BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Note: Sources pertaining directly to particular case studies are listed in separate bibliographies below.

Adler, Robert S., and R. David Pittle. "Cajolery or Command: Are Education Campaigns an Adequate Substitute for Regulation?" Yale Journal on Regulation 1, no. 2 (1984): 159–93.

American National Standards Institute. Standards and the Law . Papers presented at the Public Conference on Standards and the Law of the American National Standards Institute, Arlington, Va., March 27, 1984.

Bacow, Lawrence S. Bargaining for Job Safety and Health . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980.

Bardach, Eugene. "Problems of Problem Definition in Policy Analysis." Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management 1 (1981): 161–71.

Bardach, Eugene, and Robert A. Kagan. Going by the Book: The Problem of Regulatory Unreasonableness . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982.

Bardach, Eugene, eds. Social Regulation: Strategies for Reform . San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1982.

Beardsley, Charles W. "The Hydrolevel Case: A Retrospective." Fire Journal, May 1985. (First published in Mechanical Engineering, June 1984.)

Bernstein, Marver H. Regulating Business by Independent Commission . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.

Brand, Donald R. Corporatism and the Rule of Law: A Study of the National Recovery Administration . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.

Breitenberg, Maureen. Need for Economic Information on Standards Used in Regulatory Programs: Problems and Recommendations . Prepared for the Office of Standards Information, Analysis, and Development, National Bu-

reau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBSIR 80-2123. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1980.

Breitenberg, Maureen, and Robert G. Atkins. Consumer Representation in Standards Development: Literature Review and Issue Identification . Prepared for the Office of Engineering Standards, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBSIR-81-2336. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1981.

Breyer, Stephen. Regulation and Its Reform . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Caves, Richard E., and Marc J. Roberts, eds. Regulating the Product: Quality and Variety . Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, 1975.

Cheit, Earl F. The Useful Arts and the Liberal Tradition . New York: McGrawHill, 1975.

Cornell, Nina W., Roger G. Noll, and Barry Weingast. "Safety Regulation." In Setting National Priorities . Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1976.

Curran, William J., III. "Volunteers … Not Profiteers: The Hydrolevel Myth." Catholic University Law Review 33 (1983): 147–62.

DeLong, James V. "Informal Rulemaking and the Integration of Law and Policy." Virginia Law Review 65 (1979): 257–356.

Dery, David. Problem Definition in Policy Analysis . Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984.

Diver, Colin S. "Policymaking Paradigms in Administrative Law." Harvard Law Review 95, no. 2 (December 1981): 393–434.

Dixon, Robert G., Jr. Standards Development in the Private Sector: Thoughts on Interest Representation and Procedural Fairness . Boston: National Fire Protection Association, 1978.

Douglas, Mary, and Aaron Wildavsky. Risk and Culture . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.

Downs, Anthony. Inside Bureaucracy . Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.

Eads, George, and Peter Reuter. Designing Safer Products: Corporate Responses to Product Liability Law and Regulation . Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (Institute for Civil Justice), 1983.

Florman, Samuel C. The Existential Pleasures of Engineering . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976.

Florman, Samuel C. "Standards of Value." Harper's, February 1980, 62–70.

Florman, Samuel C. Blaming Technology: The Irrational Search for Scapegoats . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.

Garvin, David A. "Can Industry Self-Regulation Work?" California Management Review 25, no. 4 (Summer 1983): 37–52.

Hamilton, Robert W. "The Role of Nongovernment Standards in the Development of Mandatory Federal Standards Affecting Safety or Health." Texas Law Review 56, no. 8 (November 1978): 1329–1484.

Harter, Philip J. Regulatory Use of Standards: The Implications for Standards Writers . Prepared for the Office of Standards Information, Analysis, and Development, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBS-GCR-79-171. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1979.

Harter, Philip J., and George C. Eads. "Policy Instruments, Institutions, and Objectives: An Analytical Framework for Assessing 'Alternatives' to Regulation." Administrative Law Review 37, no. 3 (Summer 1985): 221–58.

Hemenway, David. Industrywide Voluntary Product Standards . Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, 1975.

Hemenway, David. Standards Systems in Canada, the U.K., West Germany, and Denmark: An Overview . Prepared for the Office of Standards Information, Analysis, and Development, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBS-GCR-79-172. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1979.

Hemenway, David. Performance vs. Design Standards . Prepared for the Office of Standards Information, Analysis, and Development, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBS/GCR 80-287. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1980.

Hoffman, S. David, and Dennis O. Duda. A History of the Development of the Proposed Federal Mandatory Safety Standard for Television Receivers . Northbrook, Ill.: Underwriters Laboratories, 1980.

Hoffman, S. David, and Mathew E. Hoffman. "Use of Standards in Products Liability Litigation." Drake Law Review 20 (1980–81): 283–97.

Jaffe, Louis J. "Law Making by Private Groups," Harvard Law Review 51, no. 2 (December 1937): 201–53.

Johnson, Leland L. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Voluntary Safety Standards for Consumer Products . Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (Institute for Civil Justice), 1982.

Kolb, John, and Steven S. Ross. Product Safety and Liability: A Desk Reference . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

Lave, Lester B. The Strategy of Social Regulation: Decision Frameworks for Policy . Washington, D.C.. Brookings Institution, 1981.

Lindblom, Charles E., and David K. Cohen. Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.

Litan, Robert E., and William D. Nordhaus. Reforming Federal Regulation . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.

McConnell, Grant. Private Power and American Democracy . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966; Vintage Books, 1970.

Madden, M. Stuart. "Admissibility of Past-Incident Remedial Measures: A Pattern Emerges." Journal of Products Liability 5 (1982): 1–21.

Maitland, Ian. "The Limits of Business Self-Regulation." California Management Review 27, no. 3 (Spring 1985): 132–47.

Meager, Stephen W. "The ANSI Conveyor Standards: A Critical Review." Journal of Products Liability 5 (1982): 63–67.

Meehan, Richard L. The Atom and the Fault: Experts, Earthquakes, and Nuclear Power . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984.

Mendeloff, John. Regulating Safety: A Economic and Political Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1979.

Mosher, Frederick C. Democracy and the Public Service . 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Owen, Bruce M., and Ronald Braeutigam. The Regulation Game: Strategic Use

of the Administrative Process . Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing, 1978.

Pertschuk, Michael. Revolt Against Regulation: The Rise and Pause of the Consumer Movement . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.

Petroski, Henry. To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.

Poole, Robert W., Jr., ed. Instead of Regulation: Alternatives to Federal Regulatory Agencies . Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1981.

Quirk, Paul J. Industry Influence in Federal Regulatory Agencies . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Rawie, Carol Chapman. A Guide to Papers Citing Antitrust Cases Involving Standards or Certification . Prepared for the Office of Engineering Standards, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBSIR 79-1921. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1979.

Rawie, Carol Chapman. Economics of the Product Certification Industry: Some Research Needs . Prepared for the Office of Engineering Standards, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBSIR 80-2001. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1980.

Reich, Robert B. "Toward a New Consumer Protection." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 128, no. 1 (November 1979): 1–40.

Schwartz, Teresa M. "The Consumer Product Safety Commission: A Flawed Product of the Consumer Decade." The George Washington Law Review 51, no. 1 (November 1982): 32–95.

Sevart, John Bart, and R. Lewis Hull. Power Lawn Mowers: An Unreasonably Dangerous Product . Durham, N.C.: Institute for Product Safety, 1982.

Spivak, Steven M. Implementation of OMB Circular A-119: An Independent Appraisal of Federal Participation in the Development of Voluntary Standards . Prepared for the Office of Product Standards Policy, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBS-GCR-85-495. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1985.

Stewart, Richard B. "The Reformation of American Administrative Law." Harvard Law Review 88, no. 8 (June 1975): 1667–1813.

Stewart, Richard B. "Regulation, Innovation, and Administrative Law: A Conceptual Framework." California Law Review 69, no. 5 (September 1981): 1256–1377.

Swankin, David A. Rationale Statements for Voluntary Standards—Issues, Techniques, and Consequences . Prepared for the Office of Standards Information, Analysis, and Development, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBS-GCR-81-347. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1981.

Thomas, Elaine, C. E. Benton, and Verne L. Roberts. Safe Chain Saw Design . Durham, N.C.: Institute for Product Safety, 1983.

Till, Derek, David Gleicher, and William Kriegsman. "The Role of the Voluntary Standards System in Relation to Mandatory Standards." Report to the Committee on Research and Technical Planning, American Society for Testing and Materials. July 31, 1973.

U.S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards. Standards Activities of Organizations in the United States . NBS Special Publication 681. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, August 1984.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. "Self-Regulation—Product Standardization, Certification, and Seals of Approval. Preliminary Staff Study, Precis." Photocopy. 1971.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Bureau of Consumer Protection. Standards and Certification: Proposed Rule and Staff Report . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, December 1978.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Standards and Certification: Final Staff Report . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 1983.

U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Standards and Certification: Report of the Presiding Officer on Proposed Trade Regulation Rule . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 1983.

Viscusi, W. Kip. Regulating Consumer Product Safety . Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1984.

Walkowiak, Vincent S. "Reconsidering Plaintiff's Fault in Product Liability Litigation: The Proposed Conscious Design Choice Exception." Vanderbilt Law Review 33 (1980): 651–61.

Woods, Henry. "Product Liability: Is Comparative Fault Winning the Day?" Arkansas Law Review 36 (1982): 374–82.

Young, John H. "Direct Interest Participation in the Regulatory Decision Process: Lessons Learned from Two LNG Safety Standards." Staff Paper, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. May 5, 1983.

Young, John H. "Consensus: A Better Approach to Regulatory Reform." Photocopy. February 1984.

Grain Elevators

The written record of the OSHA rule (Docket H-117) consists of several thousand pages, including comments and hearing transcripts. These documents are available in microfiche form for public viewing at the OSHA Public Reading Room in Washington, D.C. This material was examined for four days and photocopies were obtained of (1) representative samples of hearing testimony and (2) reports prepared for OSHA (for example, by Arthur D. Little and Booz, Allen) and those submitted by such organizations as the National Grain and Feed Association and the AFL-CIO. Some of these documents are cited specifically in the notes to chapter 3. Only the reports are cited below.

The Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, a loose-leaf service published by the Bureau of National Affairs, reports extensively on current developments at OSHA. Various stories from 1978 through 1985 provided background for this case study.

The official record of NFPA standards is published in technical committee reports (TCRs) and technical committee documentation (TCDs), which are circulated to the general membership before the semiannual meetings. The TCRs and TCDs for both the 1980 and 1986 versions were obtained directly from NFPA. Earlier versions of the standard were examined at the NFPA Technical Library in Quincy, Massachusetts.

The following documents were the primary written sources, other than those described above, for the grain elevator case study:

Barringer, Felicity. "OSHA's Grain Elevator Rule Delayed." Washington Post, August 1, 1983.

Bluhm, Delwyn D. "Grain Elevator Explosions: A University View." In International Symposium on Grain Elevator Explosions . National Materials Advisory Board, Washington, D.C., July 11–12, 1978. Ames: Iowa State University, 1978.

"Deadlock over Explosive Dust." Science 222 (November 4, 1983): 485–87.

Drapkin, Larry. "OSHA's General Duty Clause: Its Use Is Not Abuse—A Response to Morgan and Duvall." Industrial Relations Law Journal 5 (Spring 1983): 322–33.

Factory Insurance Association. "Preventing and Minimizing the Effects of Dust Explosions in Manufacturing Plants." Special Hazard Study, no. 5. Hartford, Conn.: Factory Insurance Association, 1940.

Kauffman, C. W., and Robert F. Hubbard. "An Investigation of Fourteen Grain Elevator Explosions Occurring Between January 1979 and April 1981." Prepared for the Directorate of Safety Standards, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. May 1984.

Kelman, Steven. Regulating Sweden: A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health Policy . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981.

Lublin, Joann S. "Grain-Elevator Rule Forges Unusual Link as AFL-CIO Backs Labor Agency's Plan." Wall Street Journal, August 24, 1983, 50.

Minter, Stephen G. "Grain Dust: OSHA Proposes a Controversial New Standard." Occupational Hazards, March 1984, 59–62.

Morgan, Dan. Merchants of Grain . New York: Penguin Books, 1980.

Morgan, Donald L., and Mark N. Duvall. "OSHA's General Duty Clause: An Analysis of Its Use and Abuse." Industrial Relations Law Journal 5 (Spring 1983): 283–321.

Morgan, Donald L. "Reply to Drapkin." (Article on OSHA's general duty clause.) Industrial Relations Law Journal 5 (Spring 1983): 334–37.

National Academy of Sciences. National Materials Advisory Board. Panel on Causes and Prevention of Grain Elevator Explosions. Prevention of Grain Elevator and Mill Explosions . NMAB 367-2. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1982.

National Academy of Sciences. Pneumatic Dust Control in Grain Elevators: Guidelines for Design Operation and Maintenance . NMAB 367-3. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1982.

National Grain and Feed Association. Dust Control for Grain Elevators . Papers presented at the Dust Control Seminar, St. Louis, Mo., May 7–8, 1981. Washington, D.C.: NGFA, 1981.

National Grain and Feed Association. Retrofitting and Constructing Grain Elevators … for Increased Productivity and Safety . Papers presented at the Five Years of Progress Conference, New Orleans, La., September 27–28, 1984. Washington, D.C.: NGFA, 1985.

Theimer, O. F. "Cause and Prevention of Dust Exposions in Grain Elevators." Powder Technology 8 (1973): 137–47.

Townsend, A. S. "Reduction of Explosion Hazard in Grain Risks." Best's Review (Prop/Casualty) 83, no. 3 (July 1982): 48–56.

Underwriters Laboratories. "Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Locations" Typescript. N.d

Underwriters Laboratories. Control of Floating Dust in Terminal Grain Elevators, UL Bulletin of Research, no. 1. Fifth Printing. Chicago: UL, 1964.

Underwriters Laboratories. UL 1604, Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous Locations (Class I and Class II, Division 2, and Class III, Divisions 1 and 2) . Northbrook, Ill.: UL, 1982.

Underwriters Laboratories. UL 844, Electric Lighting Fixtures for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations . 9th ed. Northbrook, Ill.: UL, 1984.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational Safety in Grain Elevators and Feed Mills . DHHS (NIOSH) Publication no. 83-126. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 1983.

U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Executive Office of the President. "OSHA's Proposed Standards for Grain Handling Facilities: April 1984." Attached to letter from Christopher DeMuth, administrator for information and regulatory affairs, to Francis Lilly, solicitor, Department of Labor, April 11, 1984.

U.S. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Subcommittee on Labor. "Hearing an Oversight of OSHA Regulations for Grain Handling Facilities, 1984." 98th Cong., 2d. sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1984.

Verkade, M., and P. Chiotti. "An Overview of Grain Explosion Problems." Ames: Energy and Mineral Resources Institute, Iowa State University, 1976.

Viscusi, W. Kip. Risk by Choice: Regulating Health and Safety in the Workplace . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983.

Aviation Fire Safety

The written record of the FAA rule (Docket no. 24073) consists largely of the official regulatory analysis—reproduced in the Federal Register —and several hundred comments received from the public. These documents are available for public inspection at the FAA Public Reading Room in Washington, D.C. This material was examined for several hours and photocopies were obtained of relevant public comments from NFPA, UL, and several airlines. There were no public hearings on this standard. Various FAA guides to economic analysis were obtained from the regulatory impact analysis staff. Some of these documents are cited in the notes to chapter 4. None are cited below.

The official record of NFPA standards is published in technical committee reports (TCRs) and technical committee documentation (TCDs), which are circulated to the general membership before the semiannual meetings. The TCRs and TCDs for the 1984 annual meeting were obtained directly from NFPA. Earlier versions of the standard were examined at the NFPA Technical Library in Quincy, Massachusetts.

The following documents were the primary written sources, other than those described above, for the aviation fire-safety case study:

Brenneman, James J. "In-Flight Fire: Smoke Detection and Control, Interior Design, Fire Proofing, Occupant Protection, Cabin Fire Protection and Use." Paper presented at the Flight Safety Foundation Conference on Cabin Safety, Arlington, Va., December 13, 1984.

Burke, James M. "Aviation Exposures Climbing, Experts Say." Business Insurance, May 9, 1983, 18.

Ehrich, Lisa. "The Kind of Plane Fire I Survived Could Kill Again." Washington Post (National Weekly Edition), June 3, 1985, 24.

Hopkins, Thomas D. "Economics of Safety." Paper presented at the Flight Safety Foundation Conference on Cabin Safety, Arlington, Va., December 13, 1984.

Johansen, Robert J. "Using Statistics in Aviation Underwriting." Best's Review (Prop/Casualty), February 1982, 40–46.

Klem, Thomas J. "Investigation Report: Air Canada DC-9 Aircraft Fire, Greater Cincinnati Airport, June 2, 1983." National Fire Protection Association, Fire Investigations and Applied Research Division. Photocopy. N.d.

Krasner, L. M. "Study of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers Aboard Civil Aviation Aircraft." Prepared for Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center. Contract no. DTFA03-81-00029. Norwood, Mass.: Factory Mutual Research Corp., May 1982.

Nance, John J. Blind Trust: How Deregulation Has Jeopardized Airline Safety and What You Can Do About It . New York: William Morrow, 1986.

Perrow, Charles. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies . New York: Basic Books, 1985.

Quinn, Hal. "A Burning Nightmare at 31,000 Feet." Maclean's, June 13, 1983, 19.

Shapiro, Stacy. "Increased Competition Cuts Most Aviation Rates." Business Insurance, July 11, 1983.

Shapiro, Stacy. "London Insurer's Tough Terms Boost Airline Deductibles, Rates." Business Insurance , May 28, 1984.

Shapiro, Stacy. "Aviation Insurance Costs Taking Off." Business Insurance, February 11, 1985.

Shapiro, Stacy. "Aviation Capacity May Be Cut in Half." Business Insurance, December 9, 1985.

Sun, Marjorie. "Airplane Fire Safety Debate Rekindled." Science, July 1, 1983.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation, and Materials. "Aircraft Maintenance and Fire." 98th Cong., 1st sess. (1983).

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Aviation. "Legislation to Improve Airlines Safety: Hearings on H.R. 1333, H.R. 2088, H.R. 2142, H.R. 2636, H.R. 3264, H.R. 3793, H.R. 5428, H.R. 5518, and S. 197." 98th Cong., 2d sess. (1984).

Witkin, Richard. "Why Fewer Airliners Crash These Days." New York Times, April 28, 1985.

Witkin, Richard. "On Airline Safety, the Record is Reassuring." New York Times, September 15, 1985.

Witkin, Richard. "Lawmaker Says FAA Cuts Would Harm Key Programs." New York Times, January 24, 1986.

Woodstoves

The public docket of the CPSC's proceedings on woodstove labeling consists of ten folders, available for public inspection at the CPSC offices in Bethesda. These files were examined by the author for several days in October 1984. Several hundred pages of documents were subsequently obtained through the Freedom on Information Act. A random sample of twenty-five "in-depth investigations" of woodstove incidents was also obtained directly from the CPSC Epidemiology Directorate. Some of these documents are specifically cited in the notes to chapter 5. None are cited below.

All meetings of the CPSC are tape-recorded and these tapes are also available for public listening at the CPSC offices in Bethesda. Copies of the tapes for the following meetings (at which the Banner petition was discussed) were obtained from the CPSC and transcribed in rough form by the author: March 14, May 30, and June 7, 1979. A few of the quotations from these meetings are cited in the notes to chapter 5.

The Product Safety and Liability Reporter, a loose-leaf service published by the Bureau of National Affairs, reports extensively on current developments at the CPSC. Various stories from 1978 through 1985 provided background for this case study.

The primary source of written information about UL 1482 is Underwriters Laboratories. Various versions of the standard, from the original proposal to the version officially adopted several years later, along with communications from UL to both the Industry Advisory Council and those participating in the canvass process are contained in files at the Standards Department at UL headquarters in Northbrook, Illinois. All of these documents were examined by the author and many were included in the documents obtained from the CPSC. Some of these documents are cited specifically in the notes to chapter 5. None are cited below.

The following documents were the primary written sources, other than those described above, for the woodstove case study:

Berger, Harvey W., ed. NVLAP Seventh Annual Report and Directory of Accredited Laboratories . Office of Product Standards Policy, National Bureau of Standards. NBS Special Publication 677. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1984.

Hall, John R., Jr. "Update on the Auxiliary Heating Fire Problem." Fire Journal, March 1986.

Hoebel, James F. "CPSC Projects Involving Residential Auxiliary Heating Equipment Fires." Fire Journal, March 1983.

Jones, Jon C., and Michael P. Heck. "A Study of Fires Involving Alternative Heating Equipment." Fire Journal, September 1983.

Loftus, Joseph J. Evaluation of Wall Protection Systems for Wood Heating

Appliances . Center for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBSIR 82-2506. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1982.

Maxwell, T. T., D. F. Dyer, G. Maples, and T. Burch. An Investigation of Creosoting and Fireplace Inserts . Prepared by Auburn University for the Center for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards. NSB-GCR-81-365. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1981.

National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 211: Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel Burning Appliances 1984 . Quincy, Mass.: NFPA, 1984.

Peacock, Richard D. A Review of Fire Incidents, Model Building Codes, and Standards Related to Wood-burning Appliances . Center for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards. NBSIR 79-1731. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1979.

Peacock, Richard D. Intensity and Duration of Chimney Fires in Several Chimneys . Center for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBSIR 83-2771. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1983.

Sciacca, Michael C. "Solid-Fuel Industry Launches Cooperative Safety Program." Fire Journal, March 1983.

Shelton, Jay. Wood Heat Safety . Pownal, Vt.: Garden Way Publishing, 1979.

Shelton, Jay. Jay Shelton's Solid Fuels Encyclopedia . Pownal, Vt.: Garden Way Publishing, 1982.

Sunset Homeowner's Guide to Wood Stoves . Menlo Park, Calif.: Lane Publishing, 1979.

Terpstra, W. R., M. L. Jorgenson, and L. J. Dosedlo. Investigation of Fire Hazards of Fireplace Inserts in Factory-built and Masonry Fireplaces . Prepared by Underwriters Laboratories for the Center for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce. NBS-GCR-82-368. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1982.

Underwriters Laboratories. Clearances and Insulation of Heating Appliances . Bulletin of Research no. 27. Northbrook, Ill.: Underwriters Laboratories, 1943; reprint September 1972.

U.S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards. National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program. "NVLAP Stove LAP Handbook." Gaithersburg, Md., February 1983.

U.S. Department of Commerce. "NVLAP Proficiency Testing, Stove LAP, Round 1." NVLAP Proficiency Testing, Stove LAP, Round 1." NVLAP Tech Brief. Gaithersburg, Md., February 1983.

U.S. Department of Commerce. "NVLAP Proficiency Testing, Stove LAP, Round 2." NVLAP Tech Brief. Gaithersburg, Md., October 1984.

Gas Space Heaters

The public docket of the CPSC's proceedings on gas space heaters consists of eleven folders, available for public inspection at the CPSC offices in Bethesda. These files were examined by the author for several days in October 1984. Several hundred pages of documents were subsequently requested through the

Freedom of Information Act. Some of these documents are cited specifically in the notes to chapter 6. None are cited below.

All meetings of the CPSC are tape-recorded and these tapes are also available for public listening at the CPSC offices in Bethesda. Copies of the tapes for the following meetings (at which gas space heaters were discussed) were obtained from the CPSC and transcribed in rough form by the author: July 27 and November 16, 1978. A few of the quotations from these meetings are cited in the notes to chapter 6.

The Product Safety and Liability Reporter, a loose-leaf service published by the Bureau of National Affairs, reports extensively on current developments at the CPSC. Various stories from 1975 through 1985 provided background for this case study.

Minutes of the Subcommittee on Standards for Unvented Gas-fired Space Heating Appliances were the primary written source for the case study of AGA/ ANSI Z21.11.2. These minutes are on file in the library of the American Gas Association Laboratories in Cleveland, Ohio. The subcommittee met fifty-two times between January 14, 1960 (when a separate standard for unvented heaters was first developed), and January 16, 1985 (the cutoff date for this research). All of these documents were examined and some are cited specifically in the notes to chapter 6. None are cited below.

The following documents were the primary written sources, other than those described above, for the gas space heater case study:

American Gas Association. Engineering Services Department. Fundamentals of Gas Appliances . Arlington, Va.: AGA, 1976.

American Gas Association. Engineering Services Department. Fundamentals of Gas Appliance Venting and Ventilation . Arlington, Va.: AGA, 1976.

American Gas Association. Engineering Services Department. Fundamentals of Gas Controls . Arlington, Va.: AGA, 1976. "Are Kerosene Heaters Safe?" Consumer Reports, October 1982, 499–507. (Discussion of carbon monoxide poisoning and various federal and private emission standards applicable to kerosene and gas space heaters.)

Belkin, Lisa. "Devices to Detect Lethal Gas." New York Times, December 14, 1984, 16.

Bullerdick, W. A., and R. D. Adams. "Investigation of Safety Standards for Flame-fired Space Heaters." Calspan Report no. YG-5569-D-4. February 1976.

Lamar, Charles S. "Oxygen Depletion Sensor Improves Safety of Gas-fired Heating Equipment." Appliance Engineer 5 , no. 1 (1971): 21–28.