1. Gudrun Krämer, “Zionism in Egypt, 1917–1948,” in Amnon Cohen and Gabriel Baer (eds.), Egypt and Palestine: A Millennium of Association (868–1948) (Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East, 1984), p. 354.

2. Shlomo Barad, “ha-Pe‘ilut ha-tzionit be-mitzrayim, 1917–1952,” Shorashim ba-mizrah 2 (1989):105.

3. Ibid., pp. 94–95.

4. Biographical information on Ezra Talmor and all the quotes are taken from interviews conducted on Feb. 22 and Mar. 16, 1993, at Kibutz Nahshonim.

5. Barad, “ha-Pe‘ilut ha-tzionit be-mitzrayim,” p. 84.

6. Mitzrayim, tnu‘at ha-shomer ha-tza‘ir, HH 18–2.1(4) “Nahshonim-Erev zikaron le-aharon keshet za‘l be-30 le-moto, 1983”[same as 97.10 (5 ‘ayin)].

7. Testimony of Ezra Talmor (interviewed by Shlomo Barad, Sept. 14, 1983) gives the date as 1940: YTM, Chativa 25/‘ayin. Mekhal 7. Tik 1. When I spoke to Ezra Talmor in 1993, he dated this incident to 1938. This is, in fact, the more likely date.

8. Lazare Guetta [Giv‘ati], Mazkirut hanhagah ‘ironit aleksandriah la-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah, May 27, 1947, “Hanhagah ‘elyonah yisra’el, mitzrayim, 1944–1947,” HH 31.78(1), vol. 1.

9. Ha-‘ivri ha-tza‘ir, kvutzat birya, aleksandriah, Iton Birya, [1940s], MHT, T-12.2.

10. See Joel Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

11. Barad, “ha-Pe‘ilut ha-tzionit be-mitzrayim,” pp. 103–104, gives the figure of 200 immigrants, but Michael M. Laskier, The Jews of Egypt, 1920–1970: In the Midst of Zionism, Anti-Semitism, and the Middle East Conflict (New York: New York University Press, 1992), p. 115, presents credible evidence to support the lower figure.

12. “35 be-Nahshonim: alon hag ha-35” (1984) and a brief history of the kibutz in French, source not indicated, HH 101.55.1-Nahshonim, (2) and (4).

13. Ezra [Talmor], “Kibutz ‘edot-mizrah ve-yi‘udav,” ha-Shavu‘a ba-kibutz ha-artzi, Oct. 16, 1964, p. 11.

14. Lazare Giv‘ati, interview, Nahshonim, Feb. 26, 1993.

15. Sami Shemtov, interview, Herzliah, Feb. 27, 1993.

16. Haim Sha’ul, interview, Nahshonim, Mar. 16, 1993.

17. Hanhagah rashit be-mitzrayim, la-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah, Jan. 13, 1950, and Hanhagah rashit, ha-shomer ha-tza‘ir la-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah, Paris, Jan. 31, 1950, HH 31.78(1) Hanhagah ‘elyonah, mitzrayim, 1948–50, vol. 2.

18. Peleg le-mazkirut ha-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah shel ha-shomer ha-tza‘ir u-le-mazkirut ha-kibutz ha-artzi, July 4, 1950, Ha-makhlakah le-‘inyanei ha-yehudim be-mizrakh ha-tikhon, Paris, Eli Peleg (1950–51), vol. 2., HH 31.82(5).

19. On the antagonism between Brakha and Sha’ul, see Hanhagah rashit be-mitzrayim, la-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah, Jan. 13, 1950, and Hanhagah rashit, ha-shomer ha-tza‘ir la-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah, Paris, Jan. 31, 1950, Hanhagah ‘elyonah, mitzrayim, 1948–50, vol. 2., HH 31.78(1). On Eli Peleg's complaints about anti-MAPAM sentiment, see Peleg le-mazkirut ha-hanhagah ha-‘elyonah shel ha-shomer ha-tza‘ir u-le-mazkirut ha-kibutz ha-artzi, July 4, 1950, Ha-makhlakah le-‘inyanei ha-yehudim be-mizrakh ha-tikhon, Paris, Eli Peleg (1950–51), vol. 2., HH 31.82(5). MAPAI decided to form ha-Bonim as a result of le-Ahdut ha-‘Avodah joining MAPAM. He-halutz had sent members to kibutzim of ha-Kibutz ha-Me’uhad, which was affiliated with le-Ahdut ha-‘Avodah. Now that this movement was part of MAPAM (albeit only briefly until 1954), MAPAI wanted to establish a new youth movement loyal to itself.

20. “Din ve-heshbon ‘al ha-tnu‘ah be-mitzrayim,” hanhagah ha-rashit shel ha-shomer ha-tza‘ir, mitzrayim, no date, received in Jewish Agency on Jan. 23, 1950, CZA S20/112/230/71/18394.

21. Nurit Burlas (Jeanette Salama), interview, Kibutz ‘Ein Shemer, Mar. 4, 1993.

22. David Harel, interviewed by ‘Einav Grosman, Oct. 31, 1988, “Parashat sneh ve-hishtakfutah be-kibutz ‘ein-shemer,” (Mevo'ot ‘Eiron High School, Bagrut project, Jan. 1988), p. 27.

23. Perla Cohen, interview, Kibutz ‘Ein-Shemer, Mar. 4, 1993.

24. Shlomo Burlas, Nurit Burlas, Perla Cohen, and Yitzhak Danon, interview, Kibutz ‘Ein-Shemer, Mar. 4, 1993.

25. David Harel, interviewed by Grosman, Parashat sneh, p. 26.

26. Nurit Burlas, interview, Kibutz ‘Ein-Shemer, Mar. 4, 1993. Others who expressed similar opinions were ‘Ada and Haim Aharoni, interview, Haifa, Mar. 5, 1993; Ninette Piciotto Braunstein, interview, Tel Aviv, Mar.8, 1993; Zvi and Regine Cohen, interview, Tel Aviv, June 4 1993.

27. Ninette Piciotto Braunstein, interview, Tel Aviv, Mar. 8, 1993; Regine Cohen and others, interview, Tel Aviv, June 4, 1993.

28. Miyetek Zilbertal, interviewed by Grosman, Parashat sneh, pp. 20, 22.

29. Benny Aharon and David Harel, interview, Tel Aviv, Mar. 25, 1993.

30. Ninette Piciotto Braunstein, interview, Tel Aviv, Mar. 8, 1993.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Braunstein, interview, Tel Aviv, June 4, 1993.

34. Braunstein, interview, Mar. 8, 1993.

35. Haim Aharon, interview, Haifa, Mar. 5, 1993.

36. See Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? pp. 130–34.

37. “Yeshivot ha-va‘adah ha-politit ve-ha-medinit,” Nov. 23, 1952, HH 90.66 bet (8).

38. The results of the vote and the total number of expulsions are based on Eli Tzur, “Parashat prag: ha-hanhagah ve-ha-opozitziah ba-kbh‘a,” Me’asef 18 (June 1988):51–52. Tzur's figures are drawn from the Ya‘akov Hazan papers, which were not available when I was conducting research for Was the Red Flag Flying There? Based on partial and different documentation, I estimated that over 20 percent of the members of ha-Kibutz ha-Artzi voted against clause one and over 200 members were expelled for political opposition: Was the Red Flag Flying There? pp. 132–33. Grosman, Parashat sneh, p. 18, cites the same article by Tzur but incorrectly quotes him as saying that between 160 and 200 individuals left their kibutzim. This understatement, perhaps a Freudian error, expresses a persistent tendency to minimize the significance of this entire affair among ha-Shomer ha-Tza‘ir loyalists. All the published numbers underestimate the strength of the left opposition in ha-Kibutz ha-Artzi because they are based on public votes, and many quiet sympathizers may not have expressed themselves if they were unable to contemplate leaving their kibutz for economic or other reasons.

39. Grosman, Parashat sneh, p, 23.

40. Ibid.

41. David Harel, interviewed by Grosman, Parashat sneh, pp. 28–29.

42. Two notes from Eli‘ezer Be’eri to Miyetek Zilbertal, Feb. 5, 1953, facsimiles in Grosman, Parashat sneh, appendix 12, p. 57; Eli‘ezer be’eri la-va‘adah ha-politit, ‘ein-shemer, Feb. 15, 1953, facsimile in Grosman, Parashat sneh, appendix 11, p. 56.

43. Correspondence between Natan Peled, mazkirut ha-kibutz ha-artzi and mazkirut of ‘Ein-Shemer, Mar. 12, 1953, and between Natan Peled and Miyetek Zilbertal, Mar. 12, 1953, facsimiles in Grosman, Parashat sneh, appendix 6, p. 51.

44. These events were reported extensively in the Israeli press. See, for example, ha-Shavu‘ah ba-kibutz ha-artzi, Apr. 9, 1953; ‘Al ha-mishmar, Ma‘ariv, and Yedi‘ot aharonot, Mar. 29, 1953; Kol ha-‘Am, Apr. 7, 1953.

45. Facsimile in Grosman, Parashat sneh, appendix 10, p. 55.

46. Mazkirut Kibutz Mesilot, “Ha’emet ‘al ha-me'ora‘ot be-kibutz mesilot,” ha-Shavu‘a ba-kibutz ha-artzi, June 12, 1953; “30 shanah le-kibutz mesilot, 1938–1968,” Ba-bayit, no. 339, Jan.17, 1969, HH 101.47.1-K. Mesilot, Toldot.

47. Esty Comay, interview, Tel Aviv, Mar. 21, 1993.

48. Nelly and Benny Aharon, Susie and Albert ‘Amar, Ninette Piciotto Braunstein, Regine and Tzvi Cohen, Esty Comay, Ruby and Eli Danon, Bertha Kastel, Pninah and Izzy Mizrahi, interview, Tel Aviv, June 4, 1993.