1. See Boaz Evron, “Holocaust: The Uses of Disaster,” Radical America 17 (no. 4, 1983):7–21; Tom Segev, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).

2. Israel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press and Information Division, “The Position of Jews in Egypt,” Nov. 8, 1948, enclosed in USNA RG 84 Cairo Embassy General Records (1948), 840.1.

3. Palestine Post, Nov. 14, 1948.

4. Max Isenburgh (AJC, Paris) to Dr. John Slawson (executive vice-president, AJC, New York) Oct. 1, 1948, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt, 1948–49.

5. Dr. Alfred Wiener, “Report on Conditions in Egypt,” Oct. 26, 1948, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt, 1948–49.

6. Joseph M. Levy to Dr. John Slawson, May 10, 1949, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt, 1948–49.

7. John Roy Carlson, “Pogrom Promoters of Egypt” (a report obtained by the AJC London office via the Wiener Library and forwarded to New York), Nov. 15, 1948, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt, 1948–49.

8. Ibid.

9. AJC, A Report on the Jewish Situation in Egypt (Jan. 1949), AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt, 1948–49.

10. “Meeting with Mr. Securel [i.e., Cicurel] of Cairo, Egypt,” Oct. 28, 1948, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Foreign Countries, Egypt, 1948–49. Among those present was AJC Executive Vice-President John Slawson.

11. S. Landshut, Jewish Communities in the Muslim Countries of the Middle East: A Survey (London: Jewish Chronicle Association, 1950), pp. 29, 40. The first quote is from AJC, A Report on the Jewish Situation in Egypt.

12. Jerusalem Post, Oct. 15, 1954, p. 1.

13. Ibid., Oct. 17, 1954, p. 1.

14. Among the credible accounts of the activities of former Nazis in Egypt are Reinhard Gehlen, The Service: The Memoirs of General Reinhard Gehlen (New York: World Publishing, 1972), p. 260; Burton Hersh, The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA (New York: Scribner's, 1992), pp. 331–32. They note the role of the CIA in supplying former Wehrmacht and SS officers to staff the Egyptian State Security Service but do not indicate that these officers operated in any policy-making capacity. See also the report of Don Peretz in note 63 of this chapter. Perhaps the Jerusalem Post referred to the “National Guard,” an auxiliary military unit with a function similar to that of the U.S. military units bearing the same name.

15. Manchester Guardian, Dec. 24, 1954, p. 1.

16. Herut, Dec. 12, 1954, p. 2.

17. Ibid., Dec. 22 1954, pp. 1, 2.

18. Davar, Dec. 12, 1954, p. 1.

19. Haim Sar-Avi, “Natzim germanim ‘omdim be-rosh ’mahlakah yehudit’be-memshelet mitzrayim. Hem biyemu mishpat ha-13 u-mekhinim mishpatim nosafim,” ibid., Dec.17, 1954, p. 1.

20. Ibid., Feb. 1, 1955, p. 1.

21. Nehemiah Robinson, “Persecution in Egypt” (New York, American Jewish Congress, Office of Jewish Information, Nov. 17, 1954), MHT D-61/151.6, 1.

22. ha-Aretz, Dec. 14, 1954, p. 1.

23. “Text of a Not for Attribution Background Talk by Ambassador Eban,” Feb. 1, 1955, AJC/FAD-1, Box 14, Espionage Trial, Egypt, 1954–60.

24. Hevesi to Slawson Feb. 7, 1955, ibid.

25. Jerusalem Post, Feb. 9, 1955, p. 1.

26. al-Jumhuriyya and al-Ahram, Sept. 3, 1954, p. 1.

27. “al-Qissa al-kamila li’l-shuyu‘iyya…fi misr,” al-Musawwar, Dec. 24, 1954, pp. 16 ff.

28. “al-Sahyuniyya allati lam tastati’ al-intihar…wa-la al-harb ila isra’il,” al-Musawwar, Oct. 29, 1954, p. 14.

29. al-Ahram, Dec. 12, 1954, p. 1.

30. Ibid., Dec. 14, 1954, p. 1.

31. Ibid., Dec. 11, 1954, p. 11, for the quote; ibid., Dec. 12, 13, 17, 1954, for the photographs.

32. “al-Sahyuniyya allati lam tastati’ al-intihar…wa-la al-harb ila isra’il,” ibid., p. 9.

33. Ibid., p. 16.

34. “Kayfa tutbukh isra’il ‘umala’aha fi misr,” al-Musawwar, Dec. 17, 1954, p. 22.

35. Ibid., p. 20.

36. Hasan Husayni, “Ma‘a jasus isra’il fi al-sijn,” al-Musawwar, Jan. 7, 1955, pp. 14 ff.

37. FO 371/108548/JE1571 (1954).

38. Michael M. Laskier, “A Document on Anglo-Jewry's Intervention on Behalf of Egyptian Jews on Trial for Espionage and Sabotage, December 1954,” Michael 10 (1986):143–53.

39. Caffery to State, Apr. 21, 1954, USNA RG 84 Cairo Embassy General Records (1954) Box 258, 350. 21. See also “Little Discrimination against Jews in Egypt,” Caffery to State, June 5, 1954, ibid., 570.1.

40. This assertion is based on my examination of the State Department central files and the post records from Cairo that were available in 1992 and 1995 (USNA RG 59 and RG 84). Using the Freedom of Information Act, Stephen Green obtained a perfunctory and incomplete preliminary report by Ambassador Caffery passing on information received from the Egyptian police. For a facsimile, see Stephen Green, Taking Sides: America's Secret Relations with a Militant Israel (New York: William Morrow, 1984), pp. 324–26.

41. Caffery to the secretary of state, Jan. 10, 1955, USNA RG 84 Cairo Embassy General Records (1955) Box 264, 400.1, “Israeli Spies in Egypt.”

42. Simon Segal to John Slawson, Jan. 17, 1955, enclosing Baldwin's memos to Segal from Cairo, especially Baldwin to Segal, Jan. 8, 1955, AJC/FAD-1, Box 14, Espionage Trial, Egypt, 1954–60.

43. International League for the Rights of Man, press release, Feb. 3, 1955, ibid.

44. London Observer, Dec. 26, 1954.

45. The New York Times, Jan. 28, 1955.

46. The New York Herald Tribune, Feb. 2, 1955.

47. Quoted in the Jerusalem Post, Dec. 24, 1954, p. 1.

48. Washington Post, Dec. 22, 1954; Simon Segal to John Slawson, Jan. 17, 1955, AJC/FAD-1, Box 14, Espionage Trial, Egypt, 1954–60.

49. Washington Star, Feb. 2, 1955.

50. Egypt, Ministry of Information, The Story of Zionist Espionage in Egypt, (Cairo: Ministry of Information [1955]) p. 3.

51. Ibid., p. 57.

52. AJC flyer, “Anti-Semitic Propaganda Distributed by Egyptian Embassy,” Apr. 4, 1955, AJC/FAD-1 Box 12, Egypt, 1950–55.

53. Jones to State, Jan. 31, 1955, USNA RG 84 Cairo Embassy General Records(1955) Box 264, 400.1.

54. Documents 105 and 106 in the appendix to Muhammad Hasanayn Haykal, Milaffat al-suways: harb al-thalathin sana (Cairo: al-Ahram, 1989), pp. 763–66. These are the only available official Egyptian documents relating to the case, so the conclusion based on them most be considered provisional.

55. Ali Rowghani, “The Portrayal of Nasser by the New York Times ” (unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Department of History, Mar. 1994).

56. As reported in the New York Times, Nov. 29, 1956.

57. “Statement on Situation of Egyptian Jewry Issued by International Conference of Representatives of Major Jewish Organizations,” Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York, Jan. 22, 1957, AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Egypt, 1956.

58. Press release, Jan. 15, 1957, AJC/FAD-1, Box 13, Jewish Agencies, B'nai B'rith.

59. Zachariah Shuster to Eugene Hevesi Feb. 13, 1957, ibid.

60. “The Plight of the Jews of Egypt: A Fact Sheet from the American Jewish Committee,” AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Egypt, 1957.

61. Nathaniel H. Goodrich to Edwin J. Lukas, Mar. 25, 1957, AJC/FAD-1, Box 13, AJC Fact Sheet, Egypt, 1957; Congressional Record, Mar. 21, 1957, p. 3676.

62. Don Peretz to John Slawson, July 1, 1957, AJC/FAD-1, Box 13, AJC Fact Sheet, Egypt, 1957.

63. Unsigned, untitled report, Aug. 1957, AJC/FAD-1 Box 12, Egypt, 1956; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 25, 1957.

64. Don Peretz, “Egyptian Jews Today” (New York, AJC, Committee on Israel, Jan. 1956), AJC/FAD-1, Box 12, Egypt, 1956.

65. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in Lewis S. Feuer (ed.), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1959), p. 320.

66. Tzenzura rashit le-‘itonut ve-radyo le-menahel mahleket ha-‘aliya, ha-sokhnut ha-yehudit, Jerusalem, Oct. 18, 1955, CZA S6/7241, “Mahleket ha-‘aliya-1953–55.”

67. Aviezer Golan, Operation Susannah (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), pp. 245–46; Robert Dassa, Be-hazarah le-kahir (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon, 1992), p. 69.

68. Dassa, Be-hazarah le-kahir, p. 69. This charge was first made in their 1975 television appearance, see below.

69. Hagai Eshed, “Mi natan et ha-hora’a? ‘ha-‘esek ha-bish,” parashat lavon, ve-hitpatrut ben-gurion (Jerusalem: ‘Edanim, 1979).

70. Eliyahu Hasin and Dan Hurvitz, ha-Parashah (Tel Aviv: ‘Am ha-Sefer: 1961), p. 92.

71. Ibid., pp. 15–16, 92.

72. Shlomo Kohen-Tzidon, Dramah be-aleksandriah ve-shnei harugei malkhut: mehandes sh. ‘azar ve-doktor m. marzuk (Tel Aviv: Sgi‘al, 1965), pp. 63–65. An intended second volume memorializing Moshe Marzuq was apparently never published.

73. Felix Harari, “Mishpatei kahir 1954,” Yedi‘ot aharonot, Dec. 13, 1964, reproduced in ibid., p. 89.

74. Kohen-Tzidon, Dramah be-aleksandriah ve-shnei harugei malkhut, p. 112.

75. Ze’ev Schiff, “‘Eser shanim le-mishpat ha-rigul,” ha-Aretz, Dec. 11, 1964, reproduced in ibid., pp. 96–99. The quote from The New Statesman and Nation, Feb. 5, 1955, first appeared in ha-Aretz, Feb. 18, 1955.

76. Israeli Television, “Yoman yom shishi,” report by Eitan Oren, Mar. 14, 1975. I viewed a film of the original broadcast at the archive of Israeli Television, Jerusalem.

77. Golan, Operation Susannah, p. 146.

78. Ibid., p. xii.