Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Page numbers in bold refer to glossary definitions.
A
Abat, Brig. Gen. Fortunato U., 166 , 323 n28
Abiden, Sarip Ali Zain-ul, 49
Adat (customary law), 62 , 91 , 337
Adat betad (traditional culture), 300 -301n5
Adil, Mohammad, 47 , 62 , 91 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 108 , 128 , 130 , 149 , 158 , 221 -22, 226 , 318 n27
Adjudication practices:
conflicts in, 225 -26;
loci of, 218 , 230
Agimat (amulets), 192 , 326 n17, 337
Akmad (imam of Campo Muslim), 174 -77, 200 , 202 , 204 , 227 -28, 230 , 233 , 277 , 283
Alah Valley:
description of, 27 ;
settlement of, 115 , 127
Alamada (Iranun insurgent), 97 , 98
Alamada (village), settlement of, 116
Alcohol consumption, 36 , 206 , 220 , 283
Ali (last independent ruler of Cotabato), 69 , 94 , 97
Alifuru (inhabitants of Halmahera), 308 n11
Ali, Lanang, 247
Alonto, Abulkhayr, 157
Alonto, Domocao, 139
American colonialism. See United States
Amilbangsa, Ombra, 135
Ampatuan (datu), 320 n8
Ampatuan clan, 145 , 153
Anderson, Benedict, 14 , 15 , 16
Anti-Imperialist Ireague, U.S., 89
Aquino, Agapito, 242
Aquino, Benigno, 140 , 236 , 242 .
Aquino, Corazon C., 230 , 231 , 235 , 236 , 238 , 242 , 244 , 246 , 332 n9
Aristocracy, mythic (traditional), See Datus
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), 165 -66, 185
Asikin, Jusul, 49
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, 334 n24
Ayunan, Datu, 98 , 99 , 100
B
Badruddin, Hadji Salik, 202
Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (BAYAN; New Nationalist Alliance), 238
Bagungan, Bai, 96
Baguri, Sheikh Hassanal, 320 n5
Balabaran, Datu, 99
Balabaran, Sinsuat, 98 -101, 102 , 103 , 110 , 119 , 276
Bangsa (descent groups), 47 -48, 164 , 190 , 301 n8, 337
Bangsamoro ("Moro nation"), 81 , 164 , 186 , 322 n26, 337
Bangsa Moro Army, 157
Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO), 162
Bangsamoro Rebellion:
as armed struggle, 138 -67, 170 , 180 -81;
peace settlement for, 167 -68, 170 ;
political goals of, 14 , 163 -64;
rank-and-file and civilian experience of, 183 -94, 226 -31, 278 -80;
as unarmed struggle, 170 , 197 -233, 280 -84;
unauthorized narratives of, 24 , 192 -95, 275 -78;
viewed from Campo Muslim, 170 , 182 -94.
See also Muslim separatist movement
Bangun (wergild), 51
Bantingan (bridewealth), 51 , 54 , 62 , 71 , 129 , 226 , 256 , 303 -4n20, 337
Banyaga (chattel slaves), 51 , 65 -66, 71 , 73 , 102 , 125 , 271 , 337
Barabangsa (royal lineage), 48 , 49 , 72 , 337
Barangay system, 323 -24n1, 337
Bates Agreement (1899), 90 , 91
Bayuk (ballads or chanted poems), 53 , 328 n20, 337
Beckett, Jeremy, 57 , 64 , 65 , 87 , 92 , 94 , 97 , 101
Bilaan ethnic group, bangaya slaves from, 73
Bird Island (Punul ), 120 -21, 123 , 175
Biruar, Angka, 255 -56, 258 , 259 , 261
"Blackshirts" (MIM), 153
Bliss, Gen. Tasker, 86 , 96
Boka (Eid al-Fitr; Idul Fitr), 43 -44, 228
Bongo Island, 32
Bourdieu, Pierre, 16 , 60
British East India Company, 78 -79
Buan, Rebecca D., 56
Buayan Sultanate, 29 ;
founding of, 49 -50;
rivalry with Magindanao Sultanate, 70 , 78 , 83 ;
sociopolitical structure of, 71 ;
trade by, 72 -74, 79
Bud Bagsak, battle of, 311 n4
Bud Dajo, "battle" of, 89
Bugis ethnic group (Sulawesi), social organization of, 302 n14, 304 nn25, 27
Buisan, Datu, 82
Bukidnon-Lanao Highlands, 27
Bukidnon (or Bukidnon-Lanao) Plateau, 25 , 32
Buldun:
sectarian violence in, 153 -54;
settlement of, 116
Bureau of Lands, 117 , 118
C
Cajelo, Carlos, 152 -53
Campo Muslim:
Bangsamoro Rebellion viewed from, 170 , 182 -94;
boundaries of, 299 n23;
census of, 299 n23;
community solidarity in, 43 ;
construction of, 124 , 171 -76;
description of, 8 , 39 -44, 42 , 170 -71, 197 -99;
elections in, 236 -37, 260 -66;
ethnic diversity of, 40 -41;
government assistance in, 218 ;
"hidden transcripts" (of separatist discourse) in, 23 -24;
household income in, 211 , 327 -28n12;
military occupation of, 176 -82;
political geography of, 197 -99, 198 ;
population size of, 39 ;
resistance to dominant culture in, 43 -44;
sanitation in, 41 -43;
sounds of, 11 -12, 43
Candao, Liwa, 214 , 256
Candao, Peping, 163 , 179 , 181 , 193 , 255 , 256 , 257 -58, 259
Candao, Zacaria, 163 , 213 -15, 216 , 219 , 229 -30, 232 , 234 , 235 , 238 -42, 245 , 246 , 248 -54, 266
Carpenter, Frank, 106 -7, 114 -15, 276
Catholic Church.
See Roman Catholic Church
Cebuano ethnic group, 35
Cebuano language, 36
Celebes Sea, 27
Central Luzon, armed rebellion in, 115
Central Mindanao Highlands, 27
Central Mindanao, postcolonial settlement of, 116
Chavacano language, 299 n19
China, trade relations with, 70 , 73 , 75 -76, 77 , 78 -79, 83 , 84
Chinese (immigrant) ethnic group:
distribution of, 35 , 120 ;
expulsion of (1755), 75 ;
Muslim Chinese-mestizos, 39 ;
population of, 92 ;
professions of, 36 , 39 , 75 ;
trade by, 75 -76, 79 , 92 , 95 , 102
Christian Children's Fund (CCF), 210 -12, 228 , 283
Christianity:
attempted conversion of Muslims to, 82
Christians for National Liberation, 330 -31n1
Cigarette smugglers, 122 -23, 160 -61, 175
Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF), 173 , 179 , 191
Clothing:
Islamic (hijab ), 202 ;
traditional (of datus ), 55 ;
Westernized, 36
Comaroff, Jean, 271 , 293 -94n7
Comaroff, John, 271 , 293 -94n7
"Commander Jack," 179 -80, 193 , 326 n18
Commission on National Integration, 139 -43, 314 n22
Communist Party of the Philippines (CCP), 167 , 234 , 330 -31n1
"Communities, imagined," 14 , 15 , 16
Cotabato (Mindanao):
American colonial policy in, 90 , 93 -97;
barangay in, 323 -24n1;
Christian immigration to, 33 , 35 , 36 -37, 113 -19, 136 -37;
description of contemporary region and city, 32 -39, 121 ;
division of labor in, 35 -36;
earthquake in (1976), 181 ;
economy of, 33 -35, 121 -23;
elections in, 230 -31, 236 -38, 245 -68;
ethnic diversity of, 29 -32, 35 -39, 120 ;
ethnographic descriptions of, 47 , 57 ;
fields of force in, 7 ;
Islamic (precolonial, traditional) rule of, 45 -68;
"labor unions" in, 125 -26;
land (geographic description) of, 15 -27, 26 , 28 ;
limits to Islamic unity in, 255 -66, 267 , 281 ;
mass rallies in, 135 -45, 266 , 267 ;
MILF attack on, 246 ;
military occupation of, 177 ;
moral authority in, 219 -26;
Muslim-Christian relations in, 36 -39, 114 -19, 120 , 124 -15, 136 -37, 149 -56;
Muslim insurgency in, 3 , 24 , 158 -59;
Muslim postcolonial migration to Cotabato City, 119 -24;
Muslim rebel leadership in, 5 , 6 , 159 -61;
Muslim street vendors in, 37 , 38 , 172 ;
naming of, 171
political economy of, 8 , 69 -80;
population of, 19 -31, 35 , 120 -21;
postcolonial settlement of, 116 -19;
precolonial political relations in, 59 -66;
ranked status in, 50 -51;
sectarian violence in, 149 -56;
student demonstrations in, 215 -16, 239 ;
sultanates established in, 48 ;
voter registration in, 264 -65, 331 -33n13
Cotabato River Basin:
agricultural production in, 33 ;
description of, 25 -27, 26 , 28 , 32 , 34 ;
sectarian violence in, 151 -53
Craft specialists, tupus of, 302 n11
Crocodiles.
See Spirit crocodiles
Cultural hegemony:
accommodation to, 273 , 288 ;
and coercion, 18 ;
critique of, 9 , 18 -19, 24 , 279 -80;
definition of, 17 -19;
description of, 16 -20;
resistance to, 17 , 18 -20, 65 , 271 -72, 273 , 277 -78, 284 -89
Cultural pluralism, 252 -54
D
Dampier, William, 57 , 64 , 74 , 75 , 82
Datumanong, Simeon, 145 , 152 , 163 , 214 , 248 -52
Datu Piang.
See Piang, Dam ("Area ni Mingka")
Datu Piang (Mindanao), population of, 29
Datus (aristocracy):
acculturation of, 131 -32;
capriciousness of, 64 , 67 ;
clothing styles of, 55 ;
collaboration with colonial authorities, 87 -104, 106 , 276 ;
collaboration with Marcos government, 161 , 162 -63, 166 -67, 168 -69, 213 , 231 -32, 234 ;
dayunday sponsored by, 225 ;
definition of, 57 -58, 230 , 307 n5, 337 ;
legal protections by, 62 -64;
legitimacy of, 52 , 270 ;
and Bangsomoro rebellion, 161 -63;
naming of, 58 ;
political relations of, 60 -66, 71 , 87 -88;
postcolonial rule by, 113 -14, 124 -32, 216 -19, 231 -32, 247 -48, 250 ;
in post-Marcos era, 234 -68;
public disregard of, 229 -31;
rank competition within, 50 , 52 -59, 229 , 270 ;
redistribution of goods by, 62 , 67 ;
ruling ideas of, 56 -59, 66 , 134 , 270 -72;
sanctified inequality of, 45 , 46 , 50 -51, 88 , 103 , 106 , 204 , 220 , 232 , 269 , 270 -72;
supernatural abilities of, 58 -59, 94 -95, 127 , 175 , 271 , 277 , 318 n21
Davao Gulf, 27
Davis, Gen. George W., 311 n5
Da'wah (call to faith), 337
Da'wah (call to faith) conferences, 214 -16, 232 , 239
Dayunday ("song duels"), 223 -25, 225 , 260 , 282 , 330 n31, 337
Death commemoration ceremonies, 220 -23, 228
Death vigils, 222 -23
Debt slavery, 51 , 63 , 71
Democratic Party, U.S., 89
Dilangalen, Didagan, 252
Dimaporo, Ali, 148 , 217 -18, 239
Divine mercy (limu a Kadenan ), 192 -94, 196 , 279
Dominant cultures.
See Cultural hegemony
Drakulic, Slavenka, 21 -22
Dumatus (descendants of Tabunaway), 47 , 50 , 337
Dutch colonialism, 112
Dyadic alliances, 60 , 72
E
Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), 115 -16
Egypt: missionaries and teachers from, 200 -202, 205 ;
scholarships from, 143 -44, 204 -5, 281
Eickelman, Dale, 311 n2
Elites.
See Cultural hegemony; Datus (aristocracy);
Subordinates
Ellen, Roy, 283
Elster, Jon, 271 -72
Endatuan ("those who are ruled"):
description of, 50 , 338 ;
obligations of, 71 , 102 , 271 ;
protection of, 61
English language, 36 , 37 , 132 , 331 n5
Errington, Shelly, 59
Esteros River, 32
Ethnonationalism:
definition of, 14 , 142 .;
homogenization of ideology in, 21 -23;
recent examples of, 294 -95n11;
revanchist or revitalistic spirit of, 46 ;
willingness to fight and die for, 1 , 15 , 20
Experience, shared structures of, 59 , 60
F
Filipino (Christian) ethnic group, as dominant culture, 36 , 113 -19
Forbes, Cameron, 96
Forrest, Thomas, 20 , 64 , 73 , 75 -76, 77 , 78
Foucault, Michel, 16
Fox, Richard, 6 , 272 -73, 274
Friedman, Jonathan, 278
Fugate, James R., 107
Funerary rituals, traditional, 220 -23, 228
G
Gainza, Francisco, 30 -31
Gambling, 206 , 220 , 283
Geertz, Clifford, 59 , 305 n30
George, T. J. S., 147
Giants (masela a mama; "large men"), 192 -93
Glang, Alunan, 56 , 134
Gowing, Peter, 86 , 87 , 97
Gramsci, Antonio, 16 , 17 , 18 , 287 , 288
Gullick, J. M., 53
Gurus, religious education by, 202
H
Habeas corpus, suspension of, 2
Hadji status, 133 , 177 , 338
"Haraforas" ("Alfoores"), 308 n11
Hasan, Bapa, 329 n24
Hassoubah, Ahmad Mohammad H., 205
Havel, Václav, 287
Hayden, Joseph Ralston, 109 , 110
Heritage, sharing of, 14
Hobsbawm, Eric, 274
Horn, Florence, 276
Horvatich, Patricia, 278
Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan laban sa Hapon) Rebellion, 115
Hunt, Chester, 119 , 131 , 202
Hypergamy, 53 -54
I
Ilaga ("Rats"), sectarian violence by, 151 -53, 154 , 172 , 183 , 191 , 338
Ilana Bay, 25 , 30 , 31 , 33
Ileto, Reynaldo, 87 , 93 , 291 -92n2
Illana Confederation, 30 .
See also Iranun ethnic group
Ilmu ("special knowledge"), 58 , 338
Ilocano ethnic group, 35
Ilonggo ethnic group, 35 , 321 n14;
in Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF), 173 ;
sectarian violence by, 152 -53, 173
Ilonggo language, 36
Imams:
definition of, 338 ;
role of, 203 , 204
Imperialism, self-liquidating, 89 , 104
India, indigenous identities in, 272 -73
Indios , definition of, 81
Indonesia:
ethnic divisions in, 112 ;
Minangkabau identity in, 274
Ingeds (localities):
associated with ruling datus , 71 , 72 ;
connections between, 55 ;
definition of, 338 ;
mentioned in rebel songs, 190 , 195 ;
protection within, 62 ;
related to bangsa , 47 , 48 , 190 ;
residence of endatuan in, 50
IPP. See Islamic Party of the Philippines
Iranun ethnic group:
anti-American insurgency among, 311 n7;
commitment to Muslim rebellion, 322 n25;
description of, 30 -31;
distribution of, 30 -31, 41 ;
population size of, 31 , 35 ;
professions of, 36 , 75 ;
trade by, 74 -75, 78 , 83 , 122 -23
Iranun language, 31
Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers.
See Organization of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (OIC)
Islamic Party of the Philippines (IPP):
election campaigns by, 248 -52, 257 -58, 266 -67;
formation of, 246 -48;
populist and pluralistic character of, 252 -54
Islamic populism, 252 -54, 266 , 267
Islamic renewal, 7 , 186 , 200 -207, 232 , 252 , 267 , 270 , 280 -84, 330 n32
Islamic social identity. See Moro (Muslim ethnic) identity (Morohood); Muslim social identity
"Islamic Unity," 215 , 281 -82
Islam, spread of, 49
J
Jabidah Massacre, 140 -41, 143 , 146 -47, 148
Jack. See "Commander Jack"
Jesuit missionaries, 79 , 82 , 97 , 310 n24
Jibad (holy war), 190 -91, 195 , 283 , 338
Juliano, Teodoro, 177 , 231
K
Kabungsuwan, Sarip:
pulna status of descendants of, 53 ;
as refugee from Por-
tuguese colonialism, 69 ;
royal lineage established by, 48 , 49 , 50 ;
spread of Islam by, 48 -49;
supernatural abilities of, 312 n9;
tracing descent from, 48 , 50 , 53
Kabuntalan Sultanate, 296 -97n4, 302 n13
Kadaffi, Muammar, 155
Kahn, Joel, 274 , 277
Kalanganan barangay , 231 , 261 , 265 , 324 n3, 326 n16
Kamal ("special power"), 58 , 338
Kamid, Kasan, 172 -74, 182 , 186 , 230 , 237 , 239 , 240 , 242 , 257 , 263
"Kamlun Uprising" (Sulu, 1952), 319 n1
Kamsa (barangay captain in Campo Muslim), 177 , 197 , 209 , 218 , 219 , 230 , 231
Kanduli (ritual meals), 220 -21, 222 , 338
Kapatagan Basin, settlement of, 116
Kapferer, Bruce, 294 n8
Kargaclor (dockworkers), 125 -26, 126 , 338
KBL. See Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL, New Society Movement)
Kerkvliet, Benedict, 8
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL, New Society Movement), 217 , 230 -31, 237
Kilusang ng Urban Poor (Urban Poor Movement), 257
Kiram, Princess Tarhata, 106 -7, 276
Knights of Mohammad, 318 n26
Koronadal Valley, settlement of, 115 , 127
Kris (sword), 338
Kudarat (sultan of Magindanao), 77 , 82 , 164 , 310 n22
Kuder, Edward M., 107 -10, 111 , 135 -36
Kulintang , 338
Kumpits (motorized boats), in contraband trade, 122 -23, 338
"Kuta Watu," 27 . See also Cotabato (Mindanao)
Kutawatu Revolutionary (Regional) Committee (KRC), 162 , 163 , 208 , 209 , 214
L
Laarhoven, Ruurdje, 119 , 308 n8, 309 -10n19
Lagos, Maria, 293 -94n7
Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN, People's Power Party), 238
Lake Lanao Basin, 27
Lanao Plateau, 27 , 31 , 165
Layatul Kadir (the Night of Power), 222
Liberalista Party, 130 , 145 , 147 -48, 317 -18n20
Libungan Marsh, 27
Libya:
foreign aid from, 205 ;
missionaries and teachers from, 205 ;
role in Tripoli Agreement talks, 167
Liguasan Marsh, 27
Linger, Daniel, 293 -94n7
Loyre, Ghislaine, 305 -6n35
Luces, Feliciano ("Toothpick"), 150 -51, 155
Lucman, Rashid, 147 , 148 -49, 162
Lugay-lugay (community), 39 , 178
Luwaran (written legal codes), 62 -63, 104 , 270 , 338
M
Macapagal, Diosdado, 319 n3
Madrasah (pl. madari; Islamic schools):
in Cotabato, 199 ;
curriculum of, 326 n1;
definition of, 338 ;
establishment of, 133 , 134 , 135 , 202 -3, 205
Magindanaon ethnic group:
collective identity of, 30 ;
description of, 29 -30;
distribution of, 29 -30, 41 ;
ethnographic accounts of, 297 n5;
naming of, 27 ; population size of, 29 , 35 ;
professions of, 36 ;
social organization of, 47 -48
Magindanaon language:
Christian speakers of, 36 ;
dialects of, 29 , 41 ;
rally speech in, 239 ;
rebel songs in, 11 -12, 186 -91, 195 , 279
Maguindanao Province:
boundaries of, 33 , 322 n24;
elections in, 245 -54, 266 ;
population of, 298 n12;
waterways closed in, 158
Magindanao Sultanate, 27 , 29 ;
founding of, 49 ;
peak of, 77 ;
rivalry with Buayan Sultanate, 70 , 78 , 83 ;
sociopolitical structure of, 71 ;
trade by, 74 -75, 77 -78
Mahad al-Ulum al-Islamia (Campo Muslim), 199 , 205 , 206 -7
Maharlika , 322 -23n27
Majul, Cesar Adib, 49 , 81 -82, 140 , 310 n27
Makaalang, Sarip, 49
Makabalang (labor boss), 125
Malaguiok, Amelil ("Commander Ronnie"), 208 , 214
Malaysia, Muslim separatist military training in, 148 , 155 , 160 , 172
"Mana Silan Cowboy" ("They Are Like Cowboys"), 187 -88, 190
Manday (village), 39 , 178
Manday River, 32
Mangayaw (raiding), 309 n18
Manili Massacre, 151 , 154 , 155
Manobo ethnic group, bangaya slaves from, 73
Mantawil (sultan of Kabuntalan), 128
Maranao (Muslim) ethnic group:
distribution of, 35 , 41 ;
impact of Islam on local ancestry of, 301 -2n10;
social organization of, 48 ;
titleholders of, 304 n21
Maratabat ("rank"), principles of, 51 , 54 , 101 , 256 , 270 , 303 n18, 338
Marawi City, attack on, 156
Marcos, Ferdinand:
antismuggling activities of, 123 , 160 ;
candidates picked by, 152 , 214 ;
collapse of regime under, 235 , 236 -38;
datu loyalty to, 161 , 162 -63, 166 -67, 168 -69, 213 , 216 -18, 231 -32, 234 ;
election of, 145 ;
fall of regime of, 3 ;
martial law declared by, 3 , 138 , 156 ;
and Muslim Independence Movement, 146 ;
Muslim nationalism after, 234 -68;
opposition to, 160 ;
opposition to Bangsamoro Rebellion, 165 -66;
reelection campaign for, 171 ;
and sectarian violence, 153 -54, 155 ;
as Sultan Tinamuman, 167 ;
surrender of Muslims rebel leaders to, 160 , 167 , 168 ;
as target of ethnic anger, 44 ;
Tripoli Agreement implemented by, 168
Marcos, Imelda, 218
Marriage contracts, development of, 213
Mastura (sultan of Magindanao), 98 , 313 n16, 314 n23
Mastura, Guiwan, 163 , 185
Mastura, Michael, 56 , 247 , 249 , 250 , 251 -52
Mastura, Tocao, 180 , 193 , 250
Matalam, Guiamid, 251 -52
Matalain, Tuting, 146
Matalam, Udtug, 128 -32, 137 , 138 , 144 -49, 155 , 156 , 157 , 161 , 331 n5
Matampay River:
description of, 32 ;
sanitation along, 299 n25
Maulid en Nabi (birthday of the Prophet), 222
Mecca, pilgrimages to, 129 -30, 133 ;
celebrations on returning from, 222
Mednick, Melvin, 48 , 63
Melaka, Portuguese colonialism in, 69 , 80
Mercado, Elisio R., 155
MILF. See Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Milner, A. C., 60 , 305 n30
Mindalano (Maranao congressman), 134
Mindanao (Philippines):
American colonial settlement of, 90 , 114 -15;
description of, 25 , 26 ;
Marcos-led development of, 166 ;
naming of, 27 ;
population of, 29 -32
Mindanao and Sulu Mohammedan Students' Association, 109
Mindanao Cross, 120 , 129 , 145 , 149
Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM), 320 n10, 321 n13
Ministry of Muslim Affairs (MMA):
English-language education funded by, 327 n7;
opposition to, 216
Miskin, Nur, 207 , 226 , 240 , 242 , 262
Misuari, Nur, 141 , 143 , 144 , 147 , 148 , 155 , 157 , 162 , 164 , 165 , 167 , 207 -8, 214 , 241 -42, 246 , 300 n1
MNLF. See Moro National Liberation Front
Moro Gulf, 27
Moro (Muslim ethnic) identity (Morohood):
American colonial encouragement of, 87 -88, 104 -12, 132 , 269 , 272 -78;
definition of, 80 -81, 143 , 164 , 338 ;
development of, 5 , 6 , 69 -85, 269 , 272 -78;
as mythic, 45 , 69 , 80 , 84 -85, 164 ;
postcolonial development of, 132 -37, 143 , 275 ;
practical, 283 -84;
among rank-and-file and civilian separatists, 4 , 171 , 183 -94, 226 -31;
and reintegration programs, 139 -43
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF):
community support for, 228 -29;
counterelite coalition in, 213 -16, 219 , 232 ;
election nonparticipation advocated by, 231 ;
formation of, 207 -10, 281 ;
in post-Marcos era, 234 -68;
"prayer rally" organized by, 241 -45, 266 ;
services provided by, 212 -13
"Moroland," 90
Moro-moro folk theater, 81 , 164
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF):
Aquino government recognition of, 241 -42, 246 ;
defections from, 160 , 167 , 168 , 179 -80, 185 , 193 -94, 196 ;
election nonparticipation advocated by, 230 ;
formation of, 155 , 156 -58;
government opposition to, 167 ;
ideological and diplomatic strategies of, 163 -65, 167 ;
leadership of, 159 -60, 162 ;
purpose of, 81 , 155 ;
structure of, 157 ;
terrorist activities attribtited to, 181 , 324 n8
Moro Province, American colonial policy in, 90 -91
"Moro Wars," 81 -82, 83
Mortuary rituals, traditional, 220 -23, 228
Mosques:
funding of, 205 ;
Islamic renewal preached in, 203 -4, 227 , 232 -33, 252 , 267 ;
transmission of dominant ideology in, 57
Muhammad (the Prophet), tracing descent from, 49 , 50 , 52 , 204 , 220 , 270
Muntia (magical stones), 316 n17
Murad, Hadji, 208 , 226 , 243 , 246 , 282
Muslim Association of the Philippines (MAP), 135 -36
Muslim autonomous regions:
created by Marcos, 168 ;
proposed, 3 , 145 , 164 , 245 -46;
referendum on, 334 n24
Muslim Filipino ethnic identity, 132 -33, 275 , 278
Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), 144 -49, 156
Muslim Nationalist League, 141
Muslim separatist movement:
ambivalence to, 294 n10;
development of, 138 -69;
factional infighting within, 3 ;
geographic distribution of, 2 -3;
as illegal, 2 ;
imaginative narratives of, 19 ;
Islamic renewal in, 7 , 186 , 200 -207, 232 , 252 , 267 , 270 , 280 -84, 330 n32;
leadership of, 1 , 6 -7, 139 ;
and new Muslim social identity, 13 ;
origin myths of, 45 ;
origins of, 3 ;
post-Marcos era of, 134 -68;
rank-and-file and civilian support for, 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 149 , 171 , 183 -94, 226 -31;
eportage of, 1 ;
use of popular politics by, 3 .
See also Bangsamoro Rebellion; Moro (Muslim ethnic) identity (Morohood)
Muslim social identity:
inclusivity of, 12 -13;
politicization of, 13 .
See also Moro (Muslim ethnic) indentity (Morohood)
Muslims, ordinary: definition of, 292 n3
Mustapha, Tun, 147 -48, 155 , 157
N
Nacionalista Party, 130 , 145 , 152 , 161 , 317 -18n20, 321 n16
Naga, Ali Abdul Ajiz, 199 , 202 , 203 -4, 205 , 106 , 216 , 259 , 281
Nasser (rebel fighter), 184 , 185
Nasser, Gamel Abdul, 143 , 281
National Citizen's Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), 236 -37, 238
National Democratic Front (NDF), 330 -31n1
National Executive Committee, 217
Nationalism:
anthropological formulation of, 14 ;
and cultural hegemony, 16 , 17 -18, 20 -24;
ideologies of, 14 ;
proliferation of, 13 -14;
recourse to an imagined past in, 46
National Land Settlement Administration (NKSA), 115
Nations:
definition of, 14 ;
disparities in social power in, 15 ;
political goals of, 14
New People's Army, 330 -31n1
New Society Movement.
See Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL, New Society Movement)
New Voyage Round the World (Dampier), 57
Nobility, Muslim. See Datus (aristocracy)
North Cotabato Province, creation of, 127
Nurul Islam, 147 , 156
O
OIC. See Organization of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers
Ong, Aihwa, 294 n9
"Ontologies," concept of, 294 n8
Organization of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (OIC), 167 , 168 , 205 , 208 , 214 , 244
Orientalism (orientalist hegemony), 272 -73, 274
Ortner, Sherry, 294 n10, 328 n13
Ortuoste, Ignacio ("Datu sa Kutawatu"), 97 -98, 102 , 103
Ortuoste, Pedro, 312 -13n12
Osmena, Sergio, 112 , 126
P
Pagalungan:
anti-Japanese activities in, 128 -29;
as provincial capital, 321 n12
Palencia, Doroy, 321 n17
Parang, battle of, 311 n7
Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, 330 -31n1
Pasigan, Omar, 199 , 214 , 243 , 252 , 259
Patterson, Orlando, 61
Peletz, Michael, 294 n10, 330 n32
Pelzer, Karl J., 118
Pendatun, Salipada K., 109 , 110 -12, 111 , 117 , 120 , 126 -27, 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 -32, 135 , 137 , 138 , 147 , 152 , 318 n21;
election to governorship, 145 ;
reaction to Muslim rebellion, 161 -62;
relations with Muslim Independence Movement, 148 -49
Penguyaw (postwedding parlor game), 223
Philippine Constabulary, 118 , 119 , 125 , 153 , 154 -55, 312 n8
Philippine Muslim News , 141
Philippines:
American colonial period in (1899-1946), 3 -4, 6 , 69 -70, 86 -112, 300 n3;
census of, 29 , 296 n2;
Christianization of, 82 , 113 -19;
commonwealth established in (1935), 90 , 110 , 114 -15;
constitution of, 245 -46;
education in, 37 -39, 94 , 107 -10, 133 , 135 -36, 138 -44, 202 -3, 205 -6;
elections in, 113 , 130 , 230 -31, 236 -38, 245 -66;
electorate of, 113 , 130 ;
foreign aid to, 113 , 121 , 205 ;
homesteading of, 90 ;
Islamic "resurgence" in, 133 -37, 147 ;
Japanese invasion and occupation of, 110 , 128 -29;
land speculation in, 118 ;
martial law in (1971-1986), 3 , 127 , 138 , 156 , 231 ;
Muslim population of, 2 -3;
national anthem of, 299 n21;
partial independence of, 108 ;
plantation agriculture blocked in, 89 -90;
political clientelism in, 67 ;
political economy of, 69 -80;
popular culture of, 12 ;
postcolonial transitions in, 113 -37;
republic established in (1946), 6 , 90 , 108 , 113 -14, 124 ;
Spanish colonial period in, 2 , 5 -6, 70 , 76 -84, 88 , 91 -93, 300 n3;
spread of Islam in, 49 ;
tributary mode of production in, 70 -72, 76 ;
two-party political system in, 317 -18n20
Piang, Datu ("Ama ni Mingka"), 91 -97, 95 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 119 , 131 , 271 , 277 , 313 n13
Piang, Gumbay, 103
Pigkawayan, postcolonial settlement of, 117
Pitra contributions, MILF appropriation of, 229
Polygyny, 54
Populism, Islamic, 252 -54, 266 , 267
Portuguese colonialism, 69 , 80
Power, "personalistic idiom" of, 61
Progressive Labor Union (PLU), 125 -26, 255
Pulangi River (Rio Grande de Mindanao):
closed due to Muslim insurgency, 158 , 173 ;
description of, 25 -27, 26 , 30 ;
sanitation along, 41 ;
silting and dredging of, 120 -21, 123 ;
Spanish occupation of delta of, 119 ;
transportation along, 32 -33, 120
Pulna status, of sultans, 53 , 338
Pusaka (family heirlooms), loss of, 182 , 338
Putri, Rajah, 93
Q
Quezon, Manuel, 100 , 110
Quirino, Elpidio, 100 , 127
R
Rafu (foreigners), 302 n11
Rajamuda sa Magindanao, 252
Ramadan: puasa (fast) of, 43 .
See also Boka
Rashid, Disumimba, 150 , 160 , 193
Ravenholt, Albert, 134
Rebel camps:
"prayer rally" meeting at, 242 -43;
reportage of, 2 ;
ulama at, 199
Rebel songs, 11 -12, 186 -91, 195 , 196 , 279
Reconciliation House (Center) (Campo Muslim), 210
Redistribution, 62 , 67
Reed-Danahay, Deborah, 294 n9
Region 12 , 163 , 208
Regional Autonomous Government (RAG):
role of, 218 , 241
Regional Autonomous Government (RAG) Complex (Cotabato), 171 , 218
Reid, Anthony, 304 n26, 306 n36, 328 n20
Reina Regente, Spanish fort at, 92
Republican Party, U.S., 89
Resistance. See Cultural hegemony, resistance to
Rodriguez de Figueroa, Capt. Esteban, 310 n23
Roff, William, 335 n5
Roman Catholic Church, as relief provider in Campo Muslim, 181 -82, 210 -12, 228
Roseberry, William, 335 n7
S
Sabah:
Philippine refugees in, 156 ;
proposed invasion of, 141 , 147 -48;
weapons for Muslim rebels from, 157 , 160
Sabil (rebel martyrs), 194 , 196 , 338
St. Louis World's Fair (1904), "Moros" at, 86 , 275
Sakup ("those who are protected"), 61 , 270
Salamat, Hashim, 144 , 147 , 149 , 157 , 165 , 207 -9, 214 , 243 , 244 , 245
Saleeby, Najeeb, 27 , 61 , 92 , 104 -7, 134 , 275
Sambolawan, Sandiale, 328 n14
"Sanctified inequality," myth of, 45 -46, 50 -51, 88 , 103 , 106 , 204 , 220 , 232 , 269 , 270 -72
Sangki, Abdulla, 145
Sansaluna, Ali, 160
Santiago (Iranun insurgent), 97 -98
Saudi Arabia:
foreign aid from, 205 ;
missionaries and teachers from, 205 ;
opposition to religious control from, 222
Sayer, Derek, 287 -88
Schlegel, Stuart, 32
Scott, James, 15 , 18 -19, 20 , 23 , 285 , 286 , 306 n39
Scott, William Henry, 60 -61, 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 307 n4
Senate Committee on National Minorities, Philippine, 117
Separatist struggles:
ethical issues of ethnography of, 295 n13;
methodologi-
cal difficulties of ethnography of, 21 -23;
political goals of, 14 ;
proliferation of, 13 -14;
remotivation for, 21 .
See also Muslim separatist movement
Shafi'i school of Islamic law, 62 , 249
Sharia (Islamic law), 213 , 225 -26, 230 , 233 , 283 , 338
Shi'a Muslims, 207 , 249
Shirk , sin of, 228
Siddiqui, Maulana Mohamed Abdul Aleem, 200 -202, 201
Silsila (name-chains), 49 , 304 n24
Simeon (datu of Cotabatu), 219
Sindang, Abdul Ghani, 202
Sinsuat, Bai Fatima, 125 , 126 , 255
Sinsuat, Blah, 125 , 126 , 127 , 318 -19n28
Sinsuat, Duma, 127
Sinsuat, Mama, 316 n11
Sinsuat, Mando, 124 , 127 , 231 , 317 n19
Slobin, Mark, 325 n10
Sluka, Jeffrey, 325 nn9, 15
Social disparity, theories of, 56
Social identity:
description of, 12 -13;
politicization of, 13 .
See also Moro (Muslim ethnic) identity (Morohood; Muslim social identity
Social inequality, sanctification of, 45
Social justice, 203 , 282
Society of the Indian Muslims, 135
South Cotabato Province, creation of, 127
Southern Philippines Development Authority, 218
Spanish colonialism, 2 , 5 -6, 70 , 76 -84, 88 , 92 -93, 300 n3
Spells, 192
Spirit crocodiles (mga pagali ), 99 , 192
Status, precedence over wealth, 52 -53
Steinberg, David, 89
Subordinates:
"hidden transcripts" of, 18 , 23 , 270 ;
resistance to cultural hegemony of elites, 17 , 18 -20, 65 , 271 -72, 273 , 277 -78, 284 -89
Sufi tahlil (prayer litany), chanting of, 221 , 222
Sultanates:
definition of, 301 n9;
renewed emphasis on, 164 -65
Sultans:
allegiance to, 71 -72;
privileged access to external trading partners, 72 ;
Sabbath observance by, 57 ;
supernatural potency of, 58
Sulu Sultanate:
American colonial policy in, 90 , 91 ;
American subjugation of, 88 -89;
debt slavery in, 51 ;
expansion of, 77 -78, 79 ;
subordinates' position in, 61 -62;
titleholders of, 304 n21;
trade by, 78 -79, 84
Swedenburg, Ted, 22 -23
T
Tabunaway (legendary chieftain), 50
Tabunaway bangsa:
status of, 301 -2n10;
tarsilas of, 52
Tagalog ethnic group, 35 , 36
Tagalog language, 35 , 36 , 37
Tagumpay ng Bayan (People's Victory) Rally, 235 -41
Tamontaka, Jesuit mission at, 97
Tamontaka River, 27
Tantawan , 209 , 329 -30n29
Tantawan Hill (Cotabato), 27
Tan, Tuya, 91
Tao I Cbib Lueb (Summary Notices of the Barbarians of the Isles) , 307 n4
Taritib (oral protocols governing social relations), 52 , 248 , 253 , 338
Tarsilas (written genealogies), 49 , 50 , 52 , 54 -55, 56 -57, 104 , 270 , 338
Tau sa ilud (downriver people), 338
Tau sa laya (upriver people), 338
Tawakim ("gift wives" ), 304 n23
T'boli ethnic group, bangaya slaves from, 73
Tunggu a inged (Guardian of the Inged), 192 -93
Thomas, Benjamin, 87
Timako Hill, 32
Tiruray ethnic group:
description of, 31 -32;
distribution of, 299 n18;
exploitation of, 65 ;
population size of, 298 n12;
productivity of, 73 -74;
trade relationships with sultanates, 73 -74, 79 -80
Tiruray Highlands:
description of, 27 , 31 , 32 ;
sectarian violence in, 150 -51
Titles:
colonial, 98 ;
inheritance of, 53 ;
in martial law period, 166 -67, 177 , 217 -18;
political clout of, 248 -49;
projection of personal power in, 58
"Trade-raiding," 309 n.18
Traditional healers, 329 n24
Traditionalism, 46 .
See also Cotabato (Mindanao), Islamic (precolonial, traditional) rule of
Tradition, invention of, 274
Tran, siege of, 158
Tributary modes of production, 70 -72, 76
Tripoli Agreement, 167 -68, 207 , 214 , 234 , 235 , 239 , 242 , 244
Tunina, Putri, 49
Tupus (local descent lines), 48 , 338
U
Ulama (sing. alim; lslantic clerics and scholars):
definition of, 337 , 338 ;
description of, 184 , 199 , 200 -207, 281 , 326 -27n2;
opposition to traditional practices by, 219 -26, 227 , 233 ;
political clout of, 248 -50, 281 , 282 ;
popular scrutiny of, 226 -29, 282 -83;
"prayer rally" organized by, 242 -45
Ulipun ("disenfranchised" persons; debtbondsmen):
conversion of, 63 , 71 ;
description of, 51 , 338 ;
obligations of, 71 , 102 , 271
United Nationalist Democratic Organizations (UNIDO), 237 , 238 , 240 , 241
United States:
colonialism by, 3 -4, 6 , 69 -70, 86 -112, 269 , 272 -78, 300 n3;
foreign aid from, 236
Unti, Zamin, 242 , 255 , 261
Upi, sectarian violence in, 150 -51
Ustadzes (Islamic teachers), 184 , 338 .
See also Ulama
Utang na loob (debts of gratitude), 264
Utu (sultan of Buayan), 64 , 73 , 79 , 88 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 271 , 305 n33, 314 n20
"U2" units (special intelligence units), 180
V
Visayan ethnic group, 36
Visayan language, 299 n19
Vote brokering (lider), 261 -64, 265 -66, 268 , 338
W
Wahhabism, 222 , 328 n19
Wang Ta-yuan, 307 n4
Warren, James F., 51 , 78 , 310 n25
"Watu na Ulu" (head of stone), 52
Weddings, 223 , 224 , 228
Wilkes, Charles, 61
Williams, Brackette, 142
Williams, Raymond, 16 , 17 , 273
Wolf, Eric, 76
Wolters, O.W., 60
Women:
Islamic attempts to control, 329 n23;
as recipients of Catholic relief aid, 328 n13
Wood, Gen. Leonard, 89 , 90 -91
Woost, Michael, 293 -94n7, 294 n9
Z
Zakat (almsgiving), 229 , 329 n26
Zamboanga:
"peace talks" conference in, 167 ;
Spanish control of, 77 , 83
Designer: Nola Burger
Indexer: Barbara E. Cohen
Compositor: Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Text: 10/13 Sabon
Display: Sabon
Printer: Thomson-Shore, Inc.
Binder: Thomson-Shore, Inc.