BIBLIOGRAPHY

I have tried to include here the most significant, the most informative, the most accessible, and the most readable works bearing on the issues taken up in this book. That these issues are all of relatively recent origin is borne out by the fact that all but four of the works listed have been published since 1983. All but one are books, and only a handful are cited in the text. For those who want to learn more, some browsing in this list will thus be well rewarded.

Abrahamson, Dean Edwin (ed.). The Challenge of Global Warming. Washington , D.C.: Island Press, 1989.

Twenty-one chapters by different authors cover a range of issues, from the physical climate system, to biology, to international policy and global security. The caliber of the chapters is generally high, and this is a good single-volume summary of the issue of climate change due to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Abrahamson, Dean, and Peter Ciborowski (eds.). The Greenhouse Effect: Policy Implications of a Global Warming. Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 29-31, 1984. University of Minnesota: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, Publication No. CURA 88-8, 1988.

This volume stresses not the physical climate system, but possible policy strategies, ranging from alternative fuels to coping with rising sea level. A good introduction to the interface between global-change science and the world of socioeconomic and political realities.

Ahrens, C. Donald. Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment, Fifth Edition . Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1994.

A leading introductory college-level textbook on atmospheric science. This is a big book (almost 600 pages), crammed with facts and color illustra-

tions. It is exceptionally clearly written, and the science it reports is up to date and accurately described.

Ashford, Oliver M. Prophet or Professor? The Life and Work of Lewis Fry Richardson. Boston: Adam Hilger, Ltd., 1985.

A charming biography of Lewis Fry Richardson, a pioneer in computer simulations of the atmosphere. Today's global-climate models arc a vindication of Richardson's vision, developed during World War I. The author, a meteorologist, was a close friend of Richardson.

Bailing, Robert C., Jr. The Heated Debate: Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality . California: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1992.

The "consensus" among scientists concerning climate change and the greenhouse effect is not unanimous. This book includes ideas of several greenhouse skeptics who do not avoid provocative statements and debatable issues. Many experts strongly disagree with some of the opinions expressed in this book. Scientific truth emerges when conflicting theories and interpretations compete openly and can be evaluated objectively against the reality of observations. This book is contrarian and controversial, but alternative viewpoints deserve a fair examination.

Bohren, Craig F. Clouds in a Glass of Beer: Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics . New York: Wiley, 1987.

Teachers especially will enjoy this delightful book, which describes practical classroom demonstrations and laboratory experiments that illuminate a broad range of atmospheric phenomena. The author, a meteorology professor at Pennsylvania State University, is a gifted teacher whose enthusiasm for his subject shows on every page. Not to be missed.

Bolin, Bert, Bo R. Döös, Jill J ger, and Richard A. Warrick (eds.). SCOPE 29, The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems . Chichester, England: Wiley, 1986.

SCOPE stands for Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, an international organization, and this book summarizes the state of the subject as presented in a conference in 1985. The topics are familiar: greenhouse gases, models and observational studies of climate, the effects on ecosystems and agriculture. Most of the chapters are written by leading authorities.

Broecker, Wallace S. How to Build a Habitable Planet . Palisades, N.Y.: Eldigio Press, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 1985.

An iconoclastic textbook by a world-famous geochemist, this undergraduate text traces "the development of the Earth from its roots in the Big Bang to its future in man's hands." The scope of Broecker's erudition is impressive. A valuable and profoundly original book.

Brooks, C. E. P. Climate Through the Ages . New York: Dover Publications, 1970.

A true classic. This is a reprint of a 1926 textbook, revised in 1949. One of many good reasons for studying this and other "obsolete" texts is to remind ourselves of the fallibility, and changeability of science. In this book, for example, the notion of continental drift is treated as a theory

that is unlikely to deserve acceptance. In addition to promoting humility in scientists, this classic text is still full of valuable information and is a model of clear writing.

Brown, Lester R., et al. State of the World . New York: W. W. Norton, 1984-94.

This annual report from the team of the Worldwatch Institute is must reading for those who monitor and teach the state of the planet. It is not necessary to share all the environmental viewpoints of the authors to appreciate their valuable scholarship and up-to-date data.

Brown, Lester R., Christopher Flavin, and Sandra Postel. Saving the Planet . New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.

A highly readable introduction to the complex task of achieving a sustainable global economy. Topics range from energy policy to population stabilization to "green" taxes.

Brown, Lester R., Hal Kane, and David Malin Roodman. Vital Signs. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992-94.

An annual compilation of current facts and figures on trends in everything from food production to energy usage to population increase. An invaluable data source for a myriad of indicators of planetary health.

Cagin, Seth, and Philip Dray. Between Earth and Sky: How CFCs Changed Our World and Endangered the Ozone Layer . New York: Pantheon Books, 1993.

This big book (430 pages) is a major achievement in contemporary Earth science history. It tells the story of CFCs and ozone depletion in rich but readable detail. The authors talked at length with virtually every major scientist involved in the topic, as well as with industrialists, environmentalists, and many others. Their book is completely nontechnical, but extensive notes allow the interested reader to substantiate virtually every statement in it.

Cleveland, Harlan. The Global Commons: Policy for the Planet. Lanham , Md.: The Aspen Institute and University Press of America, Inc., 1990.

This short and eloquent monograph by a modern scientific statesman is a jewel: thought-provoking and unsettling. Must reading for planetary policy-makers, this book begins with a quote by E. B. White, "I own one share of the corporate Earth, and I am uneasy about the management."

Ehrlich, Paul, and Anne Ehrlich. The Population Explosion . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.

The population of the Earth was 3.5 billion people in 1968, when Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb was published. In the following quarter-century, world population increased by some 2 billion. This powerful book chronicles the explosive growth of humanity and its implications for our common future.

Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. Healing the Planet . Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

In this companion volume to The Population Explosion, the Ehrlichs explain how too many people using inappropriate technology contribute to environmental degradation. The chief topics include energy, global warm-

ing, ozone loss, and pollution and abuse of water and land. Extensive references to the primary scientific literature make this book especially valuable to readers who wish to explore these subjects more deeply by consulting original papers.

Ehrlich, Paul R., Anne H. Ehrlich, and John P. Holdren. Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment . San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1977.

With more than 1,000 pages, this wide-ranging and clearly written textbook is a vast mine of information.

Firor, John. The Changing Atmosphere . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990.

A superbly readable introduction to global-change issues by a scientist with a broad understanding of both the underlying research and the policy implications. A special virtue of this book is its evenhanded treatment of complex scientific issues. Firor provides a good overview of current understanding, together with many references to the scientific literature for those who wish to dig deeper.

Gore, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.

Long before he became a candidate for vice president of the United States, Senator Gore was deeply interested in environmental issues and was one of the most active environmentalists in Congress. A former journalist, Gore required no ghost writer; he is responsible for this book himself. Not everyone will agree with all of Gore's conclusions and prescriptions for the planet, but we can all recognize the achievement represented by this book: a prominent American politician has produced a serious and readable treatise on the global environment.

Graedel, T. J., and Paul I. Crutzen. Atmospheric Change: An Earth System Perspective . New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993.

An excellent college textbook on Earth system science, with strong emphasis on environmental chemistry. This book is authoritative, clearly written, and copiously illustrated. The reader is assumed to have studied introductory college-level mathematics, physics, and chemistry, but a determined high-school graduate will find nearly all of the book comprehensible.

Gribbin, John (ed.). Climatic Change . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

A valuable collection of articles by a broad range of scientists, although badly out of date.

Gribbin, John (ed.). The Breathing Planet . New York: Basil Blackwell & New Scientist, 1986.

A collection of 46 short papers from the journal New Scientist. Especially valuable in tracing the evolution of controversies surrounding topics such as drought, ozone depletion, acid rain, and the greenhouse effect.

Harte, John. The Green Fuse: An Ecological Odyssey . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

A work of literature as well as of science. Harte is a fine scientist and an ecological visionary. This book is a personal pilgrimage and a voyage of

discovery through the linked worlds of the physical climate system and the even more complex universe of living things.

Houghton, John. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing . Oxford: Lion Publishing, 1994.

The best one-volume treatment of the science of climate change due to an increase in the greenhouse effect. Houghton draws heavily on the results of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. A leading figure in international meteorological circles, Houghton formerly headed the United Kingdom Meteorological Office and played a major role in compiling the IPCC scientific assessments. This book is readable, up to date, and authoritative, with extensive references to the research literature. Both scientists and nonscientists can learn from it. The viewpoint adopted is that of the mainstream scientific consensus, although the author is careful to cite examples of some representative dissenting opinions.

Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums (eds.). Climate Change. The IPCC Scientific Assessment. World Meteorological Organization/ United Nations Environment Program, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

The famous "IPCC Report." Crammed with tables, charts, and maps, this is a one-volume definitive summary of mainstream climate science. It is surprisingly readable as well as comprehensive and authoritative. The results of global climate models are summarized succinctly in this report. Never forget, however, that global climate models are imperfect and may be misleading in important respects. Not all scientists subscribe to the "consensus" outlined in this report.

Houghton, J. T., B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney (eds). Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment , World Meteorological Organization/United Nations Environment Program, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

This update of the original IPCC Report does not change the main conclusions of the earlier volume. Nevertheless, at 200 pages, the 1992 "Supplementary Report" is more than half the length of the original, and that fact alone is eloquent testimony to the pace of research in this field.

Kondrat'ev, K. Ya. Changes in Global Climate . Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat Publishers, 1980; published in English by Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1984.

Although Western scientists are often poorly informed about developments in the former Soviet Union, the reverse is not true. This book, one of many by Kondrat'ev, is an overview of climate and radiation problems, surveying both the Russian literature and (mainly) contributions from the West.

Koopowitz, Harold, and Hilary Kaye. Plant Extinction: A Global Crisis . Washington, D.C.: Stone Wall Press, 1983.

An extremely readable summary of the threatened loss of many plant species, this book describes many examples of this aspect of biodiversity. A

collaboration between a biologist and a journalist, this is a fascinating work.

Leggett, Jeremy (ed.). Global Warming: The Greenpeace Report . New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

This collection of 19 articles emphasizes policy responses. Some, but not all, of the authors support the Greenpeace position that governments can and should do much more to deal with "the greenhouse threat."

Levine, Joel S. (ed.). Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991.

The proceedings of a 1990 conference, this big book contains 63 serious scientific papers and is not for the faint of heart. It is the best one-volume treatment of this subject. Biomass in this context means forests, grasslands, and agricultural fields after harvesting. Biomass burning not only produces carbon dioxide, thus potentially affecting climate, but also has many other implications for planetary ecology.

Lorenz, Edward N. The Essence of Chaos . Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.

The fact that the atmosphere has a finite predictability, is what limits the maximum range of weather forecasts. This phenomenon, due to sensitive dependence on the initial state, is an example of chaos. Lorenz is arguably the world's most eminent dynamic meteorologist, the discoverer of chaos, and the father of modern predictability theory. This book traces not only the scientific aspects of the topic, but the historical development of it as well. Most of the book is nonmathematical and readily accessible for the general reader.

Lyman, Francesca, et al. The Greenhouse Trap . Boston: Beacon Press, 1990. A World Resources Institute product, this short book by a journalist is an extremely readable overview of the greenhouse climate issue. It includes suggestions for how governments and individuals can help. No scientific background is assumed.

MacCracken, Michael C., et al. (eds.). Prospects for Future Climate. A Special US/USSR Report on Climate and Climate Change . Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, 1990.

At their summit meeting in December 1987, a call for an assessment of current understanding in climate was made by Presidents Reagan and Gorbachev. This book is the result. Scientifically up to date, with an extensive bibliography, it covers much of the same ground as the IPCC Report, but is a good deal more readable and less detailed.

Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (ed.). Preserving the Global Environment : The Challenge of Shared Leadership. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.

A collection of ten papers by an international array of authors, assessing global environmental trends and their policy implications.

Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, and Jorgen Randers. Beyond the Limits . Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green Publishing Co., 1992.

This sobering book is a sequel to The Limits to Growth, which sold nine million copies in 29 languages some 20 years earlier. Using computer-

modeling techniques, the authors advocate a decrease in consumption and population so as to reach a sustainable society. Though this type of computer modeling may still be in its infancy, the results of the simulation are extremely thought-provoking.

Moran, Joseph M., and Michael D. Morgan. Meteorology: The Atmosphere and the Science of Weather, Fourth Edition . New York: Macmillan College Publishing Co., 1994.

The latest version of a standard text, this substantial book (over 500 pages) is aimed at college students who are not science majors. It is somewhat less technical than the book by Ahrens, but covers much of the same material.

Oppenheimer, Michael, and Robert H. Boyle. Dead Heat: The Race Against the Greenhouse Effect . New York: Basic Books, 1990.

Oppenheimer, a scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund, and Boyle, a writer, have collaborated to produce a very readable book on the science and politics of global change. The style of this book is breezy and journalistic, but it is full of valuable information. It is easy reading, with no technical background assumed. One need not agree with all the conclusions of the book to benefit from reading it.

Reisner, Mark. Cadillac Desert . New York: Viking, 1986.

The story of water and the American West, researched in detail and told with passion. A powerful achievement of investigative journalism, this book will make you understand why "water flows uphill, toward money."

Roberts, Walter Orr, and Henry Lansford. The Climate Mandate . San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1979.

A successful collaboration between a scientist and a journalist. This very readable book is concerned with connections between climate variation, food production, and population growth. The book is nonmathematical and written for a general audience.

Rosen, Louis, and Robert Glasser (editors-in-chief). Climate Change and Energy Policy . Proceedings of the International Conference on Global Climate Change: Its Mitigation Through Improved Production and Use of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, October 21-24, 1991, Los Alamos, New Mexico. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1992.

This up-to-date volume is the proceedings of a conference held in October 1991 in Los Alamos. Experts from many countries explored connections between climate, energy technologies, and policy.

Sagan, Carl, and Richard Turco. A Path Where No Man Thought . New York: Random House, 1990.

Surely there is no more terrifying possibility of change on planet Earth than nuclear war. Even a "small" nuclear war, in addition to its own horrors, might well generate a sudden and severe climate change due to the smoke from many fires, which might block sunlight and lead to lower temperatures. This possibility is called "nuclear winter," and this is the best one-volume treatment of the subject, by two scientists whose research has done much to advance our understanding of it.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Randi Londer. The Coevolution of Climate and Life . San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1984.

Yet another collaboration between a scientist and a writer. Schneider is a climatologist with a marvelous flair for describing science to nonscientists. He is a prolific author and has done much to educate politicians and reporters about climate. For a scientist, he is an unusually eloquent public speaker and is especially adept at communicating via the mass media—he is What the French call mèdiatique. If you read only one of his books, make it this one.

Schotterer, Ulrich, and Peter Andermatt. Climate—Our Future? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.

Containing a few well-chosen words and many magnificent pictures, this book is a work of art. It is a translation into English of a work that first appeared in Switzerland, and is an attempt to convey the essentials of the 1990 IPCC Report to a wider audience. A true masterpiece of scientific communication. As the author remarks, "Images tell the story, figure captions enhance the essentials."

Scientific American (Special Issue). Managing Planet Earth . New York: Scientific American, Inc., September 1989.

This special issue contains 11 articles by noted authorities on topics relevant to global change. There are especially good articles on atmospheric chemistry, climate change, water, biodiversity, and population. A superb collection that merits careful study.

Scientific American (Special Issue). Energy for Planet Earth . New York: Scientific American, Inc., September 1990.

This collection of articles includes readable and authoritative accounts of the prospects of solar, nuclear, and fossil-fuel energy. Other articles cover particular segments of the energy picture, including the developing world, motor vehicles, and industry.

Senior, C. A., and J. F. B. Mitchell. "Carbon Dioxide and Climate: The Impact of Cloud Parameterization. " Journal of Climate, vol. 6 (3), 393-418, March 1993.

This is a technical publication, appearing in a specialized research journal, intended for scientists active in climate research, rather than a general audience. Nevertheless, the paper, destined to be a landmark, is well worth study by those interested in the details of climate modeling. Among many other important results, the paper establishes that the same model can produce different sensitivities to carbon dioxide, varying by a factor of three in terms of global average warming, depending on the treatment of clouds and their effects on radiation.

Silver, Cheryl Simon. One Earth, One Future . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990.

A primer of global-change science, based on the Forum on Global Change and Our Common Future held in 1989. Easily readable and nonmathematical.

Socolow, Robert H., C. Andrews, F. Berkhout, and V. Thomas. Industrial Ecology and Global Change . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

A fascinating and thought-provoking collection of papers by participants at a two-week summer institute held in Colorado in 1992. Industrial ecology is a new field seeking to analyze interactions between human activities and the environment. In particular, it views industrial design and manufacturing not as isolated processes, but as part of a system that includes the environment. Thus, for example, it seeks to optimize the manufacturing cycle, from raw material to product to waste disposal, taking effects on the environment into account. Participants came from several countries, and their expertise varied from economics to climate theory.

Stevens, Payson R, and Kevin W. Kelley. Embracing Earth . San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1992.

Simply the best collection of views of the Earth from space, combined with intelligent, sensitive, informed commentary. Visually stunning. If you think that science and art are incompatible, read this book. Astronaut and physicist Sally Ride said it all: "The view from overhead makes theory come alive."

Trenberth, Kevin E. (ed.). Climate System Modeling . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Twenty-three chapters totaling almost 800 pages, covering the field of climate modeling. This is a text by leading scientists, intended for graduate students, with the expectation that it will introduce people from one discipline to the several other disciplines that are important to climate. Topics include the atmosphere, the ocean, land surfaces, terrestrial ecosystems, atmospheric and marine chemistry, and the detailed structure of and re-suits from a wide variety of climate models. An authoritative and up-to-date survey of the subject.

Turco, Richard P. Earth under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change . New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

This book breaks new ground in integrating traditional topics of atmospheric science with the modem concerns of global change. The author, a distinguished UCLA professor, has all the credentials to attempt such a synthesis. From his own wide-ranging research experience, he has acquired a rare degree of interdisciplinary expertise, and he writes exceptionally clearly. This is a long-needed, authoritative, readable, up-to-date, one-volume global-change text.

Washington, Warren M., and Claire L. Parkinson. An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling . Mill Valley, Calif.: University Science Books, 1986.

A standard text on climate modeling, this book concentrates on the basics and, therefore, will not quickly become out of date. The book is especially strong on the mathematical foundation and computational techniques of climate modeling.

Weiner, Jonathan. The Next One Hundred Years . New York: Bantam Books, 1990.

A masterful account of global change by a gifted science writer, this book is especially good at painting the personalities of many of the scientists involved. It brings out clearly the interaction between science and politics. Of the recent books on global change for general audiences, this one is among the very best.

Wilson, Edward O. (ed.). The Diversity of Life . Cambridge, Mass.: Balkan Harvard, 1992.

Wilson is that rare combination: a superb scientist and a captivating writer (two Pulitzer Prizes). Highly recommended as a readable and authoritative account of the threat of loss of biodiversity due to human activities.

Wyman, Richard L. (ed.). Global Climate Change and Life on Earth . New York: Chapman and Hall, 1991.

The proceedings of a 1989 conference of the same title, this book contains 16 chapters, with emphasis on the effect of climate change on the world of living things and related policy alternatives. The individual chapters are brief but contain extensive references to the literature.