Notes
This chapter is an updated version of an article first published in the Milbank Quarterly 64, supplement (1986): 7-33. It is based on published and unpublished sources, interviews, conversation, and observation. I have indicated my obligation to written sources in citations in the text. I have not, however, ascribed particular comments—even quotes—to particular people. Some of my interviews were formal, either on or off the record. On many occasions, however, I benefited from conversations that were not, at the time, regarded by the people I was talking to or by myself as data for an essay in contemporary history and advocacy of social policy. Sometimes the conversations were privileged as a result of my participation in research bearing on the making of policy. I list here, alphabetically, the names of some of the people who have in conversations helped to shape my views about the health polity's response to the AIDS epidemic: Dennis Altman, Drew Altman, Stephen Anderman, Peter Arno, David Axelrod, Ronald Bayer, Joseph Blount, Allan M. Brandt, Cyril Brosnan, Susan Brown, Brent Cassens, Ward Cates, James Chin, Mary Cline, Peter Drottman, Ernest Drucker, Reuben Dworsky, Ann Hardy, Russell Havlack, Brian Hendricks, Robert Hummel, Mathilde Krim, Sheldon Landesman, Philip R. Lee, Richard Needle, Alvin Novick, Gerald M. Oppenheimer, Mel Rosen, Charles E. Rosenberg, Barbara G. Rosenkrantz, William Sabella, Stephen Schultz, Roy Steigbigel, Ann A. Scitovsky, and David P. Willis.
1. Daniel M. Fox, ''Health Policy and Changing Epidemiology in the United States: Chronic Disease in the Twentieth Century," in Is This the Way We Want to Die? ed. Russell Maulitz (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, forthcoming).
2. Louise B. Russell, Is Prevention Better Than Cure? (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1986).
3. Thomas McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (New York: Academic Press, 1976).
4. Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell : Notes of a Biology Watcher (New York: Viking, 1974).
5. Dorothy P. Rice, T. A. Hodgson, and A. W. Kopstein, "The Economic Cost of Illness: A Replication and Update," Health Care Financing Review 7 (1985): 61-80.
6. J. M. List et al., eds., Maxcy-Rosenau Public Health and Preventive Medicine , 12th ed. (Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1986).
7. R. L. Cleeve et al., "Physicians' Attitudes toward Venereal Disease Reporting," Journal of the American Medical Association 202 (1967): 941-946.
8. R. M. Wachter, "The Impact of the Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome in Medical Residency Training," New England Journal of Medicine 314 (1986): 177-180.
9. Fox, "Health Policy and Changing Epidemiology," in Is This the Way We Want to Die? ed. Maulitz.
10. W. Bruce Fye, "The Literature of Internal Medicine," in Grand Rounds , ed. Diana Long and Russell Maulitz (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988).
11. Edward Berkowitz, "The Federal Government and the Emergence of Rehabilitation Medicine," Historian 43 (1981): 24-33.
12. Edward Berkowitz, Disabled Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Sherry I. David, With Dignity : The Search for Medicare and Medicaid (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985).
13. Theodore R. Marmor, The Politics of Medicare (Chicago: Aldine, 1973).
14. Daniel M. Fox, Health Policies , Health Politics : The British and American Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
15. Richard A. Rettig, Cancer Crusade : The Story of the National Cancer Act of 1971 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).
16. John H. Knowles, ed., Doing Better and Feeling Worse : Health in the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977).
17. Lowell S. Levin, A. H. Katz, and E. Holst, Self-Care : Lay Initiatives in Health (New York: Prodist, 1976).
18. Robert Crawford, "You Are Dangerous to Your Health: The Ideology and Politics of Victim Blaming," International Journal of Health Services 7 (1977): 663-680.
19. Stephen P. Strickland, Politics , Science and Dread Disease : A Short History of United States Medical Research Policy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972).
20. Edmund D. Pellegrino, "The Reconciliation of Technology and Humanism: A Flexnarian Task 75 Years Later," in For the Good of the Patient : The Restoration of Beneficence in Medical Ethics , ed. Edmund D. Pellegrino and David C. Thomasma (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
21. Ronald Anderson and L. A. Aday, Health Care in the United States : Equitable for Whom? (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1977).
22. Daniel M. Fox, "The New Discontinuity in Health Policy," in America in Theory : Humanists Look at Public Life , ed. D. Donoghue, L. Berlowitz, C. Menand (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
23. Lawrence D. Brown, "The Formulation of Federal Health Care Policy," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 54 (1978): 45-58.
24. Daniel M. Fox, "Chances for Comprehensive NHI Are Slim in the U.S.," Hospitals 52 (1978): 77-80.
25. Jack A. Meyer, ed., Market Reforms in Health Care : Current Issues , New Directions , Strategic Decisions (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1983).
26. Lawrence D. Brown, Politics and Health Care : HMOs as Federal Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1983).
27. John D. Thompson, "Epidemiology and Health Services Administration: Future Relationships in Practice and Education," Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 56 (1978): 253-273.
28. Daniel M. Fox and Daniel C. Schaffer, "Tax Policy as Social Policy: Cafeteria Plans, 1978-85," Journal of Health Politics , Policy and Law 12 (1987): 609-664.
29. Harry F. Dowling, Fighting Infection : Conquests of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977).
30. Arthur M. Silverstein, Pure Politics and Impure Science : The Swine Flu Affair (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
31. Dennis Altman, AIDS in the Mind of America (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1986); Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On : Politics , People and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
32. Intergovernmental Health Policy Project, AIDS : A Public Health Challenge : State Issues , Policies and Programs (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1987).
33. Lawrence Gostin, W. J. Curran, and M. Clark, "The Case against Compulsory Case Finding in Controlling AIDS . . . ," American Journal of Law and Medicine 12 (1987): 7-53.
34. E. R. Shipp, "Physical Suffering Is Not the Only Pain that AIDS Can Inflict," New York Times , 17 February 1986.
35. William F. Buckley, Jr., "Crucial Step in Combating the AIDS Epidemic: Identify All the Carriers," New York Times , 18 March 1986.
36. Peter S. Arno and Philip R. Lee, "The Federal Response to the AIDS Epidemic," in AIDS : Public Policy Dimensions , ed. J. Griggs (New York: United Hospital Fund, 1987).
37. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Review of the Public Health Service Response to AIDS (Washington: OTA, 1985).
38. C. Norman, "Congress Likely to Halt Shrinkage in AIDS Funds," Science 231 (1986): 1364-1365; "AIDS Research Funding," Blue Sheet : Health Policy and Biomedical Research News of the Week , 26 February 1986.
39. W.B., "AIDS Funds Increased; Helos Meanne Blunted," Science 239 (1988): 140.
40. Richard F. Needle et al., "The Evolving Role of Health Education in the AIDS Epidemic: The Experience of Nine High-Incidence Cities" (Report prepared for the Centers for Disease Control, 1986).
41. Randy Shilts, "Insurance Denied? Industry May Screen for AIDS Virus," Village Voice , 3 September 1985.
42. AIDS cost studies are referenced and summarized in Daniel M. Fox and Emily Thomas, "AIDS Cost Analysis and Social Policy," Law , Medicine , and Health Care 15 (1987-1988): 186-211.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
42. AIDS cost studies are referenced and summarized in Daniel M. Fox and Emily Thomas, "AIDS Cost Analysis and Social Policy," Law , Medicine , and Health Care 15 (1987-1988): 186-211.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
42. AIDS cost studies are referenced and summarized in Daniel M. Fox and Emily Thomas, "AIDS Cost Analysis and Social Policy," Law , Medicine , and Health Care 15 (1987-1988): 186-211.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Peter S. Arno and R. G. Hughes, "Local Policy Response to the AIDS Epidemic," (Unpublished paper, 1985); Peter S. Arno, "The Non-profit Sector's Response to the AIDS Epidemic: Community-based Services in San Francisco," American Journal of Public Health 76 (1986): 1325-1330.
46. State of New York, Department of Health, Request for Applications for Designation of AIDS Centers (Albany, 24 March 1986).
47. Susan Dentzer, "Why AIDS Won't Bankrupt U.S.," U . S . News and World Report , 18 January 1988, 20-22.
48. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, press release, "AIDS Health Services Program," January 1986.
49. Fox and Thomas, "AIDS Cost Analysis."
50. Sara Rimer, "High School Course Is Shattering Myths about AIDS," New York Times , 5 March 1986.