Bibliography

Aeschliman, Michael. The Restitution of Man: C. S. Lewis and the Case Against Scientism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1983.

Alexander, Richard D. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987.

———. Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979.

Alexander, Samuel. "Natural Selection in Morals." International Journal of Ethics 11, no. 4 (1882): 409-439.

———. Philosophical and Literary Pieces. Edited by John Laird. London: Macmillan, 1939.

———. Space, Time and Deity. London: Macmillan, 1920.

Allen, Garland. Life Science in the Twentieth Century. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1975.

Allen, Grant. "The Gospel According to Herbert Spencer." Pall Mall Gazette 50, no. 7832 (April 26, 1890): 1-2.

Annan, Noel. Leslie Stephen: The Godless Victorian. New York: Random House, 1984.

———. "The Intellectual Aristocracy." In J. H. Plumb, ed., Studies in Social History: A Tribute to G. M. Trevelyan. London: Longmans, Green, 1955. Pp. 241-287.

Ashton, Rosemary. G. H. Lewes: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Atkinson, J. W. "E. G. Conklin, on Evolution: The Popular Writings of an Embryologist." Journal of the History of Biology 18, no. 1 (1985): 31-50.

Austin, J. L. Philosophical Papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Ayala, Francisco. "The Biological Roots of Morality." Biology and Philosophy 2 (1987): 235-252.

Ayer, A. J. Language, Truth and Logic. London: Victor Gollancz, 1936.

———. Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. New York: Random House, 1982.

Ayer, A. J., ed. The Humanist Outlook. London: Pemberton, 1968.

Badcock, C. R. The Psychoanalysis of Culture. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980.

Bagehot, Walter. Physics and Politics, or Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of "Natural Selection" and "Inheritance" to Political Society. London: H. S. King, 1872.

Bain, Alexander. Autobiography. London: Longmans, Green, 1904.

———. "The Data of Ethics." Mind 4, no. 16 (1879): 561-569.

———. Mental Science: A Compendium of Psychology, and the History of Philosophy. Designed as a Text Book for High Schools and Colleges. New York: D. Appleton, 1868. (English edition entitled Mental and Moral Science . London: Longmans, Green, 1868.)

———. "Mr. Sidgwick's Method of Ethics." Mind 1, no. 2 (1876): 179-197.

Baldwin, J. Mark. "The Influence of Darwin on Theory of Knowledge and Philosophy." Psychology Review 16 (1909): 207-218.

Baldwin, Thomas. G. E. Moore. London: Routledge, 1990.

Balfour, Arthur James. The Foundations of Belief: Being Notes Introductory to the Study of Theology. 8th ed. London: Longmans, Green, 1901. (First edition, 1895.)

Ball, Stephen. "Evolution, Explanation, and the Fact/Value Distinction." Biology and Philosophy 3 (1988): 317-348.

Balmforth, Ramsden. "The Influence of Darwinian Theory on Ethics." International Journal of Ethics 21, no. 4 (1911): 448-465.

Bannister, Robert. Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Thought. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979.

———. Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

Banton, Michael, ed. Darwinism and the Study of Society: A Centenary Symposium. London: Tavistock Publications, 1961.

Barratt, Alfred. Physical Ethics or the Science of Action: An Essay. London: Williams and Norgate, 1869.

Barrett, Paul H., ed. Metaphysics, Materialism, and the Evolution of Mind: Early Writings of Charles Darwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Barrett, Paul, et al. Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836-1844. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Bartholomew, Michael. "Huxley's Defence of Darwin." Annals of Science 32 (1975): 525-535.

Barton, Ruth. "'An Influential Set of Chaps': The X-Club and Royal Society Politics 1864-85." British Journal for the History of Science 23 (1990): 53-81.

———. "John Tyndall, Pantheist: A Rereading of the Belfast Address." Osiris , 2d ser., 3: 111-134.

Bendall, D. S. ed. Evolution from Molecules to Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Benn, Alfred. "The Relation of Ethics to Evolution." International Journal of Ethics 11, no. 1 (1900): 60-70.

Bennett, J. H., ed. Natural Selection, Heredity, and Eugenics: Including Selected Correspondence of R. A. Fisher with Leonard Darwin and Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Benson, Keith, Jane Maienschein, and Ronald Rainger, eds. The Expansion of American Biology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991.

Berman, Milton. John Fiske: The Evolution of a Popularizer. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961.

Bibby, Cyril. Scientist Extraordinary: The Life and Scientific Work of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825-1895. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1972.

———. T. H. Huxley: Scientist, Humanist and Educator. London: Watts, 1959.

Bird, Graham. William James. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986.

Bixby, James Thompson. The Crisis in Morals: An Examination of Rational Ethics in the Light of Modern Science. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1891.

Bledstein, Barton. The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.

Blythe, Ronald. The Age of Illusion: England in the Twenties and Thirties, 1919-1940. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1963.

Boakes. Robert. From Darwin to Behaviorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Boas, Franz. The Mind of Primitive Man. Rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 1963. (First edition, Macmillan, 1911.)

Bock, Kenneth. "Theories of Progress and Evolutionism." In Werner Cahnman and Alvin Boskoff, eds., Sociology and History: Theory and Research . New York: Free Press, 1964. Pp. 21-41.

Bollen, Paul F., Jr. American Thought in Transition: The Impact of Evolutionary Naturalism, 1865-1900. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969.

Booth, (Gen.) William. In Darkest England, and the Way Out. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1890.

Bowler, Peter. The Eclipse of Darwinsim: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.

———. Evolution: The History of an Idea. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1984.

———. "Scientific Attitudes to Darwinism in Britain and America." In David Kohn, ed., The Darwinian Heritage . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. Pp. 641-681.

Boyd, Robert, and Peter Richerson. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Bradie, Michael. "Darwin's Legacy." Biology and Philosophy 7 (1992): 111-126.

Bradley, F. H. Ethical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927. (First edition, 1876.)

Brennan, Bernard. The Ethics of William James. New York: Bookman Associates, 1961.

Brettschneider, Bertram. The Philosophy of Samuel Alexander: Idealism in "Space, Time, and Deity." New York: Humanities Press, 1964.

Breuer, Georg. Sociology and the Human Dimension. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Brink, David O. Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Broad, C. D. Five Types of Ethical Theory. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1930.

Brooks, William Keith. The Foundations of Zoology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1899.

Brown, Alan Willard. The Metaphysical Society: Victorian Minds in Crisis, 1869-1880. New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.

Bruening, William H. The IS-OUGHT Problem: Its History, Analysis, and Dissolution. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978.

Bunge, Mario. Scientific Materialism. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1981.

Burkhardt, Frederick, and Sydney Smith, eds. The Correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985-.

Burrow, J. W. Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

Burtt, E. A. "Present-Day Tendencies in Ethical Theory." International Journal of Ethics 31, no. 4 (1921): 432-438.

Bynum, William Frederick. "Time's Noblest Offspring: The Problem of Man in the British Natural Historical Sciences, 1800-1863." Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1974.

Cacoullos, Ann R. Thomas Hill Green: Philosopher of Rights. New York: Twayne, 1974.

Calderwood, Henry. "Animal Ethics as Described by Herbert Spencer." Philosophical Review 1 (1892): 241-252.

———. "Ethical Aspects of the Theory of Development." Contemporary Review 31 (1877): 123-132.

———. Evolution and Man's Place in Nature , 2d ed. London: Macmillan, 1896. (First edition, 1893.)

Callahan, Daniel, and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., eds. The Roots of Ethics: Science, Religion, and Values. New York: Plenum Press, 1981.

Cambridge University Examination Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1899-1987.

Campbell, Donald T. "On the Conflicts Between Biological and Social Evolution and Between Psychology and Moral Tradition." American Psychologist 30 (1975): 1103-1126.

———. Scientific Inquiry and the Social Sciences. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981.

———. "Social Morality Norms as Evidence of Conflict Between Biological Human Nature and Social Systems Requirements." In Gunther S. Stent, ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: The Presuppositions of Sociobiology. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1980.

Campbell, T. D. Adam Smith's Science of Morals. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1971.

Caplan, Arthur, ed. The Sociobiology Debate: Readings on Ethical and Scientific Issues. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.

Caplan, Arthur, and Bruce Jennings, eds. Darwin, Marx and Freud: Their Influence on Moral Theory. New York: Plenum Press, 1984.

Carneino, Robert, ed., The Evolution of Society: Selections from Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Sociology." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967.

Carr-Saunders, A. M. The Biological Basis of Human Nature. L. T. Hobhouse Memorial Trust Lectures, no. 12. London: Oxford University Press, 1942.

———. The Population Problem: A Study of Human Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

Cashdollar, Charles D. The Transformation of Theology, 1830-1890: Positivism and Protestant Thought in Britain and America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., and M. W. Feldman. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Cela-Conde, Camilo J. "The Challenge of Evolutionary Ethics." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 293-297.

———. "Nature and Reason in the Darwinian Theory of Moral Sense." History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 6 (1984): 3-24.

———. On Genes, Gods and Tyrants. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1987.

Chadwick, [William] Owen. The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

———. The Victorian Church. 2 vols. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1966-1970.

Chagnon, Napoleon A., and William Irons, eds. Evolutionary Biology

and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979.

Chambliss, J. J. "Natural Selection and Utilitarian Ethics in Chauncey Wright." American Quarterly 12 (1960): 144-159.

Clark, John Spencer. The Life and Letters of John Fiske. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917.

Clifford, William Kingdon. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences. Edited by Karl Pearson. New edition edited by James Newman. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946.

———. Lectures and Essays by the Late William Kingdon Clifford. 2 vols. Edited by Leslie Stephen and Frederick Pollock. London: Macmillan, 1879.

Cobbe, Frances Power. Darwinism in Morals, and Other Essays. London: Williams and Norgate, 1872.

Cockshut, A. O. J. The Unbelievers: English Agnostic Thought, 1840-1890. New York: New York University Press, 1966.

Coker, F. W. Organismic Theories of the State: Nineteenth-Century Interpretations of the State as Organism or as Person. New York: Columbia University Press, 1910.

Collingwood, R. G. Speculum Mentis: Or the Map or Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924.

Collins, F. Howard. An Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy. New York: D. Appleton, 1889.

Conklin, Edwin Grant. The Direction of Human Evolution. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921.

Copleston, Frederick. Modern Philosophy: Bentham to Russell. Vol. 8 of A History of Philosophy . Garden City: Image Books, 1967.

Courtney, W. L. "Modern Ethics." Edinburgh Review 157 (1883): 423-458.

Cowan, Ruth Schwartz. "Nature and Nurture: The Interplay of Biology and Politics in the Work of Francis Galton." Studies in History of Biology 1 (1977): 133-208.

Cravens, Hamilton. The Triumph of Evolution: American Scientists and the Hereditary-Environment Controversy 1900-1941. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.

Cronin, Helena. The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Crook, D. P. Benjamin Kidd: Portrait of a Social Darwinist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Crowther, M. A. Church Embattled: Religious Controversy in Mid-Victorian England. Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1970.

Cunningham, G. Watts. The Idealistic Argument in Recent British and American Philosophy. New York: Century Co., 1933.

Cushing, James T., C. F. Delany, and Gary Gutting, eds. Science and

Reality: Recent Work in the Philosophy of Science. Essays in Honor of Ernan McMullin. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984.

Darlington, C. D. The Evolution of Man and Society. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969.

Darrah, William Culp. Powell of the Colorado. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.

Darwell, Stephen, Allan Gibbard, and Peter Railton. "Toward Fin de siècle Ethics: Some Trends." Philosophical Review 101, no. 1 (1992): 115-189.

Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray, 1871.

———. On the Origin of Species, Or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Reprint of 1st ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.

Davies, John D. Phrenology, Fad and Science: A Nineteenth-Century American Crusade. Hamden: Archon Books, 1971.

Dawkins, Richard. "In Defense of Selfish Genes." Philosophy 56, no. 218 (1981): 556-573.

———. The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982.

———. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Dawkins, W. Boyd. "The Descent of Man . . ." Edinburgh Review 134 (1871): 195-235.

De Giustino, David. Conquest of Mind: Phrenology and Victorian Social Thought. London: Croom Helm, 1975.

Degler, Carl N. In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinsim in American Social Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

de Laguna, T. "Stages of the Discussion of Evolutionary Ethics." Philosophical Review 14 (1905): 576-589.

Delius, Juan. "The Nature of Culture." In M. S. Dawkins, T. R. Halliday, and R. Dawkins, eds., The Tinbergen Legacy. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991. Pp. 75-99.

DeSalvo, Louise. Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Her Life and Work. New York: Ballantine Books, 1989.

Desmond, Adrian. Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London, 1850-1875. London: Blond and Briggs, 1982.

———. The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

———. "Robert E. Grant: The Social Predicament of a Pre-Darwinian Evolutionist." Journal of the History of Biology 17 (1984): 189-223.

Desmond, Adrian, and James Moore. The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist: Darwin. New York: Warner Books, 1991.

Dewey, John. "Evolution and Ethics." The Monist 8, no. 3 (1898): 321-341.

———. The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays in Contemporary Thought. New York: Henry Holt, 1910. Reprinted New York: Peter Smith, 1951.

———. Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1938.

———. The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action. In John Dewey, The Later Works, 1925-1953. Vol. 4 (1929). Edited by Jo Ann Boydston. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984.

———. Theory of Valuation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.

Dewey, John, and James H. Tufts. Ethics. New York: Henry Holt, 1908.

Dewey, John, et al. Creative Intelligence: Essays in the Pragmatic Attitude. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1917. Reprinted New York: Octagon Books, 1970.

Digby, Anne, and Peter Searb. Children, School and Society in Nineteenth-Century England. London: Macmillan, 1981.

DiGregorio, Mario. T. H. Huxley's Place in Natural Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.

Dobzhansky, Theodosius. The Biological Basis of Human Freedom. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956.

———. The Biology of Ultimate Concern. London: Rapp and Whitney, 1969.

Docknell, D. W. "T. H. Huxley and the Meaning of 'Agnosticism.'" Theology 74, no. 616 (1971): 461-477.

Drummond, Henry. The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1894.

———. Natural Law in the Spiritual World. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1883.

Duncan, David, ed. Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1968.

Durant, John R. "Evolution, Ideology and World View: Darwinian Religion in the Twentieth Century." In James Moore, ed., History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. 355-373.

———. "Innate Character in Animals and Man: A Perspective on the Origins of Ethology." In Charles Webster, ed., Biology, Medicine, and Society, 1840-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Pp. 157-192.

———. "Scientific Naturalism and Social Reform in the Thought of Alfred Russel Wallace." British Journal for the History of Science 12 (1979): 31-58.

Durant, John, ed. Darwinism and Divinity: Essays on Evolution and Religious Belief. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985.

Ebling, F. J., ed. Biology and Ethics. New York: Academic Press, 1964.

Eisen, Sydney, and Bernard Lightman. Victorian Science and Religion: A Bibliography with Emphasis on Evolution, Belief, and Unbelief, Comprised of Works Published from c. 1900-1975. Hamden: Archon Books, 1984.

Ellegård, Alvar. "Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859-1872." Acta Universitatis Göthoburgensis 64, no. 7 (1958).

———. "The Readership of the Periodical Press in Mid-Victorian Britain." Acta Universitatis Göthoburgensis 63, no. 3 (1957).

Ellery, John. John Stuart Mill. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1964.

Engel, A. J. From Clergyman to Don: The Rise of the Academic Profession in Nineteenth-Century Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Essays and Reviews. 2d ed. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1860.

"Evolution and Man's Progress." Daedalus 90, no. 3 (1961).

Faber, Geoffrey. Jowett: A Portrait with Background. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958.

Fairbrother, W. H. The Philosophy of Thomas Hill Green. London: Methuen, 1896.

Farber, Paul Lawrence. "The Transformation of Natural History in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of the History of Biology 15, no. 1 (1982): 145-152.

Fetzer, James H., ed. Sociobiology and Epistemology. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1985.

Fichman, Martin. Alfred Russel Wallace. Boston: Twayne, 1981.

———. "Ideological Factors in the Dissemination of Darwinism in England 1860-1900." In Everett Mendelsohn, ed., Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Pp. 471-485.

Fiske, John. The Destiny of Man Viewed in the Light of His Origin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1884.

———. Excursions of an Evolutionist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899.

———. The Idea of God as Affected by Modern Knowledge. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885.

———. Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, Based on the Doctrine of Evolution, with Criticisms on the Positive Philosophy. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1874.

———. "The Progress from Brute to Man." North American Review 117 (1873): 251-319.

———. Through Nature to God. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899.

———. The Unseen World and Other Essays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1876.

Flew, Anthony. Evolutionary Ethics. London: Macmillan, 1967.

Foot, Philippa. Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978.

Forrest, D. W. Francis Galton: The Life and Work of a Victorian Genius. New York: Taplinger, 1974.

Fowle, T. W. "The Place of Conscience in Evolution." Nineteenth Century 4 (1978): 1-8.

Freeman, Derek. "The Evolutionary Theories of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer." Current Anthropology 15, no. 3 (1974): 211-221.

Galton, Francis. "Hereditary Talent and Character." Macmillan's Magazine 12 (1865): 157-166, 318-324.

———. Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. London: Macmillan, 1883.

Gantz, Kenneth Franklin. "The Beginnings of Darwinian Ethics 1859-1871." Studies in English, University of Texas Publication, no. 3926 (1939): 180-209.

Gebhard, Geiger. "No Objective Values: A Critique of Ethical Intuitionism from an Evolutionary Point of View." Biology and Philosophy 7 (1992): 315-330.

Geddes, Patrick, and J. Arthur Thomson. The Evolution of Sex. London: Walter Scott, 1889.

George, Henry. Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy. New York: D. Appleton, 1880.

Gerard, R. W. "A Biological Basis for Ethics." Philosophy of Science 9 (1942): 92-120.

Gewirth, Alan. "The Problem of Specificity in Evolutionary Ethics." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 297-305.

———. Reason and Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Ginsberg, Morris. Moral Progress. Glasgow: Jackson and Son, 1944.

———. Reason and Experience in Ethics. London: Oxford University Press, 1956.

Goetzmann, William H., ed. The American Hegelians: An Intellectual Episode in the History of Western America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.

Goldsmith, Timothy H. The Biological Roots of Human Nature: Forging Links between Evolution and Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Gordon, Scott. "Darwin and Political Economy: The Connection Reconsidered." Journal of the History of Biology 22, no. 3 (1989): 437-459.

Gorer, Geoffrey. Exploring English Character. New York: Criterion Books, 1955.

Gouinlock, James. John Dewey's Philosophy of Value. New York: Humanities Press, 1972.

Gould, Stephen Jay. Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977.

———. "On Replacing the Idea of Progress with an Operational Notion of Directionality." In Matthew H. Nitecki, ed., Evolutionary Progress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. 319-336.

———. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.

Grant, Alex. "On the Nature and Origin of Moral Ideas." Fortnightly Review 15 (1871): 363-373.

———. "Philosophy and Mr. Darwin." Contemporary Review 17 (1871): 274-281.

Green, Thomas Hill. Prolegomena to Ethics, ed. A. C. Bradley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1883.

Greene, John C. "Darwin as a Social Evolutionist." Journal of the History of Biology 8, no. 1 (1977): 1-27.

———. "The Interaction of Science and Worldview in Sir Julian Huxley's Evolutionary Biology." Journal of the History of Biology 23, no. 1 (1990): 39-55.

———. "Reflections on the Progress of Darwin Studies." Journal of the History of Biology 8, no. 2 (1975): 243-273.

———. Science, Ideology, and World View: Essays in the History of Evolutionary Ideas. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1981.

Greenwood, Davydd J. The Taming of Evolution: The Persistence of Nonevolutionary Views in the Study of Humans. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.

Gregory, Michael S., Anita Silvers, and Diane Sutch, eds. Sociobiology and Human Nature. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.

Gruber, Howard, ed. Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity, Together with Darwin's Early and Unpublished Notebooks Transcribed and Annotated by Paul H. Barrett. New York: Dutton, 1974.

Guyau, Marie Jean. La morale Anglaise contemporaire: Morale de l'utilité et de l'évolution. Paris: Librairie Germer Ballière, 1879.

Haeckel, Ernest. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. Berlin: George Reimer, 1868.

Haines, Valerie A. "Spencer, Darwin, and the Question of Reciprocal Influence." Journal of the History of Biology 24, no. 3 (1991): 409-431.

Haller, John S. Outcasts of Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority, 1859-1900. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971.

Hamerton, P. G. "A Basis of Positive Morality." Contemporary Review 59 (1891): 537-545, 889-899.

Hamilton, Gail. The Insuppressible Book: A Controversy Between Herbert Spencer and Frederic Harrison. Boston: S. E. Cassino, 1885.

Hamilton, William. "The Genetical Theory of Social Behaviour." 2 pts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964): 1-16, 17-52.

———. "Innate Social Aptitudes of Man: An Approach from Evolutionary Genetics." In Robin Fox, ed., Biosocial Anthropology. London: Malaby Press, 1975. Pp. 133-155.

Hampshire, Stuart. Innocence and Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.

———. Morality and Conflict. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.

Hancock, Robert N. Twentieth-Century Ethics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.

Haraway, Donna Jeanne. Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.

Hardy, Alister. Darwin and the Spirit of Man. London: Collins, 1984.

Harrison, J. F. C. The Early Victorians, 1832-1851. New York: Praeger, 1971.

Harrod, R. F. The Life of John Maynard Keynes. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951.

Hauerwas, Stanley, and Alasdair MacIntyre, eds. Revisions: Changing Perspectives in Moral Philosophy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 1983.

Haycraft, John Berry. Darwinism and Race Progress. London: Swan Sonnerschein, 1895.

Hayek, F. A. The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason. New York: Free Press, 1955.

Hays, Samuel. The Response to Industrialization 1885-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.

Hefland, Michael. "T. H. Huxley's 'Evolution and Ethics': The Politics of Evolution and the Evolution of Politics." Victorian Studies 20, no. 2 (1977): 159-177.

Henderson, G. C. "Natural and Rational Selection." International Journal of Ethics 24, no. 2 (1914): 127-147.

Herbert, Sandra. "The Place of Man in the Development of Darwin's Theory of Transmutation." 2 pts. Journal of the History of Biology 7, no. 2 (1974): 217-258, and 10, no. 2 (1977): 155-227.

Heyck, T. W. The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England. New York: St. Martin's, 1982.

Hinchliff, Peter. Benjamin Jowett and the Christian Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Hinsley, Curtis M., Jr. Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

Hobhouse, L. T. Mind in Evolution. London: Macmillan, 1915.

Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944.

Holbach, Henry. "Sir Alexander Grant on the 'Nature and Origin of Moral Ideas.'" Contemporary Review 17 (1871): 299-306.

Holmes, Samuel Jackson. Life and Morals. New York: Macmillan, 1948.

Houghton, Walter, et al., eds. The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900. 5 vols. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966-1989.

Hudson, William Donald. Modern Moral Philosophy. 2d ed. London: Macmillan, 1983.

Hudson, William Donald, ed. The IS/OUGHT Question: A Collection of Papers on the Central Problems in Moral Philosophy. London: Macmillan, 1969.

Hudson, William Henry. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer. London: Chapman and Hall, 1897. Reprinted, New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1974.

Hughes, Henry Stuart. Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of Social Thought 1890-1930. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958.

Hughes, William. "Richards's Defense of Evolutionary Ethics." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 306-315.

Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. Edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960. (First edition, 1739.)

Hutchinson, Woods. Civilization and Health. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914.

———. Common Diseases. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913.

———. The Gospel According to Darwin. Chicago: Open Court, 1898.

———. A Handbook of Health. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911.

———. Instinct and Health. New York: Dodd and Mead, 1909.

———. Preventable Diseases. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1909.

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston. Darwinism and Lamarckism: Old and New, Four Lectures. London: Duckworth, 1899.

Hutton, Richard. "The Natural History of Morals." Westminster Review n.s., 36 (1869): 494-531.

Huxley, Julian. Essays of a Biologist. London: Chatto and Windus, 1923.

———. Essays of a Humanist. London: Chatto and Windus, 1964.

———. Evolutionary Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1943.

———. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943.

———. Memories. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970.

———. New Bottles for New Wine. London: Chatto and Windus, 1957.

———. Religion without Revelation. London: Ernest Benn, 1927.

———. Science, Religion, and Human Nature. Conway Memorial Lecture. London: Watts, 1930.

———. The Uniqueness of Man. London: Chatto and Windus, 1941.

———. What Dare I Think? The Challenge of Modern Science to Human Action and Belief. London: Chatto and Windus, 1933. (First edition, 1931.)

Huxley, Julian, ed. The Humanist Frame: The Modern Humanist Vision of Life. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961.

Huxley, Juliette. Leaves of the Tulip Tree. London: John Murray, 1986.

Huxley, Leonard. Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1900.

Huxley, Thomas Henry. Collected Essays. London: Macmillan, 1893-1894.

———. Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. London: Williams and Norgate, 1863.

———. "On the Physical Basis of Life." Fortnightly Review 5, n.s. (1868): 129-145.

———. "The Struggle for Existence." Nineteenth Century 23 (1888): 161-180.

Huxley, Thomas Henry, and Julian Huxley. Touchstone for Ethics 1893-1943. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947.

Irvine, William. Apes, Angels, and Victorians: Darwin, Huxley, and Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

———. Walter Bagehot. London: Longmans, Green, 1939.

James, William. Collected Essays and Reviews. London: Longmans, Green, 1920.

———. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Together with Four Related Essays Selected from the Meaning of Truth. London: Longmans, Green, 1907.

Jensen, J. Vernon. "The X Club: Fraternity of Victorian Scientists." British Journal for the History of Science 5, no. 17 (1970): 63-72.

———. Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1991.

Jensen, W. J., and R. Harré, eds. The Philosophy of Evolution. New York: St. Martin's, 1981.

Johnston, Paul. Wittgenstein and Moral Philosophy. London: Routledge, 1989.

Jones, Greta. Social Darwinism and English Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980.

Kary, Carla. "Sociobiology and the Redemption of Normative Ethics." The Monist 67, no. 2 (1984): 161-166.

Kaye, Howard L. The Social Meaning of Modern Biology: From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Keith, Sir Arthur. Evolution and Ethics. New York: Putnam, 1946.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. "Nature, Nurture, and the Human Genome Project." In Daniel J. Kevles and Leroy Hood, eds., The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992. Pp. 281-299.

Kellogg, Vernon. Darwinism Today: A Discussion of Present-Day Scientific Criticism of the Darwinian Selection Theories, Together with a Brief Account of the Principal Other Proposed Auxiliary and Alternative Theories of Species-Forming. New York: Henry Holt, 1907.

Kelly, Alfred. The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860-1914. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.

Kennedy, James G. Herbert Spencer. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978.

Kevles, Daniel J., and Leroy Hood, eds. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Keynes, John Maynard. Essays in Biography. London: Macmillan, 1933.

Keynes, Milo, and Harrison G. Ainsworth, eds. Evolutionary Studies: A Centenary Celebration of the Life of Julian Huxley. Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Symposium of the Eugenics Society, 1987. London: Macmillan, 1989.

Kidd, Benjamin. A Philosopher with Nature. London: Methuen, 1921.

———. The Science of Power. New York and London: Putnam's Sons, 1918.

———. Social Evolution. New York: Macmillan, 1894.

King's College Sociobiology Group, Cambridge, ed. Current Problems in Sociobiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Kingsland, Sharon. "Toward a Natural History of the Human Psyche: Charles Manning Child, Charles Judson Herrick, and the Dynamic View of the Individual at the University of Chicago." In Keith R. Benson, Jane Maienschein, and Ronald Rainger, eds., The Expansion of American Biology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991. Pp. 195-230.

Kitcher, Philip. Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985.

Knight, William. "Ethical Philosophy and Evolution." Nineteenth Century 4 (1878): 432-456.

Knorr, Karin, H. Strasser, and H. Zilian, eds. Determinants and Controls of Scientific Development. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1975.

Knorr-Cetina, Karin D. The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.

Kottler, Malcolm Jay. "Alfred Russel Wallace, the Origin of Man, and Spiritualism." Isis 65, no. 227 (1974): 145-192.

Kurtz, Paul. Philosophical Essays in Pragmatic Naturalism. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1990.

Kurtz, Paul, ed. The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism. London: Pemberton, 1973.

Lamont, W. D. Introduction to Green's Moral Philosophy. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1934.

Lankester, Sir Ray. Great and Small Things. New York: Macmillan, 1923.

———. Science from an Easy Chair: A Second Series. New York: Henry Holt, 1913.

———. Secrets of Earth and Sea. London: Methuen, 1920.

Larson, Edward. Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

La Vergata, Antonello. "Images of Darwin: A Historiographic Overview." In David Kohn, ed., The Darwinian Heritage. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. Pp. 901-972.

Leake, Chauncey. "An American Opinion." In C. H. Waddington, Science and Ethics . London: George Allen and Unwin, 1942. P. 133.

Leake, Chauncey, and Patrick Romanell. Can We Agree? A Scientist and a Philosopher Argue about Ethics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1950.

Lester, Jacob. "John Fiske's Philosophy of Science: The Union of Science and Religion Through the Principle of Evolution." Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, 1979.

LeSueur, William D. "A Vindication of Scientific Ethics." Popular Science Monthly 17 (1880): 324-337.

Levy, Paul. G. E. Moore and the Cambridge Apostles. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979.

Lewontin, R. C., Steven Rose, and Leon Kamin. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.

Lightman, Bernard. The Origins of Agnosticism: Victorian Unbelief and the Limits of Knowledge. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

Lilly, William Samuel. On Right and Wrong. London: Chapman and Hall, 1890.

———. "Our Great Philosopher." 2 pts. Contemporary Review 55 (1889): 752-770, and 56 (1889): 586-609.

Lippmann, Walter. A Preface to Morals. New York: Macmillan, 1929.

Livingstone, David N. "Darwin and Calvinism: The Belfast-Princeton Connection." Isis 83 (1992): 408-428.

———. Darwin's Forgotten Defenders: The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1987.

Lumsden, Charles J., and Edward O. Wilson. Genes, Mind and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

———., and Edward O. Wilson. Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of Mind. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.

Lytle, Guy Fitch, and Stephen Orgel, eds. Patronage in the Renaissance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

McGinn, Colin. "Evolution, Animals, and the Basis of Morality." Inquiry 22 (1979): 81-99.

Machin, Alfred. The Ascent of Man by Means of Natural Selection. London: Longmans, Green, 1925.

———. Darwin's Theory Applied to Mankind. Foreword by Sir Arthur Keith. London: Longmans, Green, 1937.

MacIntosh, Robert. From Comte to Benjamin Kidd: The Appeal to Biology or Evolution for Human Guidance. New York: Macmillan, 1899.

MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981.

———. Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984. (First edition, 1971.)

———. "Moral Philosophy: What Next?" In Stanley Hauerwas and Alasdair MacIntyre, eds., Revisions: Changing Perspectives in Moral Philosophy . Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983. Pp. 1-15.

———. Secularization and Moral Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

———. A Short History of Ethics. New York: Macmillan, 1966.

———. Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopedia, Genealogy, and Tradition. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990.

———. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988.

Mackie, J. L. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin Books, 1977.

———. "Genes and Egoism." Philosophy 56, no. 218 (1981): 553-555.

———. "The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution." Philosophy 53, no. 206 (1978): 455-464.

———. Persons and Values: Selected Papers. Vol. 2. Edited by Joan Mackie and Penelope Mackie. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Mackintosh, James. Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, Chiefly during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1836.

MacLeod, Roy. "The X-Club: A Social Network of Science in Late-

Victorian England." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 24 (1969): 305-322.

Madden, Edward H. Chauncey Wright and the Foundations of Pragmatism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963.

Maitland, Frederick William. The Life and Letters of Leslie Stephen. London: Duckworth, 1906.

Manier, Edward. The Young Darwin and His Cultural Circle. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1978.

Marcell, David W. Progress and Pragmatism: James, Dewey, Beard, and the American Idea of Progress. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974.

Marchant, James, ed. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences. London: Cassel, 1916.

Marsh, P. T. The Victorian Church in Decline: Archbishop Tait and the Church of England 1868-1882. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.

Martineau, Harriet. Autobiography. Edited by Maria Weston Chapman. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1878.

———. How to Observe: Morals and Manners. London: C. Knight, 1838.

Mathews, Robert. "Evolutionary Ethics." Popular Science Monthly 44 (1893): 192-195.

Mayr, Ernst, and William Provine, eds. The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980.

Mead, George. "The Philosophical Basis of Ethics." International Journal of Ethics 18, no. 3 (1908): 311-323.

———. "Scientific Method and the Moral Sciences." International Journal of Ethics 33, no. 3 (1923): 229-247.

Midgley, Mary. Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.

———. Evolution as a Religion: Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears. London: Methuen, 1985.

———. "Gene-Juggling." Philosophy 54, no. 210 (1979): 439-458.

———. Heart and Mind: The Varieties of Moral Experience. New York: St. Martin's, 1981.

———. "Rival Fatalisms: The Hollowness of the Sociobiology Debate." In Ashley Montagu, ed., Sociobiology Examined . New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Pp. 15-38.

Mill, John Stuart. Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969.

Miller, Hugh. Progress and Decline: The Grouper in Evolution. Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, 1963.

[Millin, George]. Evil and Evolution: An Attempt to Turn the Light of

Modern Science on to the Ancient Mystery of Evil. London: Macmillan, 1896.

Mitman, Gregg. "Evolution as Gospel: William Patten, the Language of Democracy, and the Great War." Isis 81, no. 308 (1990): 446-463.

———. "From Population to Society: The Cooperative Metaphors of W. C. Allee and A. E. Emerson." Journal of the History of Biology 21, no. 2 (1988): 173-194.

———. The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Mivart, Jackson St. George. On the Genesis of Species. 2d ed. London: Macmillan, 1871.

Montagu, Ashley, ed. Sociobiology Examined. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Moore, Edward C. American Pragmatism: Peirce, James, and Dewey. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

Moore, George Edward. Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. (First edition, 1912.)

———. Principia Ethica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. (First edition, 1903.)

Moore, James. "Herbert Spencer's Henchmen: The Evolution of Protestant Liberals in Late Nineteenth-Century America." In John Durant, ed., Darwinism and Divinity: Essays on Evolution and Religious Belief . Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. 76-100.

———. The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Morgan, Conway Lloyd. The Emergence of Novelty. New York: Henry Holt, n.d.

———. Emergent Evolution. Gifford Lectures of 1922. New York: Henry Holt, 1923.

———. Habit and Instinct. London: E. Arnold, 1896.

———. Instinct and Experience. New York: Macmillan, 1912.

———. Life, Mind, and Spirit, Being the Second Course of the Gifford Lectures. New York: Henry Holt, 1925.

Morris, Charles. The Pragmatic Movement in American Philosophy. New York: George Braziller, 1970.

Muirhead, John. The Platonic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy: Studies in the History of Idealism in England and America. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1931.

Mulkay, Michael. Science and the Sociology of Knowledge. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979.

Munitz, Milton. Contemporary Analytical Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1981.

Murphy, Howard. "The Ethical Revolt Against Christian Orthodoxy in

Early Victorian England." American Historical Review 60, no. 4 (1955): 800-817.

Murphy, Jeffrie G. Evolution, Morality, and the Meaning of Life. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982.

Myers, Gerald E. William James: His Life and Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Needham, Joseph. The Great Amphibium: Four Lectures on the Position of Religion in a World Dominated by Science. London: Student Christian Movement Press, 1931.

———. [published under pseudonym, Henry Holorenshaw] "The Making of an Honorary Taoist." In Mikulàs Teich and Robert Young, eds., Changing Perspectives in the History of Science: Essays in Honour of Joseph Needham . London: Heinemann, 1973. Pp. 1-20.

———. The Sceptical Biologist. London: Chatto and Windus, 1929.

———. Time: The Refreshing River, Essays and Addresses, 1932-1942. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1943.

Nettleship, R. L., ed. Works of Thomas Hill Green. London: Longmans, Green, 1906.

Nisbet, J. F. Marriage and Heredity: A View of Psychological Evolution. London: Ward and Downey, 1889.

Nisbet, Robert. History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books, 1980.

Nitecki, Matthew H., ed. Evolutionary Progress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Norton, Charles Elliot, ed. Philosophical Discussions by Chauncey Wright with a Biographical Sketch of the Author. New York: Henry Holt, 1877.

O'Donnell, John M. The Origins of Behaviorism: American Psychology, 1870-1920. New York: New York University Press, 1985.

Oldroyd, David R. Darwinian Impacts, an Introduction to the Darwin Revolution. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980.

———. "How Did Darwin Arrive at His Theory? The Secondary Literature to 1982." History of Science 22 (1984): 325-374.

Oldroyd, David, and Ian Langham, eds. The Wider Domain of Evolutionary Thought. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1983.

Oppenheim, Janet. The Other World: Spritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non-Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation to the Rational. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923.

Pannill, H. Burnell. The Religious Faith of John Fiske. Durham: Duke University Press, 1957.

Paradis, James. T. H. Huxley: Man's Place in Nature. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978.

Paradis, James, and Thomas Postlewait, eds. Victorian Science and Victorian Values: Literary Perspectives. MLF Symposium, 1978. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 360 (1981).

Paradis, James, and George Williams, eds. Evolution and Ethics: T. H. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobiological Context. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Patrick, James. The Magdalen Metaphysicals: Idealism and Orthodoxy at Oxford, 1901-1945. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1985.

Patten, William. The Grand Strategy. Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1920.

Paxton, Nancy. George Eliot and Herbert Spencer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Peacocke, A. R., ed. The Science and Theology in the Twentieth Century. Stocksfield: Oriel Press, 1981.

Peel, J. D. Y. Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociologist. New York: Basic Books, 1971.

———. "Spencer and the Neo-Evolutionists." Sociology 3 (1969): 173-191.

Pepper, Stephen. Ethics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960.

Perkin, Harold. The Origins of Modern English Society 1780-1880. London: Kegan Paul, 1969.

Perry, Ralph Barton. Philosophy of the Recent Past: An Outline of European and American Philosophy Since 1860. London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927.

———. The Thought and Character of William James. Boston: Little, Brown, 1935.

Pickens, Donald K. Eugenics and the Progressives. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968.

Pollock, Frederick. "Evolution and Ethics." Mind 1, no. 3 (1876): 334-345.

Poulton, E. B. "Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823-1913." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Series B, 95 (1923-1924) i-xxxv.

Provine, William. The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

Pugh, George Edgin. The Biological Origin of Human Values. New York: Basic Books, 1977.

Putnam, Hilary. Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.

Quillian, William, Jr. The Moral Theory of Evolutionary Naturalism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945.

Quinton, Anthony. "Ethics and the Theory of Evolution." In I. T. Ramsey, ed., Biology and Personality: Frontier Problems in Science, Philosophy and Religion. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1965. Pp. 107-131.

———. Utilitarian Ethics. New York: St. Martin's, 1973.

Rainger, Ronald, Keith Benson, and Jane Maienschein, eds. The Ameri-

can Development of Biology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.

Raven, Charles E. The Creator Spirit: A Survey of Christian Doctrine in the Light of Biology, Psychology and Mysticism. London: Martin Hopkinson, 1927.

———. Science, Religion, and the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943.

Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.

Regan, Tom. Bloomsbury's Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of His Moral Philosophy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.

Resek, Carl. Lewis Henry Morgan: American Scholar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Rice, Philip Blair. "Objectivity in Value Judgments." Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 1 (1943): 5-14.

Richards, Evelleen. "Huxley and Women's Place in Science: The 'Woman Question' and Control of Victorian Anthropology." In James Moore, ed., History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. 253-284.

———. "The 'Moral Anatomy' of Robert Knox: The Interplay Between Biological and Social Thought in Victorian Scientific Naturalism." Journal of the History of Biology 22, no. 3 (1989): 373-436.

Richards, Robert J. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

———. "A Defense of Evolutionary Ethics." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 265-293.

———. "Dutch Objections to Evolutionary Ethics." Biology and Philosophy 4 (1989): 331-343.

———. "Justification Through Biological Faith: A Rejoinder." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 337-354.

Richter, Melvin. The Politics of Conscience: T. H. Green and His Age. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964.

Riedl, Rupert. Biology of Knowledge: The Evolutionary Basis of Reason. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1984.

Ritchie, David G. Darwinism and Politics: With Two Additional Essays on Human Evolution. 3d ed. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1895. (First edition, 1889.)

———. "Natural Selection and the Spiritual World." Westminster Review 133 (1890): 459-469.

Ritter, William Emerson. Charles Darwin and the Golden Rule. Edited by Edna Watson Bailey. Washington, D.C.: Science Service, 1954.

Romanes, George John. Mental Evolution in Man: Origin of Human Faculty. New York: D. Appleton, 1893.

Rorty, Richard. Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays, 1972-1980. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

———. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

———. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.

Rosenberg, Charles. No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

Roth, John K. Freedom and the Moral Life: The Ethics of William James. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1969.

Rothblatt, Sheldon. The Revolution of the Dons: Cambridge and Society in Victorian England. London: Faber and Faber, 1968.

Rottschaefer, William. "Evolutionary Naturalistic Justification of Morality: A Matter of Faith and Works." Biology and Philosophy 6 (1991): 341-349.

Roubiczek, Paul. Ethical Values in the Age of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.

Royce, Josiah. "Report on the Recent Literature of Ethics and Related Topics in America." International Journal of Ethics 3, no. 4 (1893): 527-541.

Ruse, Michael. The Darwinian Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

———. "The Morality of the Gene." The Monist 67, no. 2 (1984): 167-199.

———. Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense? Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1979.

———. Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.

Ryan, Alan. The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1970.

Sahlins, Marshall. The Use and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1976.

Savage, Minot J. The Morals of Evolution. Boston: George H. Ellis, 1880.

———. The Religion of Evolution. Boston: Lockwood, Brooks, 1876.

Schilcher, Florian von, and Neil Tennant. Philosophy, Evolution and Human Nature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

Schilpp, Paul Arthur, ed. The Philosophy of John Dewey. 2d ed. New York: Tudor, 1951. (First edition, 1939.)

Schneewind, J. B. Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Schoeck, Helmut, and James W. Wiggins, eds. Scientism and Values. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1960.

Schurman, Jacob Gould. The Ethical Impact of Darwinism. 3d ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903. (First edition, 1887.)

Seanor, Douglas, and N. Fotion, eds. Hare and Critics: Essays on "Moral Thinking." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Searle, G. R. Eugenics and Politics in Britain, 1900-1914. Leiden: Nordhoff, 1976.

Searle, John. Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Segerstrale, Ullica. "Colleagues in Conflict: An 'In Vivo' Analysis of the Sociobiology Controversy." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 1 (1986): 53-87.

Sellars, Wilfred, and John Hospers, eds. Readings in Ethical Theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1952.

Sidgwick, Arthur S., and Eleanor Mildred S. Sidgwick, eds. Henry Sidgwick: A Memoir. London: Macmillan, 1906.

Sidgwick, Henry. Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr. Herbert Spencer, and J. Martineau. London: Macmillan, 1902.

———. The Methods of Ethics. 7th ed. London: Macmillan, 1907. (First edition, 1874.)

———. "The Theory of Evolution in Its Application to Practice." Mind 1, no. 1 (1876): 52-67.

Simon, W. M. European Positivism in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963.

Simpson, George Gaylord. Biology and Man. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1964.

———. The Meaning of Evolution: A Study of the History of Life and of Its Significance for Man. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1949.

Simpson, James Y. The Spiritual Interpretation of Nature. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1912.

Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In The Works of Adam Smith. Vol. 1. Aalen: Otto Zeller, 1963. Reprint of London: T. Cadell, 1811-1812.

Smith, George Allen. The Life of Henry Drummond. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1899.

Smith, Goldwin. "Evolutionary Ethics and Christianity." Contemporary Review 44 (1883): 789-811.

———. "Has Science Yet Found a New Basis for Morality?" Contemporary Review 41 (1882): 335-358.

Sorell, Tom. Recent Tendencies in Ethics: Three Lectures to Clergy Given at Cambridge. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1904.

———. Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science. London: Routledge, 1991.

Sorley, William Ritchie. The Ethics of Naturalism: A Criticism. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1904. (First edition, 1885.)

———. Moral Values and the Idea of God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1918.

Spencer, Herbert. An Autobiography. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1904.

———. The Data of Ethics. New York: Hurst and Co., n.d. (First edition, 1879.)

———. Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. New York: D. Appleton, 1886. (First edition, 1861.)

———. Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative. 3 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1899. (First edition, 1878.)

———. First Principles. 4th ed. New York: D. Appleton, 1898. (First edition, 1860-1862.)

———. Principles of Ethics. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1896. (First edition, 1879-1893.)

———. Principles of Psychology. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1881. (First edition, 1855.)

———. Principles of Sociology. 3 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1897-1898. (First edition, 1876-1897.)

———. Social Statics; or The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed. New York: D. Appleton, 1888. (First edition, 1851.)

———. Various Fragments. New York: D. Appleton, 1898. (First edition, 1897.)

Stanley, Oma. "T. H. Huxley's Treatment of 'Nature.'" Journal of the History of Ideas 18 (1957): 120-127.

Stent, Gunther S., ed. Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: The Presuppositions of Sociobiological Research. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1978.

Stephen, Leslie. "Darwinism and Divinity." Fraser's Magazine 85 (1872): 545-561.

———. "Ethics and the Struggle for Existence." Contemporary Review 64 (1893): 157-170.

———. The Science of Ethics. 2d ed. London: Smith, Elder, 1907. (First edition, 1882.)

Stephens, Lester. Joseph Le Conte: Gentle Prophet of Evolution. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

Stern, Bernhard J. Lewis Henry Morgan: Social Evolutionist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.

Stevenson, Charles L. Ethics and Language. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.

Stocking, George W., Jr. Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. New York: Free Press, 1968.

———. Victorian Anthropology. New York: Free Press, 1987.

Stocking, George W., Jr., ed. The Shaping of American Anthropology 1883-1911: A Franz Boas Reader. New York: Basic Books, 1974.

Stone, Lawrence, ed. The University and Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.

Storer, Morris, ed. Humanist Ethics: Dialogue on Basics. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1980.

Stout, Jeffrey. The Flight from Authority: Religion, Morality, and the Quest for Autonomy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981.

Stroh, Guy W. American Ethical Thought. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979.

Suckiel, Ellen Kappy. The Pragmatic Philosophy of William James. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982.

Sutherland, Alexander. The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct. 2 vols. London: Longmans, Green, 1898.

Symondson, Anthony, ed. The Victorian Crisis of Faith. London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 1970.

Tännsjö, Torbjörn. Moral Realism. Savage, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990.

Tansley, A. G. The New Psychology and Its Relation to Life. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1920.

Taylor, H. Terry. "William Ernest Castle, American Geneticist: A Case-Study in the Impact of the Mendelian Research Program." M.A. thesis, Oregon State University, 1973.

Teich, Mikulàs. "The Unmastered Past of Human Genetics." In Mikulàs Teich and Roy Porter, eds., Fin de Siècle and Its Legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. 296-324.

Teich, Mikulàs, and Robert Young, eds. Changing Perspectives in the History of Science: Essays in Honour of Joseph Needham. London: Heinemann, 1973.

Tennant, Neil. "Evolutionary versus Evolved Ethics." Philosophy 58, no. 225 (1983): 289-302.

Thayer, H. S. Meaning and Action: A Critical History of Pragmatism. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968.

Thomas, Geoffrey. The Moral Philosophy of T. H. Green. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Thomas, Laurence. "Biological Moralism." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 316-325.

Thomas, Malcolm. Responses to Industrialism: The British Experience 1780-1850. Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1976.

Thorpe, W. H. Science, Man and Morals. London: Methuen, 1965.

Toulmin, Stephen. "Contemporary Scientific Mythology." In Stephen Toulmin, Ronald Hepburn, and Alasdair MacIntyre, eds., Metaphysical Beliefs. New York: Schocken Books, 1970. Pp. 3-71. (First edition, 1957.)

———. An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

Trigg, Roger. "Evolutionary Ethics." Biology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (1986): 325-335.

Trivers, Robert. "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism." Quarterly Review of Biology 46, no. 4 (1971): 35-75.

Trotter, Wilfred. Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, 1916-1919. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1923. (First edition, 1916.)

Tufts, James H. "Darwin and Evolutionary Ethics." Psychology Review, n.s., 16, no. 3 (1909): 195-206.

Turner, Frank Miller. Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.

Turner, James. Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.

Veysey, Laurence R. The Emergence of the American University. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1965.

Vogeler, Martha S. Frederic Harrison: The Vocations of a Positivist. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Von Arx, Jeffrey Paul. Progress and Pessimism: Religion, Politics, and History in Late Nineteenth Century Britain. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Voorzanger, Bart. "No Norms and No Nature--The Moral Relevance of Evolutionary Biology." Biology and Philosophy 3 (1987): 253-270.

Waddington, C. H. The Ethical Animal. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960.

Waddington, C. H., ed. Science and Ethics. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1942.

Wallace, Alfred Russel. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. 2d ed. London: Macmillan, 1891. (First edition, 1870.)

———. Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications. London: Macmillan, 1889.

———. Miracles and Modern Spiritualism. Rev. ed. London: George Redway, 1896. (First edition, 1874.)

———. My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions. 2 vols. London: Chapman and Hall, 1905.

———. Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology. London: Macmillan, 1891.

———. "The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection.'" Journal of the Anthropological Society of London 2 (1864): clviii-clxx.

———. Social Environment and Moral Progress. New York: Cassell, 1913.

———. The World of Life: A Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind and Ultimate Purpose. New York: Moffat, Yard, 1911.

Ward, Mrs. Humphry [Mary Augusta]. Robert Elsmere. London: Smith and Elder, 1888.

Warnock, G. J. English Philosophy Since 1900. 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

———. Morality and Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.

———. The Object of Morality. London: Methuen, 1971.

Warnock, Mary. Ethics since 1900. 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Weber, Gay. "Science and Society in Nineteenth-Century Anthropology. History of Science 11 (1974): 260-283.

Webster, Charles, ed. Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Wedgwood, Julia. "Ethics and Science." Contemporary Review 72 (1897): 219-233.

Weiner, Philip. Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949.

Weinstein, Michael A. Unity and Variety in the Philosophy of Samuel Alexander. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1984.

Weir, James, Jr. "The Effect of Female Suffrage on Posterity." American Naturalist 29, no. 345 (1895): 815-825.

Westbrook, Robert B. John Dewey and American Democracy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Westermarck, Edward. Ethical Relativity. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1932.

———. The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas. 2 vols. London: Macmillan, 1906-1908.

Wheeler, William Morton. Emergent Evolution and the Development of Societies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1928.

White, Morton. Science and Sentiment in America: Philosophical Thought from Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Whitman, Charles Otis. Posthumous Works. 3 vols. Edited by Oscar Riddle. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1919.

Whorton, James C. Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

Wilde, Norman. "The Meaning of Evolution in Ethics." International Journal of Ethics 19, no. 3 (1909): 265-283.

Wildt, Sister Carol Marie. "Julian Huxley's Conception of Evolutionary Progress." Ph.D. dissertation, Saint Louis University, 1973.

Williams, Bernard. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.

———. "Evolution, Ethics, and the Representation Problem." In D. S. Bendall, ed., Evolution from Molecules to Man . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Pp. 555-566.

———. "Evolutionary Theory: Epistemology and Ethics." In Alan Grafen, ed., Evolution and Its Influence . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Pp. 93-106.

———. Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

———. Morality: An Introduction to Ethics. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.

Williams, Cora M. A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution. London: Macmillan, 1893.

Williams, George C. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.

Williams, Patricia. "Evolved Ethics Re-Examined: The Theory of Robert J. Richards." Biology and Philosophy 5 (1990): 451-457.

Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society 1780-1950. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.

Wilson, Daniel J. Science, Community, and the Transformation of American Philosophy, 1860-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Wilson, David Sloan. "On the Relationship Between Evolutionary and Psychological Definitions of Altruism and Selfishness." Biology and Philosophy 7 (1992): 61-68.

Wilson, Edward O. "Introduction: What Is Sociobiology?" In Michael Gregory, Anita Silvers, and Diane Sutch, eds., Sociobiology and Human Nature . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.

———. On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.

———. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.

Wilson, James Q. The Moral Sense. New York: Free Press, 1993.

Wiltshire, David. The Social and Political Thought of Herbert Spencer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Winston, George R. John Fiske. New York: Twayne, 1972.

Wollheim, Richard. F. H. Bradley. London: Penguin, 1969.

Wolstenholme, Gordon, ed. Man and His Future: A Ciba Foundation Volume. London: J. and A. Churchill, 1963.

Wright, Chauncey. "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection: A Series of Essays. By Alfred Russel Wallace, Author of 'The Malay Archipelago,' etc., etc." North American Review 111 (1870): 282-311.

———. "Evolution of Self-Consciousness." North American Review 116, no. 239 (1873): 245-310.

———. "German Darwinism." Nation 21, no. 532 (1875): 168-170.

Wright, H. W. "Evolution and Ethical Method." International Journal of Ethics 16, no. 1 (1905): 59-68.

Wynne-Edwards, V. C. Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1962.

Yolton, John W. Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.

Youmans, Edward Livingston, ed. Herbert Spencer on the Americans and the Americans on Herbert Spencer: Being a Full Report of His Interview, and of the Proceedings of the Farewell Banquet of Nov. 11, 1882. New York: D. Appleton, 1883.

Zernel, John. "John Wesley Powell: Science and Reform in a Positive Context." Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, 1983.

Zink, David. Leslie Stephen. New York: Twayne, 1972.

Zumback, Clark. The Transcendental Science: Kant's Conception of Biological Method. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1984.