Index

A

Abagusii Union, 122

Abaluhya. See Luhya community

Africa, sub-Saharan:

evolution of multi-party systems in, 215 –18;

single-party system in, 4 –7, 215 –18;

Soviet Union intervenes in, 225 ;

U.S. intervenes in, 225

Africa Confidential (newspaper), 141 , 166

African Independent Pentecostal Church, 88 , 191

African National Congress (ANC), 215

African People's Party (APP), 93

Aga Khan, 166

Agricultural and Industrial Holdings, Ltd., 35 , 142

Agricultural Development Corporation, 96 , 180

Agricultural Finance Corporation, 49 , 83 , 180

Agriculture, Ministry of, 83

Akamba community:

in 1977 elections, 120 –21

Alliance High School, 173

Alliance Hotel Group, 173

Amayo, David Okiki, 170 ;

as chairman of KANU, 152 , 159 ;

in 1977 elections, 120

Amnesty International, 130 –31

Angola, 223

Anyona, George, 145 ;

arrested and detained, 189 ;

expelled from party, 150 ;

in 1977 elections, 123

Argwings-Kodhek, C. M. G., 134

Army mutiny (coup attempt, 1964), 69

Associated Press (AP):

offices closed, 146 , 165

Association, freedom of. See Freedom of assembly and association

Association of Baptist Churches of Nyeri, 191

"August disturbances" (unsuccessful coup attempt, 1982), 2 , 145 –47, 150

B

Baringo district, 85 , 111 , 134

Barkan, Joel, 4 , 63 , 72 , 164

Bayart, Jean–François, 230

Berg–Schlosser, Dirk, 4

Betting and Lotteries Licensing Board, 86

Beyond (periodical), 166 , 191

Bienen, Henry, 21 , 64 , 72

"Big Fish" (song), 183

Biwott, Nicholas, 141 ;

arrested, 196

Bomett, Eric, 96

Bondo district, 63 , 114 , 122 , 124

Bourgeoisie. See Entrepreneurs

Brazil, 16 –17, 21

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 104 , 137 , 191

Bungoma district, 80 , 85

Bungoma East constituency, 78 , 90

Bureaucracy. See Civil service

Bush, George:

and military assistance to Kenya, 239 n

Busia district, 91

Busia East constitutency, 148

Businessmen. See Economic elites

Butere constituency, 165 , 168

Butere Development Fund, 147 –48

Butere district, 89 , 100 , 147 –48

C

Callaghy, Thomas, 13 , 28 , 205 –7

Cardoso, Fernando, 20

Central Bank, 180

Central Province, 41 , 46 –47, 53 , 65 , 69 , 81 , 86 , 89 , 94 , 118 –19, 121 –22, 126 –28, 135 , 138 , 140 , 152 , 153 , 173 , 184 , 186 –87;

and resource allocation, 77 –78, 88 , 96 –97, 110 –12

Central Rift Labor Party, 129

Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM; Tanzania):

compared to KANU, 208 –11;

Nyerere's relationship with, 210

Change-the-Constitution Movement, 115 , 121 , 125 , 137

Charles, Prince, 203

Chazan, Naomi, 210

Chege, Michael, 16

Cheluget, Isaya, 123

Chotara, Kariuki, 147 –49, 200 ;

and KANU youth wing, 154 , 200 ;

opposes Kenyatta, 149

Churches. See Clergy

Church of the Province of Kenya (CPK; Anglican), 191 –92;

KANU attacks, 191

Citibank, 196

Civil liberties. See Freedom of assembly and association; Freedom of speech; Freedom of the press; Political parties, opposition

Civil service, 51 , 58 ;

economic role of, 71 ;

forced to join KANU, 170 ;

Kenyatta favors, 70 –72;

under Moi, 137 , 151 –52, 163 , 165 , 179 ;

in party-state, 12 –14, 108 , 151 ;

and "straddling," 71

Civil society, 41 –47, 109 , 133 , 171 –78, 195 , 201 –4, 224 –32;

and opposition political parties, 178 –97;

and pace of shift to party-state, 28 –30, 36 –37;

single-party system's effects on, 117 –18, 159 , 168 –71, 195 , 207 –8, 228 –29;

in "weak states-strong societies" argument, 11 –14

Clergy:

Mwakenya movement and, 192 ;

oppose single–party system, 188 , 190 –92, 195 , 202 , 214 , 229 , 231 ;

political divisions among, 190 –91;

use sermons as political communication, 191 –92

Clientelism, 33 –34, 46 , 125 , 207 , 231 ;

GEMA and, 95 –97;

Kenyatta and, 55 , 61 ;

matajiri class protests, 175 ;

Moi and, 139 –40, 200 –201;

in party-state, 164 , 198 , 200 –201;

political consequences of, 42 –46

Clough, Marshall, 51

Cocoa zone (Côte d'Ivoire), 214 , 218

Coffee Amendment Bill (1987), 186

Coffee Board, 175 , 184 –86

Coffee industry:

Moi government and, 184 –86

Collier, David, 20

Colombia, 20

Commerce and Industry, Ministry of, 173

Commercial Development Corporation, 173

Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa (Kampala, 1991), 225

Convention People's Party (Ghana), 132 , 160

Cooperative Development, Ministry for, 180

Côte d'Ivoire, 3 , 14 ;

closed electoral system of, 212 –13, 220 ;

compared to Kenya, 204 , 212 –14, 218 –20, 222 ;

economic crises in, 221 –22;

economic development in, 218 –19;

fragmented political opposition in, 220 ;

historical background of, 212 ;

limited political criticism allowed in, 219 ;

local administration in, 213 ;

as party-state, 204 , 212 –14, 218 –19;

private economic sector in, 230 ;

transportation sector's political power in, 220

Coup attempts, 2 , 69

Creating Political Order:

The Party-States of West Africa (Zolberg), 6

Cross, Sholto, 17

Culture, Ministry of, 195

D

Dagoretti constituency, 114

Daily Nation (newspaper), 63 , 83 –84, 88 , 95 , 102 , 104 , 116 , 156 , 233 –34

Daily Telegraph (London newspaper), 125

Democracy:

possibility of, in single–party system, 224 –25, 227 –28

Democratic Party, 197

E

East African Breweries, Ltd., 173

East African Community:

collapses (1977), 126

East African Standard (newspaper), 67 , 116

Eastern Province, 95 , 121

Economic elites, 53 –55, 57 –58, 61 , 65 , 86 , 90 , 137 , 172 –77, 179 –81.

See also Matajiri class

Economic growth and development:

under Kenyatta administration, 41 –43, 47 –48;

and inequality and distribution, 49 , 77 –84, 89 –92;

lack of, under Moi, 179 –81

Economist Intelligence Unit, 182

Economist (magazine), 166

Education, Ministry of, 58 , 173

Education reforms, 48 , 50 , 95 ;

in Rift Valley Province, 81 –82, 89 , 91

Eldoret district, 95

Eldoret North constituency, 83

Eldoret South constituency, 96

Elections (1977), 118 –27;

canceled, 121

Elections (1979), 125 –28, 174

Elections (1983), 3

Elections (1985), 2 , 132 , 150 –52, 154 –56, 233 ;

campaign meetings banned, 152 ;

Moi controls, 152

Elgeyo community, 87

Elgeyo-Marakwet district, 85

Embu community, 94

Employment, Incomes, and Equality (ILO report), 77 –80, 82 , 84

Entrepreneurial power:

concentrated in party-state, 17 –19, 29

Entrepreneurs:

and political power, 42 –43, 46 , 51 , 73 , 86 , 90 , 137 , 172 –77, 179 –81

Ethiopia, 2

Ethnicity, and politics, 44 –46, 64 , 69 , 71 , 92 –94, 112 –25, 126 , 134 , 147 –49, 225

Ethnic welfare societies:

increased importance as pressure groups, 92 –94, 110 , 112 –18, 120 –21, 124 –26, 198 , 231 ;

Moi suppresses, 131 , 142 –44, 201 , 231 .

See also names of individual organizations

Export-crop sector:

Moi attempts to control, 183 –87, 203

F

Factionalism:

nature of, 237 n

"Family" faction (KANU), 76 , 85 –86, 89 , 92 –93, 95 –96, 98 –100, 103 , 105 , 107 –8, 111 –13, 129 , 131 –32, 139 , 172 ;

attempts to change constitution, 113 –18;

in 1977 elections, 118 –19;

in 1979 elections, 125 –26;

takes control of party, 110

Film and Stage Plays Act, 188

Finance, Ministry of, 95

Financial policies:

in Kenyatta administration, 47 –48

Finland, 203

Ford Foundation, 146

Foreign aid:

political conditions attached to 174 , 193 , 202 –3;

suspended (1991), 196 , 203 , 215 , 239 n;

suspended to Zaire, 223

Foreign Investment Bill (1988), 170

Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), 196

France, 206 , 214

Freedom of assembly and association, 110 , 178 , 227 ;

KANU restricts, 168 , 171 ;

Kenyatta restricts, 98 –100, 107 , 112 , 117 –18;

Moi restricts, 131 –33, 143 –44, 162 , 187 –88, 199 –200, 204 , 228

Freedom of the press, 233 –35;

Moi restricts, 144 , 165 –66, 188 , 231 ;

in Zaire, 222

Freedom of speech, 178 , 227 ;

Moi restricts, 162

"Free–riding," 25 –26

G

Gabon, 221

Garissa, 178

"Gatundu Courtiers," 59 , 73 –74, 76

Gatundu Self–Help Hospital, 65

Gbagbo, Laurent, 219 –20

General Medical Stores, 175

Gertzel, Cherry, 68

Ghana, 3 , 5 –6, 40 , 132 , 160

Gichuru, Gitau, 105

Gichuru, James, 35 –36, 47 , 55 , 86 , 93 –94, 96 –97, 105 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 117 , 141 ;

in 1977 elections, 118

Gikuyu, Embu, and Meru Association (GEMA), 108 , 138 , 231 ;

attacks Kibaki, 141 ;

attempts to change constitution, 113 –18;

challenges Moi in Parliament, 122 –23;

and clientelism, 95 –97;

government attempts to undercut, 124 ;

Moi eliminates, 142 –43;

in 1979 elections, 126 , 129 ;

in 1977 elections, 118 –19, 121 –24;

power struggle with Moi, 111 –12;

proscribed, 35 ;

strengthens KANU, 92 –94, 110 , 116 –17, 132 ;

supports Kiambu interests, 110 –13, 132 ;

weakened under Moi, 131 –32

Gilgil, 88

Giriama, 51

Gitari, David, 170

Gospel Church, 191

Government African School (Kapsabet), 134

Government African School (Tambach), 134

Great Britain, 15 , 177 , 202 –3

Grenada Television, 149

Guinea, 5

H

Harambee system, 34 –35, 39 , 70 , 85 , 91 , 93 , 95 –96, 99 –100, 108 , 111 –12, 192 , 233 ;

failure of, 200 ;

and formation of political alliances, 63 –65, 114 , 119 , 123 , 127 –28, 140 , 142 , 146 –48, 198 –200, 218 ;

Kariuki uses, 87 –88;

Kenyatta establishes, 60 –66, 130 , 199 –200, 214 ;

Moi restricts, 133 , 199 –200;

origins of, 61 –62;

political impact of, 62 –63, 66 , 73 , 149 , 199 –200, 241n;

supports schools, 65 –66, 140 , 142 , 200

Hartmann, Jeanette, 210

Hassan, Yusuf, 178

Hempstone, Smith:

association with Moi's political opponents, 174 , 253n

Hinga, Bernard, 131 , 137

Hirschman, Albert, 20 , 229

Holmquist, Frank, 4 , 66 , 209 –10

Home Affairs, Ministry for, 131 , 135 , 173

Houphouët-Boigny, Félix:

compared to Kenyatta, 212 , 219 ;

legalizes opposition political parties, 218 ;

political strategy of, 212 –14, 218 –21

Human rights. See Freedom of assembly and association; Freedom of speech; Freedom of the press

Hyden, Goran, 11 , 13 –14, 72

I

Ibo community (Nigeria), 176

Imanyara, Gitobu, 188 ;

arrested and detained, 189 –90, 196

Indian Congress Party, 51

Indian Freedom Party, 51

Industry, nationalism of, 48

Informal sector:

potential political power of, 193 –95, 214 ;

as source of youth–wing members, 194 –95;

as strong base for Moi, 193

Interest groups. See Civil society

International Coffee Agreement:

collapses, 223

International Coffee Organization, 185

International Commission of Jurists (ICJ):

as means of outside communication, 188

International community:

dissidents maintain ties to, 171 , 188 , 202 –3, 226 ;

Tanzania and, 212

International Herald Tribune (newspaper), 166

International Labor Organization (ILO):

Employment, Incomes, and Equality , 77 –80, 82 , 84

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1 , 223 , 234

Iraq:

intervenes in sub-Saharan Africa, 225

Israel, 15

Italy, 182

Ivory Coast. See Côte d'Ivoire

J

Jackson, Robert, 11

Japan:

and Kenyan foreign aid, 203

Jeunesse du MPR (youth wing; Zaire), 205

Journalists:

Moi arrests and detains, 166

Jua kali. See Informal sector

Judicial system:

Moi weakens, 164 –65

Juja, 115

K

Kabarak, 155

Kabati Forest, 86

Kaggia, Bildad, 31 , 53 –54, 57 –58, 69 , 149

Kahara, Nathan, 44

Kajiado district, 79

Kakamega district, 85 , 165 , 168

Kalenjin community, 54 , 82 , 87 , 111 , 115 , 123 , 133 , 165 , 179 –81, 184 , 187 , 203 ;

in 1977 elections, 121

Kamau, Gibson Kuria, 175 , 190 ;

arrested and detained, 189 ;

seeks asylum in U.S., 176 , 203

Kamba community, 114 , 135

Kamotho, Joseph, 140 , 147

Kamukunji Group:

in 1979 elections, 127 ;

in 1977 elections, 121

Kamukunji meeting ground (Nairobi), 176

Kamusinga, 90

Kanja, Waweru, 88 –89, 92 , 105 , 115 , 165 ;

as faction leader, 138 –39, 149 ;

in 1985 elections, 155 –56

Kano district, 124

Kaplinsky, Rafael, 15

Karanja, Josephat, 167 , 169 , 175

Karatina Town, 154 –55

Karbanet Intermediate School, 134

Karimi, Joseph:

The Kenyatta Succession,44

Karioki, James, 14

Kariuki, G. G., 102 , 127 , 140 –41, 147 ;

in 1979 elections, 152 ;

removed from government, 148

Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi, 36 , 41 –42, 59 , 110 , 121 , 128 –29, 183 ;

assassinated, 76 , 86 , 105 , 111 , 160 , 168 , 246 n;

background of, 86 –87;

on ethnic divisions, 79 ;

and Kenyatta, 86 ;

on Kenyatta, 51 ;

"Mau Mau" Detainee , 86 ;

as spokesman for populist faction, 75 –76, 86 –94, 98 , 100 –101, 103 –6, 108 –

9, 115 –16, 138 –39;

and use of harambee system, 87 –88, 246 n

Karume, Njenga, 96 ;

as faction leader, 138 –39, 142

Kasipul Kabondo constituency, 97

Keen, John, 105 ;

in 1977 elections, 121

Kenya:

Bush and military assistance to, 239 n;

coalition politics in, 40 ;

compared to Côte d'Ivoire, 204 , 212 –14, 218 –20, 222 ;

compared to Tanzania, 204 , 208 –11;

compared to Zaire, 204 –5, 208 ;

economic crises in, 222 ;

human rights record of, 130 –31;

nationalist coalition disintegrates, 22 ;

restrictions on research in, 233 –35;

single–party system constitutionally established in, 39 –40, 132 , 145 , 150 , 162 , 188 –90, 198 , 243 n;

unified political opposition in, 220 –21;

U.S. military interests in, 15 –17

Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), 31 , 43 , 51 –54, 68 , 73 , 93 , 114 , 118 , 133 –34, 245 n;

absorbed by KANU, 55 , 57 ;

and land reform programs, 81

Kenya African National Union (KANU), 37 , 47 , 51 –54, 74 , 134 , 166 , 189 –90, 194 , 204 ;

absorbs KADU, 55 , 57 ;

absorbs Maendeleo ya Wanawake, 169 ;

All-Delegates Conference, 125 ;

attacks CPK, 191 ;

Backbenchers' Group, 68 , 198 , 200 , 228 ;

branches assume disciplinary functions, 167 ;

branch headquarters burned (1990), 176 ;

centralizes electoral process, 150 , 158 –59;

civil service forced to join, 170 ;

compared to MPR (Zaire), 205 , 208 ;

compared to TANU and CCM, 208 –11;

consolidation of power within, 2 –3, 32 –33, 37 –38, 75 –77, 85 , 162 –64;

constitutionally superior to Parliament, 162 –65, 252 n;

controls police and security forces, 170 ;

Delegates' Conference (1980), 136 ;

disciplinary committee of, 152 –53, 159 –61, 162 , 166 , 174 , 204 ;

disciplinary committee dissolved, 167 –68, 195 ;

discontinues secret ballot, 153 , 170 , 172 ;

diverts foreign aid to public officials, 196 ;

diverts public funds to party officials, 171 , 200 ;

expells Wanjigi, 194 ;

factionalism and pluralism in, 1 –3, 31 –32, 35 –36, 39 –40, 54 , 58 –60, 70 , 73 , 75 –77, 85 , 108 , 110 –12, 118 , 128 –29, 157 –58, 168 , 198 , 200 –201;

"Family" faction of, 76 , 85 –86, 89 , 92 –93, 95 –96, 98 –100, 103 , 105 , 107 –8, 111 –13, 129 , 131 –32, 139 , 172 ;

"Family" faction takes control of, 110 ;

fear of Mwakenya movement, 178 , 220 –21;

financial objectives, 153 ;

GEMA strengthens, 92 –94, 110 , 116 –17, 132 ;

increased social control by, 150 , 159 –61;

institutes preliminary elections, 168 , 172 –73;

internal disagreement on enhanced functions, 159 –61;

Kenyatta restructures, 56 –60;

Kenyatta's relationship with, 210 , 229 ;

makeup of early membership, 42 –43;

matajiri class protests poor performance of, 174 –75, 195 , 201 ;

Moi liberalizes, 224 ;

National Governing Council, 125 ;

new headquarters, 1 ;

nonalignment of, 59 ;

and Office of the President, 110 , 112 , 132 –33, 143 –47, 150 –54, 157 –61, 163 –66, 168 –71, 198 ;

and open primary elections, 60 ;

opposition faction develops within, 75 –77, 84 –85;

opposition to Moi within, 172 –77;

organizes loyalty demonstrations, 168 –69;

Parliamentary Group, 68 , 71 ;

party conference at Limuru (1966), 58 –59;

and "political space," 98 , 112 , 128 –29, 162 , 168 , 173 ;

popular fear of, 178 ;

populist faction in, 75 –76, 85 –108;

populist faction ousted from, 110 ;

purge within, 32 ;

radical wing of, 57 –58, 69 , 75 , 135 ;

requires party membership by all citizens, 153 , 170 –71;

restricts freedom of assembly and association, 168 , 171 ;

revenue-gathering activities, 170 –71;

Review Committee, 4 ;

suppresses parliamentary sovereignty, 100 –103, 158 ;

takes over law enforcement functions, 132 , 158 , 160 ;

violates parliamentary immunity, 168 ;

weak structure of, 39 –40, 56 –58, 61 , 72 –73, 107 , 158 , 160 , 162 , 166 , 198 , 244 n;

youth wing, see Youth wing (KANU)

Kenya African Socialist Alliance (KASA):

established to oppose Moi, 145

Kenya African Union (KAU), 51 –53, 55

Kenya Breweries, Ltd., 173

Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, 180

Kenya Bus Service, Ltd., 182

Kenya Coffee Growers' Association (KCGA), 180 ;

dissolved, 185 –86;

opposes Moi, 184

Kenya Commercial Bank, 180

Kenya Farmers' Association, 175

Kenya Football Federation (KFF), 173

Kenya Grain Growers' Cooperative Union, 180

Kenya Industrial Estates, 180

Kenya Institute for Administration (KIA), 124

Kenya Land Freedom Army (KLFA), 41 –42, 51 , 73

Kenya National Insurance, 180

Kenyan Public Law Institute, 17

Kenya People's Union (KPU), 63 , 73 , 75 , 93 , 107 , 115 , 122 , 176 , 196 ;

established, 58 –59, 69 ;

suppressed, 3 , 60 , 69 –70, 85 , 98 , 114 , 135 , 144 , 149

Kenya Planters' Cooperative Union (KPCU), 175 , 180 ;

Moi reorganizes, 185 ;

opposes Moi, 184

Kenya Ports Authority, 140 , 175

Kenya Posts and Telecommunications, 180

Kenya Stock Exchange, 181

Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA), 175 , 180 ;

Moi reorganizes, 184 –86

Kenya Times (party newspaper), 234

Kenyatta, Jomo, 11 , 43 , 93 , 122 , 133 –34, 154 , 172 , 183 , 194 , 204 , 211 , 224 , 231 ;

and clientelism, 55 , 61 ;

and constitutional changes, 56 –58, 61 , 67 ;

death of, 36 , 63 , 66 , 125 , 137 ;

disputed succession to, 111 , 113 –18, 120 ;

establishes harambee system, 60 –66, 130 , 158 , 199 –200, 214 ;

and "Family" faction of KANU, 76 ;

favors civil service and provincial administration, 70 –72;

on his political rivals, 69 –70;

Houphouët–Boigny compared to, 212 , 219 ;

imprisoned, 52 , 136 ;

J. M. Kariuki and, 86 ;

in 1977 elections, 120 ;

Parliament supports, 103 ;

political repression by, 67 , 97 –100, 103 –4, 106 , 131 , 219 ;

political strategy and personality of, 1 –4, 19 , 31 –35, 37 , 40 , 51 –66, 72 –74, 97 –98, 103 , 130 –31, 133 , 141 , 151 , 158 , 214 , 219 ;

and populist faction, 89 , 92 , 94 –95, 97 , 103 –4;

relationship with KANU, 210 , 229 ;

relations with Mau Mau organization, 51 –52;

and resource allocation, 47 –50, 68 , 74 , 104 ;

restricts freedom of assembly and association, 98 –100, 107 , 112 , 117 –18;

restricts political opposition, 66 –67, 75 –76, 202 ;

restructures KANU, 56 –60;

rise to power, 52 ;

strategic marriage ties, 55 ;

supports open primary elections, 60 , 69 , 72 , 74 , 94 –95;

supports single–party system, 54 –58, 61 , 94 , 158 ;

suppresses attempt to change constitution, 117 ;

suppresses parliamentary sovereignty, 100 –101

Kenyatta, Margaret, 94

Kenyatta, Peter Muigai, 114 –15

Kenyatta Succession, The (Karimi & Ochieng), 44

Kericho district, 81 , 187

Kerio South constituency, 91

Kerio Valley, 91

Key, V. O., 26

Khaminwa, John, 190 ;

arrested and detained, 189

Kiambaa constituency, 59

Kiambu district, 41 , 47 , 59 , 62 , 86 , 88 –89, 92 –94, 96 , 99 , 102 , 105 , 118 –19, 128 , 131 , 139 , 176 ;

coffee boom's effect on, 112 ;

economic elite in, 53 –55, 57 –58, 61 , 65 , 67 , 132 , 137 –38;

GEMA supports interests of, 110 –13, 116 , 132

Kiano, Julius Gikonyo, 55 , 115

Kibagare (shanty village):

government razes, 194

Kibaki, Mwai, 55 , 82 , 84 , 96 , 159 –60, 167 , 197 ;

background of, 154 ;

as faction leader, 137 –38, 140 –41, 148 , 200 –201;

GEMA attacks, 141 ;

in 1977 elections, 119 , 121 ;

in 1979 elections, 126 –29, 133 , 137 ;

in 1985 elections, 154 –57

Kibisu, Peter, 105 , 148

Kieni division, 156

Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), 42 , 51

Kikuyu community, 73 , 75 , 86 , 89 , 93 –97, 105 , 110 , 119 , 134 , 136 , 167 , 175 –76, 178 , 180 –81;

as dominant political force, 51 , 55 , 61 , 114 , 117 , 148 ;

as economic force, 34 –35, 46 , 138 , 147 , 185 , 200 , 218 , 248 n;

and Mau Mau uprising, 41 , 43 , 49 ;

in 1979 elections, 126 , 127 –28;

reduced power in government, 147 –49, 201 ;

and resource allocation, 81 , 87

Kikuyu constituency, 141

Kikuyu Land Board Association, 51

Kilgoris, 79

Kimani, Kahika, 105 , 113 , 115 –16, 128 , 142 , 149 ;

in 1977 elections, 118

Kimani, Tom, 183

Kinangop district, 79

King's College (Uganda), 86

Kinyua, Henry, 185

Kiplabat, 134

Kirinyaga district, 115

Kisii district, 83 , 85 , 122 –23, 151 , 165

Kisumu district, 124 , 152

Kisumu Rural constituency, 153

Kitale district, 91 , 95

Kitale West constituency, 83 –84

Kitching, Gavin, 42

Kivukoni College (Tanzania), 210 –11

Koinange, Mbiyu, 93 –94, 99 –100, 102 , 113 –14, 131 , 135

Korea, 164

Kubai, Fred:

opposes Kenyatta, 149

Kuria, Manasses, 192

L

Labor movement, 42 , 53 , 57

Laikipia East constituency, 102

Laikipia West constituency, 93

Lake Victoria, 85

Lancaster House independence negotiations, 42 –43, 76 , 134

Land Bank, 49

Land reform programs, 41 , 48 –50, 53 –54, 75 , 81 , 84 –85, 139 , 177 ;

and expropriation, 49 ;

Haraka Program, 49 ;

Million Acre Scheme, 49 , 61 ;

Moi halts, 128 ;

in Rift Valley Province, 81 –82, 89 –91, 113 ;

Shirika scheme, 81 –82

Lands and Settlement, Ministry of, 95

Law Society of Kenya (LSK), 189 –91, 195 –96;

Office of the President threatens, 169 ;

opposes abandonment of secret ballot, 172

Lawyers:

Moi attempts to repress, 189 –90, 203 ;

oppose single-party system, 169 , 172 , 187 –90, 192 , 195 , 201 –2, 229 , 231 –32

Lemarchand, René, 137 , 237n

Leo, Christopher, 43

Leonard, David, 42 , 60 , 163 , 171

Leys, Colin, 14 , 45 –46;

Underdevelopment in Kenya , 15 –16

Liberia, 177 ;

ethnic divisions in, 225

Libya, 239 n;

intervenes in sub-Saharan Africa, 225

Limuru constituency, 116 , 176 ;

party conference in (1966), 58 –59, 135

Litunya, Richard, 148

Local Government, Ministry of, 134 , 176 , 180

Lodwar, 136

Lonsdale, John, 227

Loyal Patriots, 51

Luhya community, 54 , 80 , 87 , 90 , 135 , 147 –48, 187 ;

in 1977 elections, 121

Lumumba Institute, 31 , 35 , 57 –58, 69

Luo community, 51 , 53 –54, 57 , 69 , 87 , 93 –94, 114 , 115 , 134 , 145 –46, 175 –76, 193 ;

in 1977 elections, 119 –20

Luo Union, 54 , 92 , 143 ;

government attempts to undercut, 122 –24

Lurambi South constituency, 90

Lwanda-Ooho-Muhaka Progressive Society, 165

M

Maathai, Wangari, 1

Machakos district, 79 , 165

Maendeleo ya Wanawake:

KANU absorbs, 169

Magugu, Arthur, 55

Maize and Produce Board, 83

Maize crisis:

in Rift Valley Province, 80 , 82 –84, 117

Makanda Kabobi Institute (Zaire), 206

Malindi district, 79

Malumba, Etienne Tshisikedi wa, 222

Mandela, Nelson, 215

Mango, Mukasa, 148

Markovitz, Irving Leonard, 18 , 221

Masai community, 51 , 79 , 116 ;

in 1977 elections, 120 –21

Masailand, 91

Masai Reserve, 81

Masai United Front, 121

Matajiri class, 23 , 71 , 133 , 136 , 162 –63, 173 , 180 , 184 , 187 ;

protests clientelism, 175 ;

protests KANU's poor performance, 174 –75, 195 , 201

Matano, Robert, 147 –48, 159 ;

in 1985 elections, 152 ;

in 1977 elections, 121

Matatu Association of Kenya, 182

Matatu Vehicle Owners Association (MVOA):

opposes government regulation, 182 –83

Matatus (public transport vehicles):

poor safety records of, 182 –83

Mathare, 153

"Mathina ma Matiba" (song), 183

Mathira constituency, 155

Matiba, Kenneth Stanley, 147 –48, 163 , 183 , 197 ;

arrested and detained, 176 , 194 –96;

background of, 173 ;

loses in rigged election, 174 ;

in 1979 elections, 174 ;

opposes Moi, 172 , 174 –76, 179 , 181 , 188 , 220 –21;

purged from KANU, 167 ;

and tea industry, 186 –87;

urges formation of opposition parties, 174 , 192

"Mau Mau" Detainee (Kariuki), 86

Mau Mau organization:

Central Committee, 52 , 147 , 149 ;

Kenyatta's relations with, 51 –52

Mau Mau uprising, 55 , 61 , 70 , 73 , 78 , 86 , 89 , 139 , 148 –49, 154 , 177 –78, 200 , 212 ;

Kikuyu and, 41 , 43 , 49 ;

Moi and, 135

Mbiri constituency, 148 , 173

Mbita constituency, 99

Mbori, J. E., 97

Mboya, Tom, 44 , 53 , 57 , 59 , 135 ;

assassinated, 114 , 136 ;

and political repression, 67 ;

"Sessional Paper Number 10 on the Application of Planning to Afri-

can Socialism," 57 , 62 , 199 ;

on "straddling," 71

Mbuya, Paul, 123 –24

Meru community, 94

Meru district, 79 , 95 , 116 , 146

Migdal, Joel, 11

Migure, G. O., 99

Mobutu Sese Seko, 205 –7;

legalizes opposition political parties, 222 ;

political strategy of, 206 , 223 –24;

relationships with the Zairian military, 223

Moi, Daniel arap, 4 , 15 , 17 , 31 –32, 37 , 47 , 58 –59, 76 , 87 , 88 , 96 –97, 204 ;

abolishes parliamentary privilege, 146 ;

arrests and detains journalists, 166 ;

attacks Njonjo, 147 –48;

attempts to control export–crop sector, 183 –87, 203 ;

attempts to control pressure groups, 125 ;

attempts to control transportation sector, 181 –83, 201 , 203 , 221 ;

attempts to repress lawyers, 189 –90, 203 ;

background of, 134 –35;

civil service under, 137 , 151 –52, 163 , 165 , 179 ;

and clientelism, 139 –40, 200 –201;

and coffee industry, 184 –86;

creates division among his competition, 141 ;

defends single-party system, 215 ;

designated acting president, 125 ;

dislikes debate, 136 ;

dissolves KANU disciplinary committee, 167 ;

eliminates GEMA, 142 –43;

and evolution of party-state, 129 , 162 –63;

and GEMA, 110 –11;

GEMA challenges in Parliament, 122 –23;

given emergency powers in peacetime, 137 ;

governmental strategy of, 1 –2, 19 , 33 , 35 –37, 131 –32, 198 –99;

halts land reform programs, 128 ;

as head of police and security forces, 135 ;

helps form KADU, 134 ;

informal economic sector as strong base for, 193 ;

joins KANU, 134 ;

KCGA opposes, 184 ;

as Kenyatta's successor, 111 , 128 –29;

KPCU opposes, 184 ;

lack of economic growth and development under, 179 –81;

legalizes opposition political parties, 196 –97, 199 , 215 ;

liberalized KANU, 224 ;

and Mau Mau uprising, 135 ;

as minister for home affairs, 134 –35;

New Year's speech (1989), 169 –70;

in 1977 elections, 119 –22, 124 –25;

in 1979 elections, 125 –28, 152 ;

in 1985 elections, 156 ;

opposes resource allocation, 104 –5;

opposition to, 172 –77;

and personalization of power, 163 –64, 166 –68, 171 , 214 , 228 ;

political fears of, 143 –44;

political repression by, 67 , 101 –2, 104 , 143 –45, 162 –63, 219 ;

political strategy and personality of, 130 –34, 141 , 218 ;

power struggle with GEMA, 111 –12, 114 –16;

preference for police force, 136 –37;

protects his private business interests, 179 , 214 ;

reinstates detention laws, 146 , 204 ;

releases political detainees, 130 –31, 137 , 139 ;

reopens detention camps, 144 ;

reorganizes KPCU, 185 ;

reorganizes KTDA, 184 –86;

represents Rift Valley Province on Legislative Council, 134 ;

reputation as populist, 135 –37, 163 , 193 , 224 ;

restricts freedom of assembly and association, 131 –33, 143 –44, 162 , 187 –88, 199 –200, 204 , 228 ;

restricts freedom of speech, 162 ;

restricts freedom of the press, 144 , 165 –66, 188 , 231 ;

restricts harambee system, 133 , 199 –200;

restricts political opposition, 67 , 125 –26, 204 ;

restricts "political space," 143 , 146 , 162 , 164 , 191 , 203 ;

restructures electoral system, 150 –51, 161 ;

strengthens police and security forces, 131 , 144 –45, 165 ;

suppresses ethnic welfare societies, 131 , 142 –44, 201 , 231 ;

suppresses political opposition, 141 –47, 161 ;

and surveillance of opposition, 131 –32, 145 , 221 , 228 ;

and tea industry, 184 –87;

weakens GEMA, 131 –32;

weakens judicial system, 164 –65

Moi Day, 163

Mombasa, 116 , 121 , 173

Montesquieu, Baron de la Brede de la, 229 –30

Moore, Barrington, 30

Morgenthau, Ruth Schachter, 212

Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR; Zaire), 132 , 159 –60, 162 , 169 , 202 , 207 , 209 , 222 ;

compared to KANU, 205 , 208 ;

opposition to, 205 ;

political manifesto of, 205 ;

youth wing, 205

Mpatanishi (newspaper), 178

Mudavadi, Moses, 148

Mueller, Susanne, 67 –70

Muge, Alexander Kipsang:

protests violations of human rights, 191

Muigai, Ngengi, 115 , 123

Muigwithania (journal), 51

Muite, Paul, 189 , 196 ;

as opposition leader, 197

Muliro, Masinde, 105 ;

in 1977 elections, 121 ;

opposes Moi, 172

Multi-party systems:

arguments in favor

of, 226 –27;

evolution of in sub–Saharan Africa, 215 –18;

vs. single-party systems, 224 –27, 232

Mungai, James, 131 , 248n, 249n

Mungai, Njoroge, 92 –94, 105 , 111 , 113 –14, 117 , 122 , 137 ;

in 1979 elections, 125 , 128 , 133 , 152 ;

in 1977 elections, 118 –19, 121 , 123

Munoko, Nathan, 150

Munyi, Kamwithi, 97

Muoroto (shanty village):

government razes, 194

Murang'a district, 55 , 59 , 61 , 65 , 88 –90, 115 , 140 , 147 –48, 173 –76, 186

Muraya, Sam, 193

Murgor, William, 96

Murungi, Kiraitu, 162 , 190 ;

seeks asylum in U.S., 176 , 203

Musyoka, Kalonzo, 166

Mutisya, Mulu, 122

Mwachofi, Mwashembu:

in 1985 elections, 152

Mwakenya movement:

and the clergy, 192 ;

as government pretext for harrassment, 177 –78;

KANU's fear of, 178 , 220 –21;

purported program of, 177 –78

Mwangale, Elijah, 147 –49, 192 ;

disciplined by KANU committee, 167 ;

in 1985 elections, 156 ;

on resource allocation, 78 –80, 90

Mwangale community, 80

Mwendwa, Ngala:

in 1977 elections, 120

Mwithaga, Mark, 105 , 129

N

Nabwera, Burudi, 105 , 152

Nairobi, 44 , 59 , 62 , 88 –89, 92 , 102 , 115 , 117 , 121 , 123 , 127 , 138 , 154 , 159 , 163 , 172 –74, 179 , 182 –83, 203 ;

antigovernment riots in (1990), 176 ;

City Council, 194

Nairobi Law Monthly , 188 , 190 , 196

Naivasha district, 80 , 148

Nakuru district, 81 , 85 –86, 93 , 95 , 97 , 104 –5, 113 , 123 –24, 138 , 149 , 154 , 159 , 176 , 178 , 200

Nakuru East constituency, 129

Nakuru North constituency, 146

Nakuru Town, 97 , 129

Nandi community, 87

Nandi district, 51 , 81 , 85 , 87 , 100

Nandi Hills, 88

"Nandi Hills Declaration," 87

Narok district, 79 , 176

Nassir, Shariff, 116

National Cereals and Produce Board, 175 , 180

National Coffee Cooperative Union (NCCU), 184

National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK):

opposes abandonment of secret ballot, 172 , 191 –92;

opposes single-party system, 190 –92

National Guidance and Political Affairs, Ministry for, 169 , 195

National Youth Service, 86 , 182 –83

Nation (newspaper), 166

Ndegwa Commission Report, 78 , 80

Nderi, Ignatius, 139

Nderi, Peter Ndirangu, 92

Netherlands, 48 , 182

New African (newspaper), 166

New Akamba Union, 92 –93, 122

New Kenya Coalition, 51

New Kenya Party, 51

Ngala, Ronald, 134

Ng'ang'a, Amos, 139

Ngei, Paul, 122 ;

in 1977 elections, 121

Ngwataniro community, 105

Ngwataniro land companies, 113 , 115 , 128

Ng'weno, Hilary, 2 –3, 157 , 234 –35

Nigeria, 16 , 176 –77, 229

Njiru, James, 93 , 169

Njonjo, Apollo, 81

Njonjo, Charles, 55 , 70 , 76 , 91 , 99 , 101 , 114 , 153 , 163 ;

expelled from government and party, 147 –49;

as faction leader, 137 –41;

and GEMA, 110 –11; Moi attacks, 147 –48;

in 1979 elections, 137 , 152 ;

warns against changing the constitution, 116 –17

Njoya, Timothy, 192

Njururi, Ngumbu:

in 1985 elections, 155

Nkrumah, Kwame, 40 , 132 , 150

Nkrumah Ideological Institute (Ghana), 6

Non–profit organizations, 230

Northern Frontier district, 54

Norway, 177 , 202 –3

N'Sele Manifesto (Zaire), 205

Ntimama, William ole, 176 –77

Nyachae, Simeon, 115 , 122

Nyagah, Jeremiah, 141

Nyandarua district, 61 , 81 , 85 , 88 , 93 , 176

Nyandarua North constituency, 79 , 86 , 103

Nyang'oro, Julius, 204 –5

Nyanza district, 153 , 193

Nyanza Province, 83 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 99 , 114 , 119 , 121 –24, 152

Nyayo Bus Company, 180

Nyayo Bus Services Corporation, 182 , 221

Nyayo Tea Zones, 180 , 184

Nyayo Tea Zones Development Corporation (NTZDC), 187

Nyerere, Julius, 211 ;

declares Tanzania a one–party state, 209 ;

relationship with TANU and CCM, 210

Nyeri constituency, 165

Nyeri district, 55 , 59 , 61 , 65 , 86 , 88 –89, 92 , 105 , 139 , 149 , 154 –55, 176 , 178

Nyoike, Kimani wa, 167 ;

opposes Moi, 172

Nyong'o, Peter Anyang', 14 –15, 22 –23

O

Ochieng, Philip:

The Kenyatta Succession , 44

Ochieng, William, 225

Odinga, Oginga, 15 , 31 , 35 , 53 –54, 57 –58, 63 , 68 –69, 75 , 93 , 114 –15, 121 –23, 134 , 145 –46, 175 –76;

attempts ties to international community, 171 ;

expelled from party, 150 ;

on Moi, 134 , 136

Odinga, Raila Omolo:

arrested and detained, 146 , 168 , 176

O'Donnell, Guillermo, 20

Ojiambo, Fred, 190

Ojwang, J. B., 225

Okero, Isaac Omolo, 121 –23, 125

Okondo, Peter:

disciplined by KANU committee, 167

Okullu, Henry, 175 ;

urges formation of opposition parties, 192

Okumu, John, 209 –10

Oligarchy:

single-party system and, 225

Ol Kalou Declaration, 60

Oloitipitip, Stanley, 116 , 131 , 147 ;

in 1979 elections, 127 –28, 152 ;

in 1977 elections, 119 –21;

removed from government, 148

Omamo, William Odongo, 63 , 93 –94, 105 , 122 –24;

in 1977 elections, 120

Omido, Fred, 147

Oneko, Achieng, 63 , 66 , 115 –16, 122 –23, 176

Onyonka, Zachary, 151

Ooko-Ombaka, Oki, 190

Othaya constituency, 154

Otieno, Wambui, 138

Ouko, Robert, 153 ;

assassinated, 193 , 196

Oxford University, 86

Oyugis Declaration (1977), 122

P

Pambana (newspaper), 178

Parliament:

economic makeup of, 180 –81;

KANU constitutionally superior to, 162 –65, 252n;

Public Accounts Committee, 68

Parliamentary system:

in Kenyatta administration, 30 –32

Parti démocratique de Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), 5 , 212 –14, 219 –20

Party-state:

and bureaucratic authoritarianism, 19 –21;

civil service in, 12 –14, 108 , 151 ;

clientelism in, 164 , 198 , 200 –201;

concentration of entrepreneurial power in, 17 –19, 29 ;

constitutional modification in, 29 ;

control of financial resources in, 12 –13, 75 , 77 ;

Côte d'Ivoire as, 204 , 212 –14;

defined, 5 ;

and economic underdevelopment, 14 –17;

effect on social structure, 11 –14, 117 –18;

and electoral monopoly, 9 –10, 12 , 22 ;

ethnic and religious divisions in, 23 –24;

and external economic dependence, 14 –15;

and lack of economic development, 10 –12;

Moi and evolution of, 129 ;

nature of, 7 –10;

opposition to rise of, 36 –38;

policy issues in, 24 –25;

political elites in, 24 –26, 30 , 178 –79;

political participation in, 164 ;

political repression in, 3 –4, 7 –8, 13 , 21 , 28 –30, 33 , 36 ;

rise of, 5 –7, 8 –22, 23 –25, 36 –37;

shifting personal factions in, 137 –38;

Tanzania as, 204 , 208 –13;

and weak opposition factions, 24 –26, 75 –76;

Zaire as, 204 –8, 213

"Patriotic Contributions" (song), 183

Patronage. See Clientelism

Police and security forces:

Criminal Investigation Department, 92 , 144 , 165 , 185 ;

Government Services Unit (GSU), 105 , 131 , 144 , 146 , 165 ;

increased budgets, 144 –45;

under KANU control, 170 ;

Moi strengthens, 131 , 144 –45, 160 , 165 ;

Special Branch, 146 ;

threaten to crush opposition, 152 –53

Policy issues:

in party–state, 24 –25

Political elites:

economic threats to in Zaire, 223 ;

nature of, 23 ;

in party–state, 24 –26, 30 , 178 –79;

strategies of, 44

Political meetings, licensing of. See Freedom of assembly and association

Political parties, opposition:

arguments in favor of, 227 ;

civil society and, 178 –97;

Kenyatta restricts, 66 –67, 75 –76, 202 ;

Moi legalizes, 196 –97, 199 , 215 ;

proscribed, 36 , 132

Political repression:

in party-state, 3 –4, 7 –8, 13 , 21 , 28 –30, 33 , 36

"Political space":

KANU and, 98 , 112 ,

128 –29, 162 , 168 , 173 ;

Moi restricts, 143 , 146 , 162 , 164 , 191 , 203 ;

populist faction and, 98 , 109 ;

single-party system and, 195 , 198 , 221

"Political tourism," 154 –57

"Poor People of Muoroto, The" (song), 194

Populist faction (KANU), 75 –76, 85 –108;

Kariuki as spokesman for, 75 –76, 86 –94, 98 , 100 –101, 103 –6, 108 –9, 115 –16;

Kenyatta and, 89 , 92 , 94 –95, 97 , 103 –4;

ousted from party, 110 ;

and "political space," 98 , 109

Post Office, 175

Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA), 191 –92

President, Office of the, 39 , 77 , 98 , 102 , 107 –8, 117 –18, 148 , 172 –73, 200 –201, 234 ;

assumes media censorship powers, 169 –70;

controls 1985 elections, 152 , 157 ;

increased power under Moi, 130 –31, 144 –45, 251 n;

KANU and, 110 , 112 ;

and political repression, 67 –68, 140 ;

redraws constituency boundaries, 165 ;

selects candidates for elections, 132 , 157 , 160 ;

suppresses parliamentary sovereignty, 171 ;

takes control of KANU, 132 –33, 143 –47, 150 –54, 157 –61, 163 –66, 168 –71, 198 ;

threatens LSK, 169 ;

traditional political role, 2 –4, 32 –33, 36

Private sector:

in Côte d'Ivoire, 230 ;

and single-party system, 229 –31

Progressive Kikuyu Party, 51

Protest songs, 183 , 193 –94

Public Law Institute (PLI), 172 , 190

Public Order Act, 99 , 188

Public Security Act, 135

Pyrethrum production, 87

Q

Queuing system of voting:

opposition to, 153 , 170 , 172 , 191 –92, 224

R

Reagan, Ronald, 203

Regional assemblies, 47

Religion. See Clergy

Resource allocation:

in Central Province, 77 –78, 88 , 96 –97;

Central Province controls, 110 –12;

Kenyatta and, 47 –50, 68 , 74 , 154 ;

Kikuyu and, 81 ;

Moi opposes, 104 –5;

Mwangale on, 78 –80, 90 ;

in Rift Valley Province, 77 , 88 –91, 110 ;

in Western Province, 80

Rift Valley Province:

agricultural crisis in (1979–80), 77 , 96 , 251n;

demands for economic development in, 91 –92;

education reforms in, 81 –82, 89 , 91 ;

land reform programs in, 81 –82, 89 –91;

maize crisis in, 80 , 82 –84;

political opposition in, 108 –10, 113 –16, 117 –18, 131 , 184 , 200 ;

resettlement in, 81 ;

resource allocation in, 77 , 88 –91

Riungu, Benson, 156

Roman Catholic Church:

as political force in Zaire, 223 ;

urges political liberalization, 192

Rosberg, Carl, 11

Rotary Club, 174

Rubia, Charles, 59 , 89 , 91 , 101 –2, 105 , 109 , 115 , 147 , 163 ;

arrested and detained, 172 , 176 , 194 –96;

loses in rigged election, 173 ;

opposes Moi, 172 –73, 175 –76, 179 , 181 , 188 , 220 –21;

purged from KANU, 167 , 173 ;

urges formation of opposition parties, 174 , 192

S

Saba Saba Day (1990):

antigovernment riots on, 176 , 183 , 194 , 224

Sagini, Lawrence, 151

Saina, William, 83

Saitoti, George, 169

Samoei Boys and Girls Harambee Boarding School, 88

Samoei Institute for Vocational and Technical Education, 88

Sandbrook, Richard, 18

Schatzberg, Michael, 207 –8

Schools:

supported by harambee system, 65 –66

Scotland Yard, 196

Security agencies.

See Police and security forces

Semo, Bahati, 148

Seroney, John Marie:

background of, 87 ;

as spokesman for populist faction, 87 –88, 91 , 93 , 98 –102, 105 –6, 108 , 139

"Sessional Paper Number 10 on the Application of Planning to African Socialism" (Mboya), 57 , 62 , 199

Shikuku, Martin, 89 , 93 , 100 , 105 , 147 –48, 153 , 165 , 168 ;

opposes Moi, 172 ;

as opposition leader, 196

Siaya district, 93

Sifuna, Lawrence, 147

Single-party system, 240 n;

clergy oppose, 188 , 190 –92, 195 , 202 , 214 , 229 , 231 ;

constitutional changes establish in Kenya, 39 –40, 132 , 145 , 150 , 162 , 188 –90, 198 , 243 n;

difficulty of political opposition in, 85 ;

effects on civil society, 117 –18, 159 , 168 –71, 195 , 207 –8, 228 –29;

factionalism in, 27 , 146 ;

and fear of foreign intervention,

Single-party system (continued )

225 –26;

Kenyatta supports, 54 –58, 61 , 94 , 159 ;

lawyers oppose, 169 , 172 , 187 –90, 192 , 195 , 201 –2, 229 , 231 –32;

Moi defends, 215 ;

NCCK opposes, 190 –92;

and oligarchy, 225 ;

and "political space," 195 , 198 , 221 ;

possibility of democracy in, 224 –225, 227 –28;

private economic sector and, 229 –30;

in sub-Saharan Africa, 4 –7, 215 –18;

vs. multi-party system, 224 –27, 232

Societies Act, 188

Somalia, 2 , 16 ;

ethnic divisions in, 225

Somali ethnic group, 178

South Africa, 3 , 191 , 215

Soviet Union, 114 ;

intervenes in sub–Saharan Africa, 225 ;

single-party system in, 228

Special Rural Development Program (SRDP), 91 , 247 n

Squatters (ahoi ), 41 , 43 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 57 , 81 , 95 , 139 , 212

Standard (newspaper), 141 , 154 , 233

Staniland, Martin, 212

Starehe constituency, 172

State House. See President, Office of the

Stellascope (publishing house), 234

Study and Research Center on Mobutuism (CEREMO; Zaire), 206

Sudan, 2 , 177 ;

ethnic divisions in, 225

Swainson, Nicola, 16

Sweden, 196 , 202 –3

T

Tambach Teacher Training College, 134

Tana River Authority, 139

Tanganyika African National Union (TANU):

compared to KANU, 208 –11;

Nyerere's relationship with, 210

Tanganyika Federation of Labour, 209

Tanzania, 3 , 5 , 11 , 72 ;

compared to Kenya, 204 , 208 –11;

homogeneous society in, 211 ;

and international community, 212 ;

local administration in, 209 , 211 ;

as party-state, 204 , 208 –13;

relationship between party and state in, 208 –12

Tanzania African National Union (TANU), 160

Tax system, 65

Tea industry:

Matiba and, 186 –87;

Moi government and, 184 –87

Thatcher, Margaret, 203

Thiberi, Samuel, 149

Thika, 176

Thiong'o, Ngugi wa, 14 , 137 , 175 , 177

Thompson, James D., 206

Thuo, Francis, 173 , 181

Times (St. Petersburg, Florida), 166

Tinderet constituency, 87 , 88 , 106

Tipis, Justus ole:

in 1985 elections, 152

Toweett, Taita:

in 1977 elections, 121

Trade Licensing Act, 169

Trade Union Agreement Act, 42

Trans–Nzoia district, 81 , 85

Transportation sector:

Moi attempts to control, 181 –83, 201 , 203 , 221 ;

political power of in Côte d'Ivoire, 221 ;

in Zaire, 223 –24

Tribalism. See Ethnicity, and politics

Troon, Malcolm, 196

Tugen people, 87

Turkana district, 79

Turkey, 164

U

Uasin-Gishu district, 81 –85

Uganda, 2 , 86 , 91 , 167 , 177 , 194

Ujamaa movement (Tanzania), 209 , 211

Ukenya group, 178

Umoja association, 177

Underdevelopment in Kenya (Leys), 15 –16

Union pour la démocratie et le progrés social (UDPS; Zaire), 222

UNITA (Angolan political movement), 223

United Nations:

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 188 ;

Education, Science, and Culture Organization (UNSCO), 188

United States, 208 ;

foreign aid from, 174 , 193 , 202 , 223 , 239 n;

grants asylum to Kenyan politicians, 176 , 203 , 233 ;

intervenes in sub–Saharan Africa, 225 ;

military interests in Kenya, 15 –17;

single-party system in, 228 , 240 n, 241 n;

State Department, 203

University of London, 154

University of Nairobi:

closed (1974), 104 , 144 ;

increased surveillance at, 146

V

Vihiga constituency, 148

W

Wabuge, Wafule, 83 –84

Waiyaki, Munyua, 55 , 61

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 7 , 9

Wamwere, Koigi wa, 129 , 139 , 145 , 177 ;

arrested and detained, 146 , 189 , 194

Wananchi Declaration, 60

Wanjigi, Maina, 103 , 105 , 115 ;

expelled from KANU, 194

Wanyonyi community, 80

Wariithi, Henry, 68

Warren, Bill, 16

Weekly Review (newspaper), 2 , 119 –20, 126 , 140 , 157 –58, 162 , 186 , 234 –35

Western Province, 81 , 85 , 89 , 95 , 100 , 156 , 165 ;

and resource allocation, 80

White Highlands, 53 –54, 57 , 61 , 85 , 245 n

"Who Killed Ouko" (song), 193

Wolpe, Howard, 202 –3

World Bank, 1 , 78 , 81 , 141 , 202 , 223 , 225 –26

Y

Young, Crawford, 12 , 21

Youth League (TANU & CCM; Tanzania), 210 –11

Youth wing (KANU):

in 1985 elections, 154 , 159 ;

recruited from informal economic sector, 194 –95;

resumes vigilante activities under Moi, 170 ;

as vigilante group, 132 , 149 , 153 –54, 159 –60, 200

Z

Zaire, 3 , 5 , 14 , 22 , 37 , 132 , 159 –60, 162 –63, 169 , 202 ;

compared to Kenya, 204 –5, 208 ;

economic threats to political elite in, 223 ;

foreign aid suspended, 223 ;

fragmented political opposition in, 224 ;

freedom of the press in, 222 ;

as party–state, 204 –8, 213 ;

relationship between party and state in, 206 –7;

Roman Catholic Church as political force in, 223 ;

transportation sector in, 223 –24

Zimbabwe, 3 , 14

Zolberg, Aristide, 5 , 7 , 9 –11, 13 , 18 , 23 , 72 , 218 ;

Creating Political Order: The Party–States of West Africa , 6

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