1. Alexandre Cabanel, The Birth of Venus (1863). Painting, 41 3/4×71 7/8". The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: gift of John Wolfe, 1893.

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2. Edouard Manet, Olympia (1863). Oil on canvas, 51 3/8×74 3/4". Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Cliché des Musées nationaux.

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3. "Cham," La Naissance du petit ébéniste, from Le Charivari (Paris), May 14, 1865. Bibliothèque Nationale, Service Photographique.

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4. Marcel Duchamp, The Artist's Father (1910). Oil on canvas, 36 3/8×28 7/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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5. Marcel Duchamp, Sonata (1911). Oil on canvas, 57×44 1/4". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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6. Marcel Duchamp, The Chess Game (1910). Oil on canvas, 44 7/8×57 1/2". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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7. Marcel Duchamp, study for Portrait of Chess Players (1911). Charcoal on paper, 17×23". Private collection, Paris. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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8. Marcel Duchamp, Portrait of Chess Players (1911). Oil on canvas, 42 1/2×39 3/4". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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9. Marcel Duchamp, Paradise (1910). Oil on canvas, 45 1/2×50 1/2". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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10. Marcel Duchamp, Portrait of Dr. Dumouchel (1910). Oil on canvas, 39×25 3/4". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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11. Marcel Duchamp, Apropos of Little Sister (1911). Oil on canvas, 28 3/4×23 5/8". Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris. Photograph by Robert E. Mates (c) The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York.

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12. Marcel Duchamp, Yvonne and Magdeleine Torn in Tatters (1911). Oil on canvas, 23 3/4×28 7/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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13. Marcel Duchamp, The Bush (1910-11). Oil on canvas, 50 1/4×36 1/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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14. Marcel Duchamp, Baptism (Two Seated Figures) (1911). Oil on canvas, 36×28 5/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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15. Marcel Duchamp, Once More to This Star (1911). Pencil on paper, 9 3/4×6 1/2". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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16. Marcel Duchamp, Dulcinea (1911). Oil on canvas, 57 1/4×44 7/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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17. Edouard Manet, The Railroad (Gare Saint-Lazare) (1873). Oil on canvas, 36 3/4×43 7/8". National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: gift of Horace Havemeyer. (c) 1994 National Gallery of Art.

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18. Gustave Caillebotte, The Man at the Window (1876). Oil on canvas, 45 1/2×31 3/4". Private collection.

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19. Claude Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare (1873). Oil on canvas, 29 3/4×41". Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Cliché des Musées nationaux.

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20. Odilon Redon, Melancholy (1876). Charcoal, pastel, and gouache on paper, 14 1/2×14". The Art Institute of Chicago: gift of Margaret Day Blake Collection, Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Woods, and William McCallin McKee Memorial Funds. Photograph (c) 1994, The Art Institute of Chicago. All rights reserved.

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21. Marcel Duchamp, Sad Young Man on a Train (1911-12). Oil on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 39 3/8×28 3/4", image within taped edge 38 9/16×27 15/16". The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York: Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris. Photograph (c) 1976 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York.

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22. Marcel Duchamp, Coffee Mill (1911). Oil and pencil on board, 13×14 15/16". Tate Gallery, London. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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23. Marcel Duchamp, Two Nudes: One Strong and One Swift (1912). Pencil on paper, 11 13/16×14 13/16". Private collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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24. Marcel Duchamp, The King and Queen Traversed by Swift Nudes (1912.). Pencil on paper, 10 3/4×15 1/4". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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25. Marcel Duchamp, The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift Nudes (1912). Oil on canvas, 45 1/2×50 1/2". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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26. Marcel Duchamp, The Bride Stripped Bare by the Bachelors (1912). Pencil and wash on paper, 9 3/8×12 5/8". Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris. Photograph (c) Documentation Photographique des Collections du Musée National d'Art Moderne.

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27. Marcel Duchamp, Virgin, I (1912). Graphite, 13 1/4×9 15/16". Philadelphia Museum of Art: A. E. Gallatin Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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28. Marcel Duchamp, Virgin, II (1912). Watercolor, 15 3/4×10 1/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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29. Marcel Duchamp, The Bride (1912). Oil on canvas, 35 1/4×21 3/4". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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30. Marcel Duchamp, Glider Containing a Water-Mill in Neighboring Metals (1913-15). Oil and lead wire on glass, 60 1/4×33". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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31. Marcel Duchamp, To Be Looked at (from the Other Side of the Glass) with One Eye, Close To, for Almost an Hour (1918). Oil paint, silver leaf, lead wire, and magnifying lens on glass (cracked), 19 1/2×15 5/8", mounted between two panes of glass in a standing metal frame, 20 1/8×16 1/4×1 1/2", on painted wood base, 1 7/8×17 7/8×4 1/2"; overall height, 22". Museum of Modern Art, New York: Katherine S. Dreier bequest, 1953. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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32. Marcel Duchamp, Given: 1. The Waterfall; 2. The Illuminating Gas. Exterior view. Mixed media assemblage. Philadelphia Museum of Art: gift of the Cassandra Foundation. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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33. Marcel Duchamp, Door, 11 rue Larrey (1927). Wooden door, 86 5/8×24 11/16". (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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34. Gustave Courbet, L'Origine du monde (1866). Oil on canvas, 18 1/8×21 5/8". Musée Gustave Courbet, Ornans.

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35. Marcel Duchamp, Selected Details after Courbet (1968). Etching on handmade paper, 16 5/8×9 3/6". Collection of Arturo Schwarz, Milan. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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36. Marcel Duchamp, Le Bec Auer (1968). Etching on handmade paper, 16 5/8×9 3/16". Collection of Arturo Schwarz, Milan. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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37. Marcel Duchamp, Pharmacy (1914). Rectified Readymade: gouache on a commercial print, 10 5/16×7 9/16". Private collection, New York. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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38. Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel (1951 reproduction of lost original, 1913). Metal wheel mounted on painted wood stool; overall, 50 1/2×25 1/2×16 5/8". Museum of Modern Art, New York: the Sidney and Harriet Janis Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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39. Marcel Duchamp, To Have the Apprentice in the Sun (1914). India ink and pencil on music paper, 10 5/8×6 11/16". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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40. Marcel Duchamp, Bottle Rack (1961 reproduction of lost original, 1914). Readymade: galvanized iron bottle dryer, 22 1/2×14 3/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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41. Photo of Duchamp's studio in New York, c. 1917-18.

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42. Marcel Duchamp, In Advance of the Broken Arm (1916). Ready-made: wood and metal snow shovel, 47 3/4" high. Yale University Art Gallery: gift of Katherine S. Dreier for the Collection Société Anonyme. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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43. Marcel Duchamp, With Hidden Noise (1916). Metal and twine, 5" high. Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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44. Marcel Duchamp, Apolinère Enameled (1916-17). Painted tin advertisement, 9 1/4×13 1/4". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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45. Alfred Stieglitz's photo of Fountain, from The Blind Man² , no. 2 (May, 1917),

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46. Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. (1919). Pencil on a reproduction, 7 3/4×4 7/8". Private collection, Paris. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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47. Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., Shaven (1965). Playing card pasted on folded note paper, 8 1/4û5 1/2". The Museum of Modern Art, New York: gift of Philip Johnson. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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48. Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp as Rrose Sélavy (1921). Gelatin silver print, 8 1/2×6 13/16". Philadelphia Museum of Art: the Samuel S. White III and Vera White Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris / Man Ray Trust, Paris.

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49. Marcel Duchamp, The (1915). India ink and pencil manuscript, 8 3/4×5 5/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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50. Marcel Duchamp, Rendezvous of Sunday, February 6, 1916 (1916). Typewriter and ink on four postcards, 11 1/4×6 1/2". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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51. Marcel Duchamp, Traveler's Folding Item (1916). Readymade: Underwood typewriter cover, 9 1/6" high. Original lost. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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52. Marcel Duchamp, Three Standard Stoppages (1913-14). Three threads glued to three painted canvas strips, 5 1/4×47 1/4", each mounted on a glass panel; three wood slats, shaped along one edge to match the curves of the threads; the whole fitted into a wood box, 11 1/8×50 7/8×9". Museum of Modern Art, New York: Katherine S. Dreier bequest. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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53. Marcel Duchamp, Dust Breeding, photograph by Man Ray (1920). (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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54. Marcel Duchamp, Monte Carlo Bond(1924). Photocollage on colored lithograph, 12 1/4×7 3/4". Museum of Modern Art, New York: gift of the artist. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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55. Marcel Duchamp, Fresh Widow (1920). Miniature French window, painted wood frame, and eight panes of glass covered with black leather, 30 1/2×17 5/8", on wood sill, 3/4×21×4". Museum of Modern

Art, New York: Katherine S. Dreier bequest. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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56. Marcel Duchamp, Air de Paris (50cc. of Paris Air) (1919). Glass ampoule, 5 1/2" high. Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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57. Marcel Duchamp, Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy? (1921). Painted metal bird cage, marble cubes, thermometer, and cuttlefish bone on small bone cage, 4 1/2×8 5/8×6 3/8". Philadelphia Museum of Art: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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58. Marcel Duchamp, Trap (1917). Readymade: coat rack, wood and metal, 4 5/8×39 3/8". Original lost. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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59. Marcel Duchamp, The Brawl at Austerlitz (La Bagarre d'Austerlitz) (1921). Miniature window: oil on wood and glass, 24 3/4×11 5/16×2 1/2". Private collection, New York. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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60. Marcel Duchamp, Disks Inscribed with Puns (used in Anemic Cinema, 1926). White letters pasted on eight black cardboard disks, each 11 13/16" diameter. Private collection, New York. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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61. Marcel Duchamp, Disks Bearing Spirals (1923). Ink and pencil on white paper disks, each mounted on a blue paper disk, then on paper board, 42 5/8×42 5/8". Seattle Art Museum: Eugene Fuller Memorial Collection. Photograph by Paul Macapia. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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62. Marcel Duchamp, Chastity Wedge (1954). Plaster and plastic. Philadelphia Museum of Art: private collection. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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63. Marcel Duchamp, Objet dard(1951). Galvanized plaster, 2 15/16×7 15/16×2 3/8". Collection Mme Marcel Duchamp, Villiers-sous-Grez. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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64. Marcel Duchamp, Female Fig Leaf (1950). Bronze, 3 1/2×5 3/4×5". Philadelphia Museum of Art: gift of Mme Marcel Duchamp. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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65. Julian Wasser, photograph of Marcel Duchamp and Eve Babitz playing chess at Pasadena Art Museum (1963). (c) 1994 Julian Wasser for Time magazine.

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66. Marcel Duchamp, Boîte en valise (1935-41). Cardboard box (sometimes inside a leather suitcase) containing miniature replicas, photographs, and reproductions of works by Duchamp, 16×15×4". Various collections. (c) 1995 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris.

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