INDEX

A

Absenteeism, 53 , 79 ;

in Japan, 53 ;

in Sweden, 53 , 55 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 69 -70;

in U.S., 53 , 71 , 73

"Academy of the Association," IAQC, 235

Across the Board , 187

Adaptation, 116 -24, 126 -27, 189 , 278

Aging, of organizations, 172 -79, 195 , 246 -47

Agreement on Efficiency and Participation, in Sweden, 259 , 265 , 270

Agricultural sector, labor from, 55 , 58

Air controllers' union, in U.S., 151

Akashi Toshio, 122

Aldrich, Howard, 172 -73, 175 -77, 195 , 246 -47, 249 -50

Alienation, worker, 51

All Japan QC Circle Convention, 288

Ambiguity, in innovative activity, 37 , 38 -40, 49 , 71

American Center for Quality of Working Life, 134 , 139 -43

American Productivity Center (APC), 133 n, 145 -47, 148 , 150 , 237 -38

American Productivity and Quality Center, 145

Americans. See United States

American Society for Quality Control (ASQC), 152 -79, 180 n, 246 , 298 , 300 ;

General Technical Council, 163 , 164 , 165 -66, 167 , 168 ;

history of, 154 -58, 173 -79;

human resources technical committee of, 168 -70, 172 , 176 -77,

IAQC and, 161 , 164 , 165 , 168 , 170 , 182 , 183 -84, 190 , 191 , 194 ;

JUSE and, 153 , 158 , 168 , 274 , 276 , 277 , 280 , 284 ;

and professionalism, 155 -56, 157 , 168 n, 173 -74, 177 , 179 , 298 , 303 ;

QC circles steering committee of, 163 -72, 180 n, 191 ;

QMTC of, 158 -61, 164 , 168 -69, 176 , 180 n;

quality circles technical committee of, 17 , 166 -72, 175 ;

Technical Conference (1976) of, 158

American Society for Training and Development, 241 , 246

Amsden, Robert, 163 , 191

APC. See American Productivity Center

AQP (Association for Quality and Participation), 181 , 241

Argyris, Chris, 95

Arianespace, 81

Army, U.S., 96

Art of Japanese Management (Pascale and Athos), 112

Arvika, 263

ASEA, 63

Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, 32

ASQC. See American Society for Quality Control

Asset specificity, 41 , 43

Association for Quality and Participation (AQP), 181 , 241 , 291

Athos, Anthony, 112

Atlas Copco, 31 -32, 64

"Attention structures," 37 n

Auster, Ellen, 172 -73, 175 -77, 195 , 246 -47, 249 -50

Austria, 107

Automation, in U.S., 75

Automobile industry, 7 ;

in Japan, 12 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 80 , 86 , 111 , 114 , 115 , 123 , 287 ;

in Sweden, 8 n, 62 , 64 , 70 -71, 80 , 110 , 266 -67;

in U.S., 45 -46, 64 , 71 , 73 -74,

Automobile industry (continued )

75 , 85 -86, 110 , 115 . See also General Motors; Volvo

Autonomous work teams, 19 -20, 23 , 30 -31, 92 , 93 ;

in Sweden, 19 -20, 30 -31, 92 , 93 , 251 , 257 , 259 . See also Semi-autonomous work groups; Self-managing teams

B

Baker,. Jim, 74 -75

Baldridge, Malcolm, 115

Bandwagon effect, 79 -88, 108

Banking, small-group activities in, 30

Beardsley, Jeff, 187 -203 passim, 217 , 224 -25, 233 -34, 247 -48

Behavioral science, 94 -95, 103 , 178 -79, 252 , 277

Bendix, Reinhard, 6

Bennett, Harry, 85 n

"Best practices," 36 , 47 , 117 ;

American national infrastructures and, 182 , 213 , 221 -22, 236 , 243 , 305 ;

Swedish national infrastructures and, 253 -54, 269 , 300

"Beyond Quality Circles," 234 , 237 -41

Blue-collar workers: in Japan, 11 , 56 , 98 -99, 100 , 272 , 280 , 294 -95;

in U.S., 11 . See also Manufacturing

Bluestone, Irving, 73 -74

Board of directors, company workers on, 16 , 261

Boisot, Max, 307

Bolivar mining project, 136 , 141

Borrowing, cross-national, 105 -27;

Japanese, 94 -104 passim, 113 -14, 125 , 126 ;

as social invention, 125 ;

Swedish, 89 -94, 98 , 114 , 118 , 267 , 268 ;

American, 100 , 108 , 112 -13, 115 , 134 , 181 , 187 , 189 , 282

Bounded rationality, 41 , 48

Budgets: ASQC, 157 -58, 165 , 166 -68, 170 ;

FMSC, 137 -38;

Ford Foundation QWL, 138 -39, 142 , 143 ;

IAQC, 180 , 191 , 203 , 232 . See also Costs; Funding; Revenue

Bugas, John, 85 n

Buick Motor Division, GM, 80

Bureau of Labor Management Relations and Cooperative Programs, U.S., 137

Business, IAQC strategy like U.S., 236 . See also Corporations; Employers, associations of; Management; National business leadership; names of individual industries

Business Roundtable, 135 -36, 148 -49

C

Capital investment, in Japan, 57 -58

Capitalism, liberal, 17

"Carpet bombing approach," 121 -22

Carter, Jimmy, 135

Cartwright, Dorwin, 95

"Catch-up" mentality, 102 , 114

"Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy" (National Catholic News Service), 5

Center for the Quality of Working Life, University of California, Los Angeles, 134 , 143

Centralization, in Sweden, 255 -56, 267 -68, 280 , 300 , 301

Certification programs: ASQC and, 156 , 174 n;

IAQC and, 189 , 192 , 198 , 236 , 246 ;

JUSE and, 275

Challenger accident, 81

Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenberg, 266

Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 148 -49

Chapters: IAQC, 190 , 192 -93, 207 -8, 218 , 231 , 242 , 298 , 304 ;

JUSE QC Circle Center, 282 -85, 292 -95, 302 -3

Chavis, Charley, 205 , 217 -20, 225 -26, 227 , 234 , 245 -46

Chemical industries, 57

Cherns, Albert, 31 , 65

Chinese, Japanese borrowing from, 114

Co-determination: German, 16 , 21 ;

Swedish, 31 -32, 94 , 258 -59, 260 , 264

Collaboration, 42 , 47 -48, 305 -7. See also National infrastructures; Pooling of corporate resources

Collective bargaining, 16 ;

in Sweden, 252 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 268 ;

U.S., 6 . See also Unions

Columbia Business School, 111

Commerce Department, U.S., 134 , 136 , 137 , 141 , 147 -48

Communists, in Sweden, 256

Communitarian ethic, 11

Companies. See C orporations

"Companywide quality control" (CWQC), 114 , 279

Competition, domestic, bandwagon effect and, 80 , 84 . See also International competition

Conference Board, U.S., 148 -49

Conferences: ASQC, 158 ;

IAQC, 184 -92 passim, 199 -207 passim, 218 , 219 , 220 -21, 227 -33 passim, 242 , 243 , 244 , 291 , 299 ;

JUSE QC Circle, 279 -82, 285 -92, 303 ;

SAF, 80 , 91 , 252 -53

Congress, U.S., 135 , 136 , 137 , 140

Consultants, 44 -47, 187 -88, 213 -17;

APC, 146 ;

ASQC and, 160 -61, 162 -63, 173 -74, 175 ;

IAQC and, 181 -204 passim, 212 -22 passim, 232 -49 passim, 269 n, 299 , 304 ;

JUSE and, 293 -94, 303 ;

in Norway, 270 ;

in Sweden, 254 -55, 259 -60, 262 , 270 , 294 , 303 ;

in U.S., 44 -46, 150 , 270 , 294 , 303 ;

Work in America Institute and, 144

Contracting, 41 , 42 -43;

NASA, 81 , 82 -83, 84 . See also Consultants

Conventions. See Conferences

Coopers and Lybrand, 111

Coors Beer, 227

Copyright protection, for training materials, 214 -15

Corporations: American national infrastructures and, 161 -61, 235 , 237 , 245 -46, 248 -49, 250 , 298 -99, 304 , 305 ;

and JUSE, 274 -75, 282 -84, 294 , 195 , 302 -3, 304 , 308 ;

and Swedish national infrastructures, 253 , 270 -71, 294 , 300 , 302 , 303 , 305 , 308 . See also Management; National business leadership; Pooling of corporate resources

Corporatist strategy, 5 , 300 -308 passim. See also Corporations

Cost-benefit analysis, 106

Costs: of capital investment, 57 ;

of instituting small-group activities, 42 -43, 45 , 46 ;

quality circles saving, 187 ;

of training for quality circles, 84 , 212 , 215 n;

transaction, 41 -43, 87 , 131 , 194 , 306 -7, 308

Councils, workers', 16 , 256 , 260

Cound, Dana, 168 -70

"Creative misunderstanding," 125

Crosby, Philip, 159

Culture, 6 , 9 -13, 14 , 17 , 34 , 105 -27;

borrowing and, 105 -27;

as "non-issue," 111 -12;

as obstacle, 105 , 109 -13, 115 -182;

and pooling of corporate resources, 306 -7

D

Dagens Nyheter , 94

Davis, Louis, 143

Decentralization: in Japan, 20 -21, 23 -24, 27 -28, 33 , 59 , 65 , 66 , 272 ;

of responsibility, 20 -21, 23 -24, 27 -28, 33 , 59 ;

in Sweden, 31 , 65 -66, 261 ;

in U.S., 77

Decision, 48

Decision making, 35 -40, 56 , 89 , 100 -104, 306 -6;

loose-coupling model of, 35 -40, 49 , 110 , 131 , 207 (see also "Garbage can" model);

microeconomics of, 40 -48;

national infrastructures and, 40 -41, 47 -48, 132 , 207 , 243 , 260 , 261 , 268 ;

rational model of, 36 , 51 , 79 , 83 -84

DEFF, 263 n

Deflation, in Japan, 56

Delegation for Company Democracy, Swedish, 263

Deming, William Edwards, 96 -97, 112 , 114 , 276

Deming Prize, 114 , 279

Democracy, industrial, 4 -5, 16 , 22 -23, 24 , 48 , 92 , 107 , 257 n

Democratization, 4 -5, 21 , 51 , 54 -55;

in Japan, 98 , 278 ;

in Sweden, 22 -23, 92 , 93 , 118 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 264 , 265 , 301 . See also Democracy, industrial

"Designing Effective Work Teams," 237 -38

Development Council for Cooperation Questions, in Sweden, 255

Development councils, in Sweden, 255 , 265 , 270 . See also URAF

Development Council Working Group for Research. See URAF

"Development groups," in Sweden, 257

Dewar, Donald, 187 -98 passim, 247 -48

Diener, R. D., 196 , 205 -6, 209 -10, 219 , 224

Diffusion, 6 , 34 -35, 48 -49, 108 , 117 -18;

bandwagon effect and, 79 -80, 86 -87, 108 ;

defined, 34 ;

in Japan, 80 , 272 -73, 278 ;

in Sweden, 80 , 94 , 253 , 264 , 271 ;

in U.S., 74 , 80 , 141 , 143 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 182 , 247 , 250 , 255

Dignity, worker, 5 , 51 , 54 -55

Discovery, 48 , 88 , 89 -104 passim

Discretion, employee, 32

Division of Cooperative Labor-Management Programs, U.S., 137

Domino effect, 87 , 88 , 108

Donnelly Mirrors, 73

Dover Elevator, 304

E

Economic Development Administration (EDA), U.S., 136 , 141

Economics, innovation acceptance and, 108 , 109 . See also Finances; Investment ; Microeconomics; National economy

Educational activities: of JUSE, 275 , 292 , 294 -95;

of U.S. national infrastructures, 159 , 192 . See also Conferences; Training; titles of individual publications

Educational levels: in Japan, 56 , 59 , 73 ;

in Sweden, 61 -62, 73 ;

in U.S., 72 -73

Education departments, in U.S. firms, 39

Edwards, George, 154 -55

EEC, 62

Egalitarianism, in Japan, 98 -99 See also Democratization

"Emergent norm" approach, 87

Emery, Fred, 22 -23, 103

Employee , spelling of, 85 n

Employee discretion ratings, 32

Employee involvement (EI) activities, in U.S., 3 , 45 -46, 145 , 147 , 149 , 238 -43 passim. See also Quality circles; Small-group activities

Employers, associations of, 121 , 272 . See also Corporations; Management; Swedish Employers' Confederation

Engineering, 154 -55, 266 , 277 ;

value, 100 . See also Sociotechnical systems

Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD), 155

Engineers' Joint Council (EJC), 155 , 156

England: jet engine invented in, 101 ;

Tavistock Institute in, 89 -91, 98 , 118 , 135 , 267

Ericsson, 63

Estes, Elliott, 85

Europe: Arianespace of, 81 ;

OECD automotive study, 7 , 55 , 64 ;

participation approaches in, 6 , 21 , 24 , 99 ;

women in labor force in, 62 . See also England; Norway; Sweden

Export orientation: in Japan, 102 , 103 , 288 ;

in Sweden, 102 , 103

F

Facilitators, quality-circle, 189 , 192 , 204

Factory organization, 254 . See also Manufacturing

Faddism, 107 -8, 131 , 132 , 175 ;

"emergent norm" approach to, 87 ;

in U.S., 27 , 30 , 150 , 160 , 237 -41, 305

Fagersta Steel Company, 251 -52

False Promise of the Japanese Miracle (Sethi, Namiki, and Swanson), 110

Federal government. See National government

Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), U.S., 137 -38

Federation of Employers' Association (Nikkeiren), 272

Federation of Swedish Industries, 268 -69

Feigenbaum, Armand, 97 , 98

Finances: IAQC, 199 , 205 -6, 207 , 219 -39 passim, 299 ;

JUSE, 303 See also Budgets; Costs; Funding; Revenue

Finland, Swedish workers from, 63 , 68

Fishbone diagram, 278

Florida Power and Light Company, 234

Flynn, Michael, 126

FMCS (Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service), U.S., 137 -38

Ford, Gerald, 134

Ford, Henry, II, 85 n

Ford Foundation, 110 , 134 , 136 , 138 -44, 149 , 253

Ford Motor Company, 45 -46, 74 , 75 , 85 -86, 115

Foreign competition. See International competition

Foreign ideas, 86 -116 passim. See also Borrowing, cross-national

Foreign labor: in Japan, 56 ;

in Sweden, 62 -63, 66 , 68 -69

Foreign orientation, national comparisons in, 102 -3

Form and Content of Industrial Democracy (Emery and Thorsrud), 22 -23

Founders, vs. organizational adaptation, 234

FQC , 275 , 277 -78, 280 , 288

Fraser, Kennedy, 50 , 79

Fraud, IAQC officer, 205 -6, 243

Fuji, 115

Fujita Yoshitaka, 12

Funding: Swedish national infrastructure, 264 -65;

for U.S. national infrastructures, 140 , 141 , 143 , 145 -46, 148 , 150 , 161 -62, 232

Furnace technology, 106 -7, 118

G

"Garbage can" model (of decision making), 35 -37, 48 , 268 ;

national infrastructures and, 132 , 170 , 305 , 306

Gardell, Bertil, 261

Genba to QC , 277

General Electric (GE), 25 , 75 , 80 , 113 , 223 -24, 226 , 236

General Foods (Topeka, Kansas), 25

General Motors (GM), 64 , 71 , 73 -74, 80 , 82 n, 85 -86;

consultant services offered by, 216 ;

and Swedish innovations, 110 ;

Tarrytown, 74

Georgia Power Co., 216

German co-determination system, 16 , 21

GM. See General Motors

Goals, 37 -38;

succession of, 71 , 93 -94

Goethe, J. W. von, 297

Governance structures (types of organizations), 41 -43, 294 , 304See also Small-group activities

Government. See National government

Grayson, C. Jackson, Jr., 145 -47

Greater Japan Technology Association, 274

Groupism, 9 -10, 11 , 27 -28

Gunzburg, D., 31

Gyllenhammar, Pehr, 70 , 71 , 73 , 91 -92

H

"Hallelujah conference" (1969), Stockholm, 80 , 91 , 252 -53

Hammarström, O., 31 , 263 n

Hansson, Reine, 91 , 94 , 262

Harman, Sidney, 51

Harman International Industries, 73

Harvard Business Review , 239

Health, Education and Welfare, U.S. Department of, 72

Heisenberg principle, 180 n

Herzberg, Frederick, 95

Hewlett-Packard, 80

Hirota Kimiyoshi, 21

Hoglund, William, 110

Holistic model, 124 , 126

Homogeneity, in ASQC, 177 -78, 179 , 298

Honeywell Corporation, 120 n

Hotels, small-group activities in, 30

Hughes Aircraft Company, 18 , 190

Human growth and development theories, 5

Humanization, 5 , 22 , 24 -25

Human-relations movement, 25

Human resources departments, in U.S. firms, 39 , 179 , 186

I

IAQC. See International Association of Quality Circles

"IAQC Chronology," 180

IBM, 147

Ideas; foreign, 88 -116 passim (see also Borrowing, cross-national);

search for, 48 , 88 -114 passim;

transmission of, 48 , 88 -105 passim

"If Japan Can, Why Can't We?" (NBC, 1979), 112 , 187

Implementation, 48

Individualism, 9 , 11 -12

Individual reward and recognition, 10 -11

Industrial Bureau, in Sweden, 268 -69

Industrial democracy, 4 -5, 16 , 22 -23, 24 , 48 , 92 , 107 , 257 n

Industrialization, 106

Industry associations, in Japan, 273 , 276 . See also Unions

Industry, Department of, in Sweden, 263

Inflation, U.S., 134

Informal activity, 16 , 17 , 32

Information dissemination, by national infrastructures, 113 , 144 , 161 , 277 -78, 300 , 303 . See also Educational activities; Media coverage, of Swedish strikes; titles of individual publications

Innovation: ambiguity in, 37 , 38 -40, 49 , 71 ;

and decision making, 37 , 38 -41;

defined, 34 ;

inustrialization and, 106 ;

motivation for, 48 , 49 , 50 -88;

social, 106 , 107 -8, 109 ;

uncertainty in, 37 -38, 39

Institute for Policy Research, University of Cincinnati, 242

Institute of Social Research, University of Michigan, 141

Institutionalization. 132 -33

Insurance, small-group activities in, 30

International Association of Quality Circles (IAQC), 75 , 113 , 180 -250, 269 , 298 -99, 304 ;

and ASQC, 161 , 164 , 165 , 168 , 170 , 182 , 183 -84, 190 , 191 , 194 ;

barriers to entry for, 247 ;

board presidents of, 188 , 202 , 205 , 217 -20, 227 , 234 -35, 237 , 245 -46, 248 , 249 ;

conferences of, 184 -92 passim, 199 -207 passim, 218 , 219 , 220 -21, 227 -33 passim, 242 , 243 , 244 , 291 , 299 ;

consultants and, 184 -204 passim, 212 -22 passim, 232 -49 passim, 269 n, 299 , 304 ;

JUSE and, 187 , 276 , 277 , 280 , 284 , 291 ;

membership in, 183 -87, 207 , 218 , 228 , 242 ;

name change for, 241 ;

record keeping of, 182 ;

regional directorships in, 228 -30;

"reorganization meeting" of, 191 -96;

and SAF, 300 , 301 ;

staff liaison in, 196 -99 passim, 205 -13 passim, 219 , 220 , 227 -33 passim, 242 , 250

International competition, 4 , 26 , 47 , 59 , 307 -8;

American response to, 26 , 74 , 75 -77, 102 -3, 157 ;

Swedish response to, 70 -71

International Council on QWL, 138

Internationalization: of economy, 26 , 59 , 66 , 102 , 103 ;

in orientation, 102 -3. See also Foreign ideas; International competition

"Intrapreneurial behavior," 77

Investment: abroad, 56 , 58 , 63 , 74 -75;

capital, 57 -58

Ishikawa Ichiro, 276

Ishikawa Kaoru, 122 , 155 , 276 , 277 -78, 280 , 291

Ishikawa Prize, 115

J

Jamestown, New York, community re-vitalization of, 135 , 136 , 137

Japan, Japanese, 5 -33 passim, 94 -99, 131 -32, 165 , 181 ;

absenteeism in, 53 ;

American cultural obstacles with, 110 ;

Americans borrowing from, 100 , 108 , 112 -13, 115 , 153 , 181 , 187 , 189 , 282 ;

Americans compared with, 8 , 13 -14, 22 , 24 , 30 , 52 , 72 -78 passim, 102 -4, 109 , 114 -24 passim, 202 , 235 , 248 , 276 -84 passim, 291 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 303 , 305 -8;

Americans feeling competitive threat of, 26 , 75 -77, 102 -3, 157 ;

borrowing by firms in, 94 -97, 98 , 100 , 103 -4, 113 -14, 125 , 126 ;

cultural stereotypes of, 9 -10, 11 , 12 -13;

firms in U.S. from, 111 -12, 123 -24;

management motivation to innovate in, 50 -51, 54 , 55 -61, 80 , 86 ;

national infrastructures in, 199 , 202 , 235 , 248 , 272 -96, 301 -3, 304 -5, 308 (see also Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers);

QC circles of, 57 , 59 -61, 80 , 86 , 96 -98, 100 , 112 -22 passim, 165 , 169 , 175 , 185 , 239 , 272 -95 passim, 302 , 303 ;

Swedish compared with, 24 , 31 , 33 , 52 , 58 -70 passim, 78 , 98 , 272 , 277 , 280 , 291 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 302 , 303 , 305 -8;

Swedish cultural obstacles with, 110 -11;

turnover rates in, 53 , 55 ;

women in labor force of, 58 , 62 , 287 ;

ZD groups in, 28 , 159 n, 273

Japan Employers' Association, 121

Japanese Federation of Economic Organizations (Keidanren), 276 , 302

Japanese Institute of Labour, 12

Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE), 9 n, 18 , 96 -97, 122 , 272 -95, 302 -3, 304 -5, 308 ;

and ASQC, 153 , 158 , 168 , 274 , 276 , 277 , 280 , 284 ;

Lockheed and, 187 ;

QC sakuru koryo of, 114 , 279 ;

regional branches of, 282 , 292 ;

registration of QC circles by, 28 , 57 , 279 -82;

and training, 13 , 278 , 303 ;

and voluntarism, 120 , 276 , 302

Japan Management Association, 273

Japan Productivity Center, 274

Japan Supervisors' Association, 304

Javits, Jacob, 137

Jet engine, invention of, 101

Job enlargement, enrichment, redesign, 24 -25

Job performance, and educational level, 72

Job satisfaction, 22 , 25 , 51 , 77 , 107

Job security, in Japan, 115

Job titles, of IAQC members and board, 185 -86, 201 -2

Joyce, James, 89

Juran, Joseph M., 97 , 114 , 153 , 304 -5

JUSE. See Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers

K

Kalleberg, Arne, 10

Kanter, Rosabeth, 26 , 51 , 77 , 82 n

Keidanren (Japanese Federation of Economic Organizations), 276 , 302

Kepner, Charles, 100 -101, 102

"Know-how," 107 , 108 , 109 , 116 -17, 123 , ,25

Knowledge: "local," 117 , 123 , 125 ;

of outside consultants, 46 -47. See also "Know-how"

Kobayashi Shigeru, 59

Koreans, 121

Koshiro<, Kazutoshi, 53 , 57

Kuznets, Simon, 105 -6, 109

L

Labor, 15 ;

from agricultural sector, 55 , 58 ;

migrant, 56 , 58 , 62 -63, 66 , 68 -69. See also Blue-collar workers; Women; Worker participation; other entries listed under Labor

Labor Department, U.S., 136 , 137

Labor law, Swedish, 31 -32, 258 -59, 260 , 264

Labor-management consultation system, in Japan, 21 , 115

Labor-management cooperation: in Sweden, 255 -62, 301 ;

in U.S., 73 -74, 112 -13, 136 -48 passim

Labor movement: in Japan, 12 -13;

in Norway, 91 ;

in U.S., 24 . See also Unions

Labor Notes , 226

Labor shortage, 52 -53, 54 , 77 ;

in Japan, 55 -56, 57 , 58 -59;

in Sweden, 61 , 62 , 65 , 260

Labour Ministry, Japanese, 28 -30

Law. See Labor law, Swedish

Lawler, Edward, III, 80 , 99 , 239

Leadership, 304 -5;

in Sweden, 301 ;

in U.S., 152 -53, 165 , 169 , 170 , 178 , 179 , 297 -99. See also National business leadership; National infrastructures

Learning , vs. borrowing , 127

Legitimacy: IAQC, 247 -49;

JUSE, 277 , 302 ;

SAF, 252 , 266 , 300

Lehmbruch, Gerhard, 306 -7

Lewin, Kurt, 90 , 95

Liberal capitalist system, 17

Licensing, ASQC and, 156

Likert, Rensis, 89 , 95 , 99 , 101

Lincoln, James, 10

Lincoln Electric, 73

Lindholm, Rolf, 94 , 254

Lippitt, Ronald, 95

Living standards, 5

Ljunggren, Olof, 254

LKAB strike, 256 , 257 n, 263

LO (Landsorganisation), 255 , 257 n, 258 -59, 261 , 265 , 266

Local chapters: IAQC, 190 , 192 -93, 207 -8, 218 , 231 , 242 , 298 , 304 ;

JUSE QC Circle Center, 282 -85, 292 -95, 302 -3

"Local invention," 116 -24. See also Adaptation

"Local knowledge," 117 , 123 , 125 . See also Know-how

Lockheed, 119 n, 135 , 187 -88, 189 , 214

Loose-coupling model, of decision making, 35 -40, 49 , 110 , 131 , 207 . See also "Garbage can" model

Lundine, Stanley N., 137

Lynn, Leonard, 306

M

McGregor, Douglas, 89 , 95 , 219

Machinery industry, 56 , 57

McKeown, Timothy, 306

Macro analysis, 14 , 15

Macropolitics, 40 -41. See also National infrastructures

Management: American, 22 , 27 , 54 , 71 -78, 80 , 81 -86, 95 , 100 -104, 111 -17 passim, 135 -36, 142 , 149 -50, 169 , 181 , 202 , 209 , 218 -19, 248 -49, 250 , 296 , 298 , 299 , 304 ;

and ASQC, 169 ;

behavioral science model of, 94 -95, 103 , 277 ;

decision making by, 36 , 37 -38, 79 ;

and IAQC, 181 , 186 , 202 , 209 , 218 -19, 248 -49, 250 , 299 ;

Japanese, 20 -21, 23 , 24 , 27 -28, 30 , 50 -51, 54 , 55 -61, 70 , 80 , 86 , 111 -12, 121 , 132 , 272 , 276 -77, 280 , 291 , 296 ;

and JUSE, 280 , 291 ;

middle, 38 , 142 , 157 ;

motivations of, to innovate, 50 -51, 54 -61, 66 -67, 79 -86;

and national infrastructures, 132 , 135 -36, 142 , 149 -50;

scientific, 23 , 103 , 267 ;

Swedish, 24 , 54 , 61 -71, 80 , 92 , 93 -94, 251 , 255 -62, 267 , 296 ;

top, 38 , 70 -71, 122 , 142 , 157 , 169 , 174 , 179 , 218 -19, 248 -49, 250 , 276 -77, 280 , 296 , 297 -98, 299 , 304 . See also Labor-management consultation system; Labor-management cooperation

Manufacturing, 30 , 52 ;

flexible, 4 ;

IAQC membership from, 185 ;

in Japan, 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 86 , 185 , 277 , 281 , 293 ;

overseas, 63 ;

in Sweden, 62 , 63 , 68 ;

turnover rates in, 53 ;

in U.S., 74 -75, 104 , 185 , 281 -82. See also names of individual industries

March, James, 37 n, 39 , 81 n

Martin, Andrew, 257 n

Martin Company, 96

Martin Marietta, 82 -83, 84 , 159

Maslow, Abraham, 89 , 95

Mazda, 115

Media coverage, of Swedish strikes, 256 . See also titles of individual publications

Meetings, 12

Membership: IAQC, 183 -87, 207 , 218 , 228 , 242 ;

SAF, 252

Metal-manufacturing industries, 56 , 62 . See also Steel industry

Michoud Division, Martin Marietta, 82 -83, 84

Micro analysis, 14 -15

Microeconomics, 40 -48, 307

Microelectronics, 4

Migrant labor, 58 ;

in Japan, 56 ;

in Sweden, 62 -63, 66 , 68 -69

Mills, Charles, 163 , 164 , 179

Mills, Edwin ("Ted"), 141 -42, 145

Mining industries, 63 , 68 , 90 , 135 , 136 , 141 , 256

Misumi, Juji, 95 -96

MIT International Automobile Program, 124

Miyamoto, Matao, 47

Modern Economic Growth (Kuznets), 105 -6

Mohrman, Susan, 239

Morale, worker, 22

Morris, Rosemary, 216 , 244

Morton-Thiokol, 84

Motivation: bandwagon effect in, 79 -88, 108 ;

domino effect in, 87 , 88 , 108 ;

for innovation, 48 , 49 , 50 -88;

job, 22 , 24 ;

volunteer, 162

Motorola, 26

"Mutual growth forums," 115

N

Namiki, Nobuaki, 110

NASA, 81 -84, 85 -86

National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 148 -49

National business leadership, 15 ;

Japanese, 272 , 273 , 276 ;

Swedish, 64 ;

American 135 -36, 148 -49, 276 . See also Employers, association of

National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life, U.S., 134

National Commission on Productivity, U.S., 134 -36, 141 , 143

National comparisons, 6 -8, 17 . See also Culture; Japan;Sweden; United States

National economy, 15 ;

domestic competi-

National economy (continued )

tion in, 80 , 84 ;

internationalization in, 26 , 59 , 66 , 102 , 103 ;

Japanese, 56 , 58 ;

Swedish, 68 -69;

American, 122 , 134

National government: in Sweden, 32 , 251 , 255 , 263 n;

in U.S., 134 -38. See also names of individual agencies

National infrastructures, 14 -15, 40 -41, 47 -48, 132 , 297 ;

American, 133 -250, 296 , 297 -99, 305 (see also American Society for Quality Control; International Association of Quality Circles);

Japanese, 199 , 202 , 235 , 248 , 272 -96, 301 -3, 304 -5, 308 (see also Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers);

Swedish, 202 , 235 , 248 , 251 -71, 296 -308 passim (see also Swedish Employers' Confederation)

National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), U.S., 225 -26

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), U.S., 75 , 151 , 225

National Productivity Network, U.S., 148

National Quality Award, U.S., 115

NBC, 112 , 287

Neo-Marxism, 5

NETS (NASA Employee Teams), 82 -83

Neuman, Steve, 123

Newness, organizational liability of, 246 -50

New York Stock Exchange, 22 , 26

Nightclubs, small-group activities in, 30

Nikkeiren (Federation of Employers' Association), 272

Nippon Seiko, 290 -91

Nippon Steel, 12

Nissan, 111 , 123 , 287

Nixon, Richard M., 134 , 146 -47

NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board, U.S.

Noguchi Junji, 275 , 291

Nonprofit organization status, IAQC and, 247 -48

Norway, small-group activities in, 52 , 91 , 251 , 270

November, JUSE quality month, 279

O

Objectives, for small-group activities, 37 -38, 55 , 71 , 77 -78. See also Goals

OD Network, 241

OECD, 7 , 55 , 64

Office of Personnel Management, U.S., 137

Oil shock (1973), 56 , 58

Olsen, Johan, 37 n, 39

Opportunism, 41 , 48 ;

of companies using consultants, 46 n;

of consultants, 45 , 46 , 47 n, 182 ;

in national infrastructures, 47 n, 206

Organizational routine" assets, 41

Organizations: aging of, 172 -79, 195 , 246 -47;

newness liability of, 246 -50. See also Governance structures; National infrastructures

Ouchi, William, 42 n, 48 n, 112 , 302

P

Palm, Göran, 256

Pareto diagram, 278

Participant observation, 180 n-81n

Participation: in decisions about participation, 37 -38, 39 ;

in national infrastructures, 161 -62. See also Voluntarism; Worker participation

Participation rates, in small-group activities, 30 , 31

Participatory work structures: in Sweden, 80 , 255 -62, 263 -64;

in U.S., 134 , 135 ;

vs. small-group activities, 16 -17. See also Worker participation

Part-time workers, 58

Pascale, Richard, 112

"People-building," 77 -78

Perrow, Charles, 14 -15

Pershing missile, 96

Personnel Administration Council, in Sweden, 262 , 265 , 270 , 301

Personnel departments: American, 39 , 186 ;

Swedish, 262

Phillips, Lou, 136

Politics, 35 , 40 -41, 49 ;

in Japan, 17 ;

in Sweden, 17 , 65 , 66 , 251 -64 passim;

in U.S., 17 , 136 , 149 . See also National government

Pollution, in Japan, 57 , 59

Pooling of corporate resources, 44 , 47 -48, 305 -8;

in Japan, 305 -7;

in Sweden, 254 , 271 , 305 -7;

U.S. national infrastructures and, 23 , 149 -50, 157 , 162 -63, 202 , 212 , 250

Populism: in IAQC, 229 , 230 ;

in Sweden, 131 , 144

"Postindustrial ethos," 65

Power, and spread of small-group activities, 87 , 131

Pragmatism, and borrowing, 113 -16

Price Commission, 141 , 145

Proctor & Gamble, 253

Production departments, in U.S., 186

Production groups, in Sweden, 93

"Productivity Forum," Work in America Institute, 144

Productivity improvement, 93 -94, 104 , 112 ;

and bandwagon effect, 79 , 82 , 86 ;

management motivation for, 55 , 58 , 59 -61, 71 , 75 -78;

national infrastructures and, 134 , 145 -49, 266 -67

Productivity Improvement and Quality Enhancement Program (PIQE), 82

Professional associations, 156 -57, 173 , 177 , 213 , 300 , 302

Professionalism: ASQC and, 155 -56, 157 , 168 n, 173 -74, 177 , 179 , 298 , 303 ;

IAQC and, 189 -90, 196 , 198 , 201 , 212 -13, 246 , 248

"Psychosocial job design criteria," in Sweden, 92

PTK, 259 , 265

Public Agenda Foundation, 32

Public relations, company, 31 , 80

Public sector, in Sweden, 262 -65. See also National government

Q

QC Circle Center, JUSE, 275 , 276 , 279 , 281 , 282 -95

QC sakuru koryo (General principles of the QC circle),114 , 279

QMTC. See Quality motivation technical committee, ASQC

Quality assurance, in U.S., 39 , 178 , 186

Quality Circle Quarterly , 188 -89, 191 , 193 , 200 n, 247

Quality circles, 19 , 20 , 118 ;

as term, 119 , 193 ;

in U.S., 3 , 18 , 19 , 26 -27, 75 , 81 , 82 -84, 101 , 111 -24 passim, 135 , 153 , 159 -218 passim, 225 -50 passim, 279 , 305See also Quality-control circles

"Quality Circles after the Fad" (Lawler and Mohrman), 239

Quality Circles Journal , 200 -201, 213 , 242

Quality control, vs. quality assurance, 178

Quality Control (QC) Circle Center, JUSE, 275 , 276 , 279 , 281 , 282 -95

Quality-control (QC) circles, 18 -19, 20 , 79 -80, 153 ;

in Japan, 18 -19, 28 , 29 , 30 , 50 , 57 , 59 -61, 80 , 86 , 96 -98, 100 , 112 -22 passim, 165 , 169 , 175 , 185 , 239 , 272 -95 passim, 302 , 303 ;

as term, 18 , 28 , 118 -19;

U.S. national infrastructures and, 163 -79, 207

Quality improvement, 93 -94, 112 , 119 ;

and bandwagon effect, 79 , 81 , 82 , 86 ;

Japanese national infrastructures and, 276 -79, 302 ;

management motivation for, 55 , 58 , 59 -61, 71 , 73 , 75 -78;

U.S. national infrastructures and, 153 -60 passim, 169 , 175 , 178 , 179 , 234

Quality motivation technical committee (QMTC), ASQC, 158 -61, 164 , 168 , 176 , 180 n

Quality of working life (QWL), 5 , 25 , 54 -55;

in Sweden, 31 ;

in U.S., 22 , 26 , 27 , 73 -74, 85 -86, 119 , 134 -48 passim, 160 , 164 , 166 , 167 , 226

Quality of Work Program, University of Michigan, 134 , 136 , 139 -40, 141

Quality professionals , 175 n

Quality Progress , 170 , 171

Quarrying industries, 63 , 68

QWL. See Quality of working life

R

Rationality, bounded, 41 , 48

Rational Manager (Kepner and Tregoe), 100 -101

Rational model, of decision making, 36 , 51 , 79 , 83 -84

Reagan, Ronald, 115 , 137 , 151

Recessions: in Japan, 58 ;

in U.S., 112

Recruiting, facilitating, 55

Regional branches, JUSE QC Circle Center, 282 , 292

Regional directors, IAQC, 228 -30

Registration, QC circle, 28 , 57 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 199 , 279 -82

Reliability Engineering Society, 164

Religious leaders, view of small-group activities by, 5

Research: Ford Foundation, 139 -41, 143 , 253 ;

in Sweden, 255 , 257 -58, 262

Resources, 107 , 108 , 109 , 116 -17, 123 , 125 . See also Pooling of corporate resources

Restaurants, small-group activities in, 30

Retail trades, small-group activities in, 30

ReVelle, Jack, 240

Revenue: IAQC, 184 -85, 189 , 192 , 197 , 201 , 203 , 205 -6, 213 , 218 , 221 , 231 , 239 ;

JUSE QC Circle Center, 285 , 286

Rhenman, Eric, 91

Rieker, Wayne, 119 n, 187 -88, 192 , 194 , 214

Riley, Fred, 202 , 205 , 218

Rockwell International, 84

Rosow, Jerome, 134 , 143 , 144

Runyan, Marvin, 111

Rushton mine experiment, 135 , 141

S

Saab, 8 n, 80 , 110 , 266 -67

Saab-Scania, 64 , 266 -67

SAF. See Swedish Employers' Confederation

Sahal, Devendra, 117

Salaries, IAQC member, 186

Sandberg, Thomas, 51 -52, 252 n

Sanwa Bank, 122

Satisfaction, job, 22 , 25 , 51 , 77 , 107

"Satisficing," 108

Savoie, Ernest, 74

Scandinavian Airlines Systems, 261

Scanlon, Joe, 112

Scanlon Plan, 112 -13

Schmitter, Philippe, 306 -7

Scholars, role of, 99 -100

Schools, Japanese, 13 . See also Educational levels

Scientific management, 23 , 103 , 267

Search, for ideas, 48 , 88 -114 passim

Secular humanitarianism, 5

Self-actualization, 5 , 54 -55

Self-management, in Japan, 273

Self-managing teams, 18 ;

in Sweden, 19 -20, 254 ;

in U.S., 3 , 25 , 27 , 99 , 237 , 240 . See also Autonomous work teams; Semi-autonomous work groups

Semi-autonomous work groups, 19 -20;

in Sweden, 18 , 24 , 80 , 99 , 259 . See also Self-managing teams; Autonomous work teams

"Serial equity," 302

Service sector, small-group activities in, 30 , 293

Sethi, Prakash, 110

Shewhart, Walter, 154

Shiba Shoji, 21 -22, 282 , 292 -93

Shimada Haruo, 12

Shultz, George, 134

Sick pay benefits, in Sweden, 63 , 69

Simon, Herbert, 54 n, 108

Small-group activities, 16 -33;

comparative strategy in studying, 6 -8;

defined, 3 , 18 ;

importance of, 4 -6;

microeconomics of decision making about, 40 -48;

vs. participatory work structures, 16 -27. See also Quality circles; Self-managing teams

Social democratic system, Swedish, 17

Social Democrats, Swedish, 32 , 251 , 255 -56, 260 , 261 , 263 , 264

Social movements, 47 -48, 132 -32, 150 ;

in Japan, 23 -24, 132 , 278 -79, 288 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 294 , 303 , 304 -5

Social technology, 107 -27. See also Small-group activities; Sociotechnical systems

Society for Non-Destructive Testing, 164

Sociotechnical systems, 99 -100;

Swedish, 65 , 77 , 90 -92, 99 , 253 , 263 , 266 , 267

Sony, 80

Sony Revitalizes Its Employees (Kobayashi), 59

Southeast Asia, 58

Sperry, 216

Sports metaphors, of teamwork, 11 -12

Standard Industrial Classification Category (SIC), 185

Steel industry, 56 , 57 , 62 , 106 -7, 273

Steel Industry Association, in Japan, 273

Stereotypes, cultural, 9 -13

Stinchcombe, Arthur, 173

Strender, Börje, 252 , 254 , 255

Strikes, in Sweden, 256 , 257 n, 263

"Structural causes," 51 -55

Success, measurement of, 14

"Successful spreading," of small-group activities, 40

Suntory, 80

Svensson, Roger, 266 -67

Swanson, Carl, 110

Sweden, Swedish, 8 , 16 -24 passim, 30 -33, 52 , 89 -94, 99 , 100 , 107 , 131 , 132 ;

absenteeism in, 53 , 55 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 69 -70;

American cultural obstacles with, 109 -10;

American ideas in, 114 , 268 ;

Americans borrowing from, 134 ;

Americans compared with, 13 -14, 24 , 52 , 69 -78 passim, 102 -3, 104 , 109 , 114 -15, 202 , 235 , 248 , 253 , 265 -71 passim, 300 , 301 , 305 -8;

cultural obstacles in, 110 -11;

Japanese compared with, 24 , 31 , 33 , 52 , 58 -70 passim, 78 , 98 , 272 , 277 , 280 , 291 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 302 , 303 , 305 -8;

management motivation for innovation in, 54 , 61 -71, 80 ;

national infrastructures in, 202 , 235 , 248 , 251 -71, 296 -308 (see also Swedish Employers' Confederation);

semi-autonomous work groups in, 18 , 19 -20, 24 , 30 -31, 80 , 92 , 93 , 99 , 251 , 254 , 257 , 259 (see also Autonomous work teams; Self-managing teams);

and Tavistock researchers, 89 -91, 98 , 118 , 267 ;

turnover rates in, 53 , 55 , 61 -70 Pas-sire, 78 ;

unions in, 91 , 94 , 111 , 151 , 251 , 255 -62, 263 , 264 , 268 , 301

Swedish Council for Personnel Administration, 262 , 270 , 275 , 301

Swedish Employers' Confederation (SAF), 65 -66, 91 , 93 , 94 , 252 -59 passim, 264 -72 passim, 299 -301;

and JUSE. 280 , 294 , 302 ;

Technical Department of, 31 , 91 , 93 , 252 -70 passim, 280 , 294 , 299 -300, 301 , 302

Swedish Management Group, 254 -55, 262 , 269 , 301

Swedish Quality Circle Federation, 300

Sweeney, Kevin, 142

T

Takenaka Komuten, 80

Takezawa Shin'ichi, 103 -4

Tallon, Robert, 234 -35

Tarkenton, Fran, 12

Tavistock Institute, England, 89 -91, 98 , 118 , 135 , 267

Taylor, Frederick, 23 , 268

TCO (Central Organization of Salaried Employees), 255 , 257 n, 258 , 261 , 265 , 267

Technical contributions, of QC circle members, 165

Technique, of conducting small-group activities, 38 -39, 106 . See also Sociotechnical systems

Technology: international orientation on development of, 103 ;

social, 107 -27 (see also Small-group activities; Sociotechnical systems);

transfer of, 101 , 105 -27 passim. See also T echnique, of conducting small-group activities

"Theory X" managers, 219

Theory Z (Ouchi), 112

Thorsrud, Einar, 22 -23, 80 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 103

Time , 187

Timing, in "garbage can"/loose-coupling model, 110 , 170 , 207

Tokugawa period (1603-1867)_,9 -10

Tornatzky, Louis, 37

"Total participation," 114

Total quality control (TQC), 97 , 98 , 118 -19

Toyota, 12 , 80 , 86 , 114 , 287

Trade associations, Japanese, 47 , 273 , 276 . See also Unions

Training: American Center for Quality of Working Life, 142 ;

ASQC, 160 , 165 ;

departments, in U.S. firms, 39 ;

IAQC and, 189 , 192 , 196 -97, 198 , 204 -26 passim, 233 , 235 ;

JUSE, 13 , 278 , 303 ;

NASA contractors', 82 -83, 84 ;

SAF, 253 ;

U.S. materials for, 13 , 214 -15;

Work in America Institute, 144

Transaction costs, 41 -43, 87 , 131 , 294 , 306 -7, 308

Transmission, of ideas, 48 , 88 -105 passim, See also Borrowing, cross-national

Tregoe, Benjamin, 100 -101, 102

Trist, Eric, 103 , 135

Turnover rates, 53 , 79 ;

in Japan, 53 , 55 ;

in Sweden, 53 , 55 , 61 -70 passim, 78 ;

in U.S., 53 , 71 -72, 73

U

UAW, 73 -74, 110

Ueda Toshio, 21

Umbrella organization, IAQC as, 235 , 236

Uncertainty, in innovative activity, 37 -38, 39

Unemployment insurance, in Sweden, 63

Unemployment rates: in Sweden, 69 ;

in U.S., 71

Unions, 48 , 65 ;

in Japan, 121 , 151 ;

in Norway, 91 ;

in Sweden, 91 , 94 , 111 , 151 , 251 , 255 -62, 263 , 264 , 268 , 301 ;

in U.S., 6 , 73 -74, 104 , 110 , 125 , 121 , 135 -36, 141 -51 passim, 187 , 225 -27, 249 . See also Labor-management cooperation

United States, 8 -32 passim, 43 , 64 , 101 , 131 -51;

absenteeism in, 53 , 71 , 73 ;

adaptation in, 116 -24, 126 , 189 ;

bandwagon effect in, 81 , 82 -84, 85 -86;

borrowing by firms in, 100 , 108 , 112 -13, 115 , 134 , 181 , 189 , 282 ;

consultants in, 44 -46, 150 , 270 , 294 , 303 ;

cultural stereotypes of, 9 , 10 , 11 -12;

culture as obstacle in, 105 , 109 -10, 112 -13, 115 -16, 117 ;

decision making in firms in, 39 -40, 44 -46, 100 -104, 305 ;

Japan compared with, 8 , 13 -14, 22 , 24 , 30 , 52 , 72 -78 passim, 102 -4, 109 , 114 -24 passim, 202 , 235 , 248 , 276 -84 passim, 291 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 303 , 305 -8;

Japanese borrowing from, 94 -104 passim, 113 -14, 125 , 126 ;

Japanese firms in, 112 -12, 123 -24;

management motivation for innovation in, 54 , 71 -78, 80 , 81 -86;

national infrastructures in, 133 -250, 296 , 297 -99, 305 (see also American Society for Quality Control; International Association of Quality Circles);

quality circles in, 3 , 18 , 19 , 26 -27, 75 , 81 , 82 -84, 101 , 111 -24 passim, 135 , 153 , 159 -218 passim, 225 -50 passim, 279 , 305 ;

scholars' roles in, 99 -100;

self-managing teams in, 3 , 25 , 27 , 99 , 237 , 240 ;

Sweden compared with, 13 -14, 24 , 52 , 69 -78 passim, 102 -3, 104 , 109 , 114 -15, 202 , 235 , 248 , 253 , 265 -71 passim, 300 , 301 , 305 -8;

Swedish ideas from, 114 , 268 ;

turnover rates in, 53 , 71 -72, 73 ;

unions in, 6 , 73 -74, 104 , 110 , 115 , 121 , 135 -36, 141 -51 passim, 187 , 225 -27, 249 ;

women in labor force of, 62 , 73

University engineering courses, in Sweden, 266

University of California, Los Angeles, Center for the Quality of Working Life, 134 , 143

University of Cincinnati, Institute for Policy Research, 242

University of Michigan, 99 -100;

Institute of Social Research, 141 ;

Quality of Work Program, 134 , 136 , 139 -40, 141

URAF, 255 -58, 260 , 261 -62, 265 , 280 , 301

Utilities, small-group activities in, 30

V

Value engineering, 100

Veblen, Thorstein, 125 -26

Vernon, Raymond, 106

Voluntarism, 16 , 119 -22, 123 ;

ASQC, 161 , 162 , 165 , 168 , 170 , 298 ;

IAQC, 194 -210 passim, 231 , 242 , 243 , 250 , 299 ;

JUSE and, 120 , 276 , 302 ;

SAF and, 269 , 300

Volvo Corporation, 8 n, 31 , 55 , 64 -65, 80 , 91 -92, 94 ;

and employee absenteeism, 55 , 70 ;

foreign labor of, 68 ;

Kalmar plant, 31 , 70 ;

national infrastructures and, 254 , 267 ;

overseas subsidiaries of, 63 ;

Torslanda plant, 68 ;

turnover of employees of, 55 , 68 ;

Tuve truck plant, 254 ;

Uddevalla plant, 267 ;

U.S. cultural obstacles with, 110

W

"Wage earners' fund," in Sweden, 32 , 261

Wall Street Journal , 187

Weick, Karl, 10

Western Electric, 154

Westinghouse, 80 , 82 , 216

Whiting, Basil, 135 , 140

Wholesale trades, small-group activities in, 30

Williamson, Oliver, 41 , 42 n, 87 , 307

Women: in agricultural sector, 58 ;

in American labor force, 62 , 73 ;

IAQC members, 186 ;

in Japanese labor force, 58 , 62 , 287 ;

in part-time work, 58 ;

in Swedish labor force, 62 , 63

Work Environment Fund, in Sweden, 264 -65, 301

Worker participation, 16 -20, 21 -24, 25 -26, 119 -20, 226 ;

direct, 16 -17, 18 , 30 ;

formal, 16 , 17 ;

indirect, 21 ;

informal, 16 , 17 , 32 ;

representative, 16 , 17 , 21 , 22 -23 (see also Democratization). See also Co-determination; Employee-involvement activities; Voluntarism

Work in America (HEW Special Task Force), 72

Work in America Institute, 133 n, 134 , 136 , 143 -44

Working Life Research Centre, 264

Works councils, in Sweden, 256 , 260

Workshop and QC (JUSE), 97

World War II, 102

X

Xerox, 115

Y

Yager, Ed, 189

Yamazaki, Hiroaki, 47

Yugoslavia, 16 ;

Swedish workers from, 63 , 68

Z

Zander, Alvin, 95

Zero-defect (ZD) program, 28 , 96 , 159 -60, 164 , 175 , 273

Zetterberg, Hans, 99