Index

A

ABC News, 177 -178

Aboveground resistance groups. See AZAPO; UDF

Activists, 64 , 65 , 134 , 223 -224

Advertising, 51 -52, 123 -128

Affirmative action, 242

Africa edition, 57 , 105 , 107 , 114 , 119 , 148 , 205 , 241

circulation, 126

news selection, 34 -35

African languages, 26 , 91

African National Congress (ANC). See ANC

Africans. See Blacks

Afrikaans language, 6 , 26

Afrikaans-language press, xi , 24 -27, 35 -36, 140 , 172 -173

and emergency regulations, 172 -174

and National Party, 24 -25

Qwelane and 1976 uprising, 93 -94

Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), 83

Afrikaners, 25 , 29 , 93 -94, 230 , 245

Akhalwaya, Ameen, 51 , 113 , 141

Alexandra, 40 -43, 112 -113, 134 , 188

Americans. See United States

ANC, x -xii, 25 , 39 , 51 , 57 , 67 , 109 , 112 , 113 , 116 , 154 , 199 , 202 -204, 210 , 215 , 226 , 228 , 235 -239, 242

and communism, 142 , 181

on press freedom under black rule, 149

politics of, 132

strategy of ungovernability, 144 -145, 222

in townships, 50

Anderson, David, 175

Anderson, Ron, 55 , 57 -58, 161

Anglo American Corporation, 108 -109, 128 , 230 , 240

Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, 29

Angola, 27 , 179 , 250

Apartheid, 24 , 46 , 229

Bantu Education and retribalization programs, 91

Botha on, 27

current state of, 50 -51

forced removals program, 91

and migrant labor system, 108

reforms, 206 -207, 228 -231

social, in Star newsroom, 114 -115, 117 -118

Argus Printing and Publishing Company, 28 -29, 33 , 97 , 108 , 114 , 176 , 202 , 224 -225, 240

and high-potential consumers, 125 -126

legal defense of reporters, 77

Army, 6 , 11 , 15 , 17 , 67 , 101 , 110 , 238 , 243

and killings, 119 , 203

military threat to, 228

seizing of reporter's notes, 118

in townships, 40 -41

and toyi-toyi dance, 68

Azanian People's Organization (AZAPO), 113 , 142 , 167 , 224 , 236 , 237

politics, and UDF power struggle, 131 -135

B

Bailey, Jim, 94 -95

Balaclava men, 43 , 200 -201

Banning orders, 31 , 132

Banning orders (cont. )

of resistance organizations and leaders, 224

of Sisulus, 199 -200

of Star black reporters, 77

Bantu Education, 91 -92

Bantustans (black self-governing states), 3 -4, 7 -8, 23 , 84 , 228 , 235 , 236 , 239 , 245 . See also KwaNdebele

leader's rewards, 9 , 114

local news in black papers, 34

percentage of black population in, 8

percentage of land area, 9 n

and politician's murder, 154

Barbados, 240

BBC Overseas Service, 247

Beckett, Denis, 148 , 224

Beeld,25 , 46 , 110 , 173

hiring of Qwelane, 93 -94

and vigilantes, 138

Beukes, Ambassador Herbert, 180

Biko, Steve, 141

Black Consciousness movement, 132 -133, 134 , 140 -141, 161 , 224 , 249

"Black-on-black violence," 10 -11, 137 , 179

Black press, 33 -35. See also names of newspapers

Black reporters, xi , 23 , 242 . See also Journalists; names of reporters

author working with, 153 -164

coverage of political funerals, 61 -70

coverage of UDF/AZAPO power struggle, 132 -138, 140

differences with white editors, 109 -119, 139 -140, 142

in exile, 99 -100

history and tradition, 73 -74

life under apartheid, 149 -150

mistrust of white reporters, 116 -117

outrage at government violence, 146 -147

personal commitment to resistance, 117 , 139 -146

police brutality and harassment, 74 -77

and press censorship, 168 -172

and promotions, 105 -107, 109 -111

relationship with black community, 4 , 23 , 97 -99

standing in black community, 147 -148

with Star, 4 , 35 , 55 -58

during state of emergency, 188

and vigilantes, 138

Blacks. See also Black reporters; Community, the

and black press, xi , 33 -35, 249

and commuter travel time, 18

denationalization of, 10

and English-language press, 146 -147

and housing, 42 , 47 , 49 -51

living in bantustans, 8 , 8 n

and pass law repeal, 207

political and economic interests, 23 , 107

removal from designated-white areas, 7

Bloom, Tony, 191

Body count journalism, 77 -78

Boers, 8

Boesak, Dr. Allan, 27

Bophuthatswana, 7 , 13 , 207

Boshomane, William, 218 -219

Botha, P. W., 10 , 25 -26, 83 , 87 , 177 , 189 , 235

and KwaNdebele independence, 234

on "authentic leaders," 223

and Police College speech, 27 -28

and state of emergency, 168 , 175 , 180

Botha, R. F., 180

Botha, Stoffel, 88 , 222

Botwsana, 27 , 90 -91, 106

Boycotts, 65 , 89 , 136 , 201 , 228 -229

of black workers on June 16 , 190

by international community of S. Africa, 46

of Sowetan by UDF, 134 -135

Bradlee, Benjamin, Jr., 12

Britain, 25 , 29 , 109 , 178 -179

Broederbond, 26

Bronkhorst, Bill, 192

Bureau for Information, 171 , 174 , 176 -178, 181 -182, 190 , 201 -204, 215

Bureaucracy, 230 , 245

Businessmen, 206

black, and support for revolution, 48

and release of Mandela, 30

and Star' s op-ed pages, 108

in vigilante groups, 137

Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha, 95 -96, 137 , 162 , 223 -225, 236 , 240 , 248

C

Campbell, Father, 14 -17, 211 , 215

Cape Times, 132 , 199

Cape Town, 40 , 109 , 199 , 238 , 240

branch of National Party, 25

reporters' pub, 115 , 128

Capitalism, 108 -109, 202 , 230

Casualties

from "black-on-black violence," 137

in KwaNdebele, 14 -15

from political violence, 50 , 221

Catholic mission (KwaNdebele), 11 -12, 14 -17

CBS News, 177 , 226

Censorship. See Press; Star

Charterists, 132 -133

Children of Apartheid news film, 226

Citizen, 25 -26, 25 -28, 36 , 39 , 94 , 126 -127, 177

City Press, xi , 33 , 118 , 134 , 140 , 192 , 246

and tracing of detainees, 206

Civic associations, 50 , 172

Civil service, 245

Clinton, Bill, 238 , 246

CNN, 247

Coetzee, J.M., xiii , 128

Collaborators, 44 -45, 64

Collinge, Jo-Anne, 204 -205

"Coloured" people, 8 n, 50 , 141 , 228 , 238 , 239

Comment radio program, 27

Committee to Protect Journalists, 32 , 75

Communism, 67 , 142 , 183 , 191 , 246

Community, the, 23

black reporters commitment to, 138 -140

Community council system, 50

Community papers, 131 , 206

Comrades, 118 , 144 , 179 , 238

in Alexandra, 41 -44

description of, 65 -66

at funeral services, 64 -68

ideology of, 15

in KwaNdebele, 10 -12, 15 -17, 216 , 219

against middle-class blacks, 148

and pressure on Sowetan,134 -136

protection payments to, 228

Qwelane on, 89 -90

tsotsis posing as, 136 -137

Congress of South African students, 43

Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), 134 , 188 , 224 , 238 , 243

Conservative Party, 229 -230

COSATU. See Congress of South African Trade Unions

The Cosby Show television show, 26 , 100

Courts, 51 . See also People's courts

Cowell, Alan, 179

Cronkite, Walter, 226

Crossroads squatters camp, 138 , 179

D

Dalling, Dave, M. P., 182

Darnton, John, 179

De Klerk, F. W., xii , 235 , 238 , 239 , 251

De Vos, Wim, 177

Dé Ath, George, 138

Democracy, 133 , 171 , 240

Democratic Party, xi , 237 -239

Detainees

in KwaNdebele prison, 218 -221

Star listing of, 231

tracing of, 206

Detainees' Parents Support Committee, 156 -158, 221

Detentions, 168 -172, 199 -201, 203 , 206

by 1988, 221 -222

Die Burger , 24 , 173

Die Transvaler , 24 , 29 , 173

Die Vaderland , 35 , 172

Die Volksblad , 173

Dlomo, Godfrey Sicelo, 226 -227

Dompas (identification card), 207

Drum magazine, 73 , 93 -94

and Qwelane, 94 -95

Duduza, 76 -77, 201

Duke, David, 251

Dutch Reformed Church, 24 , 26

E

East Rand funerals, 62 -69

Eastern Star , 29

Eastern Transvaal province, 246

Editors. See also names of editors; Star and black reporters, 23 , 105 -119, 242

of Ilanga , 224 -225, 237 , 242

Education, 50 , 51 , 91

black reporters and English ability, 90 -92, 106 -107

Election results, 239

Emerald, 193 -194

Emergency, state of, 3 , 31 , 167 -183, 236 , 240

developments since 1986, 221 -227, 231

first few days and author's experiences, 187 -195

goals and regulations, 170 -172, 192 , 217 , 229

English language, 6

and black reporters, 90 , 106 -107

Qweland and, 90 -92

English-language newspapers, xi , 24 , 28 -36. See also Press; Star

and Anglo interests, 108 -109

anti-Afrikaner rule, 29 -30

black extra editions, 33 -35, 148

black leaders criticism of, 35 -36, 202

black readership of, 146 -147

and black reporter tradition, 73

daily circulation, 28

editorial stance, 111 -113

government censorship and bannings, 31 -32

and Media Council, 226

owners of, 28 -29

police and government intimidation, 32

pro-government Citizen , 25 -28, 36 , 39 , 94 , 177

reaction to emergency, 174 -177, 202

salaries paid, 115

Equal opportunity, 111 , 237 , 249

at Star , 106

Ethnic states, 8 -9. See also Bantustans

Europe, 99 , 123 -124, 179 -180, 224

Exchange programs, 158 -159

Exile, 99 -100

F

Financial Mail , 74

Financial Times , 220

Firebombings, 66 , 69 , 89 , 119 , 204

Foreign correspondents, 109

Foreign Correspondents' Association of South Africa, 172

Foreign press, xii , 13 , 42 , 46 , 70 , 138 , 172 , 177 -178

and state of emergency, 226 -227

Fourie, Ambassador Bernardus, 97

Frederikse, Julie, 227

Freedom Charter, 132 , 134

Frontline , 148 , 224

Funerals, 61 -70, 203

and massacre at Uitenhage, 99

G

Geo-segmentation, 125

"Ghetto," 57 -58, 78 , 84 , 154 -155, 158 , 208 -210, 249 . See also Star newsroom

Gibson, Rex, 30 , 32 , 35 , 55 , 139 , 145 , 175 , 201 , 208

on equal opportunity for black reporters, 105 -106

on Qwelane's writing and reporting, 82 , 85

and reporters' objectivity, 139

Gilbey's Punter's Friend, 127

Golden City Post , 73 , 93

Government, 32 , 147 -148, 182 , 235 -236. See also Government press; names of officials

blaming tsotsis for black violence, 136

and English-language liberal press, 108

and fighting in townships, 41

harassing and torture of black reporters, 23 , 74 -75

and KwaNdebele independence, 3 -4, 7 -11, 216 , 233 -234

and radio and television, 26 -27

state of emergency, 167 -183, 199 -234

white opposition to, 108 -109

Government of national unity, 236 , 237

Government press, xii , 24 -25, 27 . See also Beeld ; names of Afrikaans newspapers

police protection of reporters, 138

and state of emergency, 172 -174, 226

Green beans, 40 , 43

Group Areas Act, 47 , 250

Guardian, 220

Gumede, Joe, 100

H

Hand grenades, 76 -77

Harvard's Nieman fellowship, 86 , 178

Heard, Anthony, 132

Heinz Foods, 240

Hernandez, Keith, 147

Hillbrow district, 47 , 193

Hokinson, Helen, 112

Holt, Keith, 123 -124, 126 -128, 232

Homelands, 8. See also Bantustans

Housing

for blacks, and repeal of pass laws, 207

and racial segregation, 47 , 50 -51

shortage of, 7 , 51

whites panic selling, 123 -124

Hughes, Anita, 84 -85, 115

on Qwelane and computer terminals, 117 -118

on racial discrimination in promotion, 106

Human Sciences Research Council survey, 183

I

Identification cards, 206 -208

Ilanga , 237 , 242

Impimpi , 44

Independence

for KwaNdebele, 8 -11, 14 -17, 215 -216, 233 -234

Indians, 8n. See also "Coloured" people

The Indicator , 51 -52, 113

Information Department scandal, 25 , 28

Informers, 44 -45, 64 , 67

police, in Star newsroom, 32 , 231

Inkatha, 137 , 223 -225, 236 , 239 , 240 , 242

Interim constitution, 236 , 237 , 245

International press. See Foreign press

Investigative reporting, 115 -116, 250 , 251

J

Jabulani Stadium, 162

Jailings, 31 , 51 , 74 , 116

Johannesburg, x , 3 -4, 39 -40, 93 , 95 , 149 , 177 , 202

bombings, 204

and foreign journalists, 194

founding of Star , 29

during state of emergency, 191

Johannesburg Star. See Star

"Jon's Jive" column, 81 -82

Journalists, xi , 11 , 242 , 249 . See also Black reporters; English-language newspapers; Foreign press

detained, 220 , 225

and knock-and-drops, 51 -52

tapping of telephones by police, 32

underground and, 50 , 116

white, 23 , 106 , 114 -118

June 16, 1976 uprising, 64 , 162 , 167

"Just Jon" column, 81 -84, 119 , 147

K

Katlehong, 63 , 66 , 75 , 145

Kerzner, Sol, 206

KGB, 146

Khanyane, Police Officer, 218 -220

Khmer Rouge, 147 -148

Kinikini, T. B., 97

Knock-and-drops, 51 -52

Komane, Margaret, 66 , 68 , 118

Koopman, Andre, 199

Kruger, Warrant Officer, 219

Kuhn, Colonel Andries, 220

Kumalo, Alf, 58 , 145 , 147 , 155 -157, 169 , 189 , 208 , 250

Kuper, Jos, 126 -127

Kutumela, Montsho Lucky, 137

Kwaggafontein, 8 , 17 , 216 , 233

KwaNdebele, 3 -18, 41 , 137 , 211

bantustan, 245

black workers commuting time, 18

detainees and police brutality, 215 -221, 234

and independence, 7 -11, 14 -17, 215 -216, 233 -234

Mahlangu and murder accusation, 233 -234

state of emergency, 3 -5, 7 , 11 -13

KwaNobuhle township, 97 , 99

KwaThema, 17 , 76 , 188 , 191

KwaZulu bantustan, 96 , 225 , 236

KwaZulu/Natal, 236 , 239

L

Langa township, 97 -99

Languages

official, and newspapers, 24 -26

radio broadcasts in, 26

spoken in South Africa, 23 -24

tribal, 4 , 6

and urban African speech, 82

Le Grange, Louis, 32 , 88 , 96 , 175 , 201

Lebowa bantustan, 8 , 13 , 228

Lebowa Times , 137 -138

Lerm, Brigadier Herzog C., 220 -221

Liberals, 229 -230

and Star , 23 . See also English-language newspapers

Liberation movement. See Resistance

Liebling, A.J., 252

Life and Times of Michael K (Coetzee), xiii , 128

"The Line" (television program), 248

Liquor stores, 137

Loewe, Mike, 199

London Times , 220

M

Mabuza, Herbert, 3 -4, 12 -13, 18 -19, 58 , 153 , 169 , 203 -204, 210 , 220 , 250

background, 12

imprisonment in KwaNdebele, 216 -217

with new trade union, 232 -233

McClanahan, Rue, 100

McLean, Peter, 225

Mafeking, 90 -93, 207

Mafeking Mail , 93

Mafuna, Bokwe, 140

Mahamba, Police Officer, 218 -220

Mahlangu clan, 245

Mahlangu, George, 216 , 233 -234

Mahlangu, Prince James, 11 , 17 , 216

Mahlangu, Windvoel, 219

Mahlatsi, Esau, 223

Maivha, Mudini, 57 , 62 -69, 87 -89, 118 , 149 -150, 169 , 188 , 211 , 250

American professor and, 158 -159

exile in Zimbabwe, 232

hospital interview, 153

Vosloorus boycotts story, 136

Makua, Michael, 218 -219

Malan, D.F., 24 , 77

Mamelodi township, 154

Mandela, Nelson, ix , xii , 6 , 30 , 32 , 49 , 95 , 181 , 235 , 236 , 239 , 240

Mandela, Winnie, 95 , 162

Manning, Richard, 177

Manoim, Irwin, 124 -125, 241

Mashabela, Harry, 74 -75, 111

Mashiane, Theophilus, 199

Masilela, David, 218

Masombuka, Johannes, 220

Mathe, Sam, 216 -217, 220

Matshoba, Diliza, 70 , 136

Mazwai, Thami, 75

Mbaganga music, 154 , 202

Mbeki, Govan, 223

Mbeki, Thabo, 244

Mbokodo vigilantes, 10 , 15 -17, 215 -216

Mbonani, Jabu, 220

Media. See Afrikaans-language press; English-language newspapers; Press; Television

Media Council, 226

Media overspill, 125

Media Workers Association of South Africa. See MWASA

Meiring, General George, 243

Mellett, Leon, 176

Methodist church funeral, 66 -69

Mhlawuli, Veliswa, 225

Migrant labor system, 108

Military correspondents, 110

Military service, 110

Miller, Hal, 128

Mining companies, 108 -109, 230

Minority rights, 108

Mkhondo, Rich, 159 -160

M-Net, 247

Mngadi, S'bu, 252

Modisane, Bloke, 73

Modise, Joe, 243

More, Chris, 159 -160

Moroke, Montshiwa, 57 , 69 -70, 75 -76, 84 , 87 , 115 , 169 , 188 , 232 , 249

on "rugby angle," 210

Motanyane, Maud, 57 , 187 -188, 203 , 210 , 231 , 250 , 252

on black community criticism of press, 131

on commitment to the community, 139

on Qwelane's ability, 105

on white editorial staff, 111

red boots, and background, 155 -156

spiking of story by, 118 -119

Mother-tongue instruction, 91 -92

Motlana, Dr. Ntatho, 240

Motsisi, Casey, 73 , 94

Moutse people, 10

Mphahlele, Ezekiel, 73

Mthimunye, Bizana, 218 -219

Mtimkulu, Phil, 55 , 57 , 70 , 115 , 139 , 148 , 200 , 209 -210, 231 -232, 250

author's friendship with, 159 -162

on black reporters and politics, 141

on body count journalism, 77 -78

Mtimkulu, Phil (cont.)

on Qwelane as writer, 111

Star 's black editor and promotion, 105 -106, 110 -111

and Star 's black readers, 131 -132

and state of emergency, 169 -170, 187 -188, 201 -202

Mugabe, Robert, 227

MWASA (Media Workers Association of South Africa), 77 , 134 , 141 , 200 , 232 -233

boycott of American exchange programs, 158 -159

on journalism of neutrality, 139

N

Nakasa, Nat, 73 , 99

Namibia, 27 , 235

Nasionale Pers, 25 , 33 , 206

Natal, 137 , 224 , 242

National Education Crisis Committee, 188

National Geographic , 8

National Party, xi , xii , 8 , 24 -26, 28 , 77 , 174 , 182 , 229 -230, 237 -240

National Peacekeeping Force, 242

Nationalism, 230

Nationalization, 237

of agriculture, 142

of industry, 109

Naude, Beyers, 191

Nazis, 29 , 182

Ndebele people, 8

Necklacing, 5 , 12 -13, 65

of informers, 44 -45

victims of, 16

of young woman, 144

Negotiations, 235 -236, 240

Nel, Louis, 88 , 178 , 180 , 226

New Nation , 33 , 134 , 139 , 199 -200, 222 -223

and UDF, 140

New York Times , 179 , 220 , 245

News sources, 76 , 140 , 205

News stories, 27

difference in white/black editions, 33 -35

and Qwelane's leads, 95 -96

"The Newspaper Museum of South Africa," 140

The Newspaperman's Guide to the Law , 31

Newspapers. See Afrikaans-language press; English-language newspapers; Knocks-and-drops; names of newspapers; Press

Newsroom. See "Ghetto"; Star newsroom

Newsweek , 177

1976 uprising, 64 , 74 , 167

1994 election campaign, xii , 236 -238

Nkoane, Bishop Simeon, 67 -68, 118

Nkosi, Lewis, 73

Nkosi, Lewis, 73

"Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika," 192

Noncharterists, 132 -133, 141

None But Ourselves (Frederikse), 227

Northeastern Tribune , 51 -52

Ntuli, Piet, 15 -16, 215 -216, 233

Nyatsumba, Kaiser, 249

O

Observer , 25

Oosterbroek, Ken, 242

O'Reilly, Tony, 240

"Orgs," 135 -136, 137 , 144

Owen, Ken, 36

P

PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress), xi , 92 , 132 , 134 , 141 , 232 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 246

Parliament, 108 , 109 , 113 , 168 , 182 , 199 , 228 , 230 , 236 , 239 , 241

Pass laws, 206 -208

Pedis people, 8

People's courts, 43 , 50

"People's power," 145

Perskor, 25

Petersen, Hector, 64 , 175 , 189

Petrol bombs, 43 , 64 , 89 , 96

PFP, 108 , 110 , 182 , 229 -230, 237

M.P.s and list of detainees, 199

Phoso, Matthews, 246 , 247

Photographs and film, 156 -158, 204

Police, 4 -6, 23 , 27 -29, 40 -41, 50 , 52 , 66 , 146 , 194 . See also Emergency, state of

beating of KwaNdebele detainees, 215 -221, 234

brutality and torture, 44 , 205

informers in Star newsroom, 32 , 231

jailing of reporters, 74 -76

massacre at Uitenhage (1985), 96 -99

and murder of Dlomo, 226 -227

and murders, 119

and press, 30 -34, 74 -77

protection for black reporters, 145

seizure of reporters' notes and film, 118 , 156 -158, 204

and Sisulu kidnapping story, 200 -201

Special Branch (Security Branch), 31 , 31 n

and vigilantes, 118 -119, 179

Police Act, 217 , 221

Police College, South African, 27 -28

Politics

and black reporters, 73

of English-language press and PFP, 108 -109

Qwelane and, 140 -143

Population, 28

in 1986, and racial classifications, 8 n

African, living in bantustans, 8

Portuguese shopkeepers, 149 -150

Post , 93

Press, 24 -36. See also Black reporters; English-language newspapers; Foreign press; Journalists

Afrikaans, 24 -25, 27

and black community, 131 -132

censorship and state of emergency, 31 -32, 52 , 168 -183, 222 -223, 225 -227

coverage of violence and resistance, 43 , 45 , 132 -133

freedom, in a black-ruled South Africa, 148 -149, 240

in Rhodesia, 231

"The Pretenders," 32

Pretoria. See Government

Prime Ministers, 24 , 28 -29

Prisons Act, 217 , 221

Profile, of Qwelane, 163 -164

Progressive Federal Party. See PFP

Public opinion surveys, 183

Q

Qoboza, Percy, 168 , 178 -179

Qwelane, Jon, x -xi, 55 -57, 78 , 109 , 138 , 145 -146, 147 , 168 -169, 183 , 231 , 250 -252

appearance, 6 -7

and AZAPO, 134

career, 92 -100

coverage of funerals, 61 -62, 70

daughters' name, 232

editorial comment and hate mail, 83 -84

hiding of film from police, 156 -158

homelife, family and friends, 87 -91

inventive news leads, 95 -96

KwaNdebele independence story, 3 -7, 11 -13, 16 -19, 211 , 215 -221, 233 -234

languages, 6 , 90 -92

MWASA and, 232 -233

on commitment to the community, 139

on identification card, and pass law repeal, 206 -208

on Motanyane, 119 , 156

on police informers in newsrooms, 32

on power struggle between resistance organizations, 133

on Star editorials, 111 -112, 114

on trips to Europe and United States, 99 -100

on working for Star and salary, 111

parents and education, 91 -92, 106 , 141

police brutality affidavit, 216 -220

politics and religion, 140 -143

profile of, 163 -164

promotion possibilities, 105 -106, 109 -111

protection of sources, 76

shot by shopkeeper, 149 -150

Sisulu kidnapping story, 200 -201

and Star columns, 81 -84

Uitenhage massacre and Langa mobs, 96 -99

and United Nations conference, 189

writing ability and reporting, 84 -86, 143

Zambia spy story, 202 -203, 206

Qwelane, Sana, 87 -89, 100 , 252

Qwelane, Sobukwe, 87 , 90

R

Racial classifications, 8n, 50

Racial segregation, 7 , 47 , 50 -51

Radio, 26 , 247 , 251

Raine, Sheryl, 85 , 117 , 154

Rand (currency), 167 -168

Rand Daily Mail,28 , 30 , 116 , 118 , 140 , 141 , 200 , 210

death of, 112 , 126

and Qwelane, 93 -94

and tokenism, 107

Tutu assessment of, 113

Rapport , xi , 173 -174

Regina Mundi Cathedral, 162

Rent boycotts, 89 , 136 , 229 , 244

Resistance, 229 . See also ANC; AZAPO; Pan-Africanist Congress; UDF

leaders compared with activists, 134 -135

level of intolerance within, 65 , 68

and level of violence, 40

major organizations

political differences and township violence, 132 -136

and white liberal press, 113 -114, 231

spread into "coloured" areas, 98

strategy, 50 , 52 , 144 -145, 222

Retribalization program, 91

Revolutionary movement, x , 23 , 32 , 147 , 225 -230. See also Resistance slogans, 67

Reynolds, Peter, 18

Rhodesian analogy, 227 , 231

Rogers, David, 178

"Rugby angle," 210

Ruth (Alexandra resident), 43 -46

Rutherford, Didi, 113

S

SABC, 26 -27, 35 , 88 , 138 , 247 , 252

SACP (South African Communist Party), 67 , 142 , 235 , 238 , 246

SADF (South African Defence Force), 67 , 69

St. Joseph's College, 90 -91

Sam (librarian), 194 -195

Sanctions, 83 , 178 -179, 189

Sandton, 251

SASPU National, 206

Schools, 65 , 91 -92. See also Education

Security forces, 42 , 217 . See also Army; Police

in black townships, 40

deaths attributed to, 137

killings in Mamelodi, 154

in state of emergency, 168 , 171 -172, 174 , 177 , 179 , 190 -191

Security laws, 31 -32

Sexwale, Tokyo, 244

Sharpeville, 119 , 223

Shebeens, 74 , 81 -82, 148 , 162 , 170

Sidley, Pat, 148

Siluma, Mike, 57 , 115 , 134 , 145 , 188 , 232 , 249

Sipho (activist in Alexandra), 42

Sisulu, Walter and Albertina, 199 -200, 235

Sisulu, Zodwa, 200

Sisulu, Zwelakhe, 139 , 149 , 199 -201, 217 , 225 , 247 , 252

Skosana, Peter, 11 , 17 , 216

Skosana, Simon, 9 -11, 15 , 17 -18, 216

Sky TV, 247

Slabbert, Frederick van Zyl, 230

Smuts, Jan, 246

Sobukwe, Robert Mangaliso, 92

"Social science of liberation," 228

Socialism, 109 , 142

Society for Young Africa, 62 -63

Sokutu, Brian, 199 , 225

Sotho language, 10 , 63 , 65

South African Associated Newspapers, 28 , 240

South African Broadcasting Corporation. See SABC

South African Institute of Race Relations, 221

South African Press Association, 27

South African Tourism Board, 46

South (community paper), 222

South Sotho language, 6

Soviet Union, 146 , 235

Sowetan , xi , 33 , 75 , 93 , 113 , 118 , 141 , 224 , 237 , 240 , 250

ANC and, 149 , 222 -223

facilities, 140

and state of emergency, 174 -176, 187 , 199

UDF boycott of, 134 -135

Soweto, 12 , 19 , 96 , 155 , 167 , 188 , 201 , 252

bumper stickers, 47 -48

described, 48 -49

funerals and violence, 62 , 70

Inkatha rally, 223 -224

and neighborhood factions, 133 -134

Qwelane's home and neighborhood in, 87 -88, 90

rent boycotts, 89 , 229

resistance and black reporters, 74 -75

sights of, 162 -163

during state of emergency, 170 , 173 , 188 , 191 , 195

Sparks, Allister, 107 , 127 , 191

Special Branch, 31 n

Spectator , 224

Speech, urban African, 82

Sports, 88 , 131 , 231

black vs. white attitudes, 83 -83, 241 -242

Star , x -xi, 83 , 84 , 89 , 177 , 182 , 227 , 232 , 234 , 237 , 240 -241, 245 , 250 . See also Africa edition; Black reporters; names of editors and reporters; Star newsroom; Sunday Star

advertising and top markets, 123 -128

black readers of, 33 , 35 , 126 -127

and black reporters' objectivity, 139 -140

Code of Ethics, 209 -210

editors, 55 -57, 201

first days of emergency, 187 -190, 201 -202

founding of, 29

news stories and black reporters, 30 -31

1976 turning point, 74

owners of and advertisers, 107 -109, 202

Police College story, 28

political and editorial positions, 29 -30, 107 -114, 208

promotions for black reporters at, 105 -107, 109 -111

and Qwelane, 95 -100

repeal of pass laws, 207 -208

reporters in KwaNdebele, 3 -4, 5 , 7 , 18 -19, 216 -221

rooster-tailed white reporter, 114 , 203

Sisulu kidnapping story, 200 -201, 217

spiking of Motanyane's story, 118 -119

under state of emergency, 168 -170, 174 -175, 177 , 182 -183

tourism ads, 46 -47

Verwoerd and Nazi propaganda case, 29 -30

and white readers, 109 , 205 -206

white vs. African editions, 96

witch burnings and other chestnuts, 205 -206

Star newsroom, 56 -58, 78 , 84 -85, 154 -155, 160 -161, 250

and police informers, 32 , 231

and social apartheid, 114 -115, 117 -118

and state of emergency, 168 -170, 203 -204, 208 -211

Steward, David, 176 -177, 182 , 190 , 222 , 226

Stewart, Gavin, 127 -128, 148

"Stoep Talk" column, 112

Sullivan, Peter, 176 , 240 , 242 -243

Sunday Nation , xi

Sunday Star, 7 , 30 , 56 -57, 126 , 169 , 189 -190, 206 , 241 , 250

KwaNdebele prison story and affidavits, 215 , 217 -221

military parade coverage, 110

Qwelane's column, 81 , 84 -85

township funerals, 61 -70

Sunday Times,16 , 46 , 93 , 180 , 246 , 250

Suzman, Helen, 241 , 246

Swaziland, 156

System, the, 4 , 41 , 44 , 64 , 67 . See also Police

T

Talk at Nine with Jon Qwelane (radio program), 251

Talking to the A.N.C.,181

Tambo, Oliver, 132 , 149 , 179 , 223

Tarzan movie, 100 -101

"Tea party" meetings, 156 -158

Tear gas, 64 , 69

Telephone taps, 32 , 231

Television, 26 -28, 127 , 177 -179, 181 , 226 , 241 , 246 -248

Tembisa, 134 , 155

Tenant-labor system, 7

Thatcher, Margaret, 178

Themba, Can, 73 , 94 , 99

Thloloe, Joe, 75 , 77 , 100 , 113 , 247

on press freedom under black rule, 149

"Three Days in a Hellhole," 217 -220

Time , 178

Times Media, 240

Tissong, Mike, 57 , 188 , 232 , 250

and police suit, 76 -77

"Together We Will Build a Brighter Future" (song/videotape), 181

Tortures

by Army of 14-year-old boy, 205

by government of black reporters, 74 -76

Tourism, 46 -47

Townships. See Urban townships

Toyi-toyi , 68

Trade unions, 235 , 250 . See also MWASA

black, strengthening of, 222 -224, 228 -229

and Inkatha, 223 -224

white vs. black journalists, 117

Transkei bantustan, 207

Transvaal, 6 , 8 , 13 , 25 , 140 , 141 , 192

Transvaal Boer Republic, 29

Tribute magazine, ix , x , 250 , 251 , 252

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 243

Tsedu, Mathata, 199

Tshabalala, Ephraim, 96

Tshabalala's Shacks, 162

Tsonga tribe, 8 , 63

Tsotsi taal (township slang), 81 -82

Tsotsis , 136 -137

Tswana tribe and language, 6 , 207

Tutu, Bishop Desmond, 35 -36, 49 , 70 , 95 , 162 , 167 , 178

on Black Consciousness, 141

on opposition press, 113

on Qwelane, 86

on UDF/AZAPO power struggle, 133 -134

on white press, 227

sermon on June 16 anniversary, 191 -192

Tweefontein, 8 , 15

Tyson, Harvey, 208 -209

U

UDF, 50 , 52 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 118 , 137 , 142 , 167 , 172 , 188 , 223 , 224 , 228 -230, 233 , 236 , 242 , 244

differences with AZAPO, 132 -133

interview with official of, 202

mass popularity of, 141

and Sowetan , 134 -135

and white liberal press, 113 -114

Uitenhage township, 51

massacre in 1985, 96 -99, 144

Umkhonto We Sizwe (military wing of ANC), 39 , 246

Umlungu (white man), 65 , 194

Underground resistance groups, 50 , 116 , 132 , 229 . See also ANC; PAC

Unemployment, 136 , 137

Ungovernability strategy, 144 -145, 222 , 244

Union Buildings, 176 , 191

Unions. See Trade Unions

United Democratic Front (UDF). See UDF

United Nations Conference, 189

United States, 26 , 100 , 109 , 123 , 158 -159, 224 , 228

Universities, 228

Urban townships, 4 -7, 23 , 34 , 51 , 140 . See also names of townships

funerals, 61 -70

and government propaganda, 180 -181

news coverage of, 36 , 73 -78, 115 , 117 -119, 145 -146, 153 -164

power struggle between UDF/AZAPO, 133 -135

slang, 81 -82

and state of emergency, 188 -190

and tsotsi crime, 136 -137

uprising in 1976, 74

violence and killings, 40 -45, 143 -144

V

Vaal Triangle, 119 , 188

van Wyck, Major Cornelius, 225

Venda tribe and language, 8 , 63 , 90

Verwoerd, H. F., 24 , 29 -30

Vietnam War, 222 , 227

Vigilantes, 67 , 85 , 118 , 179 . See also Mbokodo

composition of, 137

and government press, 138

killings by, 137 -138

Viljoen, General Constandt, 236

Violence, xii , 229

and black resistance, 40

and political funerals, 61 -69

in Soweto, 49 -50

Vorster, B. J., 28

Vosloorus, 63 , 136

Voting, 239

Voting rights for blacks and coloured, 50 , 141

Vusi (KwaNdebele comrade), 17

W

Webster, Edward, 228

Weekly Mail , 118 , 124 -125, 199 , 222 -223, 225 , 237 , 243

government seizure of copies, 174 -175, 187

West Rand, 208

Western Cape province, 238

White community

Afrikaans-speaking, 28

and bad conscience, 230 -231

English-speaking, 28 , 230

and fears, 109 , 124 , 182 -183

and international isolation, 46 -47

military service and, 110

news stories aimed at, 205 -206

on press freedom under black rule, 148

participating in resistance, 133

and television programming, 26

White liberal press. See English-language newspapers

White-minority rule, 10 , 50 , 133 , 229 . See also Apartheid

Whites-only housing areas, 7 , 47 , 51 , 124 , 192

Wimpy Bar, 204

Winterveld resettlement camp, 13

Witch burnings, 205

Witwatersrand University, 29 , 125 , 148 , 179 , 206

Wodehouse, P. G., 92

Work in Progress, 222

Work permits, 40

World, 93

World War II, 29 , 45

X

Xhosa tribe and language, 6 , 207

Y

"Year Zero children," 147

Z

Zambia, 27 , 127 , 202 -203

Zimbabwe, 8 , 27 , 114 , 227

Zulu, Prince Sifiso, 248

Zulu tribe and language, 6 , 8 , 63 -64, 67 -68, 78 , 90 , 96