WORKS CITED

Archival Sources

Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne

The American Claimant Manuscripts. Ed. Edward H. Davidson, Claude M. Simpson, and L. Neal Smith. Vol. 12, Centenary Edition, 1976.

The American Notebooks. Ed. Claude M. Simpson. Vol. 8, Centenary Edition, 1972.

The Blithedale Romance and Fanshawe. Ed. Fredson Bowers, Matthew J. Broccoli, and L. Neal Smith. Vol. 3, Centenary Edition, 1964.

The Elixir of Life Manuscripts. Ed. Edward H. Davidson, Claude M. Simpson, and L. Neal Smith. Vol. 13, Centenary Edition, 1977.

The English Notebooks. Ed. Randall Stewart. New York: Russell & Russell, 1962.

The French and Italian Notebooks. Ed. Thomas Woodson. Vol. 14, Centenary Edition, 1984.

Hawthorne's Lost Notebook, 1835–1841. Ed. Barbara S. Mouffe, intro. Hyatt Waggoner. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978.

The House of the Seven Gables. Ed. Fredson Bowers, Matthew J. Broccoli, and L. Neal Smith. Vol. 2, Centenary Edition, 1965.

The Letters, 1813–1843. Ed. Thomas Woodson, L. Neal Smith, and Norman Holmes Pearson. Vol. 15, Centenary Edition, 1984.

The Letters, 1843–1853. Ed. Thomas Woodson, L. Neal Smith, and Norman Holmes Pearson. Vol. 16, Centenary Edition, 1985.

The Letters, 1853–1856. Ed. Thomas Woodson, L. Neal Smith, James A. Rubino, and Norman Holmes Pearson. Vol. 17, Centenary Edition, 1987.

The Letters, 1857–1864. Ed. Thomas Woodson, James A. Rubino, L. Neal Smith, and Norman Holmes Pearson. Vol. 18, Centenary Edition, 1987.

The Marble Faun; or, the Romance of Monte Beni. Ed. Matthew J. Broccoli and L. Neal Smith. Vol. 4, Centenary Edition, 1968.

Mosses from an Old Manse. Ed. Fredson Bowers, L. Neal Smith, John Manning, and J. Donald Crowley. Vol. 10, Centenary Edition, 1974.

"Mrs. Hutchinson." In Fanshawe and Other Pieces . Boston: Houghton Muffin, 1876.

The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Fredson Bowers and Matthew J. Bruccoli. Vol. 1, Centenary Edition, 1962.

The Snow Image and Uncollected Tales. Ed. Fredson Bowers, L. Neal Smith, John Manning, and J. Donald Crowley. Vol. 11, Centenary Edition, 1974.

True Stories from History and Biography. Ed. Fredson Bowers, L. Neal Smith, and John Manning. Vol. 6, Centenary Edition, 1972.

A Wonder Book and Tanglewood Tales. Ed. Fredson Bowers, L. Neal Smith, and John Manning. Vol. 7, Centenary Edition 1972.

Other Sources

Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972.

Alcott, A. Bronson [and Elizabeth Palmer Peabody]. Conversations with Children on the Gospels. Boston: James Monroe, 1836.

Arac, Jonathan. "The Politics of The Scarlet Letter." In Ideology and Classic American Literature, edited by Sacvan Bercovitch and Myra Jehlen, 247–266. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Bailyn, Bernard. The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955.

Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Horrors of the Half-Known Life. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

Basch, Norma. In the Eyes of the Law: Women, Marriage, and Property in Nineteenth-Century New York. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982.

Bassan, Maurice. Hawthorne's Son: The Life and Literary Career of Julian Hawthorne. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970.

———. "Julian Hawthorne Edits Aunt Ebe." Essex Institute Historical Collections 100(1964): 274–275.

Baym, Nina. "Hawthorne's Women: The Tyranny of Social Myths." Centennial Review 15(1971): 250–272.

———. "Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Mother: A Biographical Speculation." American Literature 54(1982): 2–27.

———. The Shape of Hawthorne's Career. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976.

———. "Thwarted Nature: Nathaniel Hawthorne as Feminist." In American Novelists Revisited: Essays in Feminist Criticism, edited by Fritz Fleischmann, 58–77. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982.

Bellah, Robert N., Richard Masden, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985.

Bensick, Carol. "His Folly, Her Weakness: Demystified Adultery in The Scarlet Letter." In New Essays on The Scarlet Letter, edited by Michael J. Colacurcio, 137–159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Bercovitch, Sacvan. The Office of the Scarlet Letter. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Berlant, Lauren. The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Hawthorne, Utopia, and National Fantasy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Bledstein, Burton J. The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: Norton, 1978.

Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Brantley, Richard. Locke, Wesley, and the Method of English Romanticism. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1984.

Breitwieser, Mitchell. Despite Best Intentions: Religion, Mourning, and Ethnology in Mary Rowlandson's Captivity Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Bridge, Horatio. Personal Recollections of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Harper, 1893.

Brisbane, Albert. Social Destiny of Man; or, Association and Reorganization of Industry. Philadelphia: Stollmeyer, 1840.

Brodhead, Richard H. The School of Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

———. "Sparing the Rod: Discipline and Fiction in Antebellum America." Representations 21(1988): 67–96.

Brown, Gillian. Domestic Individualism: Imagining Self in Nineteenth-Century America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

———. "Hawthorne, Inheritance, and Women's Property." Studies in the Novel 23(1991): 107–118.

Bushman, Richard L. From Puritan to Yankee: Character and Social Order in Connecticut, 1690–1765. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.

Calhoun, George P. Report of the Counselling Surgeon on Spermatorrhea. Philadelphia: Howard Association, 1858. Reprinted in Rosenberg and Smith-Rosenberg, The Secret Vice Exposed!

Carton, Evan. "'A Daughter of the Puritans' and Her Old Master: Hawthorne, Una, and the Sexuality of Romance." In Daughters and Fathers, edited by Linda Boose and Betty Sue Flowers, 87–109. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Chevigny, Bell Gale. The Woman and the Myth: Margaret Fuller's Life and Writings. New York: Feminist Press, 1976.

Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Colacurcio, Michael J. "Footsteps of Ann Hutchinson: The Context of The Scarlet Letter." English Literary History 39(1972): 466–489.

———. The Province of Piety. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

———. "'The Woman's Own Choice': Sex, Metaphor, and the Puritan 'Sources' of The Scarlet Letter." In New Essays on The Scarlet Letter, edited by Michael J. Colacurcio, 101–135. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780–1835. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977.

———. "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790–1850." In A Heritage of Her Own: Toward a New Social History of American Women, edited

by Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck, 162–181. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.

———, ed. Root of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Women. New York: Dutton, 1972.

Craven, Wayne. Sculpture in America. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1984.

Crews, Frederick. The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Crowley, J. Donald, ed. Hawthorne: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1970.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, and Eugene Rochberg-Halton. The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Degler, Carl N. At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

D'Emilio, John, and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.

Demos, John. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

DeSalvo, Louise. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1987.

Deslandes, Leopold. Manhood; the Causes of Its Premature Decline, with Directions for Its Perfect Restoration; Addressed to Those Suffering from the Destructive Effects of Excessive Indulgence, Solitary Habits, etc. Boston, 1843.

Douglas, Ann. The Feminization of American Culture. New York: Avon Books, 1978.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Selections from Ralph Waldo Emerson: An Organic Anthology. Ed. Stephen E. Whicher. Boston: Houghton Muffin, 1957.

Erlich, Gloria C. Family Themes and Hawthorne's Fiction: The Tenacious Web. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984.

Faragher, John Mack. Women and Men on the Overland Trail. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979.

Fields, James T. Yesterdays with Authors. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1872.

Fisher, Philip. Introduction to The New American Studies: Essays from Representations . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.

Fliegelman, Jay. Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Forgie, George. Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological Interpretation of Lincoln and His Age. New York: Norton, 1979.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Allen Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

———. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books, 1980.

Fox, Dixon Ryan. The Decline of Aristocracy in the Politics of New York. New York: Longmans Green, 1919.

Freud, Sigmund. "On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena." In Early Psychoanalytic Writings, 35–50. Trans. Philip Rieff. New York: Collier, 1963.

Fuller, Margaret. The Letters of Margaret Fuller. Ed. Robert N. Hudspeth. 3 vols. to date. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983-.

———. Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Intro. Bernard Rosenthal. New York: Norton, 1971.

Gadlin, Howard. "Private Lives and Public Order: A Critical View of the History of Intimate Relations in the U.S." Massachusetts Review 17(1976): 304–330.

Gardella, Peter. Innocent Ecstasy: How Christianity Gave America an Ethic of Sexual Pleasure. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Gay, Peter. The Education of the Senses. Vol. 1 of The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud . New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

———. The Tender Passion. Vol. 2 of The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979.

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Factor between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. Ed. Carl Degler. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966.

———. "The Yellow Wallpaper." In The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women, edited by Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, 1148–1161. New York: Norton, 1985.

Gilmore, Michael T. American Romanticism and the Marketplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Goddu, Teresa. "The Circulation of Women in The House of the Seven Gables." Studies in the Novel 23(1991): 119–127.

Godwin, Parke. A Popular View of the Doctrines of Charles Fourier. New York: Redfield, 1844.

Gollin, Rita K. "The Hawthornes' 'Golden Dora.'" Studies in the American Renaissance, 1981, 393–401.

———. Portraits of Nathaniel Hawthorne: An Iconography. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1983.

Gordon, Linda. Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston, 1880–1960. New York: Viking Press, 1988.

———. Woman's Body, Woman's Right. New York: Grossman, 1976.

Greenberg, David F. The Construction of Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Gregory, Samuel. Facts and Important Information for Young Women on the Subject of Masturbation; with Its Causes, Prevention, and Cure. Boston: George Gregory, 1845. Reprinted in Rosenberg and Smith-Rosenberg, The Secret Vice Exposed!

Greven, Philip. The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America. New York: Knopf, 1977.

Gutwirth, Madelyn. Madame de Staël, Novelist: The Emergence of the Woman as Artist. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.

Haller, John and Robin Haller. The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974.

Halttunen, Karen. Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982.

Hawthorne, Julian. "The Making of 'The Scarlet Letter.'" The Bookman 74(1931): 401–411.

———. Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife: A Biography. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1884.

Hawthorne, Manning. "Hawthorne and 'The Man of God.'" The Colophon 2(1937): 262–278.

Hawthorne, Sophia Peabody. The Cuba Journal, 1833–1835. Ed. Claire Badaracco. 1981. Facsimile, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1985.

———. "A Sophia Hawthorne Journal, 1843–1844." Ed. John J. McDonald. Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 4(1974): 1–30.

Heilbrun, Carolyn G. Toward a Recognition of Androgyny. New York: Knopf, 1973.

Henretta, James A. The Evolution of American Society, 1700–1815: An Interdisciplinary Analysis. Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1973.

Herbert, T. Walter, Jr. "Doing Cultural Work: 'My Kinsman Major Molineux' and the Construction of the Self-Made Man." Studies in the Novel 23(1991): 20–27.

———. "The Erotics of Purity: The Marble Faun and the Victorian Construction of Sexuality." Representations 36(1991): 114–132.

———. "Nathaniel Hawthorne, Una Hawthorne, and The Scarlet Letter: Interactive Selfhoods and the Cultural Construction of Gender." PMLA 103(1988): 285–297.

Horwitz, Howard. "The Standard Oil Trust as Emersonian Hero." Raritan 6(1987): 97–119.

Hull, Raymona E. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The English Experience, 1853–1864. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980.

———. "Una Hawthorne: A Biographical Sketch." Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal 6(1976): 87–119.

Idol, John L., Jr, and Sterling Eisiminger. "Hawthorne Sits for a Bust by Maria Louisa Lander." Essex Institute Historical Collections 114(1978): 207–212.

James, Henry. "Hawthorne." 1879. Reprinted in The Shock of Recognition . Ed. Edmund Wilson. New York: Modern Library, 1943, 425–565.

———. William Wetmore Story and His Friends. New York: Da Capo Press, 1969.

Jameson, Frederic. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981.

Jehlen, Myra. American Incarnation: The Individual, the Nation, and the Continent. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.

———. "Introduction: Beyond Transcendence." In Ideology and Classic American Literature, edited by Sacvan Bercovitch and Myra Jehlen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Johnson, Paul E. A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978.

Kasson, Joy S. Marble Queens and Captives: Women in Nineteenth-Century American Sculpture. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990.

Kaye, Kenneth. The Mental and Social Life of Babies: How Parents Create Persons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Kelley, Mary. Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Kerber, Linda K. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.

Kesterson, David B. Critical Essays on Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter." Boston: G. K. Hall, 1988.

Kohut, Heinz. The Analysis of the Self A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. New York: International Universities Press, 1971.

Kolodney, Annette. Introduction to Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Blithedale Romance . New York: Penguin Books, 1983.

Kraditor, Aileen S. Up from the Pedestal: Selected Writings in the History of American Feminism. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968.

Lacan, Jacques. The Language of the Self: The Function of Language in Psychoanalysis. Trans. Anthony Wilden. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968.

Lang, Amy Schrager. Prophetic Woman: Anne Hutchinson and the Problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.

Lathrop, George Parsons. "Biographical Sketch." In Nathaniel Hawthorne, Tales, Sketches, and Other Papers . 1883. Reprint. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1972.

———. A Study of Hawthorne. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876.

Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne. Memories of Hawthorne. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897.

Lebsock, Suzanne. The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784–1860. New York: Norton, 1984.

Leinwand, Theodore B. "Negotiation and New Historicism." PMLA 105(1990): 477–490.

Lerner, Gerda. The Female Experience: An American Documentary. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977.

Leverenz, David. Manhood and the American Renaissance. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Levinson, Daniel J. The Seasons of a Man's Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1978.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Symbolic Anthropology. Trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New York: Basic Books, 1963.

Lofland, Lyn. A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

Loggins, Vernon. The Hawthornes. 1951. Reprint. New York: Greenwood, 1968.

Luedtke, Luther S. Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Romance of the Orient. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

Mahler, Margaret S. On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation. New York: International Universities Press, 1968.

Mahler, Margaret S., Fred Paine, and Anni Bergman. The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation. New York: Basic Books, 1975.

Main, Jackson Turner. The Social Structure of Revolutionary America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965.

Mann, Horace. A Few Thoughts for a Young Man: A Lecture Delivered before the Boston Mercantile Library Association, on Its Twenty-ninth Anniversary. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields, 1850.

Mann, Mrs. Horace [Mary Peabody]. "The Care of Little Children." Herald of Health and Journal of Physical Culture 11(1868): 241–246.

Mann, Mrs. Horace [Mary Peabody], and Elizabeth Palmer Peabody. The Moral Culture of Infancy, and Kindergarten Guide. Boston: Burnham, 1864.

Marks, Patricia. "Una Hawthorne's 'House for Orphans Tiny.'" Emerson Society Quarterly 25(1979): 3–22.

Marshall, Megan. "Two Early Poems by Mrs. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody." Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings 100(1988): 40–59.

Martin, Robert K. Hero, Captain, and Stranger: Male Friendship, Social Critique, and Literary Form in the Sea Novels of Herman Melville. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

———. "Hester Prynne, C'est Moi: Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Anxieties of Gender." In Engendering Men: The Question of Male Feminist Criticism, edited by Joseph A. Boone and Michael Cadden, 122–139. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Martineau, Harriet. "Marriage." Harbinger 4(December 1846): n.p.

Mason, John. Self Knowledge: A Treatise Shewing the Nature and Benefit of That Important Science and the Way to Attain It. 1744. Reprint. Boston: I. Thomas and E. T. Andrews, 1800.

Mellow, James R. Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.

Meyers, Marvin. The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1960.

Miller, Edwin Haviland. Melville. New York: Braziller, 1975.

———. Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: Iowa University Press, 1991.

Milton, John. "The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce." In The Prose of John Milton . Ed. J. Max Patrick. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967.

Myerson, Joel. "Margaret Fuller's 1842 Journal: At Concord with the Emersons." Harvard Library Bulletin 21(1973): 320–340.

"The Myth of Una," The Una 2(1854): 212.

Nissenbaum, Stephen. "The Firing of Nathaniel Hawthorne." Essex Institute Historical Collections 114(1978): 57–86.

———. Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980.

Norton, Mary Beth. "The Evolution of White Women's Experience in Early America." The American Historical Review 89(1984): 593–619.

Noyes, John Humphrey. Male Continence. Oneida, N.Y.: Office of the Oneida Circular, 1872. Reprinted in Sexual Indulgence and Denial: Variations of Continence . Ed. Charles Rosenberg and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Arno Press, 1974.

Onania; or, the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution. London, 1724. Reprinted in Rosenberg and Smith-Rosenberg, The Secret Vice Exposed!

Osborne, Martha Lee, ed. Woman in Western Thought. New York: Random House, 1979.

Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer. Letters of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody: American Renaissance Woman. Ed. Bruce A. Ronda. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1984.

[Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, and] A. Bronson Alcott. Conversations with Children on the Gospels. Boston: James Monroe, 1836.

[Peabody, Mrs. Elizabeth Palmer]. Holiness; or, the Legend of St. George: A Tale from Spenser's Faerie Queene, by a Mother. Boston: E. R. Broaders, 1836.

Pearson, Norman Holmes. "Elizabeth Peabody on Hawthorne." Essex Institute Historical Collections 94(1958): 256–276.

Person, Leland S., Jr. Aesthetic Headaches: Women and Masculine Poetics in Poe, Melville, and Hawthorne. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988.

———. "Hawthorne's Bliss of Paternity: Sophia's Absence from 'The Old Manse.'" Studies in the Novel 23(1991): 46–59.

Porter, Carolyn. "Are We Being Historical Yet?" South Atlantic Quarterly 87(1988): 743–786.

"Prospectus." The Una, 1(1853): 1.

Reynolds, David. Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. New York: Knopf, 1988.

Reynolds, Larry J. European Revolutions and the American Literary Renaissance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.

Ricci, Corrado. Beatrice Cenci. Trans. Morris Bishop and Henry Longan Stuart. 2 vols. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.

Rogin, Michael Paul. Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian. New York: Knopf, 1975.

———. Subversive Genealogy: The Politics and Art of Herman Melville. New York: Knopf, 1983.

Root of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Women. Ed. Nancy Cott. New York: Dutton, 1972.

Rose, Anne C. Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830–1850. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981.

Rose, Henry. An Inaugural Dissertation on the Effects of the Passions upon the Body. Philadelphia, 1794.

Rosenberg, Charles. "Sexuality, Class, and Role in Nineteenth-Century America," American Quarterly 25(1973): 131–153.

Rosenberg, Charles, and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, eds. The Secret Vice Exposed! Some Arguments against Masturbation. New York: Arno Press, 1974.

Rothman, Ellen K. Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

Ryan, Mary. Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790–1865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

———. The Empire of the Mother: American Writing about Domesticity, 1830–1860. New York: Haworth Press, 1982.

Ryskamp, Charles. "The New England Sources of The Scarlet Letter." In Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Scarlet Letter, edited by John C. Gerber, 19–34. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

Scharnhorst, Gary. "'Now You Can Write Your Book': Two Myths in Hawthorne Biography." Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 15(1989): 6–9.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Age of Jackson. Boston: Little, Brown, 1950.

Schneider, David. American Kinship: A Cultural Account. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3d ed. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1962.

Schwartz, Joel. The Sexual Politics of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

The Secret Vice Exposed! Some Arguments against Masturbation. Ed. Charles Rosenberg and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. New York: Arno Press, 1974.

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

Showalter, Elaine. Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.

Sigourney, Lydia H. Letters to Mothers. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1845.

Sklar, Kathryn Kish. Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973.

Smith, Daniel Scott. "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America." In A Heritage of Her Own: Toward a New Social History of American Women, edited by Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck, 222–245. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America. New York: Knopf, 1985.

Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queene. Intro. J. W. Hales. 2 vols. London: J. M. Dent, 1955.

Staël, Madame [Germaine] de. Corinne; or, Italy. Trans. Isabel Hill. Philadelphia: David McKay, n.d.

Stewart, Randall. "Recollections of Hawthorne by His Sister Elizabeth." American Literature 16(1945): 316–331.

Stoehr, Taylor. Hawthorne's Mad Scientists: Pseudoscience and Social Science in Nineteenth-Century Life and Letters. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1978.

Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500–1800. Abridged ed. New York: Harper Colophon, 1975.

Strouse, Jean. Alice James: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.

Sundquist, Eric. Home as Found: Authority and Genealogy in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.

Tharp, Louisa Hall. The Peabody Sisters of Salem. Boston: Little, Brown, 1950.

Thomas, Brook. Cross-Examinations of Law and Literature: Cooper, Hawthorne, Stowe, and Melville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Thoreau, Henry David. Walden and Civil Disobedience. Ed. Sherman Paul. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.

Tissot, Samuel A. A. D. A Discourse on Onanism. New York, 1832. Reprinted in Rosenberg and Smith-Rosenberg, The Secret Vice Exposed!

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. 2 vols. Trans. Henry Reeve. Revised by Francis Bowen. Ed. Phillips Bradley. New York: Knopf, 1976.

Tolchin, Neal. Mourning, Gender, and Creativity in the Art of Herman Melville. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988.

Tompkins, Jane. Afterword to Susan Warner, The Wide, Wide World . New York: Feminist Press, 1987.

———. Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

The Transcendentalists. Ed. Perry Miller. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950.

Turner, Arlin. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Turner, Victor. Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974.

———. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Aldine, 1969.

Valenti, Patricia. "Sophia Peabody Hawthorne's Continuation to 'Christabel.'" Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 13(1987): 14–16.

———. To Myself a Stranger: A Biography of Rose Hawthorne Lathrop. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.

Wadlington, Warwick. Reading Faulknerian Tragedy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne: Man and Writer. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Walker, Williston. A History of the Christian Church. Revised by Cyril C. Richardson, Wilhelm Pauck, and Robert L. Handy. New York: Scribner, 1959.

Warner, Susan. The Wide, Wide World. Afterword by Jane Tompkins. New York: Feminist Press, 1987.

Warren, Joyce W. The American Narcissus: Individualism and Women in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1984.

Welter, Barbara. Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976.

Whicher, Stephen E., ed. Selections from Ralph Waldo Emerson: An Organic Anthology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.

Whigham, Frank. "Sexual and Social Mobility in The Duchess of Malfi." PMLA 100(1985): 167–186.

Wiebe, Robert H. The Opening of American Society: From the Adoption of the Constitution to the Eve of Disunion. New York: Vintage Books, 1984.

Willi, Jurg. Couples in Collusion. New York: Aronson, 1982.

Winnicott, D. W. The Family and Individual Development. London. Tavistock, 1965.

Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman [1792]. New York: Norton 1975.

Wood, Gordon, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 . New York: Norton, 1969.

Woodward, Samuel Bayard. Hints for the Young in Relation to the Health of Body and Mind. Boston: G. W. Light, 1856. Reprinted in Rosenberg and Smith-Rosenberg, The Secret Vice Exposed!

Wyllie, Irvin G. The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1954.

Yeazell, Ruth Bernard, ed. The Death and Letters of Alice James. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981.

Yellin, Jean Fagan. Women and Sisters: The Antislavery Feminists in American Culture. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989.

Young, Philip. Hawthorne's Secret: An Un-told Tale. Boston: Godine, 1984.