Bibliography

This bibliography is divided into three sections: general references (including books, articles, public documents, and unpublished manuscripts); archival sources; and oral histories (including transcripts and tape recordings). Various newspapers published in New York and West Coast cities, by labor organizations, and by the left also were widely consulted for this study; newspaper articles are cited in the notes.

General References

Adamic, Louis. "Harry Bridges: Rank-and-File Leader." The Nation 142 (May 6, 1936): 576–580.

—. "Harry Bridges Comes East." The Nation 143 (December 26, 1936): 753.

American Bureau of Shipping. 1930 Record of American and Foreign Shipping . New York: American Bureau of Shipping, 1930.

American Merchant Marine Conference. 1945 Proceedings . New York, 1945.

Amster, Lew. "Waterfront Gangsters." Sunday Worker, July 26, 1936, p.1.

Anderson, Franklin J. "Behind the Matles Mask." Plain Talk, September 1947, pp. 23–24.

Armstrong, James Chester. "A Critical Analysis of Cargo Handling Cost in the Steamship Industry." M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1947.

Aronowitz, Stanley. False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973.

Averitt, Robert T. The Dual Economy: The Dynamics of American Industry Structure . New York: W. W. Norton, 1968.

Barbash, Jack. "Ethnic Factors in the Development of the American Labor Movement." In Interpreting the Labor Movement, Industrial Relations Research Association, Publication no. 9, PP. 70–82. Champaign, Ill.: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1952.

—. Labor Unions in Action . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948.

—. The Practice of Unionism . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.

Barnes, Charles B. The Longshoremen . New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1915.

Bart, Philip, Theodore Bassett, William W. Weinstone, and Arthur Zipser, eds. Highlights of a Fighting History: 60 Years of the Communist Party, USA . New York: International Publishers, 1979.

Bell, Daniel. The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties . Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960.

Bendix, Reinhard. Work and Authority in Industry: Ideologies of Management in the Course of Industrialization . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1956.

Berenson, Harold. "The Community and Family Bases of U.S. Working-Class Protest, 1880–1920: A Critique of the 'Skill Degradation' and 'Ecological' Perspectives." Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 8 (1985): 109–132.

Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of American Workers, 1933–1941 . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.

Blauner, Robert. Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

Bonnett, Clarence E. History of Employers' Associations in the United States . New York: Vintage Books, 1956.

Bonthius, Andrew. "Origins of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union." Southern California Quarterly 59, no. 4 (1977): 379–426.

Booth, Douglas E. "Collective Action, Marx's Class Theory, and the Union Movement." Journal of Economic Issues 12 (March 1978): 163–185.

Boyden, Richard P. "The West Coast Longshoremen, the Communist Party, and the Second World War." Department of History, University of California, Berkeley, 1967. Typescript.

Boyer, Richard O., and Herbert M. Morais. Labor's Untold Story . New York: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, 1955.

Brecher, Jeremy. Strike! Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1972.

Brody, David. "Labor and the Great Depression: The Interpretative Prospects." Labor History 13 (Spring 1972): 231–244.

—. "Radical Labor History and Rank-and-File Militancy." Labor History 16 (Winter 1975): 117–126.

Buchanan, Roger B. Dock Strike: History of the 1934 Waterfront Strike in Portland, Oregon . Everett, Wash.: Working Press, 1975.

Butler, Richard J., and Joseph Driscoll. Dock Walloper: The Story of 'Big Dick' Butler . New York: Putnam, 1933.

Cameron, David R. "Toward a Theory of Political Mobilization." Journal of Politics 36 (February 1974): 138–171.

Camp, William Martin. San Francisco: Port of Gold . Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947.

Caute, David. The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.

Chiles, Frederick. "General Strike: San Francisco, 1934–An Historical Compilation Film Storyboard." Labor History 22 (Summer 1981): 430–463.

Cleland, Hugh G. "The Political History of a Local Union: Local 601 of the CIO Electrical Workers Union." Ph.D. dissertation, Western Reserve, 1957.

Clements, Joyce. "The San Francisco Maritime and General Strikes of 1934 and the Dynamics of Repression." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

Cochran, Bert. Labor and Communism: The Conflict That Shaped American Unions . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Collins, John J. "Longshoremen of the Port of New York." M.A. thesis, New School for Social Research, 1955.

Commons, John R. "American Shoemakers, 1648–1895: A Sketch of Industrial Evolution." Quarterly Journal of Economics 24 (November 1909): 39–84.

Congress of Industrial Organizations. Proceedings of the Eleventh Constitutional Convention, Cleveland, Ohio, October 31–November 4, 1949.

Covello, Leonard. "The Influence of Southern Italian Family Mores upon the School Situation in America." In The Italians: Social Background of an American Group, edited by Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni, pp. 511–565. Clifton, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley, 1974.

Critchlow, Donald T. "Communist Unions and Racism: A Comparative Study of the Responses of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers and the National Maritime Union to the Black Question During World War II." Labor History 17 (Spring 1976): 230–244.

Crook, Wilfred H. Communism and the General Strike . Hamden, Conn.: Shoe String Press, 1960.

Cushman, Richard Alan. "The Communist Party and the Waterfront Strike of 1936–1937: The San Francisco Story." M.A. thesis, San Francisco State College, 1970.

Dancis, Bruce. "San Francisco Employers and Longshore Labor Relations, 1934–1949: A Reinterpretation." Department of History, Stanford University, 1975. Typescript.

Darcy, Sam. "The Great West Coast Maritime Strike." Communist 13 (July 1934): 664–686.

—. "San Francisco General Strike—1934." Hawsepipe: Newsletter of the Marine Workers Historical Association 1 (September-October 1982): 1, 7, 8, 9.

Davis, Mike. "The Stop Watch and the Wooden Shoe: Scientific Management and the Industrial Workers of the World." Radical America 9 (January-February 1975): 69–95.

—. "Why the U.S. Working Class Is Different." New Left Review 123 (September-October 1980): 3–44.

"Dock Employment in New York City." Monthly Labor Review 4 (February 1917): 290–294.

Dorfman, Joe. "The Longshoremen Strikes of 1922 and After." B.A. thesis, Reed College, 1924.

Dreiser, Theodore. "The Story of Harry Bridges." Friday 1 (October 4, 1940): 2–8, 28.

Dublin, Louis I., and Robert J. Vane. "Shifting of Occupations Among Wage Earners as Determined by Occupational History of Industrial Policyholders." Monthly Labor Review 18 (April 1924): 34–43.

Dubofsky, Melvyn. Industrialism and the American Worker, 1865–1920 . Arlington Heights, Ill.: AHM Publishing, 1975.

Dunne, William F. The Great San Francisco General Strike . New York: Workers' Library, [1934].

Edwards, P. K. "A Critique of the Kerr-Siegel Hypothesis of Strikes and the Isolated Mass: A Study of the Falsification of Sociological Knowledge." Sociological Review 25 (August 1977): 551–574.

Eliel, Paul. "Industrial Peace and Conflict: A Study of Two Pacific Coast Industries." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 2 (July 1949): 477–501.

—. "Labor Problems in Our Steamship Business." Yale Review 26 (March 1937): 510–532.

—. The Waterfront and the General Strike . San Francisco: Hooper, 1934.

Emspak, Frank. "The Breakup of the CIO." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 101–139.

Engels, Friedrich. "Engels to Florence Kelley Wischnewetsky, London,

June 3, 1886." In The Correspondence of Marx and Engels, edited by Dona Torr, pp. 448–449. New York: International Publishers, 1935.

Epstein, Albert, and Nathaniel Goldfinger. "Communist Tactics in American Unions." Labor and Nation 6 (Fall 1950): 36–43.

Espy, Leo. "An Examination of the 1934 Waterfront Strike as a TurningPoint for West Coast Longshore Labor." B.A. thesis, Reed College, 1952.

Fairley, Lincoln. Facing Mechanization: The West Coast Longshore Plan . Monograph no. 23. Los Angeles: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Los Angeles, 1979.

Filippelli, Ronald L. "UE: An Uncertain Legacy." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 217–252.

Foisie, Frank P. "Stabilizing Seattle's Longshore Labor." Statement presented at the National Conference of Social Work, Denver, Colorado, June 11, 1925. Labor Collection, Social Science Library, University of California, Berkeley. Typescript.

Foner, Eric. "Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?" History Workshop 17 (Spring 1984): 57–80.

Foner, Philip S. Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619–1973 . New York: International Publishers, 1974.

Foner, Philip S., and Ronald L. Lewis, eds. The Black Worker: A Documentary History from Colonial Times to the Present . Vol. 7, The Black Worker from the Founding of the CIO to the AFL-CIO Merger, 1936–1955 . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.

Form, William H. "Job Unionism Versus Political Unionism in Four Countries." In The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1980s, edited by Irving Louis Horowitz, John C. Leggett, and Martin Oppenheimer, pp. 214–230. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1979.

Freeman, Jo, ed. Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies . New York: Longman, 1983.

Freeman, Joshua. "Catholics, Communists, and Republicans: Irish Workers and the Organization of the Transport Workers Union." In Working-Class America: Essays on Labor, Community, and American Society, edited by Michael H. Frisch and Daniel J. Walkowitz, pp. 256–283. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.

—. "Delivering the Goods: Industrial Unionism During World War II." Labor History 19 (Fall 1978): 570–593.

Freeman, Richard B. "Effects of Unions on the Economy." In Unions in Transition: Entering the Second Century, edited by Seymour Martin Lipset, pp. 177–200. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1986.

Friedmann, Robert L. The Seattle General Strike . Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964.

Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935–1941 . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.

—. "Communists and Trade Union Democracy." Industrial Relations 13 (October 1974): 228–236.

Gallie, Duncan. Social Inequality and Class Radicalism in France and Britain . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Gamson, William A. The Strategy of Social Protest . Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1975.

Glaberman, Martin. "Vanguard to Rearguard." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 37–62.

—. Wartime Strikes: The Struggle Against the No-Strike Pledge in the UAW During World War II . Detroit: Bedwick Editions, 1980.

Glazer, Nathan. The Social Basis of American Communism . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961.

Goldberg, Joseph P. The Maritime Story: A Study in Labor-Management Relations . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958.

Golden, Clinton, and Harold Ruttenberg. Dynamics of Industrial Democracy . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942.

Goodman, Jay Selwyn. "One-Party Union Government: The I.L.W.U. Case." M.A. thesis, Stanford University, 1963.

Gorter, Wytze, and George H. Hildebrand. The Pacific Coast Maritime Shipping Industry, 1930–1948 . Vol. 2, An Analysis of Performance . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1954.

Green, James. "Fighting on Two Fronts: Working-Class Militancy in the 1940s." Radical America 9 (July-August 1975): 7–47.

Grob, Gerald N. Workers and Utopia: A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement, 1865–1900 . Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969.

Gutman, Herbert G. Power and Culture: Essays on the American Working Class . Edited by Ira Berlin. New York: Pantheon, 1987.

—. Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History . New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

Hamilton, Richard F. Affluence and the French Worker in the Fourth Republic . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.

Hamilton, Richard F., and James Wright. New Directions in Political Sociology . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrili, 1975.

Harrington, Michael. "Catholics in the Labor Movement: A Case History." Labor History 1 (Fall 1960): 231–263.

Harris, Ed. "The Trouble with Harry Bridges." International Socialist Review 34 (September 1973): 6–11, 39.

Hartman, Paul T. Collective Bargaining and Productivity: The Longshore Mechanization Agreement . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969.

Healey, James C. Foc's'le and Glory Hole: A Study of the Merchant Seaman and His Occupation . New York: Merchant Marine Publishers Association, 1936.

Heberle, Rudolf. Social Movements: An Introduction to Political Sociology . New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1951.

Heneman, Herbert G., III, and Marcus H. Sandver. "Predicting the Outcome of Union Certification Elections: A Review of the Literature." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 36 (July 1983): 537–559.

Hield, Wayne Wilbur. "Democracy and Oligarchy in the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union." M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1949.

—. "What Keeps Harry Bridges Going?" Labor and Nation (January-March 1952): 38–40, 55.

Hobsbawm, Eric. Labouring Men . London: Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 1964.

Hodson, Randy. Workers' Earnings and Corporate Economic Structure . New York: Academic Press, 1983.

Holt, James. "Trade Unionism in the British and U.S. Steel Industries, 1888–1912: A Comparative Study." Labor History 18 (Winter 1977): 5–35.

Howd, Cloice R. Industrial Relations in the West Coast Lumber Industry . Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin no. 349. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1924.

Howe, Irving, and Lewis Coser. The American Communist Party: A Critical History (1919–1957) . Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.

Hudson, Roy. "Rooting the Party on the Waterfront." Party Organizer 14 (December 1934): 1164–1170.

—. "The Work of the Marine Union." Party Organizer 7 (May-June 1934): 26–30.

Hutchinson, John. The Imperfect Union: A History of Corruption in American Trade Unions . New York: E. P. Dutton, 1970.

"Indestructible Bridges." New Republic 120 (April 18, 1949).

Industrial Workers of the World. The Lumber Industry and Its Workers . Chicago: Industrial Workers of the World, n.d.

International Longshoremen's Association, Local 38–79. The Maritime Crisis: What It Is and What It Isn't . San Francisco: International Longshoremen's Association, [1937].

Isserman, Maurice. Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During the Second World War . Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1982.

Jacobs, Paul. The State of the Unions . New York: Atheneum, 1963.

Jensen, Vernon H. Hiring of Dock Workers and Employment Practices in the Ports of New York, Liverpool, London, Rotterdam, and Marseilles . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

—. Strife on the Waterfront: The Port of New York Since 1945 . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974.

Johns, Orrick. Time of Our Lives: The Story of My Father and Myself . New York: Stackpole, 1937.

Johnson, Malcolm. Crime on the Labor Front . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.

Josephson, Mathew. "Red Skies over the Water Front." Colliers 118 (October 5, 1946): 17, 88–90.

Kagel, Sam. "A Right Wing Dual Union." 1930. Typescript.

Kampelman, Max M. The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics . New York: Praeger, 1957.

Karsh, Bernard, and Phillips L. Garmen. "The Impact of the Political Left." In Labor and the New Deal, edited by Milton Derber and Edwin Young, pp. 77–119. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961.

Karson, Marc. "Catholic Anti-Socialism." In Failure of a Dream? Essays in the History of American Socialism, rev. ed., edited by John H. M. Laslett and Seymour Martin Lipset, pp. 82–102. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.

Keeran, Roger. The Communist Party and the Auto Workers Union . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.

Keitel, Robert S. "The Merger of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers into the United Steelworkers of America." Labor History 15 (Winter 1974): 36–43.

Kendall, Patricia L., and Katherine M. Wolf. "The Two Purposes of Deviant Case Analysis." In The Language of Social Research: A Reader in the Methodology of Social Research, edited by Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Morris Rosenberg, pp. 167–170. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955.

Kerr, Clark, and Lloyd Fisher. "Conflict on the Waterfront." Atlantic Monthly 184 (September 1949): 17–23.

—. "Multiple Employer Bargaining: The S. F. Experience." In Insights into Labor Issues, edited by Richard A. Lester and Joseph Shister, pp. 25–61. New York: Macmillan, 1948.

Kerr, Clark, and Abraham J. Siegel. "The Interindustry Propensity to

Strike—An International Comparison." In Labor and Management in Industrial Society, edited by Clark Kerr, pp. 105–147. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964.

Klehr, Harvey. The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade . New York: Basic Books, 1984.

Kolko, Gabriel. The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916 . New York: Free Press, 1963.

Kruijt, Dirk, and Menno Vellinga. "On Strike and Strike Propensity." The Netherlands Journal of Sociology 12 (December 1976): 137–151.

Kwoka, John E., Jr. "Monopoly, Plant, and Union Effects on Worker Wages." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 36 (January 1983): 251–257.

Lambert, T. Allen. "Generations and Change: Toward a Theory of Generations as a Force in Historical Process." Youth & Society 4 (September 1972): 21–45.

Lampman, Robert J. "The Rise and Fall of the Maritime Federation of the Pacific, 1935–1941." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Convention of the Pacific Coast Economic Association, pp. 64–67. Corvallis, Ore.: Pacific Coast Economic Association, 1950.

Lamson, Robert. "The 1951 New York Wildcat Dock Strike: Some Consequences of Union Structure for Management-Labor Relations." Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 34 (March 1954): 28–38.

Lang, Frederick J. Maritime: A Historical Sketcb and a Workers' Program . New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1943.

Lannon, Al. The Maritime Workers and the Imperialist War . New York: Communist Party, USA, 1939.

LaPiere, Richard T. "The General Strike in San Francisco: A Study of the Revolutionary Pattern." Sociology and Social Researcb 19 (March-April 1935): 355–363.

Larrowe, Charles P. Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States . 2d ed. Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill, 1977.

—. Maritime Labor Relations on the Great Lakes . East Lansing: Labor and Industrial Relations Center, Michigan State University, 1959.

—. Shape-Up and Hiring Hall: A Comparison of Hiring Methods and Labor Relations on the New York and Seattle Waterfronts . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1955.

Lash, Scott. The Militant Worker: Class and Radicalism in France and America . London: Heinemann, 1984.

Laski, Harold. Trade Unions in a New Society . New York: Viking Press, 1949.

Laslett, John H. M. "Giving Superman a Human Face: American Communism and the Automobile Workers in the 1930s." Reviews in American History 9 (March 1981): 112–117.

—. "Socialism and the American Labor Movement: Some New Reflections." Labor History 8 (Spring 1967): 136–155.

—. "Why Is There Not More of a Socialist Movement in the United States?" Reviews in American History 5 (June 1977): 262–268.

Laslett, John H. M., and Seymour M. Lipset, eds. Failure of a Dream? Essays in the History of American Socialism . Rev. ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984.

Leggett, John C. Class, Race, and Labor: Working-Class Consciousness in Detroit . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Leinenweber, Charles. "The Class and Ethnic Bases of New York City Socialism, 1904–1915." Labor History 22 (Winter 1981): 31–56.

Lembcke, Jerry, and William M. Tatam. One Union in Wood: A Political History of the International Woodworkers of America . New York: International Publishers, 1984.

Levenstein, Harvey A. Communism, Anti-Communism, and the CIO . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.

—. "Economism, Anti-Economism, and the History of the Communist Party." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 289–295.

Levinson, David A. "Left-Wing Labor and the Taft-Hartley Act." Labor Law Journal 1 (November 1950): 1079–1094.

Levinson, Edward. "Waterfront East and West." New Republic 96 (September 14, 1938): 151–153.

Levinson, Harold M. Determining Forces in Collective Bargaining . New York: Wiley, 1966.

—. "Unionism, Concentration, and Wage Changes: Toward a Unified Theory." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 20 (January 1967): 198–205.

Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937–1955." Journal of American History 67 (September 1980): 335–353.

—. "Defending the No-Strike Pledge: CIO Politics During World War II." Radical America 9 (July-August 1975): 49–75.

Liebes, Richard A. "Longshore Labor Relations on the Pacific Coast, 1934–1942." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1943.

Lipset, Seymour Martin. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1963.

—. "Radicalism or Reformism: The Sources of Working-Class Politics." American Political Science Review 77 (March 1983): 1–18.

—. "Why No Socialism in the United States?" In Radicalism in the Contemporary Age, vol. 1 of Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, edited by Seweryn Bialer and Sophia Sluzar, pp. 31–149. Boulder: Westview Press, 1977.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, Martin A. Trow, and James S. Coleman. Union Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typograpbical Union . New York: Free Press, 1956.

Lipsitz, George. Class and Culture in Cold War America: "A Rainbow at Midnight." South Hadley, Mass.: J. F. Bergin, 1982.

"Longshore Labor Conditions in the United States—Part I." Monthly Labor Review 31 (October 1930): 1–20.

Lowi, Theodore J. "Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? A Federal Analysis." International Political Science Review 5, no. 4 (1984): 369–380.

Lucy, George E. "Group Employer-Employee Industrial Relations in the San Francisco Maritime Industry, 1888–1947." Ph.D. dissertation, St. Louis University, 1948.

Lynd, Staughton. "The Possibility of Radicalism in the Early 1930s: The Case of Steel." Radical America 6 (November-December 1972): 37–64.

Mabon, David W. "The West Coast Waterfront and Sympathy Strikes of 1934." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1966.

McAdam, Doug. "Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency." American Sociological Review 48 (December 1983): 735–754.

McDonnell, Lawrence T. " 'You Are Too Sentimental': Problems and Suggestions for a New Labor History." Journal of Social History 17 (Summer 1984): 629–654.

Mann, Michael. Consciousness and Action Among the Western Working Class . London: Macmillan, 1977.

Mannheim, Karl. "The Problem of Generations." In The New Pilgrims: Youth Protest in Transition, edited by Philip G. Altbach and Robert S. Laufer, pp. 101–138. New York: David McKay, 1972.

Marony, James C. "The International Longshoremen's Association in the Gulf States During the Progressive Era." Southern Studies 16, no. 2 (1977): 225–232.

Marx, Karl. "American Pauperism and the Working Class." In On America and the Civil War, vol. 2 of The Karl Marx Library, edited by Saul K. Padover, pp. 7–8. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.

—. "The Possibility of Non-Violent Revolution." In The Marx-Engels Reader, 2d ed., edited by Robert C. Tucker, pp. 522–524. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978.

Matles, James J., and James Higgins. Them and Us: Struggles of a Rank and File Union . Boston: Beacon Press, 1974.

Mears, Eliot Grinnell. Maritime Trade of the Western United States . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935.

Mettee, Grace. "Zero Hour on the Coast." The Nation 139 (July 25, 1934): 102.

Michels, Robert. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy . New York: Free Press, 1962.

Miller, Raymond Charles. "The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations." Comparative Studies in Society and History 11 (June 1969): 302–314.

Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination . New York: Oxford University Press, 1954.

Mills, Herb. "The San Francisco Waterfront: The Social Consequences of Industrial Modernization." Urban Life 5 (July 1976): 221–250.

Mills, Herb, and David Wellman. "Contractually Sanctioned Job Action and Workers' Control: The Case of San Francisco Longshoremen." Labor History 28 (Spring 1987): 167–195.

Milton, David. "Class Struggle American Style." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 263–269.

Mintz, Beth, and Michael Schwartz. The Power Structure of American Business . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

—. "Spontaneity and Organization: Some Comments." Radical America 7 (November-December 1973): 70–80.

—. Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Moody's Manual of Investments. American and Foreign Industrial Securities . New York: Moody's Investors Service, 1931.

Moore, Wilbert. "Sociological Aspects of American Socialist Theory and Practice." In Socialism and American Life, edited by Donald Drew Egbert and Stow Persons, vol. 1, pp. 523–556. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.

Morris, Aldon D. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York: Free Press, 1984.

Morris, George. A Tale of Two Waterfronts . New York, 1953.

National Adjustment Commission. Longshore Labor: An Investigation in Hours, Earnings, Labor Cost, and Output in the Longshore Indus -

try in the Port of New York . New York: National Adjustment Commission, 1920.

Nelli, Humbert. "The Italian Padrone System in the United States." Labor History 5 (Spring 1964): 153–167.

Nelson, [Joseph] Bruce. "Maritime Unionism and Working-Class Consciousness in the 1930s." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1982.

—. "'Pentecost' on the Pacific: Maritime Workers and Working-Class Consciousness in the 1930s." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 141–182.

—. "Unions and the Popular Front: The West Coast Waterfront in the 1930s." International Labor and Working-Class History 30 (Fall 1986): 59–78.

Nelson, Joel I., and Robert Grams. "Union Militancy and Occupational Communities." Industrial Relations 17 (October 1978): 342–346.

Nelson, Steve, James R. Barrett, and Rob Ruck. Steve Nelson: American Radical . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981.

Neuberger, Richard L. "Bad-Man Bridges." Forum 101 (April 1939): 195–199.

—."Labor's Overlords." American Magazine 125 (March 1938): 16ff.

New York. Record of the Public Hearings Held by Governor Thomas E. Dewey on the Recommendations of the New York State Crime Commission for Remedying Conditions on the Waterfront of the Port of New York . June 8, 9, 1953.

Northrup, Herbert R. "The New Orleans Longshoremen." Political Science Quarterly 57 (December 1942): 526–544.

O'Brien, F. S. "The 'Communist-Dominated' Unions in the United States Since 1950." Labor History 9 (Spring 1968): 184–209.

O'Connor, Harvey. Revolution in Seattle: A Memoir . New York: Monthly Review Press, 1964.

O'Connor, James. The Fiscal Crisis of the State . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973.

Ogg, Elizabeth. Longshoremen and Their Homes . New York: Greenwich, 1939.

Olson, Mancur, Jr. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Overholt, William. "Sources of Radicalism and Revolution: A Survey of the Literature." In Radicalism in the Contemporary Age, vol. 1 of Sources of Contemporary Radicalism, edited by Seweryn Bialer and Sophia Sluzar, pp. 293–335. Boulder: Westview Press, 1977.

Ozanne, Robert W. "The Effects of Communist Leadership on American Trade Unions." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1954.

Pacific American Shipowners. White Paper: West Coast Maritime Strike . San Francisco: Waterfront Employers' Association of California, 1948.

Palmer, Donald, Roger Friedland, and Jitendra V. Singh. "The Ties That Bind: Organizational and Class Bases of Stability in a Corporate Interlock Network." American Sociological Review 51 (December 1986): 781–796.

Palmer, Dwight L. "Pacific Coast Maritime Labor." Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1935.

Parker, Carlton H. The Casual Laborer and Other Essays . Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972. Originally published in 1920.

Pelling, Henry. American Labor . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Perlman, Selig. A Theory of the Labor Movement . New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1949. Originally published in 1928.

Perry, Louis B., and Richard S. Perry. A History of the Los Angeles Labor Movement, 1911–1941 . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963.

Petras, James, and Maurice Zeitlin. "Miners and Agrarian Radicalism." American Sociological Review 32 (August 1967): 578–586.

Phillips, Almarin. "A Theory of Interfirm Organization." In Interorganizational Relations, edited by William M. Evan, pp. 17–26. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.

Pilcher, William W. The Portland Longshoremen: A Dispersed Urban Community . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1972.

Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail . New York: Vintage Books, 1979.

Preis, Art. Labor's Giant Step: Twenty Years of the CIO . New York: Pathfinder Press, 1964.

Preston, William, Jr. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicais, 1903–1933 . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Prickett, James R. "Anti-Communism and Labor History." Industrial Relations 13 (October 1974): 219–227.

—. "Communism and Factionalism in the United Automobile Workers, 1939–1947." Science & Society 32 (Summer 1968): 257–277.

—. "Communists and the Communist Issue in the American Labor Movement, 1910–1950." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1975.

—. "New Perspectives on American Communism and the Labor Movement." Political Power and Social Theory 4 (1984): 3–36.

—. "Some Aspects of the Communist Controversy in the CIO." Science & Society 33 (Summer-Fall 1969): 299–321.

Przeworski, Adam. "Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky's The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies." Politics & Society 7, no. 4 (1977): 343–401.

Quin, Mike [Paul Ryan]. The Big Strike . New York: International Publishers, 1979. Originally published in 1949.

Radius, Walter A. United States Shipping in Transpacific Trade, 1922–1938 . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1944.

Radosh, Ronald. "The Corporate Ideology of American Labor Leaders from Gompers to Hillman." Studies on the Left 6 (November-December 1966): 66–88.

Randolph, Robert E. "History of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union." M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1952.

Rank and File Committee (New York ILA). This Is Our Story . New York, 1945.

Ratcliff, Richard E. "Introduction." Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 6 (1984): ix–xv.

Ratcliff, Richard E., and David Jaffe. "Capitalists vs. Unions: An Analysis of Anti-Union Political Mobilization Among Business Leaders." Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 4 (1981): 95–121.

Record, Jane Cassels. "The Rise and Fall of a Maritime Union." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 10 (October 1956): 81–92.

Resner, Herbert. "The Law in Action During the San Francisco Longshore and Maritime Strike of 1934." Works Progress Administration Project, Alameda County, California, 1936. Typescript.

Rosenbaum, Edward. "The Expulsion of the International Longshoremen's Association from the American Federation of Labor." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1954.

Rosenblatt, Maurice. "Joe Ryan and His Kingdom." The Nation 161 (November 24, 1945): 548–550.

—. "The Scandal of the Waterfront." The Nation 161 (November 17, 1945): 516–519.

Ross, Arthur Max. Trade Union Wage Policy . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1948.

Ross, Philip. "Distribution of Power Within the ILWU and the ILA." Monthly Labor Review 91 (January 1968): 1–7.

Rubin, Lester. The Negro in the Longshore Industry . Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1974.

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. "Theoretical Generalization and Historical Particularity in the Comparative Sociology of Reinhard Bendix." In Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, edited by Theda Skocpol, pp. 129–169. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Russell, Maud. Men Along the Shore . New York: Brussel & Brussel, 1966.

Sabel, Charles F. Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Saposs, David J. Communism in American Unions . New York: McGrawHill, 1959.

—. Left Wing Unionism . New York: International Publishers, 1926.

Schatz, Ronald. The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse, 1923 –1960 . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.

Schneider, Betty V. H., and Abraham Siegel. Industrial Relations in the Pacific Coast Longshore Industry . Berkeley: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, 1956.

Schneiderman, William. The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike . San Francisco: Western Worker Publishers, 1937.

Schulberg, Budd. "Joe Docks, Forgotten Man of the Waterfront." New York Times Magazine, December 28, 1952, pp. 28–30.

Schwartz, Harvey. "Harry Bridges and the Scholars: Looking at History's Verdict." California History 59 (Spring 1980): 66–78.

—. "A Union Combats Racism: The ILWU's Japanese-American 'Stockton Incident' of 1945." Southern California Quarterly 62 (Summer 1980): 161–176.

—. "Union Expansion and Labor Solidarity: Longshoremen, Warehousemen, and Teamsters, 1933–1937." New Labor Review 2 (Fall 1978): 6–21.

Segal, Martin. "Union Wage Impact and Market Structure." Quarterly Journal of Economics 78 (February 1964): 96–114.

Seidman, Joel. American Labor from Defense to Reconversion . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.

Selznick, Philip. The Organizational Weapon: A Study of Bolshevik Strategy and Tactics . Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960.

Sewell, William, Jr. "Classes and Their Historical Formation: Critical Reflections on E. P. Thompson's Theory of Working-Class Formation." In E. P. Thompson: Critical Debates, edited by Harvey J. Kaye and Keith McClelland. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, forthcoming.

Shalev, Michael, and Walter Korpi. "Working Class Mobilization and American Exceptionalism." Economic and Industrial Democracy 1 (February 1980): 31–61.

Shannon, David A. The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party of the United States Since 1945 . New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959.

Shannon, William V. The American Irish . London: Macmillan, 1966.

Shields, Art. "The San Pedro Strike." Industrial Pioneer I (June 1923): 14–18.

Shorter, Edward, and Charles Tilly. Strikes in France, 1830–1968 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

Simon, Hal. "The Rank and File Strike of the New York Longshoremen." Political Affairs 24 (December 1945): 1088–1096.

Smith, Darrell Hevenor, and Paul V. Betters. The United States Shipping Board: Its History, Activities, and Organization . Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1931.

Sombart, Werner. Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? Edited by C. T. Husbands; translated by Patricia M. Hocking and C. T. Husbands. White Plains, N.Y.: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976. Originally published in 1906.

Sparks, N. The Struggle of the Marine Workers . New York: International Pamphlets, 1930.

Spira, Henry. "The Unambiguity of Labor History." In Autocracy and Insurgency in Organized Labor, edited by Burton Hall, pp. 249–254. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1972.

Squires, Benjamin M. "Associations of Harbor Boat Owners and Employees in the Port of New York." Monthly Labor Review 7 (August 1918): 45–62.

—. "The Strike of the Longshoremen at the Port of New York." Monthly Labor Review 9 (December 1919): 95–115.

Starobin, Joseph R. American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957 . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972.

Stepan-Norris, Judith. "The War Labor Board: The Political Conformity and Bureaucratization of Organized Labor." In How Mighty a Force? Studies of Workers' Consciousness and Organization in the United States, edited by Maurice Zeitlin, pp. 198–130. Los Angeles: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, 1983.

Stephens, John D. The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.

Swados, Felice. "Waterfront." New Republic 93 (February 2, 1938): 362.

Szymanski, Albert. The Capitalist State and the Politics of Class . Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1977.

Taft, Philip. Corruption and Racketeering in the Labor Movement . Bulletin no. 38. Ithaca: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, 1970.

—. "Ideologies and Industrial Conflict." In Industrial Conflict, edited by Arthur Kornhauser, Robert Dubin, and Arthur M. Ross, pp. 257–265. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954.

—. "Theories of the Labor Movement." In Interpreting the Labor Movement, Industrial Relations Research Association, Publication no. 9, pp. 1–38. Champaign, Ill.: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1952.

Taylor, Paul S., and Norman Leon Gold. "San Francisco and the General Strike." Survey Graphic 23 (September 1934): 405–411.

Thomas, C. West Coast Longshoremen and the "Bridges Plan." 1943. Pamphlet.

Thompson, David E. "The ILWU as a Force for Interracial Unity in Hawaii." Social Processes in Hawaii 15 (1951): 31–43.

Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class . New York: Vintage Books, 1963.

Tilly, Charles. From Mobilization to Revolution . Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978.

Trimble, Peter. "Thought Control on the Waterfront." The Nation 173 (July 14, 1951): 27–29.

United States Bureau of the Census. Population 1910. Thirteenth Census of the United States . Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914.

—. Population 1920. Fourteenth Census of the United States . Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923.

United States Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, Communism on the Waterfront . 84th Cong., 2d sess., June 21 and July 12, 1956. Pt. 30.

United States Congress. Senate. Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor. Hearings on Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor . 76th Cong., 2d sess., December 16, 18, 1939.

—. Hearings on Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor . 78th Cong., 1st sess., 1943. S. Rept. 398, pt. 1.

United States Congress. Senate. Subcommittee on War Mobilization of the Committee on Military Affairs. Mobilization of Shipping Resources . 78th Cong., 1st sess., October 7, 1943. S. Rept. 3.

United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1932 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1932.

United States Department of Labor. Official Report of Proceedings Before the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of

Labor . Docket no. 55073/217. In the Matter of Harry Bridges, Deportation Hearing. 1939. Typescript (trial transcript), International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union Library, San Francisco.

United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Handbook of Labor Statistics . 1947 ed. Bulletin no. 916. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948.

United States District Court, Northern District of California, Southern Division. Case no. 32117-H. United States vs. Harry Renton Bridges, Henry Schmidt, and J. R. Robertson . 1950. Typescript (trial transcript), International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union Library, San Francisco.

United States Office of the Federal Coordinator of Transportation. Hours, Wages, and Working Conditions in Domestic Water Transportation . Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1936.

United States Shipping Board, Bureau of Research, Maritime Records Division. United States Water Borne Traffic by Port of Origin and Destination and Principal Commodities . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1930.

Useem, Michael. "Business and Politics in the United States and United Kingdom: The Origins of Heightened Political Activity of Large Corporations During the 1970s and Early 1980s." Theory and Society 12 (March 1983): 281–300.

Vecoli, Rudolph J. "Contadini in Chicago: A Critique of the Uprooted." In Many Pasts: Readings in American Social History, 1865-the Present, edited by Herbert G. Gutman and Gregory S. Kealy, vol. 2, pp. 164–194. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

Vorse, Mary Heaton. "The Pirates Nest of New York." Harpers Magazine 204 (April 1952): 27–35.

Waltzer, Kenneth. "The New History of American Communism." Reviews in American History 11 (June 1983): 259–267.

Ward, Estolv. Harry Bridges on Trial . New York: Modern Age Books, 1940.

Waring, William Davis. "Harry Renton Bridges and the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union." M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1966.

Weber, Max. Economy and Society . Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968.

—. The Methodology of the Social Sciences . New York: Free Press, 1949.

Weinstein, James. The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State: 1900–1918 . Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.

Weintraub, Hyman. "The I.W.W. in California, 1905–1931." M.A. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1947.

Weir, Stanley. "American Labor on the Defensive: A 1940s Odyssey." Radical America 9 (July-August 1975): 163–185.

—. "The ILWU: A Case Study in Bureaucracy." In Autocracy and Insurgency in Organized Labor, edited by Burton Hall, pp. 80–92. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1972.

—. Informal Workers' Control: The West Coast Longshoremen . Reprint series no. 247. Urbana-Champaign: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of Illinois, 1975.

—. "U.S.A.: The Labor Revolt." In American Society Inc.: Studies of the Social Structure and Political Economy of the United States, 2d ed., edited by Maurice Zeitlin, pp. 487–524. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1977.

West, James. "Communists in World War II." Political Affairs 48 (September-October 1969): 91–103.

Wilentz, Sean. "Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement, 1790–1920." International Labor and Working-Class History 26 (Fall 1984): 1–24.

Williams, William Appleman. The Contours of American History . Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966.

Winstead, Ralph. "Enter a Logger: An I.W.W. Reply to the Four L's." Survey 44 (July 3, 1920): 474–477.

Zalburg, Sanford. A Spark Is Struck: Jack Hall and the ILWU in Hawaii . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1979.

Zeitlin, Maurice. "On Classes, Class Conflict, and the State: An Introductory Note." In Classes, Class Conflict, and the State: Empirical Studies in Class Analysis, edited by Maurice Zeitlin, pp. 1–37. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1980.

—. "Political Generations in the Cuban Working Class." American Journal of Sociology 71 (March 1966): 493–508.

—. Revolutionary Politics and the Cuban Working Class . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.

Zieger, Robert H. American Workers, American Unions, 1920–1985 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

Zolberg, Aristide R. "How Many Exceptionalisms?" In Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States, edited by Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg, pp. 397–455. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Archival Sources

Army Service Forces. Papers. Record Group 160. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Beck, Broussais. Papers on Industrial Espionage. Suzzallo Library, University of Washington, Seattle.

Bell, Daniel. Papers. Tamiment Institute, New York University.

Brandwen, Maxwell. Papers. Record Group 248. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Browder, Earl. Papers. University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. Microfilm.

Industrial Workers of the World. Papers. Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.

International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union. Papers. International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union Library, San Francisco.

Murnane, Francis. Papers. Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.

Northwest Waterfront Employers Union. Papers. International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union Library, San Francisco.

Pacific Maritime Association. Papers. Pacific Maritime Association, San Francisco.

United States Maritime Commission. Papers. Record Group 157. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

United States Shipping Board. Papers. Record Group 32. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

War Production Board. Papers. Record Group 179. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

War Shipping Administration. Papers. Record Group 248. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Waterfront Employers' Association. Papers. Pacific Maritime Association, San Francisco.

Xavier Institute of Industrial Relations. Papers. Xavier Institute of Industrial Relations, New York.

Oral Histories

Bailey, Bill. Interview with author. San Francisco, September 15, 1981. Tape recording.

Baylin, Meyer. Interview with author. Mill Valley, California, January 23, 1984. Tape recording.

Berenson, Mitchell. Interview with author. Chappaqua, New York, May 8, 1986.

Brown, Archie. Interviews with author. San Francisco, September 12, 1981, and September 7, 1982. Tape recordings.

Bulcke, Germain. Interview with author. San Francisco, September 4, 1981. Tape recording.

Carey, Reverend Philip. Interview with author. New York, October 6, 1981. Tape recording.

Connolly, Tom. Interview with author. New York, October 18, 1981. Tape recording.

Craycraft, Rosco. Interview with author. Seattle, Washington, December 16, 1981. Tape recording.

Darcy, Sam. Interview with author. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, May 10, 1986. Tape recording.

Dwyer, Johnnie. Interview with Debra Bernhardt. November 21, 1980. Immigrant Labor History Collection, Tamiment Institute, New York University. Tape recording.

Franklin, Odell. Interview with author. Berkeley, California, January 23, 1984. Tape recording.

Hagen, Bill, and Larry Sullivan. Interview with author. New York, October 1981.

Hagen, Oscar. Interview with author. San Pedro, California, June 2, 1982. Tape recording.

Halling, Bjourne. Interview with Herb Mills and David Wellman. Grass Valley, California, October 16 and 17, 1979. Transcript.

Harer, Asher. Interview with author. San Francisco, May 25, 1982. Tape recording.

Jones, Ben B. Interview with author. Mill Valley, California, January 26, 1984.

Langley, Al. Interview with author. San Pedro, California, February 4, 1982. Tape recording.

Longhi, Vincent "Jim." Interview with author. New York, May 7, 1986. Tape recording.

Madell, Sam. Interviews with author. New York, October 6, 1981, and May 6, 1986. Tape recordings.

Mevert, Elmer. Interview with author. San Pedro, California, June 2, 1982. Tape recording.

Mills, Herb. Interview with author. San Francisco, September 4, 1981.

Morris, George. Interview with author. Los Angeles, September 2, 1980. Tape recording.

Mowrey, Jack. Interview with author. Portland, Oregon, December 21, 1981. Tape recording.

Nau, Fred. Interview with Herb Mills and David Wellman. Sausalito, California, November 15, 1979. Tape recording.

Osborne, Seldon. Interview with author. San Francisco, September 11, 1981. Tape recording.

Plant, Thomas G. Interview with Corinne L. Gilb. 1956. Oral History Collection, Social Science Library, University of California, Berkeley. Transcript.

Richardson, Fred. Interview with author. Seattle, Washington, December 18, 1981. Tape recording.

St. Sure, Paul J. Interview with Corinne L. Gilb. 1957. Oral History Collection, Social Science Library, University of California, Berkeley. Transcript.

Schmidt, Henry. Interview with author. Sonoma, California, January 25, 1984. Tape recording.

Stack, Walter. Interview with author. San Francisco, May 28, 1982. Tape recording.

Ware, Paul. Interview with author. Palm Desert, California, January 23, 1982. Tape recording.

Weir, Stanley. Interview with author. San Pedro, California, April 22, 1981. Tape recording.

Werner, Joe. Interviews with author. Portland, Oregon, December 14, 1981, and July 15, 1985. Tape recordings.

Williams, Cleophas. Interview with author. Oakland, California, January 25, 1984. Tape recording.

Yoneda, Karl. Interview with author. San Francisco, January 26, 1984. Tape recording.