General Index

A

Adages (Erasmus), 122 , 222 -23

anamorphosis, 219 , 231 n.10

androgyny, 185 , 197 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 213 , 223 .

See also gender; sexual difference

Ariès, Philippe, 28

Aristotle, 45 , 49 , 182 ;

on the monstrous, 178 -79.

See also metaphor

Austin, J. L., 191

B

Barkan, Leonard, 234 n.4

Barthes, Roland, 35 , 227 n.12

Bauschatz, Cathieen, 225 n.6, 228 n.14, 229 n.6

Benveniste, Emile, 35 , 227 n.12

Berry, Alice, 239 n.15

Bloch, R. Howard, 241 n.29

Boase, Alan, 229 nn.5,11

Burke, Kenneth, 179

C

Cave, Terence, 213 , 226 n.1, 231 nn.11,13, 240 nn.21,23

Céard, Jean, 228 n.19, 236 n.6

Charles, Michel, 230 n.3, 231 n.10, 232 n.15, 233 n.30

Ciceronianus (Erasmus), 211 -12

Cixous, Hélène, 59

Compagnon, Antoine, 225 n.3, 226 n.3, 228 n.17

confession:

as bearing witness, 139 , 141 ;

and being, 171 ;

and the feminine, 220 ;

of ignorance, 18 , 123 , 139 , 172 ;

paradox of, 127 , 141 -43, 173 ;

of presumptuousness, 123 , 173 ;

and reading, 175 , 176 ;

as remedy, 127 , 135 , 141 , 143 , 170 , 172 -73;

as secular, 171 , 237 n.14

copia:

as dilation, 211 -12

Cottrell, Robert, 225 n.6, 238 n.3, 240 nn.24,25,27, 241 nn.28,30

cross-dressing, 191 , 195 -96, 220 -21;

sodomy and, 192 -93

Culler, Jonathan, 230 n.3

culture. See gender; history; nature; rhetoric

Curtius, E. R., 225 n.1

D

Davis, Natalie Zemon, 195 , 228 n.16, 239 n.13

death:

as absence, 37 -39;

and friendship, 37 , 51 ;

and narration, 149 -50;

practice of, 140 , 144 -46, 148 -49;

and selfreflexivity, 146 ;

silence as, 32 , 67 ;

writing to confront, 39 -42

De copia verborum (Erasmus), 211 , 212

Defaux, Gérard, 226 n. 1

de Man, Paul, 232 n. 14, 234 n.5

Derrida, Jacques, 225 n.4, 228 n. 18

Dezon-Jones, Elyane, 229 n.2

E

Eco, Umberto, 230 n.12

enfant :

definition of, 17 , 18 ;

as hybrid, 1 , 3 -4, 5 , 42 , 46 ;

literal and figurative, 16 -18, 119 , 133 ;

as monstrous, 163 -67, 176 ;

representing the father, 37 , 40 -41, 180 ;

unsettled name of, 28

Erasmus, 93 , 122 ;

Adages , 122 , 222 -23;

Ciceronianus , 211 -12;

De copia verborum , 211 , 212

Essais :

aesthetic (dis)order of, 7 , 176 ;

as child, 3 , 16 -17, 29 -30, 134 , 152 -53;

conversational style in, 18 , 21 , 34 -35;

feminine at conception, 181 -82;

origins of, 30 -32, 38 , 154 -58, 206 , 210 ;

as process, 82 -83;

as public text, 31 -33, 93 -94, 120 -21, 140 ;

as self-portrait, 81 -85, 98 , 102 , 116

F

fortune:

and literary creation, 95 -97, 100 , 101 , 103 , 231 n. 10

Foucault, Michel, 39 , 228 n. 15

Friedman, Susan Stanford, 238 n.2

Friedrich, Hugo, 234 n.3, 237 nn.13,14

friendship:

and letter writing, 92 -94;

misreading, as hedge against, 41 -42, 48 -49, 51 -52, 70 -71, 92 ;

and women, 55 -57, 64 , 66 ;

and writing, 29 -31, 65 .

See also Gournay, Marie de; La Boétie, Etienne de; reading; writing

G

Galatea, 126 , 132 .

See also Pygmalion

Galen, 160 , 187 , 235 n.4, 240 n.17

Garavini, Fausta, 231 n.12, 235 n.3

gender, 12 , 35 -36, 180 , 182 ;

and art, 217 , 223 ;

and carnival, 195 , 197 ;

coding, ambivalence of, 198 -99, 219 , 221 -22;

as cultural construct, 134 ;

and death, 192 , 193 , 194 ;

and knowledge, 216 , 218 ;

and public performance, 191 , 192 , 195 ;

sanctions of, social and legal, 191 , 192 , 193 , 195 ;

and sexual transformation, 185 -90, 191 , 194 -95;

as state of mind, 190 ;

and writing, 20l, 210 -12, 213 -16, 219 -22.

See also sexual difference

Gilbert, Sandra, 238 n.1, 240 n.16

Gournay, Marie de, 4 , 8 , 10 , 92 , 214 , 223 ;

as daughter ("fille d'alliance"), 50 , 55 , 59 , 60 , 62 -63, 66 , 75 , 78 -79;

and friendship, 54 -55, 57 , 61 , 64 -69, 74 ;

as guarantor of the Essais , 54 , 60 , 62 -63, 70 -71;

as ideal reader, 105 ;

and Mme de Montaigne, 71 -75;

and Preface to the Essais , 60 -79;

and selfhood, 67 -68, 75 ;

as textual figure, 50 -51, 52 -58;

as woman writer, 55 -57, 58 -61, 67 -70, 75 -79

Gray, Floyd, 226 n.1

grotesque, 158 , 234 n.1, 236 n.12, 238 n.16;

as incongruity, 153 , 177 ;

as monstrous, 154

Gubar, Susan, 238 n.1, 240 n.16

H

Harpham, Geoffrey, 225 n.5, 234 n.1, 236 n.12, 238 n.16

Harvey, Elizabeth, 240 n.19

hermaphrodite, 199 , 213

history:

and interpretation, 9 -10, 118 ;

of the monstrous, 158 -59

Holob, Robert, 233 n.25

Horace, 153 , 176 , 177 , 183 , 198

Huet, Hélène, 236 n.8, 238 n.17

I

ignorance, 139 , 171 , 173 ;

as knowledge, 172 ;

learned, 208 ;

of self, 170 .

See also confession

imagination:

and reading, 109 ;

and sexual transformation, 181 , 185 , 188 -90

Ion (Plato), 233 n.30

Iphis, 185 , 188 -89, 193 -94, 195 , 199

Iser, Wolfgang:

critique of, 111 -115;

and reader response, 109 -11

J

Journal de voyage (Montaigne), 186 , 191

K

Kritzman, Lawrence, 225 n.6, 239 n.8

L

La Boétie, Etienne de, 14 , 31 , 38 , 51 , 61 , 105 , 111 , 223 ;

death of, 29 , 37 , 48 -49, 93 ;

and Marie de Gournay, 54 -55, 64 ;

Montaigne as surrogate for, 41 -42, 48 -49

language:

acquisition of, 10 , 19 -22;

and Babel, 30 , 87 ;

education, 10 , 18 , 19 -22, 24 -25;

literal and figurative, 13 -16, 42 , 45 -46;

and moral action, 24 -26;

selfeffacing, 23 -24;

and selfhood, 135 , 150 ;

and self-love, 135 ;

self-reflexive, 142 -43;

and sexual transformation, 191 ;

silent, 22 -23, 32 ;

as substance, 27 -28, 29 , 107 .

See also reading; rhetoric; writing

Laqueur, Thomas, 238 n.5, 239 nn.11,12

lesbian desire, 191 , 194 , 239 n.6

Lyons, John, 234 n.7, 236 n.10

M

Marie Germain, 186 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 199

maternity:

elided by paternity, 35 -36, 204 , 205 , 206 , 209 ;

as nurturing, 205 ;

"sine patre," 206 , 207 ;

and writing, 206 -7.

See also Essais

Mathieu-Castellani, Gisèle, 227 n.8, 235 n.5, 236 nn.9,11, 240 n.27, 241 n.28

Matoré, Georges, 227 n.9

McKinley, Mary, 233 n.1, 234 n.2, 237 n.15

metaphor:

as catachresis, 179 , 184 ;

defined in Poetics , 45 ;

and metonymy, 26 , 84 , 179 ;

and monstrousness, 179 ;

and transfer of seed, 45 -47

mimesis:

seed as agent of, 46 -47;

of speech, 21

misogyny, 8 , 185 , 197 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 217 , 219

monstrousness, 4 , 7 -8, 11 ;

and conception of Essais , 154 -56, 160 ;

as difference and incongruity, 153 , 166 -67, 176 ;

and female birth, 181 , 206 ;

and male birth, 184 , 196 ;

in man, 169 -70, 173 , 179 , 231 n.12;

and melancholy, 235 n.4;

as miracle, 169 ;

and nature, 158 -60, 167 ;

seed and, 46 -47, 154 , 156 , 160 -61, 173 ;

shame of, 162 -63;

as showing, 163 -67, 219 -20;

as sickness, 155 , 171 , 235 n.3;

textual child as, 153 , 206 ;

as the unfamiliar, 168 , 169 ;

and writing, ordered by, 157 -58, 164 , 207

Montaigne, Michel de:

as father, 1 , 3 , 16 -17, 50 , 53 , 125 , 130 , 134 , 151 , 184 ;

as friend, 29 , 48 -49, 56 ;

as monster, 7 , 154 , 157 , 169 -70, 180 , 207 ;

as nemo , 138 -40, 150 , 171 ;

as woman, 35 , 199 , 204 , 211 , 220 -21.

See also Essais

N

Narcissus, 129 -30, 136 , 137 , 151

nature:

and art, 130 -32, 137 , 217 -19, 221 -22;

book of, 86 -89;

conflict within, 161 , 162 ;

and culture, 20 , 98 ,

201 -4, 207 ;

and ideal speech, 19 -22, 22 -25, 40 ;

as monstrous, 154 -57, 158 -60, 164 ;

ordered, 154 ;

origin as unrecuperable, 200

nemo :

as monstrous, 170 ;

as "no one," 137 -38;

paradoxical status of, 138 -39, 142 ;

and self-knowledge, 138 , 151 ;

as witness, 139 -40, 150 -51

O

Ong, Waiter J., 227 n.6

oratio speculum animi , 226 n.1

Ovid, 11 , 133 , 183 , 205 ;

Hermaphroditus, 213 ;

Propoetides, 162 -63.

See also Iphis; Narcissus; Pygmalion

P

Paré, Ambroise, 186 , 187 , 188 , 236 n.7

Parker, Patricia, 211

passage:

aesthetics of, 177 -78;

and death, 146 , 148 ;

portrayal of, 147 , 148 ;

temporality of, 146 -47;

and textuality, 149 , 151

paternity, 8 , 119 , 134 ;

and authority, 40 , 43 -44;

erotic dimension of, 133 -34;

feminist criticism of, 183 -84;

and filial loyalty, 44 -45, 75 -76;

as male birth ("sine matte"), 134 , 180 , 183 -85, 196 , 205 -6, 207 , 209 , 210 ;

parodied as male pregnancy, 196 -97;

and resemblance, 46 , 64 , 205 ;

and spiritual offspring, 1 -3, 16 , 37 , 53 -54

Phaedrus (Plato), 5 -7, 20 , 42 -43, 75 , 112

Plato, 108 , 183 , 202 ;

Ion , 233 n.30;

Phaedrus , 5 -7, 20 , 42 -43, 75 , 112 ;

Platonic love, 1 -2;

Symposium , 1 , 201 ;

Theaetetus , 208

Poetics (Aristotle), 45

Poulet, Georges, 106 -7, 148 , 232 nn.16,18, 234 n.9

Preface sur les Essais (Gournay), 60 -79

presumption:

as disease, 141 , 143 , 150 ;

and humility, 123 ;

and nemo , 137 -38;

and philautia , 122 -23;

and the public text, 120 -21, 144 .

See also confession; writing

Pygmalion, 3 , 124 -26, 129 , 130 -32, 137 , 151 , 162 , 180 ;

and Myrrha, 133 -34, 151

R

Ramus, Petrus, 24 , 227 n.6

reading:

and friendship, 48 -49, 64 -65, 70 , 80 -85, 105 , 109 ;

and inscribed readers, 82 -85, 94 , 96 , 102 , 104 , 108 , 116 ;

literal and figurative language and, 13 -16, 42 , 49 ;

and misreading, 9 , 41 -42, 48 -49, 51 -57, 70 -71, 80 -85, 89 -92, 102 , 121 ;

obtrusive, 11 , 84 -85, 89 , 104 , 111 -18, 175 -76, 231 n.13, 233 n.30;

as phenomenological union, 65 , 105 -8;

as witnessing, 174

reason:

attacked in Apologie , 90 ;

and faith, 88 ;

and pyrrhonism, 171 , 207 ;

vagaries of, 89 , 168 , 169 -70, 181 , 200

Renaissance:

carnival and transvestism in, 195 ;

enfant in, 28 ;

grotesque in, 153 ;

legal testimony in, 139 ;

male pregnancy parodied in, 196 ;

midwifery in, 209 ;

monstrous in, 159 ;

portrait in, 93 ;

self-love in, 122 ;

status of woman in, 61 , 69 , 73 ;

stories of sexual change in, 189 ;

sumptuary laws in, 191 -93;

theories of sexuality in, 187

Rendall, Steven, 225 n.4, 228 n.1

rhetoric, 14 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 149 , 173 , 201 , 202 , 204 , 220 ;

and anti-thetoric, 20 -21, 25 , 136 , 217 ;

as feminine, 216 , 217 ;

and miracles, 168 ;

and monstrousness, 158 ;

and seduction, 215 , 216 , 218 , 219 ;

and self-representation, 26 , 136 -37;

and sexuality, 193 .

See also copia; metaphor

Rigolot, François, 77 , 229 nn-4,7, 230 n.8

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 105 , 232 n.16

S

Sainte-Beuve, C.-A., 226 n.1

Sebond, Raimond:

and authorial intention, 89 -92;

Montaigne as reader of, 87 -89;

as reader of the book of nature, 86 -87;

Theologia naturalis , 85

self-love:

and artistic conception, 124 -26, 130 -34;

and death, 130 , 134 ;

as incestuous, 3 , 11 , 124 -26, 128 , 133 -34;

paradoxical nature of, 127 -29, 135 ;

as philautia , 11 , 122 , 138 ;

and self-knowledge, 127 -28, 135 .

See also Narcissus

sexual difference, 187 -88, 190 , 203 ;

and desire, 189 , 191 ;

and resemblance, 199 , 200 ;

single-sex theory of, 161 , 187 ;

as unstable, 187 -88.

See also Galen; Iphis; Marie Germain

Socrates, 1 , 5 , 38 ;

and Delphic injunction, 140 , 142 ;

as midwife, 208 -10;

as model for Montaigne, 140 , 172 -73;

and speech, 19 ;

and writing, 112 -13

Starobinski, Jean, 215 , 232 n.16

Symposium (Plato), 1 , 201

T

textuality, 1 , 6 , 7 , 46 , 104 , 116 ;

and difference, 7 , 42 , 100 -102, 161 -62;

and domination of the reader, 103 , 112 -13, 115 -18;

and errancy, 10 , 51 , 80 , 85 ;

and oral discourse, 35 ;

and ownership, 11 , 83 , 95 , 97 , 113 , 115 ;

and sexuality, 198 -200, 215 ;

as site of dialogue, 34 -35, 36 -37, 108 -17, 174

Theaetetus (Plato), 208

Theologia naturalis (Sebond), 85

Thibaudet, Albert, 107 , 140 , 226 n.1

Traub, Valerie, 239 n.10

V

Valesio, Paulo, 227 nn.5,7

Villey, Pierre, 189

W

Watson, Julia, 234 n.6

witnessing:

and confession, 139 , 141 ;

credibility of, undermined, 168 ;

and Marie de Gournay, 67 ;

and monstrousness, 165 , 167 , 168 ;

and need for "other," 33 -34, 68 -69;

public, Essais as, 31 -33, 157 ;

and self-abasement, 139 , 140 -41

writing:

and absence, 36 -38;

and authority, 43 -44, 85 , 91 ;

and being, 135 , 171 ;

and borrowing, 97 -100;

and daughters, 4 , 48 -79, 134 , 183 ;

and death, 65 -67, 144 -49;

double gender of, 207 , 210 , 215 -16, 222 -23;

and friendship, 29 -30, 48 -51, 64 -67, 69 ;

formlessness of, 206 -7;

and intention, 100 -102, 103 , 231 n.10, 232 n. 14;

invention of, 5 -7;

in Latin, 44 , 213 ;

as making, 25 -28, 171 ;

and order, 157 -58, 207 ;

presumption of, 11 , 31 -33, 120 -51;

as seduction, 197 , 198 , 215 , 223 , 241 n.28

Z

Zapperi, Roberto, 239 n.15