspondence of, 29 -30, 162 ;

correspondence with Sophia, 117 , 119 -24, 126 -28;

courtship of, 30 , 58 , 74 -75, 106 ;

creative crisis of, 271 ;

creative identity of, 6 , 61 -62, 68 -69, 72 , 161 , 300 n8;

death of, 275 ;

and death of father, 59 , 66 , 67 -68, 257 -59, 294 n14 (Chap. 4), 294 n16;

and death of mother, 161 , 167 -68, 170 , 256 ;

in Democratic party, 89 , 162 -63;

dislike of Robert Manning, 262 -63, 290 n4 (Chap. 1), 297 n3 (Chap. 8);

early life of, xvii , 59 -63;

education of, 70 -71;

electrotherapeutic treatment of, 275 ;

erotic imagery of, 122 -24, 144 -46, 154 -55;

and family life, xvi -xvii, 7 -8, 89 -90, 289 n2;

as father, 177 , 264 -65;

fear of abandonment, 126 -29, 279 ;

and feminism, 11 ;

final illness of, 276 -78;

financial difficulties of, 153 , 158 -59, 164 , 166 ;

frailty in childhood, 61 -62;

homophobia of, 262 -63, 307 n5 (Chap. 17);

as husband, 117 -21;

illness at Rome, 267 ;

independence of, 62 ;

journals of, xiii , 27 , 178 -79;

Lander's bust of, 229 -33, 305 nn3-4;

love for children, 174 ;

love letters of, 115 , 126 -28;

and Manning family, 262 -63, 279 ;

marital relations of, xviii -xix, 27 -28, 115 -16, 138 -39, 147 , 291 n2;

married life of, xiii -xiv, 112 , 113 -25, 138 -43, 300 n8;

meeting with Sophia, 60 , 86 ;

and middle-class cultural supremacy, 270 -71;

moral crisis at Rome, 266 -72;

narcissism of, 265 ;

nicknames of, xiv , 132 , 142 ;

notebooks of, xvi ;

and nudity in art, 231 -32, 267 ;

as office seeker, 153 -54, 158 -59, 160 , 162 , 168 ;

at Old Manse, xviii , 171 , 182 , 230 , 264 , 273 ;

Osgood's portrait of, 130 -31, 164 , 297 n3 (Chap. 8);

patriarchy in, 265 ;

photographs of, 164 , 165 , 274 , 277 ;

physical beauty of, 263 , 275 ;

political activities of, xviii , 3 , 6 , 63 , 89 , 162 -63;

public image of, 271 ;

publishers of, 83 -84;

purity of, 225 , 264 ;

reclusiveness of, 62 , 69 -71, 72 , 85 , 141 , 211 ;

relationship with Julian, 178 -79, 183 ;

relationship with mother, 130 -31, 133 -35, 167 -68, 290 n2 (Intro.), 295 nn15-16;

relationship with sisters, 132 , 133 -35, 168 , 290 n4 (Chap. 1), 295 n15;

relationship with Una, 110 , 155 , 169 -70, 177 -82, 223 -24, 247 , 265 ;

repudiation of Louisa Lander, 226 , 228 , 232 -34, 263 , 266 ;

repudiation of Margaret Fuller, 226 , 228 , 269 ;

residence at Salem, 171 , 305 n4 (Chap. 12);

residences of, 109 -10, 305 n4 (Chap. 12);

at Salem Custom House, 6 , 161 -62, 163 , 211 , 301 n1;

self-doubts of, 75 -78, 82 , 84 , 85 -86;

as self-made man, 60 , 67 , 76 , 77 , 86 , 230 ;

sexuality of, 147 -48;

on Shaker community, 262 ;

and Sophia's rearing of children, 173 ;

trip to Florence, 230 ;

and Una's illness, 255 , 256 -59, 266 ;

views on marriage, 34 , 114 -16;

views on Rome, 219 , 258 ;

visit to almshouse, 279 ;

visit to Bowdoin College, 3 -6, 266 -67;

visit to Florence, xiv ;

visit to Isle of Shoals, 3 , 5 , 25 , 29 ;

wedding of, 113 ;

on women writers, 163 .

Works: American Notebooks,xiii ;

The Blithedale Romance,xvii -xviii, 6 -9, 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 -24, 29 -30, 166 ;

Grandfather's Chair,110 ;

The House of the Seven Gables,xviii , 34 , 89 -106, 111 , 211 ;

The Life of Franklin Pierce,6 , 166 , 210 ;

The Marble Faun,xix , 8 , 219 , 229 , 259 -60, 264 -67, 269 -70;

Mosses from an Old Manse,8 , 158 ;

The Scarlet Letter,xvii , 6 , 8 , 63 , 110 -12, 115 , 161 , 164 , 184 -88, 190 -211;

The Snow Image,166 , 274 , 301 n1;

Twice-Told Tales,6 , 76 , 83 , 86 , 158 ;

A Wonder Book,6 , 156 , 166

Hawthorne, Nathaniel (father). See Hathorne, Nathaniel

Hawthorne, Rose, xiii , 3 ;

biography of father, xvi ;

birth of, 27 , 264 , 291 n2;

childhood behavior of, 5 , 26 ;

feminism of, 9 , 12 ;

and Hawthorne's last illness, 278 ;

marriage of, 280 , 282 ;

mental illness of, 280 -81;

as Mother Alphonsa, 281 ;

photographs of, 275 , 277 ;

trip to catacombs, 228

Hawthorne, Sophia: and Ada Shepard, 246 ;

artistic activities of, 48 -50, 149 -50, 171 ;

and birth of Una, 151 -52;

and Cenci legend, 220 -22;

childlike qualities of, 53 , 57 , 124 , 148 , 176 , 259 , 265 ;

child-rearing practices of, 16 , 24 -25, 111 , 156 , 171 -75;

as copyist, 48 ;

correspondence of, 29 -30, 170 ;

correspondence with Hawthorne, 117 , 119 -21;

correspondence with Mary Mann, 208 ;

correspondence with mother, 109 -11, 148 ;

courtship of, 30 , 58 , 74 -75, 106 ;

"Cuba Journal," 49 , 51 ;

Cuban journey of, 39 , 49 -50, 52 ,

55 -56, 140 ;

death of, 283 ;

and death of Mrs. Hathorne, 169 ;

domestic help of, 273 -74;

and Dr. Franco, 253 -55;

editing of Hawthorne's notebooks, 37 -38, 46 , 144 , 265 , 289 n1;

education of, 42 ;

on Emerson, 188 -89, 195 ;

and Fanshawe,86 ;

on Faun of Praxiteles, 263 -64;

fear of marriage, 135 -36;

friendship with William Henry Channing, 302 n5;

girlhood of, 41 -47;

and Hawthorne's last illness, 278 ;

and Hawthorne's moral crisis, 269 -71, 272 ;

and Hawthorne's purity, 264 , 267 ;

and Hawthorne's self-doubt, 75 -77;

and Hester Prynne, 209 ;

household management of, 167 , 302 n5;

illnesses of, 26 -28, 38 -39, 42 , 47 -51, 136 , 152 ;

independent spirit of, 5 , 28 , 37 -38, 45 , 55 -56, 135 -37, 157 -58, 209 , 289 n2, 299 n8;

influence on Hawthorne, 74 -77, 85 -86, 124 ;

interest in spiritualism, 292 n4;

journals of, xiii , 4 -5, 25 -27, 47 , 50 , 149 -50, 290 n2 (Chap. 1), 291 n1;

and Lander scandal, 234 ;

love for Italy, 217 -18;

love for Rome, 215 , 248 -50;

and Margaret Fuller, 13 ;

marital relations of, xviii -xix, 27 -28, 115 -16, 138 -39, 147 , 291 n2;

married life of, 112 , 113 -25, 138 -43, 300 n8;

meeting with Nathaniel, 60 , 86 ;

and mesmerism, 136 -37, 292 n4;

Neoplatonism of, 50 ;

nicknames of, 121 -24;

nightmares of, 150 ;

and nudity in art, 237 , 246 ;

at Old Manse, 155 , 188 , 209 , 210 , 230 , 271 ;

opinion of Brook Farm, 133 ;

and parable of beggar girl, 44 -47;

personality of, 38 ;

photographs of, 274 -75, 276 , 308 nn5-6 (Epilogue);

pregnancies of, 150 , 159 -60, 301 n16;

reaction to The Scarlet Letter,208 -9;

reading of, 52 -53, 215 -16;

religious beliefs of, 16 -17;

residence at Salem, 171 ;

residences of, 109 -10;

and revisions to The Marble Faun,271 ;

on role of women, 13 -17;

sexuality of, 122 -24, 148 ;

spirituality of, 47 -48, 53 -54;

sublimation of illness, 48 ;

transcendentalism of, 51 , 52 , 55 -57;

trip to Florence, 230 ;

and "true womanhood," 12 -13, 38 ;

on Una, 157 , 158 , 175 , 176 , 182 , 237 , 238 ;

and Una's illness, 248 -52, 256 ;

view of marriage, 34 ;

visit to Boston, 128 ;

visit to Mary Mann, 127 ;

visit to Rome, 211 , 219 -24;

wedding of, 113 ;

women friends of, 128 , 136 -37, 156

Hawthorne, Una, xiii , 3 ;

assertiveness of, 236 ;

birth of, 151 -52, 306 n2 (Chap. 15);

body language of, 237 ;

childhood behavior of, 4 -5, 110 , 156 -58, 171 -82, 203 ;

death of, 282 ;

and death of Mrs. Hathorne, 169 -70;

and Elizabeth Hathorne, 172 ;

engagements to be married, 282 ;

friendship with Louisa Lander, xix , 228 -29;

independence of, 234 , 247 ;

love for Rome, 234 , 235 , 238 ;

love of art, 235 -37;

malaria of, 218 -19, 234 , 238 , 248 -55;

and Margaret Fuller, 156 -57;

as model for Pearl, xvii , 170 , 203 , 302 n8;

naming of, 151 ;

on parents' love, 282 -83;

photographs of, 275 , 277 ;

psychic illness of, 170 , 208 , 218 , 224 , 238 , 265 , 267 , 275 , 281 , 282 , 302 n9;

at Rome, 218 ;

sexuality of, 223 -24, 246 -47;

trip to catacombs, 228

"Hawthorne and His Mosses" (Melville), 71

Hawthorne family: domestic ideals of, xvi ;

eviction from Old Manse, 159 , 163 ;

friendship with Louisa Lander, 225 , 230 -35;

friendship with Margaret Fuller, 13 ;

move to Concord, 3 -4;

move to the Wayside, 211 ;

at Old Manse, xviii , 171 , 182 , 230 , 264 , 273 ;

photographs of, 275 , 277 ;

residence at Salem, 171 , 301 n23;

visit to Bath, 43 ;

visit to Rome, 211 , 219 -24.

See also Hathorne family

Hedge, Frederick Henry, 52

Herne, Ellen, 273 -74

Higginson, Storrow, 282 , 309 n15

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 281

Hilda (The Marble Faun),9 , 229 , 238 , 266 , 293 n10;

innocence of, 267 ;

marriage to Kenyon, 270 ;

purity of, 269

Hillard, George, xv , 153 , 289 n2;

financial assistance to Hawthorne, 164 -66, 167

Hints for the Young (Woodward), 300 n12

History of the United States (Bancroft), 88

Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 254

Holgrave (The House of the Seven Gables): and death of Judge Pyncheon, 101 -2;

embodiment of democratic virtue, 90 ;

marriage to Phoebe, 103 , 104 ;

self-reliance of, 100 -102;

social views of, 91 -92

Hollingsworth (The Blithedale Romance),8 , 11 -12;

androgyny of, 19 -20;

guilt of, 23 -24, 29 ;

marriage to Priscilla, 17 ;

on role of women, 15 -16;

Zenobia's denunciation of, 22

Homosexuality, 261 -62, 304 n4, 307 n5 (Chap. 17)

Hosmer, Harriet, xix , 229 , 236

The House of the Seven Gables,166 ;

aristocracy in, 89 -91, 103 ;

community life in, 93 -94;

composition of, 6 , 111 ;

family life in, xviii , 34 , 89 -90, 91 -92, 211 ;

gender roles in, 105 ;

kinship in, 91 ;

middle class in, 104 -6;

political power in, 98 ;

self-made men in, 101 ;

social change in, 94 -95, 101 -2

Hunt, Betsey, 40

Hutchinson, Anne, 303 n1

Hysteria, sexual, 246 -47

I

Illness, neurasthenic, 38 , 293 n1

Incest, 69 , 221 -22, 295 n15

Intercourse, sexual, 143 , 298 n4 (Chap. 9), 300 n14;

and spiritual union, 195

"Intercourse," sexual connotation of, 298 n4 (Chap. 9)

J

Jackson, Andrew, 73 , 88 ;

attack on the Bank of the United States, 89

The Jacksonian Persuasion (Meyers), 89

James, Henry, 37 , 112 ;

family of, 295 n15;

on Hawthorne family, xvi ;

on "lady sculptors," 229

Jameson, Anna, 215

Journal of an African Cruiser (Bridge), 158

K

Kelley, Mary, 163

Kenyon (The Marble Faun),269 -70

Kolodney, Annette, 289 -90n2

L

Lander, Maria Louisa, 218 , 305 -6nn3-4;

bust of Hawthorne, 229 -33;

departure from Rome, 234 ;

friendship with Hawthorne family, xix , 225 , 228 -29, 230 -35;

Hawthorne's repudiation of, 232 -34, 266 , 267 ;

scandal attending, 230 -31, 307 n4 (Chap. 17);

and Una, 239

Lathrop, Francis, 280

Lathrop, George Parsons, 294 n14 (Chap. 4), 302 n5;

biography of Hawthorne, xvi ;

marriage to Rose, 280 , 282

Leverenz, David, 205

The Life of Franklin Pierce,6 , 166 , 210

"Little Red House" (Hawthorne residence, Lenox), 109 -11, 210 , 305 n4 (Chap. 12)

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 76 , 162 ;

correspondence with Hawthorne, 233

Loring, George B., 186

M

"Madwoman in the Attic," 24

Magie, David, 84

"Main Street," 301 n1

Malaria, 218 -19, 234 , 268 ;

as divine curse, 248 -49;

incubation period of, 305 -6n4

Manhood, 14 ;

in The Blithedale Romance,18 -20;

and emotional support, 261 -62;

in Rousseau, 10 ;

in The Scarlet Letter,190 -91, 200 -202, 204 .

See also Self-made men

Mann, Horace, xix , 241

Mann, Mary Peabody, xix , 40 , 47 , 141 , 302 n11;

correspondence with Sophia, 208 ;

and educational reform, 156 , 172 , 174 , 182 ;

and Hawthorne children, 173

Manning, Mary, 70 , 295 n17

Manning, Rebecca, 234 , 282

Manning, Richard, 234

Manning, Robert, 264 , 297 n3 (Chap. 8);

death of, 63 ;

Hawthorne's dislike of, 262 -63, 290 n4 (Chap. 1)

Manning, William, 63

Manning family, 60 , 62 -66, 262 , 279 ;

household accounts of, 96

The Marble Faun,xix ;

and autonomy of women, 229 ;

feminine purity in, 266 ;

gender roles in, 260 ;

introduction to, 8 ;

narrative structure of, 269 ;

and Una's illness, 219 , 259

Marriage: birth control in, 292 n2;

in colonial America, 187 ;

companionate, 142 , 298 n4 (Chap. 9);

and feminism, 17 , 289 -90n2;

and loss of independence, 39 -40;

and the middle class, 198 , 210 ;

nineteenth-century beliefs regarding, 114 ;

and property rights, 294 n7;

and rise of bourgeoisie, 33 -34, 41 ;

role of sex in, 143 ;

and self-sufficiency, 189 -90

Marshall, Megan, 293 n3, 303 n11

Mary Adolorata (Pietà), 250 , 251

Masculinity. See Manhood

Mason, Priscilla, 10

Masturbation, 144 , 190 -91, 308 n6 (Chap. 17);

female, 304 n7;

medical response to, 197 -98, 304 n12

Maule, Matthew (The House of the Seven Gables),92

Mellow, James, 289 n2

Melville, Elizabeth Shaw, 37

Melville, Herman, 71 , 262 , 308 n7

Memories of Hawthorne (Rose Hawthorne), 281

Mental illness, hereditary, 281 , 302 n9

Mesmerism, 28 , 136 -37

Meyers, Marvin, 89

Middle class, 33 -34;

and erotic experience, 142 , 189 ;

family life of, xx , 221 ;

hegemony of, 33 ;

in The House of the Seven Gables,104 -6;

and marriage, 198 , 210 ;

rise of, 79 -80;

role of women in, 296 n4;

sexual mores of, 142 -44, 146 , 244 , 260 , 300 n9

Miller, Edwin H., 289 n2, 292 n2

Milton, John, 298 n4 (Chap. 9)

"The Minister's Black Veil," 145

Miriam (The Marble Faun),9 , 238 , 269 ;

purity of, 259 -60;

scandal attaching to, 267

The Model (The Marble Faun),267 ;

murder of, 268

Molineux, Robin ("My Kinsman Major Molineux"), 80 -82, 261

The Moral Culture of Infancy (Mann), 156 , 172 , 174 , 182 , 303 n11

Mosses from an Old Manse,8 , 158

Motherhood, 291 n11;

in Hawthorne, 16 ;

nineteenth-century ideals of, 33 ;

Sophia on, 250

Motley, John Lothrop, 271

Mourning, 66 , 257 -58, 294 n9, 307 n3

"My Kinsman Major Molineux," 80 -82

N

Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife (Julian Hawthorne), 281

Nature: in The Blithedale Romance,18 -19, 20 ;

and Hawthorne's inner conflicts, 7 -8

New York Moral Reform Society, 243

Nissenbaum, Stephen, 63 , 143

Norton, Andrews, 52

Norton, Mary Beth, 296 n4

Notes in England and Italy (Sophia Hawthorne), 215

Noyes, John Humphrey, 114 , 142 -43, 300 n10

O

O'Brien, Mary, 273

"Od" (universal energy), 28 , 292 n4

Of Domesticall Duties (Gouge), 93

Old Manse (Hawthorne residence), xviii , 138 , 154 -55, 182 , 230 , 264 , 273 , 305 n4 (Chap. 12);

Hawthorne's eviction from, 159 , 163 ;

isolation of, 149 ;

Sophia at, 155 , 188 , 209 -10, 230 , 271

Onania (1724), 190 -91

Oneida community, 114 , 142 -43

Osgood, Charles, 130 -31, 297 n3 (Chap. 8)

Ossoli, Giovanni Angelo, 13 , 226

O'Sullivan, John L., 118 , 119 , 158 , 164

O'Sullivan, Louis, 306 n2 (Chap. 15)

P

Paley, William, 51

Palmer, General, 39 -40

Palmer, Mary, 39 -40

Park, Cornelia Hall, 128 , 136 -37, 156 , 215

Patriarchy, 79 -80, 261 ;

and autonomy of women, 223 -24;

and domestic ideals, 296 n2;

in Hawthorne, 265 ;

in The House of the Seven Gables,93 ;

and self-identity, 86

Patricide, 221 ;

in The Marble Faun,261

Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer (mother of Sophia Hawthorne), 13 -15, 39 , 293 n3;

child-rearing practices of, 41 -42;

early life of, 40 -41;

on Hawthornes' marriage, 188 ;

and Sophia's children, 172 , 175 ;

on Sophia's marriage, 140 , 147

Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer (sister of Sophia Hawthorne), xviii , 42 , 130 ;

career of, 43 , 48 -49;

and educational reform, 48 , 156 ;

on Elizabeth Manning Hathorne, 65 , 66 ;

introduction of Nathaniel to Sophia, 86 ;

and mesmerism, 136 -37;

on Nathaniel Hawthorne, 71 -72, 291 n2;

on Rose, 280 -81;

on The Scarlet Letter,209 ;

and Sophia's illnesses, 48 ;

and transcendentalism, 51 -52

Peabody, Nathaniel, 40 , 56 -57;

treatment of Hawthorne, 61

Peabody family, 39

Peabody Sisters of Salem (Tharp), 39

Pearl (The Scarlet Letter),182 ;

rebelliousness of, 202 -3, 205 , 206 ;

redemption of, 202 , 203 -4;

Una as model for, xvii , 170 , 203 , 302 n8

Person, Leland, 299 n8

Phoebe (The House of the Seven Gables),92 , 296 n3;

and death of Judge Pyncheon, 101 ;

embodiment of democratic virtue, 90 ;

marriage to Holgrave, 103 , 104 ;

spiritual force of, 95 -97, 100 , 105 , 106 ;

and "true womanhood," 105

Pierce, Franklin, xviii ;

election to presidency, 211 ;

Hawthorne's biography of, 6 , 166 , 210 ;

and Hawthorne's last illness, 278 ;

in Rome, 256

Polk, James K., 153

Powers, Hiram, xix

Praxiteles, 225 -26, 227 , 239 , 263 -64

Pray, Mary, 159 , 273

Prescott, George, 306 n2 (Chap. 15)

Priscilla (The Blithedale Romance),8 , 11 ;

marriage to Hollingsworth, 17 ;

spirituality of, 20 -21;

support of Hollingsworth, 23 -24, 29

Protestantism, evangelical, 74

Prynne, Hester (The Scarlet Letter),xvii , xix , 115 , 271 , 299 n8;

as counselor, 184 ;

marriage to Chillingworth, 186 , 188 ;

punishment of, 185 ;

rearing of Pearl, 201 ;

and "true womanhood," 199 -200;

union with Dimmesdale, 186 , 188 , 199 -201, 206 -8

Publishing, nineteenth-century, xviii

Purity, sexual, 241 -46;

feminine, 145 -46, 266 , 300 n9, 300 n13;

male, 143 , 300 n10;

in The Marble Faun,260 ;

middle-class culture of, 267 ;

rhetoric of, 245 ;

and Una's illness, 265 .

See also Self-control, sexual; Sexuality

Purity (statue by Bell), 241

Pyncheon, Alice (The House of the Seven Gables),92

Pyncheon, Clifford (The House of the Seven Gables),8 , 94 -95, 105

Pyncheon, Hepzibah (The House of the Seven Gables),93 -94, 104

Pyncheon, Jaffrey (The House of the Seven Gables),89 -90, 91 , 264 , 265 ;

and ancestral crime, 97 -100;

death of, 98 -99, 101 -2

R

Rappacini, Beatrice ("Rappacini's Daughter"), 122 , 154 -55

"Rappacini's Daughter," 145 , 154 -55

Reichenbach, Charles von, 28 , 292 n4

Religion, disestablishment of, 194

Reni, Guido, 219

Resting Satyr (Praxiteles), 225 -26, 227 , 239 , 259 , 263 -64

Reynolds, David, 304 n11

Ripley, Samuel, 159

Rogers, John, 231 , 305 n3 (Chap. 14)

"Roman fever." See Malaria

Romantic Neoplatonism, 48 , 116

Rome: fall of, 249 ;

Hawthorne's view of, 219 , 258 ;

in nineteenth-century literature, 215 -17

Rose, Anne, 55

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10 , 19

Russell, William, 48

Ryan, Mary, 60 , 142 , 295 n1, 296 n2, 300 n9

S

Sabbath Lessons (Elizabeth Peabody), 40

Salem Custom House, 161 -62

Salem Possessed (Boyer and Nissenbaum), 63

Satyrs, 225 -28

Savile, George, 222

Scaffold scenes (The Scarlet Letter),185 , 203 -4

The Scarlet Letter: adultery in, 115 ;

composition of, 6 , 161 ;

domestic ideals of, 184 , 186 -87, 199 , 207 ;

Election Day sermon, 201 , 205 ;

family relations in, 111 -12;

forest scene of, 206 -8;

gender issues in, 303 n1;

introduction to, xvii , 8 , 63 ;

masculinity in, 190 -91, 200 -202, 204 ;

physicians in, 196 -97;

publication of, 164 ;

scaffold scenes, 185 , 203 -4;

sexuality in, 192 -93, 195 -98;

Sophia's reaction to, 208 -9;

success of, 110

Scharnhorst, Gary, 301 n5

Self-control, sexual, 143 , 196 ;

and marriage, 300 n10, 300 n14.

See also Purity, sexual; Sexuality

Self-made men, 33 -34, 60 , 62 , 67 -68, 72 -73, 86 ;

Emerson's ideal of, 189 -90;

and feminine purity, 300 n9;

in The House of the Seven Gables,101 ;

in "My Kinsman Major Molineux," 81 ;

wives of, 209 -10

Self-reliance, in The Scarlet Letter,190

"Self-Reliance" (Emerson), 189 -90

Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 9

Sexuality, 298 -99n5;

female, 145 , 304 n7;

and medical profession, 196 -98;

and the middle class, 142 -44, 146 , 244 , 300 n9;

rhetoric of, 196 .

See also Purity, sexual; Self-control, sexual

Sexuality, male, 143 -46, 299 n7;

in The Scarlet Letter,192 -94

Sexual Physiology and Hygiene (Trall), 300 n14

Shakers, 262

Shattuck, Dr., 47

Shepard, Ada, 218 , 305 n4 (Chap. 14);

Dr. Franco's advances toward, 241 -44, 255 , 269 ;

on Hawthorne, 254 ;

ideal of purity, 240 -46, 265 ;

on Una's illness, 252

Sigourney, Lydia, 16 , 171 , 293 n7, 302 n11

Sklar, Kathryn, 136

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 243 , 261

The Snow Image,166 , 274 , 301 n1

Speculation, economic, in The House of the Seven Gables,98

Spenser, Edmund, 241 , 242

"The Spirit of the Hebrew Scriptures" (Fuller), 52

Staël, Germaine de, 42 , 215 -17

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 9 , 10 -11

Stewart, Randall, 37

Story, Joseph, 297 n6

Story, William Wetmore, xix , 231 ;

and Una's illness, 253

Sturgis, Caroline, 159

T

Taylor, Edward, 120

Tears, as orgasm, 27 , 292 n3

Temple School (Bronson Alcott), 52 , 156

Tharp, Louise Hall, 39 , 293 n3

Thomas, Brook, 297 n6

Thompson, Cephas, xix , 230 -31

Thoreau, Henry David, xviii , 37 , 140

Ticknor, William, 229 -30, 267 , 276

Ticknor and Fields (publishing house), xviii

Tilton, Elizabeth, 195

Titian, 237 , 239 , 246 , 268 ;

Hawthorne on, 267

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 39 -40;

on American women, 222 -23;

on family life, 77 -79

Todd, John, 144 , 195 -96

The Token (periodical), 84

Trall, R. T., 300 n14

Transcendental Club, 52

Transcendentalism, xviii , 51 -52, 291 n13;

and commercial capitalism, 55 -56

Transcendentalism as a Social Movement (Rose), 55

Tuberculosis, miliary, 252

Turner, Arlin, 289 n2

Turner, Victor, 290 n3 (Intro.)

Twice-Told Tales,6 , 76 , 83 , 86 ;

reissue of, 158

U

Una (The Faerie Queene),151 , 241 -42, 244 , 306 n2 (Chap. 15)

The Una (feminist periodical), 243

Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe), 15

Upham, Charles W., 162

V

Venus (Titian), 237 , 239

Villa Borghese, 225

Villa Montauto, 264

Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft), 10

W

Warren, Joyce, 290 n2 (Intro.)

Wayside (Hawthorne home, Concord), 4 , 6 , 30 , 209 , 273 , 305 n4 (Chap. 12);

move to, 211

Webster, Albert, 282

Westervelt, Professor (The Blithedale Romance),20 , 22 , 264 , 308 n7;

materialism of, 21

West Street Bookstore, 52 , 136

Whig Party, 88 -89, 296 n1 (Chap. 6)

Willi, Jurg, 112 , 298 n7

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 10 , 11 , 19

Womanhood, 11 , 73 , 295 n1;

in The Blithedale Romance,18 -19, 20 -22, 24 ;

and Christianity, 74 ;

and Christian love, 195 ;

in de Staël, 216 ;

in The House of the Seven Gables,99 , 105 ;

natural, 17 , 34 ;

in The Scarlet Letter,199 -200, 204 -5;

"true," 12 -13, 18 -22, 24 , 99 , 105 , 199 -200, 204 -5, 296 n4

Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Fuller), 12 -13, 141 -42, 158

Women: autonomy of, 222 -24, 243 , 244 , 250 ;

equal rights for, 9 -13, 42 ;

innocence of, 87 ;

neurasthenic illnesses of, 38 , 293 n1;

nurturing qualities of, 9 ;

Puritan, 185 ;

purity of, 145 -46, 266 , 300 n13;

during Revolutionary era, 9 -10, 13 ;

role of in marriage, 187 ;

role of in society, 12 , 262 -63, 290 n6;

in Toqueville, 39 -40, 222 -23;

as transmitters of property, 303 n1;

as writers, 163

A Wonder Book,6 , 156 , 166

Woodhull, Victoria, 195

Woodward, Samuel, 300 n12

Y

"The Yellow Wallpaper" (Gilman), 136

"Young Goodman Brown," 145

Z

Zenobia (The Blithedale Romance),8 , 11 -12;

and Hester Prynne, 9 ;

political discontent of, 21 -22;

resemblance to Margaret Fuller, 13 ;

sexuality of, 19 , 122 ;

suicide of, 22 , 30