S
Sa:mi thar , 97 , 180 , 627
festival activities of the, 457 , 459 , 467 , 468 , 740 n. 9
roles of the, 83 , 94 , 700 n. 24
Sacred, the. See Deity groups; Pantheon, the Bhaktapur; Worship
Sacrifice,
fire (yajna[*] ), 684 , 769 n. 87
See also Blood sacrifice
Sadhana. See Tantrism
Sadhu (Hindu ascetic), 295 , 299 , 338 -339, 370 -371, 383 , 397 , 428 , 447 , 730 n. 1, 763 n. 11, 774
Sae(n) peoples, 75 , 106 -107, 704 n. 52
Saha (Nepalese kings), 51 , 533 , 546 , 694 n. 32, 774
Saha, Prthvinarayana, 33 , 34 , 47 -49, 51 , 52
Sahu (merchants), 66 , 74 , 128 , 252 , 385 , 421 -422, 696 n. 14, 698 n. 7, 774
Sait (auspicious time spans), 354 , 527 , 531 , 550 , 552 , 661 , 668 , 671 , 762 n. 6, 774
See also Astrologers
Saki Mana Punbi [5], 419 -420, 644
Sakti (energy = goddess), 223 , 241 , 260 , 774
consorts as, 223
Siva and, 210 , 223 , 320 , 390 , 637 , 639 , 642 , 724 n. 32
Tantrism and, 320 -323
Sakya. See Buddhists of Bhaktapur
Salagram, Visnu[*] as, 215 , 713 n. 5
Salt acceptance. See Purity and impurity
Salvation. See Moksa (salvation)
Samhae (worship offering), 302 , 326 , 415 , 642 , 774
Samsara ordinary moral world, 339 , 572 , 604 , 606
Samskara. See Rites of passage (samskara s)
Sankranti[*] , 463 , 484 , 739 n. 1
Sanskrit culture, 13 -14, 660
Sanskrit language, the, 13 -14, 623 , 625
religious and philosophical vocabulary of, 202 , 688 n.4
terms for Hindu deities, 288 -289, 710 n. 7, 710 -711 n. 12
Saparu Jatra [48], 442 -452, 595 , 653
costumes and performances, 446 -450
Sarasvati (goddess), 291 , 660
festivals [12, 13] for, 426 -427, 646 , 756 n. 17
number of shrines of, 205 , 224
Sarayu river, 235
Sarki people, 88
Sastra , 377 -381 passim, 388 , 774
See also Dharma
SasuDya:. See Sarasvati (goddess)
Sati (goddess), 204 , 231 , 260
Satire. See Humor
Scale, urban, communication and, 26 , 57
Scribes, Bhaktapur study, 6
Secrecy and privacy, 335 -338, 546 -547, 726 nn. 47-49
advertised, 336 -337, 469 -470, 499 , 532 , 741 n. 18
Bhaktapur emphasis on, 6
household, 21 , 115 , 725 nn. 45-46
of the Nine Durgas rituals, 567
Tantric, 314 -319
See also Diksa (initiation)
Secular realms,
organizations, 60 , 144 -145
religious and, 341 -344, 601 , 605 , 617
Self, views of the, 3 , 28 -32, 334 , 574 -576, 758 n. 13
annual events context of, 591 -598
Newari, 31 , 689 -690 n. 11
the purity complex and, 381 , 392 -395, 733 n. 25
rites of passage and, 659 , 663 -664, 677 , 763 -764 n. 18
states of mind and, 617 , 758 n. 13
Tahitian, 28 -32, 689 n. 11
See also Psychological characteristics of individuals
Serpent spirits. See Nagas (supernatural serpents)
Services sector. See Economy of Bhaktapur
Sesar[*] Acaju. See Acaju, Sesar[*]
Sero Bhairava (god),
Mahakali and, 510 -511, 568 -571, 572 -575
the Nine Durgas and, 509 -510, 571 -576 passim
See also Bhairava (god)
Sewa yagu. See Worship
Sex ratio, 57 , 694 n. 3
Sexuality, portrayals of, 488 , 744 n. 52, 757 n. 7
Biska:'s Bhairava/Bhadrakali, 478 , 486 -487, 495 -496, 498
by outsiders, 131 -132
Devi cycle, 516 -517, 520 -521, 747 n. 26
linga[*] and, 208 , 210 , 213 , 322 , 426 , 453 , 681 , 728 n. 22, 737 n. 22, 743 n. 36, 768 n. 66, 772
Saparu Jatra, 447
seductiveness and arousal, 280 -281, 608
Siva/Sakti, 320 -323
Tantrism and, 304 , 721 -722 n. 9
Tij, 454 -455
Shaivite Hindus, 88 , 428 -429, 440 -441, 730 n. 40
festivals of, 214 , 440 -441
See also Sila Ca:re festival [15]
Shams ud-Din Ilyas (Sultan), 42
Shaving, purification and, 392 , 732 n. 20
Shoemakers, Sarki, 88
Shopkeepers. See Sahu (merchants)
Shrines,
active urban, 201 , 204 , 205
of the dangerous goddesses, 228
Digu lineage gods, 159 -161
household, 123 -124, 189 -190
pitha (hypaethral), 158 -159, 167 , 204 , 231 , 243 , 260 , 368 , 484 , 529 -530, 709 n. 3, 722 n. 15, 743 n. 41
twa: 6 Ganesa[*] , 185 , 220 -222
See also Pilgrimage centers
Siblings,
Kija Puja worship between, 113 , 415 -417, 643 , 705 n. 5, 736 n. 9
relationships of, 113 , 125 -126, 631 -632
ritual (twae ), 142 , 669 , 709 nn. 45-46, 774
See also Nini (father's sister); Paju (mother's brother)
Siddhi (religious effectiveness), 224 , 774
Ganesa[*] and, 219 -220
Signs,
repertoire of civic, 273 -274, 278 -279, 602 , 605 -606, 609
resources for intelligibility of, 609 -615
See also Pantheon, the Bhaktapur; Symbolism
Sila Ca:re festival [15], 214 , 428 -429, 580 , 596 , 647
Silathwa fortnight, 424 , 646 -647
Sillaga fortnight, 647
Sima, Nine Durgas character of, 232 , 502 , 566 -571 passim, 572 , 576 , 611 , 716 n. 29, 744 n. 52, 754 n. 100
Simraun Gadh, 235 , 236 -237, 349 , 553 , 615 , 716 n.32
Sinha(n). See Worship materials
Sinha(n) chaekegu marriage, 764 n. 21
Sipha Dya: (goddess). See Mahalaksmi[*] (goddess)
Sisters. See Siblings
Sita (goddess), 205 , 216 -217, 224
See also Laksmi (goddess)
Sitala (goddess), 244
Sitala Puja [50], 452 , 654 , 755 n. 5
Sithi Nakha [36], 263 , 436 , 511 -512, 586 , 651
Siu. See Blood sacrifice
Siva Deva (King), 480
Siva (god), 205 -206, 208 -209, 259 , 421
in the central group of ordinary gods, 210 -215
of crafts and trades, 214
as the creative principle, 208 , 210
as easily duped, 596
festival worship of, 425 -426, 428 , 737 n. 22
as first among gods, 210
as generator of the dangerous gods, 210 , 225 -226
hiding (Luku Mahadya:), 263 -264, 719 n. 59
as Mahadeva, 371
Siva (god) (continued )
moksa (salvation) and, 215
the Nine Durgas and, 232 , 258 , 509
Sakti and, 210 , 223 , 320 , 390 , 637 , 639 , 642 , 724 n. 32
temples and shrines of, 205 , 213 -214
the third eye of, 212 , 509 -510
transformations of, 211 -213, 216
Visnu[*] and, 213 , 216 , 218
Sivacarya thar. See Tini thar
Sivaratri[*] . See Sila Ca:re festival [15]
Skullcap vessels. See Calvaria vessels
Slaughter. See Blood sacrifice; Nae thar
Smasana[*] Bhailadya: Jatra [64], 460 -461, 655
Snake spirits. See Nagas (supernatural serpents)
Society Islands of French Polynesia, 1
Sociocultural system, 379 -380, 392 -397
Bhaktapur as a unified, 5 , 68
Solar calendar. See Calendar, solar
Solar New Year. See Biska: festival [20-30]
Solstices. See Time
Son roles, 112 -113, 114
Sons, as Kriya putra mourners, 679 -680
Sophistication. See Psychological characteristics of individuals
Soul, divine individual. See atma (soul); Prana (vital principle)
Spatial symbolism, 279
beyond the city, 59 -60, 195 -197, 594 -595
Bhaktapur as a yantra , 153 -156
of the city boundaries and outside, 156 -166, 367 , 370 , 496 -497
of entrances m space, 220
macrostatus levels and, 103 , 755 n. 6
of Newar houses, 103 , 111 -112, 186 -192
overviews of Bhaktapur's, 149 -151, 197 -199, 496 -497, 584 , 586 , 591 -598, 614 -615, 617 -618, 649
See also Boundaries, symbolic city; Crossroads (dwaka )
Spelling. See Newari language, the; Appendix One
Spirit. See Bhuta/Bhut-pret (spirit); Ghosts and spirits
Spouses. See Kinship; Marriage
Squares, city, 54 , 58 , 566 , 754 n. 98
Dattatreya, 254 , 461
Ga:hiti, 427 -428, 470 , 473 -474, 486 -487, 554
Laeku, 175 , 213 , 216 , 349 , 446 , 535 , 539 , 772
Ta:marhi, 170 , 203 , 213 , 257 , 468 , 471 -491 passim, 582
Sraddha[*] . See Death rituals, sraddha[*]
Srestha[*] surname, 66 , 71 , 79 , 82 , 698 n. 2, 699 n. 14,17
Sri. See Sarasvati (goddess)
Sri Pa(n)cami festival [13], 224 , 427 , 646
Statistics on Bhaktapur,
1971 population of, 35 , 57 , 59 , 87
agricultural economy, 62 -66
annual events, 17 , 402 -403, 577 -578, 579 -583 passim, 589 -590, 688 n. 3, 754 -755 n. 1
demographic, 56 -59
Hindus and Buddhists, 87
households, 111 , 704 -705 nn. 1-2
marriage and divorce, 132 -133, 136 , 706 n. 20, 707 n. 27
temples and shrines, 205 , 213 , 215 -216, 228 , 371 -372
thar names, 17 , 71 , 73
thar s (number of), 17 , 71 , 73 , 95 -96, 96 -99
See also Bhaktapur, city of; Demographics
Statistics on Nepal, 33 , 60
Kathmandu Valley population, 35 , 57 , 690 nn. 3-6, 694 n. 31
Status system codification. See Macrostatus levels; Muluki Am
Steps, river. See Ghat[*] (river steps)
Sthan Ganesa[*] . See Ganesa[*] (god)
Sthitimalla. See Malla, Jayasthiti
Stigmatization. See Occupations; Purity and impurity
Stone carvers thar (Loha(n)kami), 81 , 758 n.2
Stone gods, 195 , 204 , 206 -207, 258 , 279
chetrapal , 237 , 261 ,264, 369 -370, 729 n. 37, 771
chwasa, 193 -194, 195 , 262 -263, 423 , 678 , 711 -712 n. 26, 712 n. 28, 719 nn. 58-59, 772
luku mahadya :, 431
Masan Bhairava , 264
natural stones as, 259 -265
pikha lakhu , 190 -191, 262 , 412 , 773
pithas , 260 , 368 , 484 , 529 -530, 722 n. 15, 743 n. 41
Swatuna Bhairava, 262 , 264 , 486 , 554 , 719 n. 60, 744 n. 49
Visnu[*] as Salagram, 215 , 713 n. 5
See also Deities
Storytelling, 351 -352, 527 , 610 , 612
Students, 224
festivals for, 426 -427
Study of Bhaktapur, the,
background of, 1 -5
by other scholars, 687 -688 n. 3
content and limits of, 8 -10
the work of, 5 -10
Subjectivity. See Psychological characteristics of individuals; Self, views of the
Suddhi. See Purification
Sukhu(n) Bhisi(n)dya: Jatra [8], 421 -422, 644 , 648
Sukunda. See Lights and lamps
Sun, worship of the, 265 -266, 672 , 682
Sunanda Acaju. See Acaju, Sunanda
Supernatural beings. See Deities; Ghosts and spirits
Surnames. See Names; That groups; Appendix Two
Surya Vinayaka Jatra [52], 453 , 654
Surya Vinayaka temple, 729 n. 31
Suwal thar , 95
Svayambhunatha, Buddhist stupa, 441
Swaga(n). See Worship materials
Swama Ihuyegu ceremony, 683 -684
Swa(n) taki tanegu , 530
Swanti [77-79, 1-2], 411 -417, 585 , 643 , 656 -657
compared to Biska:, 492 -500 passim, 585 -586
Laksmi Puja [79], 224 , 413 -414, 416 , 657
See also New Year's Day
Swatga. See Heaven
Swasthani Vrata Katha :, 454
legends, 424 -426, 736 n. 15
Swasthani Vrata period, 423 -428, 646 -647
Swatuña Bhairava. See Bhairava (god)
Swayambar ceremony, 674 , 766 n. 40
Sweepers thar. See Po(n) thar
Sword,
of the Biska: festival, 469 -492 passim
of the Mohani festival, 531 ,534, 550 , 553 , 740 -741 n. 14, 748 n. 34
Syakwa tya , 474 -475, 741 n. 24
Syaphu(n) , 138
Symbol hunger, 3 , 32 , 605
Symbolic enactments,
approaches to meaning of, 334 -335, 336 -337, 492 -500, 556 , 562 -563, 583 -584, 604
arenas of, 591 -598, 608 -609, 613
calendrically determined, 401 -409, 402 -405, 555 , 577 -581, 583 , 584 -589, 643 -657
as change of status signals, 30 , 333
classes of, 375 -376, 401 -403, 577 -581, 583 , 591 -598
See also Conflict, ritual; Festivals and city events; Rites of passage (samskara s)
Symbolic order of the city, 494 , 495 , 498 -500
change counteracted by, 15 , 24 , 27 -28, 68 , 373 -374, 499 -500, 616
disorder and, 523 , 573 -576
function of, 19 , 25 -26, 615 -616
local vs . universal, 619 -620
microcosms and the, 145 , 559 , 658 -660
oppositions within the, 601 -609
paradoxes and the coherence of, 339 -340, 615
personal acceptance of the, 32 , 333 -334, 556 , 562 -563, 591 -598
the purity complex and, 392 -397, 603 -604
the study of, 8 -10, 492
Tantrism and, 296 -298, 603 -604
two sets of gods and the, 226 -227, 307
See also Moral order; Psychological characteristics of individuals
Symbolism, 19
dangerous vs . disgusting distinctions and, 124 , 382 -386, 394 -395, 733 n. 26
embedded, 26 -27
marked, 2 , 26 -27, 32 , 53 , 375 , 499 , 599 -602, 616 -618
See also Mesocosm, the urban
Symbols,
bipolar, 755 n. 4
digital definition of, 614
extraordinary and ordinary, 604 -608
See also Signs