Japan's New Middle Class "d0e5956"

INDEX

A

Abegglan, James G., 40 n.

Abortion, 222

Academic standing, 55

Acquaintances, 119 -124;

and introductions, 119 -120;

and formalities, 120 -124;

and honorific language, 120 , 122 ;

and ceremonies, 124

Adolescence, 236 , 273 -274, 280

Adopted child, 169 , 179 , 240

Aesthethic values, 158 -160

Affluence, 275 -277

Aggression, 121 , 138 , 247

akarui seikatsu (bright new life), 71 -85

Alienation, 99 , 261 -262

America:

Japanese attitude toward, 94 , 271 , 278

Anomie, 263

Antifeudalism, 154

Apprentices, 161

Ariga, Kizaemon, 165 n.

arubatio (part-time work), 53

Asayama, Shinichi, 107 n.

Asceticism, 64

Authoritarianism.

See Totalitarianism

Authority, 194 -207, 242 , 243 ;

of male, 194 -197;

decentralized, 195 -197;

shared, 197 ;

of husband, 198 -200;

of mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, 203 -207

Automobiles, 275 , 276 , 277

Avoidance, 139

B

Baby sitters, 233

Baker, Wendell Dean, 9 n., 261 n.

Bar girls, 222 -223

batsu (clique), 105

Bathing:

of child, 231 -232

Beardsley, Richard K., 38 n., 180 n., 224 n., 232 n.

Bell, Norman W., 281 n.

Bellah, Robert N., 146 n.

Benedict, Ruth, 124 n., 125 n., 244 n.

Benefactors, 124 -135;

obligations to, 124 -126, 130 ;

in working relations, 126 -128;

and maids, 128 -129;

and relatives, 129 -133;

and go-betweens, 132 ;

and rural friends and relatives, 133 -135

Birth order, 238 -241

Blood, Robert O., 176 n., 183 n., 219 n.

Bonuses, 77 -78

Bourgeoisie.

See Businessmen, successful

Boy's Festival, 144

Branch family, 168 -171, 172 , 174 , 181

Breast-feeding, 231

Budgeting, household, 76 -77

bunke (branch family), 168

burujoa (bourgeoisie), 19.

See also Businessmen, successful

Businessmen, successful, 19 -26;

position in Mamachi society, 20 ;

and participation in community affairs, 20 -21;

and employees, 22 ;

and wives, 22 , 24 ;

relatives of, in business, 22 -23;

and home affairs, 23 -24;

and inheritance, 25 -26

C

Calling cards, 119 -120

Caudill, William, 146 n., 149 n., 151 n., 230 n., 234 n.

Ceremonies, 134 , 143 , 159 , 192 , 208

Child-rearing, 225 , 227 -252;

lack of formal tradition of, 227 ;

modern views of, 228 -229;

and dependency of mother and child, 229 -238;

and second child, 231 ;

and development of independence, 235 -237;

birth order in, 238 -239;

and sex of child, 240 ;

role of father in, 241 -243;

co-operative techniques in, 243 -247, 251 -252;

and aggression, 247 ;

toilet-training in, 247 ;

memorization in, 248 ;

and flattery, 249 ;

and conflicts, 249 -251;

and study, 251 -252

China:

Japanese attitude toward, 94 -95

Civil Code, 172

― 310 ―

Cole, Allan B., 90 n., 95 n., 100 n.

Company gang, 103 -109, 152 , 280

Competence, 146 , 156 -158, 161

Competition, 66 , 67 , 106

Compulsory education, 45

Confucianism, 142

Consumer goods, 71 , 72

Consensus, 143 -144, 147 -149, 157 , 158 , 196 ;

informal, 150

Contraceptives, 222

Co-operation, 244 -245

Crime rate, 256

Criticism:

effect of, 127

D

Dating, 117 , 218 -219, 280

Daughter-in-law, 174 , 203 -207

Democracy, 100 , 142 , 144 , 147

Dentists, 26 -30

Department stores, 83 , 85

de Tocqueville, Alexis, 116

Deviance paradigm (Parsons), 154 n.

Deviants, 145 , 148

De Vos, George, 45 n., 177 n., 218 n., 252 n., 256 n.

Disapproval, 139

Division of labor, 181 -193

Divorce, 177 -178

Divorce rate, 256

Doctors, 26 -30

Doi, Takeo, 155 n., 230 n., 232 n.

Dore, Ronald, 108 n., 144 n.

"Double structure" of Japanese economy, 6 -8

Dowry, 74 -75, 166

dozoku (locality kin group), 165 n.

Durkheim, Emile, 106 n.

E

Educational expenses, 74

Ekken, Kaibara, 227

Embree, John, 174 n.

Emotional disturbance, 271 , 285

Employer-employee relationships, 22

Entrance examinations, 40 -67, 251 , 258 ;

importance of, 41 , 273 ;

in girls' schools, 44 ;

for kindergarten, 46 ;

content of, 46 -47;

application for, 48 ;

interviews for, 48 ;

study for, 49 ;

mother's part in, 49 , 50 , 54 -57, 65 ;

results of, 50 -52;

publicity on, 52 ;

tutoring for, 53 ;

teacher's part in, 57 -60;

alternatives to, 60 -64;

shortcomings of, 64 -65;

as a measure of achievement, 66 -67

escareetaa (escalator) schools, 45 -46

Etiquette, 120

Examinations.

See Entrance examinations

Existentialism, 144

Expense accounts, 21

Extramarital affairs, 222

F

Family:

and salary, 15 , 276 -277;

and public welfare, 15 -16;

solidarity of, 208 -226, 279 -281;

affection in, 211 ;

coalitions in, 211 -216;

and travel, 277

Father:

salary of, 16 ;

death of, and family, 16 -17;

position of, in family, 211 -216;

role of, in child-rearing, 241 -243

Favors, 79 , 84 , 130 -131, 151

Feudalism, 256

Field-work procedures, 285 -298;

first contacts, 286 ;

techniques used in, 286 -294;

with disturbed children, 293 ;

and interviews, 293 ;

and questionnaires, 293 -294;

and salary men, 294 -295;

and community relationships, 295 -296;

and study of child-rearing, 297

Flattery, 59 , 126 , 249

Flower arrangement, 192

Folk beliefs, 288

Foodstuffs, 78 -79

Foreign affairs:

attitudes on, 93

Foreign language study, 47 , 57

Formalities, 123 , 137 , 143 , 158

Freud, Sigmund, 105

Friends, 136 -138;

and formalities, 136 ;

and obligations, of husband, 136 ;

of wife, 136 ;

of women, 137 ;

status of, 137 -138

Fringe benefits, 35

Fukutake, Tadashi, 4 n., 15 n., 148 n., 252 n., 255 n.

G

Games, 246

Geisha, 81

Ghosts, 249

Gifts, 61 , 79 , 131 , 151 , 210

Glick, Paul C., 17 n.

Go-betweens, 80 , 132 , k40 n., 175 , 259

Gombeis (Joneses), 56

Goode, William J., 241 n.

Goodman, Mary Ellen, 9 n., 91 -92 n., 141 n., 234 n., 248 n.

Government:

as viewed by family of salary man, 86 -101;

image of, 86 -87;

and Imperial family, 88 -90;

and political leaders, 90 -91, 279 ;

and militarism, 92 -93;

and foreign affairs. 93 -95;

role of citizen in, 95 -98;

alienation to, 99 -101

Grandfather. 130 , 226

Grandmother, 185 , 225 -226

Grandparents, 224 -226, 279

― 311 ―

Group concensus.

See Consensus

Group pressures, 118 , 138 -141

H

Handel, Gerald, 294 n.

Heian period, 88

Heirlooms, 26

hesokuri-gane (secret savings), 197

Hess, Robert, 294 n.

Hibbet, Howard, 265 n.

Hierarchical positions, 150

Hirohito, Emperor, 88 -89, 90

Hiroshima, 93

Homans, George C., 213 , 214 n.

Homework, 54

honke (main family), 168

Honorific language, 120 , 122

Housework, 185 -193

Housing shortage, 75

Hozumi, Nobushige, 165 n., 166 n.

Hungarian revolt, 143

Husband:

loss of job by, 18 ;

successful businessman as, 23 -24;

independent professional as, 28 -29;

shopkeeper as, 31 -32;

salary man as, 37 ;

and household budget, 76 -77, 276 -277;

community of, 102 -108;

role of, in home, 181 -184, 195 -197;

authority of, 198 -200;

management by wife of, 200 -203;

and mother in household, 206 -207;

and relations with wife, 216 -224

Husband management, 200 -203

Hyman, Herbert, 261 n.

I

ie (family line), 165 -180, 255 , 257 , 262 ;

defined, 165 ;

children and, 166 , 167 , 168 ;

bride and, 166 ;

authority of head of, 166 -167;

branch family in, 168 -171;

welfare system of, 172 -174;

and marriages, 175 -178;

remnants of, 178 -179;

decline of family principles in, 180

Imperial family, 88 -90

Individualism, 142 , 145 , 147

Industrial revolution, 8 , 255

Inheritance, 25 , 73 , 172 , 173

Interviewing techniques, 293

Introductions, 258

Ishida, Takeshi, 89 n., k46 n., 264 n.

Isomura, Eiichi, 16 n., 241 n.

J

Japan:

modernization of, 3 ;

national pride of, 277 -279

Japanese:

difficulties faced by contemporary, 3 ;

postwar adjustment of, 4

Joya, Mock, 86 n.

K

kafuu (family customs), 166 , 206

Kawashima, Takeyoshi, 16 n., 149 n., 241 n., 256 n.

Keio University, 46

Kimono, 82

Kindergartens, 46

Kinsey, Alfred C., 107 n., 220 n., 221 n.

Kinship terminology, 180 n.

Kishi, Prime Minister, 92 , 94

Klein, Melanie, 209

Kluckholn, Florence, 104 n., 146 n., 150 n., 156 , 285 n.

Knowles, Jack, 106 n.

kojin-shugi , 147.

L

Labor shortage, 8

Lanham, Betty, 245 n., 250 n.

Laws:

"maximum working hour," 35 n;

mediation in, 145 n.

Leisure, 21 , 24 , 28 , 31 , 35 , 71 , 104 -105, 275

Levine, Solomon B., 6 n., 260 n.

Levy Marion J. 255 n., 261 n.

Lewin, Kurt, 118

Liberal Democratic Party, 279

Liberalism, 145

Life expectancy, 103

Longevity, 18

Loyalty, 18 , 140 , 147 -156

M

mai homu-shugi ("my home-ism"), 279 -281

Maids, 128 , 129 , 185

Male dominance.

See Authority

Mamachi (study area):

location of, 10 ;

description of, 11 ;

houses in, 11 ;

house furnishings in, 11 -12;

shopping area of, 12 -13;

public buildings of, 13 ;

commuting patterns of, 13 -14;

economic status of families in, 15 -19, 271 -272, 276 ;

business men in, 19 -26;

doctors and dentists in, 26 -30;

shopkeepers in, 30 -32;

salary men in, 32 -39, 272 -275;

residents and entrance examinations in, 40 -67;

domestic consumption in, 71 -85, 276 ;

residents and government, 86 -101;

community relationships in, 102 -141;

value system in, 142 -162, 271 -281;

remnants of ie system in, 179 -180;

division of labor in, 181 -193;

family au-

― 312 ―

thority in, 194 -207;

family solidarity in, 208 -226;

child-rearing in, 227 -252;

national pride of, 277 -279;

prosperity of, 275 -277;

political attitude of, 279

Mannari, Hiroshi, 266 n.

Marriage, 18 , 107 , 175 -177, 190 , 219

Maruyama, Masai, 87 n.

Marxism, 142 , 145 , 267

Matsumoto, Yoshiharu Scott, 38 n. 133 n., 144 n., 146 n., 172 n.

Meiji, Emperor, 83

Meiji Restoration, 5 , 57 , 91 , 256

Memorization, 248

miai (arranged marriage), 175 , 176 , 177 , 217

Michiko, Princess, 89

Middle class, 99 n.;

"new," 4 , 263 ;

"old," 4 , 19 -32, 264 ;

and salary man, 5 ;

in Mamachi, 10 ;

and welfare, 15 ;

wife in Mamachi, 16 ;

field work on, 285 -298.

See also Businessmen, successful; Professionals, independent; Salary man; Shopkeepers

Militarism, 142 ;

rejection of, 91 -92

Mills, C. Wright, 98 n.

Ministry of Education (Japanese), 57

Mizushima, Keiichi, 265 n.

Mobility, 8 , 54 , 117 ;

group control of, 258 -260

Modernization, 256

Moneylenders, 16

Mother:

and entrance examinations, 47 -51, 54 -57;

and neighborhood, 109 -113;

and children vs. father, 211 -216;

and childrearing, 227 -241, 243 -252;

field work related to, 297

"My home-ism," 279 -281

Mythology, 86 -87

N

Nagai, Michio, 165 n.

Nara period, 88

National Institute of Health (Japanese), 250 n., 285 n., 293

Negro, American, 207

Neutralism, 95

Nihilism, 145

Noda, Kazuo, 7 n., 149 n., 157 n., 235 n., 262 n., 266

Norbeck, Edward, 15 n., 150 n.

Nuclear family, 130 , 151 , 180 , 184 , 195 , 208 , 224 n., 255 , 257

Nuclear weapons, 278 -279

O

o-bake (ghosts), 233

Obligations, 124 -126, 130 , 136

O-bon festival, 167

Ochanomizu Women's University, 46

Oedipal relationships, 218 , 243

Office girls, 222 -224

Okinawa, 278

Olympic games, 87 , 278

omote , 276

P

Parent-Teachers Association (PTA), 49 , 59 , 110 -111, 112 , 113 , 115 , 206

Parsons, Talcott, 154 n.

Passive dependency, 230 n.

Paternalism, 7 , 36 , 255

Pease, Damaris, 234

Pelzel, John C., 4 n., 16 n., 150 n., 262 n.

Performance, 66

Piecework, 161 n.

Plath, David W., 186 n., 208 n., 268 n.

Polls, 90 n., 95 n., 100 n., 172 n., 182 -183 n., 186 n., 189 n.

Professionals, independent, 26 -30;

composition of, in Mamachi, 26 ;

practice of, 27 ;

skills of, 27 ;

leisure of, 28 ;

and wives, 28 -29;

and children, 28 ;

finances of, 28 -30

Profit, 160

Projective tests, 45 n., 177 n., 218 n., 285 n., 293

Psychoanalytic theory, 230 n.

Public schools, 62

Punishment, 244

Q

Questionnaires, 229 n., 234 n., 293 -294

R

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 125 n.

Ramsey, Charles E., 9 n.

Recreation.

See Leisure

Relatives:

in rural areas, 133 -135

renai (love marriage), 175 , 176 , 217

Retirement age, 73

Riecken, Henry W., 214 n.

ringi seido (joint consultation), 149

Rituals, 122

ronin , 63 , 153 ;

defined, 46

Rosovsky, Henry, 6 n.

Russia:

Japanese attitude toward, 94 , 278

rusuban , 211 ;

defined, 81

S

Salary man:

term defined, 5 ;

and samurai, 5 , 280 ;

statistics on, 6 ;

relations with employer, 7 ;

security of, 7 , 18 ;

bureaucratic setting of, 32 -39;

and entrance examinations, 40 -67;

as consumer, 71 -85;

and government, 86 -101;

and reading, 100 ;

moderate views of, 100 -101;

and community relationships, 102 -141;

― 313 ―

value system of, 142 -162;

and decline of ie , 165 -180 passim ;

and division of labor in the home, 181 -194;

and authority in family, 194 -200, 206 -207;

and family solidarity, 208 -226, 280 ;

and child rearing, 241 -243;

as present-day model, 266 -268

Samurai, 5 , 6 , 280

"sarari man," 5 .

See also Salary man

Savings, 73 -74, 76

Scalapino, Robert A., 90 n.

Scarr, Harry, 146 n., 149 n.

Schneider, David M., 214 n.

Security, economic, 19 , 34 , 35

Security Pact (Japanese-American), 94

Seniority, 43 , 156 , 160 ;

importance of, 43

Sentence-completion tests, 31 n., 34 n., 106 n., 119 n., 127 n., 138 n., 209 n., 242 n.

Sexual behavior, 107 -108, 220 , 296

shiken jigoku ("examination hell"), 40

Shinozaki, Nobuo, 220 n., 221 n., 222 n.

Shintoism, 142

shobuka kekkon ("work-place marriage"), 107

Shopkeepers, 30 -32, 160 ;

position of, in Mamachi, 30 ;

and leisure, 31 ;

and wife, 31 -32;

and children, 32

Shopping, 13 , 79 , 83 -85

Sister, younger, 129 -130

Small enterprises, 6 , 7

Smith, Robert J., 9 n., 38 n., 83 n., 119 n., 166 n., 180 n., 224 n., 232 n.

Smith, Thomas C., 41 n.

Social control, 138 -141

Social stratification, 9 n.

Socialization of group, 144

Spiegel, John, 104 n., 285 n.

Spock, Benjamin, 227 , 228

Steiner, Kurt, 145 n., 149 n., 172 n., 256 n.

Stem family, 184 , 256

Stepchild, 240 -241

Stepmother, 241

Strangers, 122 , 123 ;

attitude toward, 117 -119

Study:

in the home, 251 -252

Suga, Princess, 89

Suicide, 44 -45

Superstitions, 181 , 287 -288

Supersitions, 181 , 287 -288

Survey data, 72 n., 98 n., 168 n., 172 -173 n., 178 n., 186 n., 189 n., 220 -221 n., 222 n., 241 n., 267 n.

T

Taeuber, Irene, 256 n.

Taira, Koji, 41 n.

Teacher rating, 57

Teachers, 58 -59

Television, 33 , 188 , 201

"Three Imperial Treasures," 72

Toilet-training, 247 -248

tokonoma (decorative alcove), 121 -122

Tokugawa period (1600-1867), 5 , 255

Tokyo:

and national culture, 10 ;

climate of, 11 ;

suburbs of, 271

Tominaga, Kenichi, 6 n., 7 n., 41 n., 267 n.

Totalitarianism, 92 , 128

Totten, George O., 262 n.

Tutoring, 53 , 54 , 55

U

Universities, turmoil of, 273 -274

ura , 276

V

Value-integration theory (Kluckholn), 146 n., 156

Value system, 142 -146;

lack of, 142 -144;

and problems, 144 -146;

consensus on, 146 ;

and loyalty, 263

Vietnam, 278

Vogel, Ezra F., 175 n., 217 n., 285 n.

Von Mehren, Arthur Taylor, 145 n., 149 n.

W

Wagatsuma, Hiroshi, 218 n.

Wages and hours, 7

War:

attitudes on, 95

Weaning, 231 , 239

Welfare services, 15 -16

Western culture, 87 , 88 , 271

White-collar workers:

as salary men, 4 -5;

statistics on, 6 n.;

in small companies, 32 -33.

See also Middle class; Salary man

Whyte, William H., 81 , 107 n., 161 n.

Widows, 17

Wife:

as wage earner, 16 ;

and age of marriage, 18 ;

of businessman, 22 , 23. 24 ;

of independent professional, 26 , 28 ;

of shopkeeper, 31 ;

of salary man, 37 ;

and household budget, 76 -77, 82 ;

and social life, 102 -135 passim ;

and friends, 136 -137;

and division of labor, 182 -193;

and housework, 185 -193, 280 ;

and family authority, 194 -207 passim ;

and relations with husband, 216 -224

Wolfe, Donald M., 183 n., 219 n.

Y

Yoshinaga, Hazuko, 66 n., 244 n.

Z

Zimmerman, Carle, 166 n.