Preferred Citation: Tracy, Stephen V. Athenian Democracy in Transition: Attic Letter-Cutters of 340 to 290 B.C.. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1995 1995. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5290060z/

 
PART II ATTIC LETTER-CUTTERS OF 340 TO 290 B.C.

PART II
ATTIC LETTER-CUTTERS OF 340 TO 290 B.C.

In the following dossiers a plus sign (+) before an inscription number indicates that the text receives discussion in the comments that follow.

― 55 ―

List of Inscriptions Assigned

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

IG II2

 
 

105

2 105 Cutter, 67-69
 

107

2 105 Cutter, 69
 

112

2 105 Cutter, 69
 

113

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

132

2 105 Cutter, 69
 

143

2 105 Cutter, 69
 

161

2 105 Cutter, 69,123n.3
 

192

2 105 Cutter, 70, 72
 

221

2105 Cutter, 70, 74
 

224

2 334 Cutter, 83
 

228

2 334 Cutter, 84
 

230

2 334 Cutter, 84
 

232

2 334 Cutter, 84, 90-91,167n.2
 

233

2 334 Cutter, 74n.12, 84, 91, 167n.2
 

235

litt. volg ., 77
 

238

litt. volg ., 72n.6, 77
 

240

litt. volg ., 77
 

241

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

242

2 244 Cutter, 98
 

243

2 337 Cutter, 114
 

244

2 244 Cutter, 8n.6, 45n.54, 96-97, 98
 

257

2 105 Cutter, 70
 

264

EM 12807 Cutter, 122, 126
 

272

2 105 Cutter, 70, 71-73
 

273a

2 1262 Cutter, 138, 149
 

274

2 105 Cutter, 70, 71-73
 

276

2 244 Cutter, 98
 

279

2 105 Cutter, 70
 

280

2 105 Cutter, 70, 74-75
― 56 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

IGII2 (cont .)

 
 

285

litt. volg ., 77, 123n.2
 

287

2 105 Cutter. 70
 

292

EM 12807 Cutter, 122
 

298

2 105 Cutter, 70
 

300

joins2 257
 

304

2 498 Cutter, 152, 153
 

306

2 244 Cutter, 98, 103
 

307

2 334 Cutter, 84, 91
 

308

litt. volg ., 77
 

309

litt. volg ., 77
 

310

2 244 Cutter, 11n.28, 98
 

330

2 330 Cutter, 45n.54, 74, 117-118
 

333

2 334 Cutter, 11n.28, 84
 

334

2 334 Cutter, 11n.25, 45n.54, 82-83, 84
 

335

EM 12807 Cutter, 8n.4, 122, 126-127
 

336

2 244 Cutter, 73n.9, 98
 

337

2 337 Cutter, 11n.23, 34n.20, 112-114, 145
 

338

2 334 Cutter, 13n.45, 84, 92-93, 145
 

339a

2 354 Cutter, 106, 110, 123n.3
 

339b

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

345

2 334 Cutter, 8n.4, 84, 110-111
 

346

litt. volg ., 8n4, 77, 110-111
 

347

2 337 Cutter, 12n.35, 110-111, 114
 

348

2 337 Cutter, 12n.35, 114
 

354

2 354 Cutter, 104-105, 106
 

358

2 498 Cutter, 40n.21, 152
 

359

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

369

EM 12807 Cutter, 32, 122, 127
 

372

2 498 Cutter, 20, 152
 

373

joins2 242
 

379

I 4266 Cutter, 165, 168
 

381

2 1187 Cutter, 134
 

383b

EM 12807 Cutter, 20, 122
 

392

2 244 Cutter, 98
 

393

EM 12807 Cutter, 122
 

394

2 1262 Cutter, 138, 149
 

400

2 1262 Cutter, 20, 33, 138, 147n.12
 

401

2 1187 Cutter, 33, 134
 

402

2 244 Cutter, 8n.5, 98
 

405

EM 12807 Cutter, 8n.4, 122, 126-127
― 57 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference
 

407

EM 12807 Cutter, 33, 122, 124
 

414a

EM 12807 Cutter, 8n.4, 123, 126-127
 

414b,c

part of2 369
 

414d

part of2 285
 

415

2 334 Cutter, 84
 

416b

EM 12807 Cutter, 16n.61, 123, 127-128
 

418

2 1262 Cutter, 36n.2, 138, 141n.4
 

426

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

429

2 244 Cutter, 98
 

430

EM 12807 Cutter, 123, 128
 

434

2 337 Cutter, 114
 

437

2 244 Cutter, 98
 

440

2 1262 Cutter, 138, 144
 

445

part of2 330
 

448

EM 12807 Cutter, 17n.69, 19n.78, 21n.92, 23n.3, 27n.27, 123
 

449

2 244 Cutter, 36n.2, 78n.4, 99,103
 

450

EM 12807 Cutter, 36, 37, 40-41, 124
 

451

2 105 Cutter, 36n.2, 70, 73-74, 78n.2
 

455

2 1262 Cutter, 40n.21,138
 

460

2 1262 Cutter, 40n.21, 138, 144-145
 

464

2 1262 Cutter, 40n.21, 138
 

468

2 1262 Cutter, 138
 

479

I 4266 Cutter, 34, 165-166
 

483

2 498 Cutter, 22n.96, 152
 

486

2 495 Cutter, 22n.99, 162-163
 

487

2 650 Cutter, 155, 157
 

489

2 498 Cutter, 34n.21, 152, 153
 

495

2 495 Cutter, 22n.99, 145, 160-162, 163
 

496

2 1262 Cutter, 22n.99, 139, 145
 

497

2 1262 Cutter, 22n.99, 139, 145, 148
 

498

2 498 Cutter, 22n.96, 150-151, 152-153
 

504

2 1262 Cutter, 139, 145
 

505

2 1262 Cutter, 22n.96, 23n.3, 86n.2, 139, 145
 

507

joins2 496
 

523

part of2 105
 

538

2 1262 Cutter, 139
 

539

2 244 Cutter, 99
 

545

2 334 Cutter, 29, 84, 87-90
 

547

2 337 Cutter, 114, 115
 

549

2 244 Cutter, 36n.2, 99, 103
― 58 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

IGII2 (cont .)

 
 

553

2 330 Cutter, 118, 119
 

555

2 498 Cutter, 153
 

564

litt. volg ., 77
 

571

I 4266 Cutter, 166
 

573

2 1262 Cutter, 139
 

586

joins2 392
 

591

2 1262 Cutter, 139
 

592

2 650 Cutter, 36n.2, 155-156, 157
 

601

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

604

joins2 304
 

620

2 1187 Cutter, 134
 

641

2 1262 Cutter, 22n.98, 139
 

646

2 650 Cutter, 156, 157
 

649

2 650 Cutter, 156, 157
 

650

2 650 Cutter, 35n.25, 154-155, 156, 158
 

651

2 650 Cutter, 35n.25, 156
 

652

I 4266 Cutter, 166, 168
 

653

I 4266 Cutter, 35n.25, 166
 

659

2 650 Cutter, 156, 158
 

663

I 4266 Cutter, 166
 

684

I 4266 Cutter, 166, 167-168
 

692

2 650 Cutter, 156
 

704

I 4266 Cutter, 166
 

716

I 4266 Cutter, 166, 169
 

723

2 650 Cutter, 156
 

727

2 1262 Cutter, 36n.2, 139
 

733

2 1262 Cutter, 139, 145
 

752a

I 4266 Cutter, 166, 167-168
 

752b

part of2 684
 

753

2 650 Cutter, 156
 

1155b

2 244 Cutter, 99
 

1157

2 1187 Cutter, 12n.37, 110n.2, 134
 

1158

2 105 Cutter, 70
 

1176

2 1176 Cutter, 12n.34, 129-130
 

1187

2 1187 Cutter, 19n.79, 132-134
 

1189

2 337 Cutter, 114, 115
 

1192

2 334 Cutter, 84
 

1194

2 1262 Cutter, 139
 

1195

2 1187 Cutter, 27n.26,134
 

1196B

2 354 Cutter, 106
― 59 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference
 

1198

2 354 Cutter, 12n.36, 106, 110
 

1202

2 244 Cutter, 39n.16, 73n.7, 99-100
 

1226

part of2 716
 

1229

2 337 Cutter, 13n.42, 114
 

1230

2 1262 Cutter, 139
 

1231

2 334 Cutter, 13n41, 84-85
 

1238

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1241

2 1262 Cutter, 139
 

1244

2 337 Cutter, 114
 

1257

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1260

2 1262 Cutter, 139,145
 

1262

2 1262 Cutter, 136-138, 139, 145-146
 

1263

I 4266 Cutter, 166, 168-169
 

1264

2 1262 Cutter, 139, 146
 

1265

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

1266

2 1187 Cutter, 134, 135
 

1274

joins2 1194
 

1361

2 1176 Cutter, 131
 

1438

litt. volg ., 79
 

1451

2 105 Cutter, 70
 

1457

litt. volg ., 79
 

1458

litt. volg ., 79
 

1487a A

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

1491A,B

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

1493

2 354 Cutter, 8n.4, 106
 

1494

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

1495

2 354 Cutter, 106
 

1496A a-d,f-g (III)

2 334 Cutter, 85, 145n.8
 

1496A e

2 105 Cutter, 70-71
 

1496A h

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

1496B b,c

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1496B h

litt. volg ., 79
 

1497

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

1498A,B

2 334 Cutter, 11n.28, 85
 

1499

2 334 Cutter, 11n.28, 85
 

1500A,B

2 334 Cutter, 11n.28, 85
 

1501A

2 334 Cutter, 11n.28, 85
 

1514

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1515

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1517

2 334 Cutter, 85
― 60 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

IGII2 (cont .)

 
 

1518B b

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1519

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1520

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1521A

litt. volg ., 79
 

1523

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1524

litt. volg ., 79
 

1525

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1528

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1530

2 334 Cutter, 85
 

1531

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

1532a

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

1533

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

1543

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1544

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

1560

litt. volg ., 79
 

1561

litt. volg ., 79
 

1562

litt. volg ., 79
 

1563

litt. volg ., 79
 

1564

litt. volg ., 79, 80n.7
 

1565

litt. volg ., 80 and n.7
 

1571

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1574

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1582

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1583

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

1584

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

1590

litt. volg ., 77
 

1591

litt. volg ., 77
 

1593

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

1599

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

1620

litt. volg ., 80 and n.8
 

1621

litt. volg ., 80 and n.8
 

1622

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

1623B

2 334 Cutter, 86, 126
 

1627

2 354 Cutter, 10n.19, 15n.56, 86n.2, 107
 

1628

litt. volg ., 31, 80
 

1629

2 354 Cutter, 31, 32n.14, 107
 

1641A,C

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

1648

litt. volg ., 80
 

1649

litt. volg ., 80
 

1668

2 334 Cutter, 10n.20, 86
― 61 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference
 

1671

2 334 Cutter, 12n.30, 86
 

1675

2 334 Cutter, 12n.30, 86, 93
 

1681

litt. volg ., 80
 

1684

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

1692

litt. volg ., 80
 

1751

2 1176 Cutter, 131
 

1752

2 1176 Cutter, 131
 

1926

litt. volg ., 77
 

2390

I 4266 Cutter, 166, 169
 

2402

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

2406

part of2 545
 

2408

2 244 Cutter, 100, 103
 

2493

litt. volg ., 77
 

2494

part of2 2493
 

2500

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

2813

part of2 143

IG VII

 
 

3499

identical with[2] 338
 

4252

litt. volg ., 13n.46, 77, 92n.20
 

4253

litt. volg ., 13n.46, 45n.55, 78, 92n.21

Agora I

 
 

58

2 244 Cutter, 100
 

226

litt. volg ., 78
 

559

2 650 Cutter, 43n.39, 156, 158
 

631a + 939

2 334 Cutter, 86, 93-94
 

631d,f

part of (?) I 1851
 

679

part of (?) I 1851
 

686

2 354 Cutter, 93-94, 107
 

810

part of (?) I 1851
 

817

part of2 1582
 

882

litt. volg ., 78
 

1000

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

1010

litt. volg ., 78
 

1095

litt. volg ., 80
 

1535

litt. volg ., 78
 

1541

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

1570

part of (?) I 1851
 

1664

part of2 1582
 

1749

part of2 1582
 

1782

part of2 1582
― 62 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

Agora I (cont .)

 
 

1782

part of2 1582
 

1816

part of2 1582
 

1851

2 244 Cutter, 100-101
 

1947

2 1262 Cutter, 140, 141-143
 

2205

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

2260

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

2381

joins I 1095
 

2409

litt. volg ., 78
 

2440

joins2 1176
 

2636

2 1262 Cutter, 140, 146
 

2719

2 244 Cutter, 101
 

2738

joins I 1570
 

2752

part of2 369
 

2767

2 330 Cutter, 119
 

2821

litt. volg ., 78
 

2841

2 650 Cutter, 156-157
 

2995

2 1262 Cutter, 140, 149
 

3023

2 244 Cutter, 101
 

3060

litt. volg ., 80
 

3134

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

3247

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

3293

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

3364

2 354 Cutter, 107, 110-111
 

3371

litt. volg ., 80
 

3625

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

3661

2 1262 Cutter, 140, 143-144
 

3806

litt. volg ., 80
 

3812

2 105 Cutter, 71
 

3878

2 1187 Cutter, 40n.25, 135
 

3983

part of I 3806
 

4133

2 334 Cutter, 86, 94-95
 

4224

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

4266

I 4266 Cutter, 164-165, 166
 

4355

2 354 Cutter, 107, 108-110
 

4424

I 4266 Cutter, 166
 

4448

joins I 1000
 

4484

2 495 Cutter, 162
 

4783

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

4870

litt. volg ., 80
― 63 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference
 

4883

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

4902b

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

4906

2 495 Cutter, 162
 

4930

part of I 4870
 

4935a-f

part of2 369
 

4944

litt. volg ., 80
 

4973

2 105 Cutter, 71
 

4990

joins2 402
 

5039

I 4266 Cutter, 166
 

5093

2 244 Cutter, 101-102
 

5215

joins I 6516
 

5234

part of I 2409
 

5250

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

5251

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

5280

2 330 Cutter, 119
 

5361

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

5415

2 650 Cutter, 157
 

5439

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

5444

part of 15709
 

5477

part of2 334
 

5491

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

5500

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

5605

part of2 1496A
 

5645

litt. volg ., 78
 

5709

2 1262 Cutter, 140
 

5723

2 1262 Cutter, 140-141
 

5749

2 354 Cutter, 107
 

5760

2 650 Cutter, 157
 

5772

2 1262 Cutter, 141
 

5824

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

5825

joins2 1195
 

5836

2 1262 Cutter, 141
 

5884

2 1262 Cutter, 40n.21,141, 146
 

5886

2 650 Cutter, 157, 158
 

6016

litt. volg ., 80, 86
 

6030

joins I 3983
 

6250

litt. volg ., 80
 

6314

2 1262 Cutter, 141
 

6354

2 334 Cutter, 86
 

6421

2 354 Cutter, 11n.25, 107, 115
― 64 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

Agora I (cont .)

 
 

6434

2 334 Cutter, 87
 

6439

joins2 1176
 

6496

2 244 Cutter, 41n.28, 101, 103
 

6516

2 495 Cutter, 162, 163
 

6630

part of2 1195
 

7050

EM 12807 Cutter, 33n.19, 124
 

7062

2 334 Cutter, 87, 94-95
 

7063

2 244 Cutter, 11n.25, 92n.21, 101
 

7116A

litt. volg ., 41n.28, 80
 

7116B

2 334 Cutter, 87
 

7117

litt. volg. . 77n.1, 78
 

7123

2 334 Cutter, 87, 94-95
 

7134

2 337 Cutter, 114
 

7178

2 354 Cutter, 33-34, 107
 

7198

litt. volg ., 78
 

7360

2 650 Cutter, 35, 157
 

7447

litt. volg ., 78

EM

 
 

5181

EM 12807 Cutter, 124
 

5423

2 1262 Cutter, 141
 

8694

litt. volg ., 78
 

12573

2 1262 Cutter, 141
 

12706

2 1262 Cutter, 40n.21, 141
 

12807

EM 12807 Cutter, 120-121, 124, 128
 

12823

litt. volg ., 78
 

12892

part of EM 13393
 

12893

litt. volg ., 78
 

12896

litt. volg ., 11n.25, 78
 

12906

2 1262 Cutter, 141
 

12918

part of (?)[2] 113
 

12929

part of2 143
 

12931

part of2 1438
 

13051

2 334 Cutter, 12n.39, 87
 

13067

2 334 Cutter, 87
 

13336

EM 12807 Cutter, 13n.43, 125
 

13354a lines 1-12

2 105 Cutter, 71
 

13393

litt. volg ., 78
 

13401

litt. volg ., 78, 99n.2
 

13407

litt. volg ., 78
― 65 ―

Inscr. number

Assignment, page reference

Acropolis Mus. inv. no. 7010

2 1262 Cutter, 141

Eleusis inv. no. 714

joins2 1194

Hesperia

 
 

31 (1962) 54-56

EM 12807 Cutter, 125
 

54 (1985) 137-139

litt. volg ., 78
 

55 (1986) 177-82

2334 Cutter, 10n.18, 87

Horos 4 (1986) 11-18

2 495 Cutter, 22n.99, 162-163

Kourouniotes,

2 244 Cutter, 12n.30, 101

Eleus . I

 

189-208

 

REG

 
 

91 (1978) 289-306

2 354 Cutter, 12n.33, 108
   

lines 1-17

 
   

lines 18-53

litt. volg ., 79

Robert, Études

EM 12807 Cutter, 12n.38, 125-126

293-296

 
― 67 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 105
Dates: 368-339

General characteristics of the lettering (fig.1)

The letter-strokes of this workman are relatively thick and carefully placed in relation to one another. In contrast to other cutters of the time this man does not often thicken perceptibly the ends of strokes. Occasionally a straight hasta was inscribed in such a manner that two parallel (or slightly diverging) lines created by the chisel cuts can be seen to form a stroke. I term this phenomenon "double cutting"; it is quite common in fourth-century lettering down to the year 320 or thereabouts. In all, the lettering of this particular cutter has a solid, neat appearance.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter varies in width and is sometimes quite wide; the crossbar is placed slightly below the midpoint. The left slanting stroke sometimes overlaps at the apex a little. This is also true of delta and lambda.

Gamma

This letter is relatively thin.

Epsilon

The central horizontal tends to be a bit shorter than the other two and sometimes does not touch the vertical. Sometimes all three horizontals are about the same length. This is especially true when the lettering is small or the width of the stoichoi relatively narrow.

Kappa

The slanting strokes are usually shorter than the vertical and join it at the middle. Often the lower does not actually make contact with the vertical but rather with the upper slanting hasta .

Mu

The outer strokes are sometimes almost vertical. The strokes which comprise the central v often begin a little below the tops of the outer strokes. The v varies in size—it usually extends down less than half the height
― 68 ―

figure

Figure 1.
 IG IP2  105 lines 7-13.

 

of the letter, but occasionally it almost reaches the base of the letter.

Nu

The diagonal customarily begins below the top of the first vertical and joins the second at, or close to, the bottom.

Omikron

This letter is quite round and only slightly smaller than the other letters.

Pi

This letter is customarily quite thin; the horizontal does not extend beyond the verticals.

Rho

The loop is oblong and quite wide, filling the width of the stoichos . It also occupies about half the height of the letter.

Sigma

This letter is taller than the others. The top and bottom strokes slant. The central strokes of the letter are shorter usually, so that this part does not extend to the
― 69 ―
 

front of the letter. The bottom slanting stroke often stands out because it is longer than the top stroke and more deeply inscribed.

Upsilon

This letter is usually about the same height as the others and composed of three strokes of about the same length.

Omega

This letter is tall and round, open at the bottom, and has prominent strokes extending to right and left.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 105

Archon [Nausigen]es (368/7). E. Schweigert, Hesperia 7 (1938) 627, attributed IG II2 523 to this text. Tod, GHI no. 136; Bengtson, Staatsverträge no. 280; Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines 2 no. 53.

IG II2 107

Archon [Nausi]genes (368/7). Tod, GHI no. 131. See T. A. Tonini, Acme 42 (1989) 47-61, for discussion of the historical circumstances surrounding this text.

IG II2 112

Archon Molon (362/1). Tod, GHI no. 144; Bengtson, Staatsverträge no. 290; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A58 and plate 17.2.

IG II2 132

The second decree is dated to 355/4. Peçirka, Enktesis 37-38.[1]

IG II2 143

Archon [Phras]iklei[des] (371/0) or [Char]iklei[des] (363/2). To this stele have been attributed EM 12929 by E. Schweigert (Hesperia 7 [1938] 278-280) and IG II2 2813 by E Roussel (Rev. Arch . 18 [1941] 216-220). For a new reconstruction, see E. Ruschenbusch, ZPE 54 (1984) 247-252 = SEG 34 no. 63.[2]

IG II2 161

Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A120 and plate 48.4 (fragment a only).

[1] A. Wilhelm, "Att. Uric. V," SBWien 220.5 (1942) 134-135, judged that this and IG II 131 were inscribed by the same hand. The lettering of the latter is very close, but I do not feel certain that it is the same hand.

[2] I am unable to agree with M. Walbank's statement in ZPE 73 (1988) 83-85 that IG II 138, 143, and 207 are by the same hand. I do not in fact judge the writing of either IG II 138 or 207 to be very close in style to the hand of IG II 143. Walbank's further claims about sets of chisels, spacing, and letter size in order to provide more exact dates for these texts rely on too many (undiscussed) assumptions to have any validity.

― 70 ―

IG II2 192

 

+IG II2 221

Archon Lykiskos (344/3). D. M. Lewis, ABSA 49 (1954) 50, reports that the right margin is preserved and occurs 8 letter-spaces to the left of where IG indicates.

IG II2 257

M. B. Walbank (ABSA 85 [1990] 442-443) joins IG II2 300.

+IG II2 272

M. B. Walbank, Hesperia 54 (1985) 312-313 and 58 (1989) 75-78, has attributed to this text three fragments from the Athenian Agora, I 2426, 2580, and 5263.[3] These fragments are small, and two are quite worn. The association seems to me without ground.[4] Moreover, the lettering on Agora I 2426, particularly the sigma with a curving upper stroke, is not characteristic of this cutter. Note also that Walbank's date, "ca. a . 375 a.," is probably somewhat early.

+ IG II2 274

 

IG II2 279

Peçirka, Enktesis 53-54.

+ IG II2 280

 

IG II2 287

Peçirka, Enktesis 56-57.

IG II2 298

 

IG II2 300

Joins IG II2 257.

+ IG II2 451

Archon [Theoph]rastos (340/39).

IG II2 523

Part of IG II2 105.

IG II2 1158

 

[3] Agora 15263 is fragment c in Hesperia 58 (1989) 76. Although it is of little consequence, the last letter in line 4 is surely sigma.

[4] Walbank apparently (he does not state his methodology) relies primarily on the checker pattern to make his assignments. In this he follows the useful suggestions of R. P. Austin, The Stoichedon Style in Greek Inscriptions (Oxford 1938) 31-37. He assumes that checker patterns were regular and sufficiently unique that they can enable one to identify parts of an inscription. Of course they can help. But anyone who has contemplated the reported checker patterns in Osborne's Naturalization , and in M. Crosby, "The Leases of the Laureion Mines," Hesperia 19 (1950) 189-297, will be aware that numbers of inscriptions must have been inscribed in the same, or virtually the same, checker. Furthermore, one must question in the case of these small fragments whether there is enough evidence to determine the checker with the necessary exactitude.

― 71 ―

IG II2 1451

Not earlier than 365/4.

IG II2 1496A e

This small fragment, characterized by Kirchner "sedis incertae, " should be dissociated from this inscription, for this cutter's lettering is not otherwise known on this text. The restoration of the archon-date formula in line 158 is almost certainly incorrect.

IG II2 2813

Part of IG II2 143.

Agora 13812

Archon [P]olyzelos (367/6). Agora XV no. 14; photograph in Hesperia 11 (1942) 234.

Agora I 4973

Agora XV no. 29.

EM 12929

Part of IG II2 143.

EM 13354a lines 1-12

Archon Nikophemos (361/0). AE , 1965, 131-136 and pl. 44; Reinmuth no. 1 and pl. 2.
 

F. W. Mitchel, "The So-Called Earliest Ephebic Inscription," ZPE 19 (1975) 233-243, has convincingly shown that EM 13354 is to be separated from EM 13354a. He dates the second decree of EM 13354a, the ephebic decree, with some probability to 334/3. S. Dow (In Memoriam Otto J. Brendel [Mainz 1976] 81-84) independently arrived at the same date.

IG II2 272 and 274

These two fragments almost certainly belong together based on the lettering, spacing, and (most of all) textual links. A combined text is as follows:

ca. a . 345 a .

STOICH. 33

IG II2 272

IG II2 274

figure

 
― 72 ―

figure

Line 2. Kirchner's restoration of a reference to proxenies seems very probable, though I cannot suggest a wording which suits the line length. A proper name such as Philoxenos is perhaps also possible.

Line 5. inline image, rather than inline image, is demanded by the spacing here; yet in lines 8-9 b /[inline image] appears to be required. This cutter began inscribing in the 360's, if not earlier, so it is not surprising to find him using the somewhat old-fashioned form inline image.[5] An almost exactly contemporary inscription which has both forms is IG II2 229 of the year 341/0. See also IG II2 192, another text by this cutter which had, it seems, both forms.

Line 8. Only part of the loop of dotted rho is visible. Beta is also possible. Omikron (read by Kirchner in line 8 of IG II2 272) is not very likely, for the circular part is too small to be part of this cutter's usual omikron. The remains of rho reveal that Kirchner's suggested restoration in the apparatus of IG II2 274, "fortasse inline image," was correct.

Line 10. Delta is printed in pointed brackets because alpha was inscribed.

This text clearly belongs to the years 353-338, when Sestos was an Athenian cleruchy. The men honored are singled out for their bravery, inline image (line 10 in the combined text; line 6 of IG II2 274). This word certainly points to some military action,[6] but the exact event cannot be specified. For the few inscriptions known from Sestos, see J. Krauss, Die Inschriften von Sestos und der thrakischen Chersones (Bonn 1980) 14-69. The

[5] On O for OY after 350, see L. L. Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions I (Berlin 1980) 256.

[6] Thuc. 2.42.3; Vit. X Orat . 852a. On the meaning of this word see also L. Robert, "Inscriptions d'Athènes et de la Grèce centrale," ArchEph , 1969, 50-51 and n. 2 (= Op . Min. Sel . VII 756-757). It is attested in a late fifth-century inscription from Athens (Agora 17169 line 8 = Hesperia 40 [1971] 281) in which orphans are to be looked after because of their fathers' bravery. For other representative occurrences on Attic inscriptions, see IG II 1 line 70, 25 line 3, 145 line 4, 238b line 3, 456b line 26, and 500 line 30.

― 73 ―

copy of this text set up in the central square of Sestos (lines 7-8) has not as yet been found.

IG II2 451

The hand reveals that the archon inline image of IG II2 451 is the archon of 340/39 and not that of 313/2.[7] Although it is not possible to restore this preamble in detail,[8] it is unlikely that J. Kirchner's restoration [inline image] in lines 4 and 5 is correct. The symproedroi are first mentioned and listed in a decree of 333/2.[9] The end of line 4 and beginning of line 5 will have been filled by the name and demotic of the chairman. The remains in line 5 most probably belong to the name of the speaker. I suggest a conservative reading and restoration of this text as follows:

a . 340/39 a .

STOICH. 33

figure

 

[7] The evidence for Theophrastos, the archon of 313/2, is now significantly reduced. IG II 452 has been redated (from 313/2) to 328/7 (B. D. Meritt, AJP 59 [1938] 499; and above 8 n. 4). Two deme decrees of Aixone, IG II 1202 and EM 13262 = MDAIA 66 (1941) 218-219, also name an archon Theophrastos. D. Whitehead, The Demes of Attica (Princeton 1986), discusses the former on pages 90-92, 218-219, 376, and gives a full treatment of the latter on pages 235-252. He assigns both to the archon of 313/2; but his arguments are hardly conclusive. Indeed, it appears most probable that IG II 1202 should be dated to 340/39 (below 99-100). Two horoi, IG II 2680 and 2762, almost certainly are dated by the archon of 313/2 (on the date see J. V. A. Fine, Horoi , Hesperia Suppl. 9 [1951] p. 53 and n. 53). In addition, IG II 1259, 2394, and 3104 may refer to the Theophrastos of 313/2. He is attested on the M-armor Parium B line 19, at Diodoros 19.73, and Dion. Halik. Din . 9. Curiously, the invaluable chronicle from Oxyrhynchus (POxy . I, 1898, no. 12 = FGrH no. 255) which preserves the names of Athenian archons from 352/1 to 313/2 records [The]odoros as the name of the archon of 313/2. This papyrus is otherwise quite accurate in its listing of Athenian archons, for it omits entirely only Antikles, archon in 325/4, and wrongly gives the name of the archon of 323/2 as Ke[phis]ophon. His name was Kephisodoros.

[8] On this point, see M. H. Hansen, "When Did the Athenian Ekklesia Meet?" GRBS 23 (1982) 347 no. 75.

[9] IG II 336 III; see S. Dow, "The Preambles of Athenian Decrees Containing Lists of Symproedroi," Hesperia 32 (1963) 335-365.

― 74 ―

The restoration of the meeting in line 3 is necessary to fill out the line and, I think, inevitable. It gives us the line length. This mention, if the restoration is correct, becomes the earliest indication of a meeting in a preamble of an Attic decree. The next one known occurs in IG II2 330 line 49 of 336/5.[10] The apex in line 5 occurs in the middle of the stoichos and is in consequence read as dotted delta; Dow first made this reading.[11] It is at least intriguing to note that the secretary in 340/39 was "inline image;.[12] Unless this preamble was exceedingly unorthodox, I do not think he can or should be restored in line 5. For speakers of the years 355-322, see M. H. Hansen, "The Number of Rhetores in the Athenian Ecclesia , 355-322 B.C. ," GRBS 25 (1984) 123-155, especially 132-148. There are a number whose names end in inline image and whose fathers' names began with alpha, delta, or lambda. In summary, we now have one less decree of the city assignable to the years when Demetrios of Phaleron controlled Athens and one less inscription containing mention of symproedroi .

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 221 lines 10-11

The names were inscribed in smaller letters (ca . 0.005 m in height) and arranged in two columns. We have only the initial names in the column on the right. inline image of line 10 remains unknown. There is a line left blank between lines 10 and 11. Omega was the last letter inscribed in line 11; blank stone is preserved to the right for five letter-spaces to the break. The omega falls directly under the first iota in line 10. About 11 letters are lost before it. Line 12 is also vacant, at least in the area below and after the omega of line 11. Enough of the stone survives here that the tops of letters would be visible at this point had any been inscribed.

IG II2 280

There are a number of minor corrections to be made to this text. There is a vacant line between lines 3 and 4. At the end of line 4 the stone is broken away and has taken the right part of the final sigma with it. The empty space which IG records here should have square brackets around it. Line 6

[10] See A. S. Henry, The Prescripts of Athenian Decrees , Mnemosyne Suppl. 49 (1977) 35-39, for prescripts at this time.

[11] Hesperia 32 (1963) 348.

[12] Cf. IG II 231 and 233.

― 75 ―

should read inline imagev . This new reading in turn suggests the possibility of restoring lines 5-6 as follows:

?C?915

[_ _ _ca 12 _ _

figure

figure
13v [vvv ]

There is a vacat of a single space between the demotic and mu in line 7. Before the omikron of line 8 the right tip of the horizontal of a tau is visible. Below line 10 there is another line preserved; it reads _ _ _ _ _ TEA vac . (5). Below this final line the stone is preserved vacant for ca . 0.105 m.[14]

[13]

[14] R. Develin, Athenian Officials 684-321 B.C. (Cambridge 1989) 352, reports that D. M. Lewis also saw this line and read it as _ _ TEA _ _. Develin interprets these letters as part of a name. But the space left blank after and below them reveals that these were in all probability the final letters of the text.

― 76 ―

Litterae Volgares Saec. IV

During the period from approximately 345 to 320 B.C. there flourished in Athens a number of cutters who inscribed letters that are very similar in shape. This common style, which is often associated with the regime of Lykourgos, began somewhat before the Athenian defeat at Chaironeia and continued down to the time of Demetrios of Phaleron, who took control of Athens in 317. It does therefore characterize much of the inscribing done during the Lykourgan period (338-324), but by no means all of it. The practitioners of this style cut in a very similar manner and are very difficult to distinguish from one another. In fact, the fragments inscribed by these cutters are impossible to keep separate, unless a sufficient sample of the writing survives or, in the case of a small or worn fragment, one happens to be dealing with a bit that preserves one of the letters which reveals an individual idiosyncrasy. The close similarity of the lettering of these cutters suggests that they were related in some way; perhaps they were from the same shop or formed a group more or less officially sanctioned by the regime to inscribe decrees.

The characteristics of the style are as follows. The lettering is almost always stoichedon and makes a very solid general impression. This effect is created, I suppose, because the strokes are relatively thick and the lettering is, on the whole, carefully made and consistent in shape. Many of the straight strokes reveal the parallel lines indicative of double cutting. The round letters are carefully made and seem to be inscribed just a bit deeper than the others. Letter-strokes often thicken at the ends. The ends of hastae indeed are sometimes splayed; this is caused by the double cuts, which spread or separate towards the end of a stroke. The height of the letters varies; sigma, upsilon, and phi are taller, while alpha, delta, lambda, and sometimes iota and tau are shorter than letters such as epsilon and rho. Particular letter shapes which characterize this general style are:

Epsilon with a short middle horizontal.

Kappa with long diagonals which meet the vertical at the midpoint or below.

― 77 ―

Nu with a diagonal which begins down from the top of the first vertical.

Sigma with top and bottom strokes whose angle of slant varies.

Upsilon made from three strokes and with the v extending up into the interline.

A very small chi.

I have managed to isolate three cutters within this style and present them below. These are the Cutters of IG II2 244, 334, and 354. There are in addition a number of inscriptions in this general style which I append here. The asterisked (*) ones have few letters and may indeed be by one of the three cutters studied in detail. It is impossible to say without more evidence. The same is true of those marked "worn." The larger fragments are not by these cutters, but I am not as yet comfortable with assigning them to one or more additional cutters at work in this style. These texts, it appears, all belong to the years 345-320.

IG II2 235

Worn.

IG II2 238

Schwenk no. 2; archon Chairondas (338/7).

IG II2 240

Worn; Schwenk no. 7; archon Phrynichos (337/6).

IG II2 285 and (?) 414d

See Peçirka, Enktesis 56.

IG II2 308

Worn.

*IG II2 309

 

IG II2 346

Worn; Schwenk no. 37; archon [Niketes] (332/1).

* IG II2 564.

 

IG II2 1590[1]

Archon Pythodotos (343/2).

IG II2 1591

 

IG II2 1926

Archon Antikl[es] (325/4).

IG II2 2493 and 2494

 

IG VII 4252

Schwenk no. 40; archon Niketes (332/1).

[1] M. B. Walbank, Hesperia 52 (1983) 100-135, has associated this fragment with five others including IG II 1591 and Agora 1 7117. He has republished this text as Agora XIX no. L6. Agora 1 7117 and IG II 1590 and 1591 do seem to be by the same hand and from the same stele or series of stelai. The other three fragments are not in this handwriting, but by the Cutter of IG II 334; see my discussion below 94-95.

― 78 ―

IG VII 4253

Schwenk no. 41; archon Niketes (332/1).

Agora 1226

Hesperia 3 (1934) 3-4; B. D. Meritt, The Athenian Year (Berkeley 1961) 100; Schwenk no. 59; archon [Hegemon] (327/6).

*Agora 1882

Hesperia 15 (1946) 176-177.

*Agora 11010

Agora XVII no. 149.

*Agora 1 1535

Hesperia 16 (1947) 152-153.

Agora 1 2409 and 5234

Hesperia 9 (1940) 325-327; Schwenk no. 5; archon [Ph]rynichos (337/6).

*Agora 12821

Hesperia 58 (1989) 87.[2]

*Agora 15645

Hesperia 30 (1961) 257.

Agora 1 7117

Hesperia 52 (1983) 100-135.

Agora 1 7198

Hesperia 47 (1978) 272-273.

Agora 1 7447

Hesperia 47 (1978) 274-277.

EM 8694 (face B = IG II2 2495)

Hesperia 52 (1983) 191-199 = Agora XIX no. L10.

*EM 12823

AJA 40 (1936) 464.[3]

EM 12893

Schwenk no. 9; archon [Phrynichos] (337/6).

EM 12896

Hesperia 7 (1938) 294-296; SEG 16 no. 55.

EM 13393 and 12982

Hesperia 40 (1971) 174-178; archon [Neaichmos] (320/19).

*EM 13401

Hesperia 40 (1971) 183-186.[4]

*EM 13407

Hesperia 40 (1971) 178-179.

*Hesperia 54 (1985) 137-139[5]

Archon Chremes (326/5).

[2] The editor of the editio princeps , M. B. Walbank, claims that the hand is the same as that of IG II 451. While the lettering is very similar, I do not think there is enough evidence to justify such a claim.

[3] This is perhaps the work of the Cutter of IG II 334, but there are not quite enough clearly preserved letters to enable attribution.

[4] J. Morgan in an e-mail message of 25 April 1994 reports that this piece makes a firm join with IG II 449, q.v . The join was confirmed by R. Stroud in Athens.

[5] O. Palagia and K. Clinton, the initial editors, thought that this was "probably by the same hand as IG II 354." They may well be correct. The lettering, particularly the wide and ungainly mu, has in my opinion closer affinities with that of the IG II 244 Cutter, but there are simply too few letters to make an assignment.

― 79 ―

REG 91 (1978) 289-306 lines 18-53[6]

Worn; Schwenk no. 43; archon Niketes (332/1).

The documents which most characterize the 340's and 330's are inventories, accounts, and mining leases incised in very small letters. Many of these too are inscribed in the common style of lettering just described. Some I can attribute (with difficulty and some hesitation) to the individual cutters, but many I cannot. Why is this so? These records are inscribed, many of them, in letters less than 0.005 m high. Such letters, i.e., ca . 0.004 m or a bit less in height, are about as small as it is possible to cut with hammer and chisel into a marble surface. These tiny letters, I suspect, left the cutter less room to maneuver his tools and allowed him less opportunity to do those little things that enable one to differentiate decisively one cutter from another.

In any case, I append here a list of these texts which I judge to be in this general style. As in the case of the list above, an asterisk (*) signals that a fragment has few well-preserved letters.

IG II2 1438, EM 12931 ( Hesperia 7 [1938] 281-289)

Not earlier than 353/2.

IG II2 1457

Not earlier than 339/8.

*IG II2 1458

 

IG II2 1496B h

 

IG II2 1521A

Worn.

IG II2 1524A,B

Worn; not earlier than 335/4.

IG II2 1560

Worn.

IG II2 1561

Worn.

*IG II2 1562

 

IG II2 1563

 

IG II2 1564

Worn.

[6] These lines are perhaps by the IG II 334 Cutter.

― 80 ―

*IG II2 1565[7]

 

IG II2 1620

Not earlier than 349/8.

IG II2 1621

Not earlier than 349/8.[8]

IG II2 1628

326/5.

IG II2 1648

 

IG II2 1649

 

IG II2 1681

Worn.

*IG II2 1692

 

Agora 1 1095 + 2381

Hesperia 19 (1950) 240-244 no. 15 lines 1-34 (face A); Agora XIX no. P25.

*Agora 1 3060

Hesperia 26 (1957) 19-20; Agora XIX no. PA1.

*Agora 1 3371

Hesperia 29 (1960) 51-52.

Agora 1 3806 and 1 3983 +6030

Hesperia 19 (1950) 267-269; Agora XIX no. P30.

*Agora 1 4870 and 4930

Hesperia 19 (1950) 224-225; Agora XIX no. P23.

*Agora 1 4944

Hesperia 19 (1950) 277-278; Agora XIX no. P35.

*Agora 1 6016

Hesperia 19 (1950) 275; Agora XIX no. P32b .

Agora 1 6250

Hesperia 32 (1963) 175-178; worn.

Agora 1 7116A

Hesperia 52 (1983) 177-189; Agora XIX no. L9; worn.

A general style is never easy to deal with and is often so vague as to be useless. This particular style, however, because it can be precisely defined, does seem to be more satisfactory. It appears, for one thing, to be limited to a fairly definite period of time. It is, however, somewhat frustrating to have a number of cutters who inscribe so many letters in a like manner that many small or worn fragments cannot be assigned accurately to the known workmen within the style. Still, the three principal cutters in this style can be quite readily recognized when the fragments they inscribed are reasonably large and well preserved.

[7] IG II 1564 and 1565 have been attributed to the same stele by D. M. Lewis (Hesperia 28 [1959] 234).

[8] D. Laing, "A Reconstruction of I.G., II , 1628, " Hesperia 37 (1968) 245 n. 4, assigns IG II 1620 and 1621 to a single stele and suggests 348/7 as a probable date.

― 81 ―

The important letters for distinguishing them are alpha, sigma, and omega. To summarize the differences crudely—the IG II2 334 Cutter inscribed a fairly wide alpha which is turned slightly to the left in the stoichos , a sigma which often seems to lean back or at least has the bottom stroke nearly parallel, and omega often with a closed bottom; the IG II2 244 Cutter inscribed a wide alpha which often leans forward, a sigma with a bottom stroke which extends down sharply into the interline, and an omega which is small, raised up, and has wide finials; the IG II2 354 Cutter made a symmetrical alpha, sigma which usually has top and bottom strokes that slant about the same, and omega that is open at the bottom and not unduly wide. It must be stressed that these cutters are each capable of inscribing the odd letter, even these key letters, so much like one of their fellow workmen that it can be deceiving. In the case of these cutters to an unusual degree, it is the combination of peculiarities taken together which allows one to recognize and distinguish them.

― 82 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 334
Dates: ca. 345-ca. 320

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 2)

This lettering makes a solid appearance, for the strokes are both rather thick and, relatively speaking, deeply inscribed. One can discern not infrequently double cuts. Round letters are quite evenly made and seem to be incised just a shade more deeply than the other letters. Letters sometimes seem to rattle around in the stoichoi a bit, and occasionally some lean to the left, particularly, alpha, eta, sigma, tau, and omega.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This is quite a wide letter and often shorter than the others. The placement of the crossbar varies, but it is usually at the middle or above.

Epsilon

The central horizontal is usually quite short and often does not touch the vertical.

Mu

The outer right hasta tends to be shorter than its counterpart on the left and does not extend down to the bottom of the letter.

Nu

The diagonal regularly begins somewhat down from the top of the first vertical and nicely touches the bottom of the second. This second vertical sometimes has a noticeable lean to the right.

Omikron

This letter varies in size, sometimes being unusally large; it is very often placed up in the letter-space.

Rho

The loop is somewhat flattened and elongated to Fill the width of the stoichos .

Sigma

This letter tends to be taller than the others; the bottom stroke is often nearly horizontal, while the upper curves or slants above the line of letters. Occasionally
― 83 ―

figure

Figure 2.
IG II2  334 lines 22-35.

 

the letter leans back or is even tilted with the bottom stroke actually slanting upwards. This letter varies greatly from example to example and is among this cutter's most idiosyncratic letters.

Upsilon

This letter is composed of three strokes. The vertical is just about half the height of the letter. The v tends to extend up above the other letters.

Chi

This letter tends to be very small.

Omega

The letter is fairly large, but not excessively wide; it hangs from the top of the letter-space, and is very often closed at the bottom by the horizontal extenders.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 224

Archon Pythodotos (343/2).
― 84 ―

IG II2 228

Archon Nikomachos (341/0). Osborne, Naturalization no. D15; Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines2 no. 61.

IG II2 230

Bengtson, Staatsverträge no. 340. D. Knoepfler has provided new and improved texts of the two parts of this inscription, of fragment a in REG 98 (1985) 259 (SEG 35 no. 59) and of fragment b in BCH 95 (1971) 226-232 (SEG 32 no. 77).

+ IG II2 232

 

+IG II2 233

Archon Theophra[stos] (340/39). Tod, GHI no. 175. L. Migeotte, L'emprunt public dans les cites grecques (Québec 1984) 23-25, discusses fragment b .

+ IG II2 307

 

IG II2 333

Schwenk no. 21; Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines2 no. 63.

IG II2 334

David Lewis associated Agora I 5477 with this (Hesperia 28 [1959] 239-247). Schwenk no. 17; Sokolowski, LSCG no. 33; Agora XIX no. L7 (part only). For a further suggestion about the date and the identification of inline imageinline image, see O. Hansen, "On the Site of Nea," Eranos 87 (1989) 70-72.

+IG II2 338 = IG VII 3499

Archon Nikokrates (333/2). Schwenk no. 28. On the honorand and his office, Ch. Habicht, "Pytheas von Alopeke, Aufseher fiber die Brunnen Attikas," ZPE 77 (1989) 83-87.

IG II2 345

Archon Niketes (332/1). Schwenk no. 36; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A102. See also below 110-111.

IG II2 415

 

+IG II2 545

A. Wilhelm, "Vier Beschlüsse der Athener," Abh. Berlin , 1939, 17-24, thoroughly treats the restoration of this inscription and suggests 321/0 as the most probable date. See also Peçirka, Enktesis 81-84.

IG II2 1192

The date of this text should be ca . 330 rather than "fin . s. IV " as in IG .

IG II2 1231

The date of this text based on the hand is ca . 330. Note that Wilhelm, "Vier Beschlüsse," Abh. Berlin , 1939, 13-16, suggested the restoration in lines 2 and 3 of inline image, a man active
― 85 ―
 

in the years around 330 and named by Demosthenes (De Corona 114) as inline image.[1]

IG II2 1496A a-d,f,g (col. III only)

Not earlier than 331/0 (line 137). E. Schweigert attributed Agora I 5605 and placed it in column III in close proximity to fragments f and g (Hesperia 9 [1940] 328-330). It too reveals the hand of this cutter, but only on its obverse face.

IG II2 1496B b,c

 

IG II2 1498A,B

 

IG II2 1500A,B

 

IG II2 1501A

D. Harris, "Bronze Statues on the Acropolis: The Evidence of a Lycurgan Inventory," AJA 96 (1992) 637-652, argues convincingly that IG II2 1498-1501A all belong to the same inscription. I have seen IG II2 1499 only in the (rather good) photograph that she supplies on page 638. It does indeed appear to be by this cutter. She dates the inventory ca . 330.

IG II2 1514

Not earlier than 344/3 (lines 59-60). D. M. Lewis suggested (Hesperia 32 [1963] 186) that IG II2 1523 might be part of this stele.

IG II2 1515

Not earlier than 345/4 (line 26). IG 1525 II2 has the same line length, hand, and subject matter. It is probably part of this stele.

IG II2 1517

Not earlier than 341/0 (line 63).

IG II2 1518B b

A, B a, non vidi

IG II2 1519

 

IG II2 1520

 

IG II2 1523

 

IG II2 1525

Not earlier than 343/2 (line 8).

IG II2 1528

 

IG II2 1530

 

[1] This suggestion has also been made by A. E. Raubitschek, in R. Develin, ed., Athenian Officials (Cambridge 1989) 416. The demesmen of Melite also honored this man about this time for his care of their cult of Artemis (Agora 16969 = Arch. Delt . 19 [1964] p. 31 lines 1-3, 8-9).

― 86 ―

IG II2 1531

 

IG II2 1532a

Archon Pythodotos (343/2). S. B. Aleshire, The Athenian Asklepieion: The People, Their Dedications, and the Inventories (Amsterdam 1989) 122-126, provides a new edition and shows that this text must be dissociated from IG II2 1532b .

IG II2 1533

Archon [Kephisophon] (329/8). Aleshire, Athenian Asklepieion 127-165.

IG II2 1622

Not earlier than 342/1 (line 385).

IG II2 1623B

Not earlier than 335/4 (line 285).

IG II2 1641A,C

B non vidi . New edition by J. Coupry, ID 104-126.

IG II2 1668

The arsenal for which this inscription gives the building specifications has recently been discovered in Piraeus. For initial notices see JHS Archaeological Reports , 1988-89, 15; and BCH 113 (1989) 589. This stele is likely, I think, to have been inscribed close to the year 330, when work on the building was almost complete.[2]

IG II2 1671

 

+IG II2 1675

 

IG II2 1684

The date in IG, "fin. s. IV, " should be altered to ca. a . 330 a .

+ IG II2 2406

 

+Agora I 631a + 939

Hesperia 19 (1950) 263-267; Agora XIX no. P29a lines 1-31.

+Agora I 4133

Hesperia 52 (1983) 103, 105, 107; Agora XIX no. L6.

Agora I 4783

Hesperia 19 (1950) 278; Agora XIX no. P36.

Agora I 4883

Hesperia 19 (1950) 270; Agora XIX no. P27c . This fragment should probably be dissociated from the others, for they are not the work of this cutter.

Agora I 5477

Part of IG II2 334.

Agora I 6354

Hesperia 26 (1957) 15-18; Agora XIX no. P32a . Langdon also attributes (in Agora XIX) to this stele the very small fragment Agora I 6016 (Hesperia 19 [1950] 275). I can neither confirm nor deny the attribution.

[2] IG II 505 line 13 and II 1627 lines 288, 352.

― 87 ―

Agora I 6434

Hesperia 32 (1963) 39-40.

+Agora I 7062

Hesperia 52 (1983) 103, 108; Agora XIX no. L6.

Agora I 7116 face B

Hesperia 52 (1983) 177-191; Agora XIX L9.

+Agora I 7123

Hesperia 52 (1983) 103, 106; Agora XIX L6.

EM 13051

Archon Nikokrates (333/2). SEG 24 no. 203; Schwenk no. 32.

EM 13067

Archon [Euain]etos (335/4). The first seven lines have been published by B. D. Meritt in The Athenian Year (Berkeley 1961) 80 = SEG 21 no. 272. See SEG 39 no. 82 for the name of the orator, Alkimachos of Myrrhinoutta, who is also attested as diaitetes in 330/29 (IG II2 2409 lines 19-20).

Univ. of Mississippi Museum inv. no. 77.3.665

Hesperia 55 (1986) 177-182 and pl. 38.

IG II2 545 and 2406

Lines 15-19 of IG II2 545 prescribe that the names of the Thessalian exiles be supplied to the secretary in the following terms (as restored by A. Wilhelm):

figure

A list then was compiled, and it is prima facie likely that it was added below the decree in order to specify by name those granted the privileges.

From an initial dossier of inscriptions by this cutter Ch. Habicht recognized IG II2 2406 at once as a list of Thessalians. It seems very probable that these two texts are part of the same stele. Indeed, as Kirchner reports in his commentary on IG II2 2406, "catalogum plebiscito subiectum fuisse suspicatur Koe(hler)." There is no possible join; IG II2 545 comes from the upper right side and II2 2406 from the lower left.

The latter preserves the last nine names from the first column followed by a vacat . These names are inscribed stoichedon and follow the

― 88 ―

checker pattern of the decree. There were originally two columns, with about twenty-five names in each column (see line 10 of the decree). Since the longest names will have required in excess of 20 letter-spaces, about 44 spaces at a minimum are required to accommodate both columns. Wilhelm's restoration, which assumes a line of 50 stoichoi , works nicely for the list. Each column then had 25 stoichoi , i.e., enough to allow the names to be inscribed (as the surviving fragment shows that they were) stoichedon with some space left blank between columns and at the right margin. Kirchner's restoration of this text in IG II2 with lines of 40 stoichoi does not provide enough room for the names.

Except for inline image[3] (line 2) these personal names are all known in Thessaly and can be found in the index of IG IX.2. 'inline image (line 6) is well attested, namely in Demetrias (IX.2 1127), Larisa (twice, IX.2 517 lines 81, 85), Pherai (Ch. Habicht, in V. Milojcic[*] and D. Theocharis, Demetrias I [Bonn 1976] p. 183 line 38 A), Skotoussa (SEG 15 no. 370b line 7), and also in an unpublished inscription of the fourth century B.C. from Pharsalos.[4] It is otherwise a very uncommon name, attested twice on Euboia.[5]inline image (line 9) too is an unusual name, attested thrice in Thessaly (Lamia, IX.2 68 line 8; Skotoussa, SEG 15 no. 370b line 43; Pherai, Y. Béquignon, Recherches archéol. à Phèes [Paris 1937] p. 95 no. 74) and otherwise popular on the island of Rhodes.[6] The patronymic in line 7, inline image, is apparently Thessalian. The following reflexes are known: inline image twice from Pharsalos (Thuc. 4.78.1, IG IX.2 234 line 89)[7] and inline image; from Skotoussa (SEG 15 no. 370c line 46). The gravestone of a inline image is also known from Vergina in Macedonia (SEG 35 no. 798).

The occurrence of these names together on one list strongly suggests that they are all Thessalians. With this information, one can offer an improved text. It is, for example, quite probable that 'inline image, gymnasiarch in Pherai in 292/1,[8] is the son of the exile inline image (line 8).

[4] I am indebted to Ch. Habicht for this information.

[5] LGPN I p. 97.

[6] Ibid . p. 336.

[8] Habicht, in Milojcic[*] and Theocharis, Demetrias I p. 183 A line 45. For the suggestion of a slightly earlier date, see B. Helly, ed., LaThessalie (Lyon 1979) 220-247.

― 89 ―

ca. a . 320 a .

STOICH.

figure

 

Line 2. At the break there is a clear vertical hasta ; it is positioned in the center of the stoichos . Iota alone is possible, for the left part of the horizontal would be visible if the letter had been tau. inline image is the only known name that suits the remains, and it is attested only in Thessaly (inline image at IG IX.2 234 line 11).[9]

Line 3. The names inline image[10] and inline image (Inscr. de Delphes II no. 9 line 7)[11] are known from Perrhaiboi Ereikinion.

Line 5. The possible patronymics known in Thessaly are inline image (IG IX.2 359c III line 5, 517 line 88, 527 line 19, and 934), inline image (B. Helly, Gonnoi , II: Les inscriptions [Amsterdam 1973] no. 24 line 5, no. 25 line 6, no. 50 line 2, no. 56 line 5), and inline image (Arch. Delt . 32 [1977 (1984)] B, 138-139 = SEG 34 no. 476).

Line 9. Of names occurring in Thessaly only inline image suits the remains; it is known at Larisa (IX.2 517 lines 1, 24), Pherai (Demetrias I p. 182 A line 10), and probably Pharsalos (Fouilles de Delphes III 5 no. 47 line 66 [I]).

Koehler was correct, it appears, in connecting this inscription with the events of the Lamian War (see the commentary in IG on IG II2 545). The

[10] Helly, LaThessalie p. 166 line 12, with discussion of the name on page 176 and in notes 33, 34 on page 190.

[11] I am indebted to Ch. Habicht for calling to my notice this and the following reference to Thessalians known at Delphi.

― 90 ―

Thessalians were allies of the Athenians, and their cavalry fought alongside them at the battle of Krannon in 322. The exiles of this inscription were apparently driven from their homeland near the end of the war or shortly thereafter. Indeed, the emphasis in lines 16-20 of this text on the generals' having an important role in dealing with these exiles suggests that they may have been veterans of the war, perhaps members of the gallant cavalry brigade.[12] It is tempting, moreover, to identify inline imageinline image (line 7) with their brave commander, Menon of Pharsalos;[13] he is reported to have been killed in battle fighting for his homeland in the year 321.[14]

The decree belongs then to 322/1 or soon after.[15] The occurrence of the demotic Lamptrai (tribal affiliation Erechtheis) in line I of the decree, where it can only be that of the secretary or of the anagrapheus , limits the date which can be assigned to this text. The year 322/1 can be eliminated, for inline image was secretary in that year. For the next three years, 321/0 to 319/8, the anagrapheis held sway. During this period secretaries held office by prytany; by good fortune we know from IG II2 380 and 388 the secretaries from Erechtheis for 320/19 and 319/8. In each case the deme is Kephisia. By elimination, therefore, IG II2 545 and 2406 must be dated to 321/0 if the official in line 1 is the secretary. If he is the anagrapheus, the date is 320/19, when 'inline image held that office.[16] In any case, this measure to harbor these Thessalians was passed at a time when Athens had an oligarchical, i.e., putatively pro-Macedonian, government. This fact, it seems most worthy of note, did not prevent them from openly aiding their staunchest allies against Macedonian forces in the Lamian War.

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 232 lines 9-10

P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews, LGPN I p. 301, restore the patronymic inline image. Their grounds for doing this are not clear; inline image, perhaps

[12] Above 29.

[13] On his role in the Lamian War, see Diodoros 18.15.4, 17.6; and Plutarch Pyrrhos 1.4. We learn from the latter that he was also the grandfather of King Pyrrhos of Epeiros.

[14] Diodoros 18.38.5-6.

[15] IG II 546, which refers to the Dolopians of southwest Thessaly, may well reflect these same events. It has been dated to 321/0; see B. D. Meritt, The Athenian Year (Berkeley 1961) 112-113; and S. Dow, "The Preambles of Athenian Decrees Containing Lists of Symproedroi," Hesperia 32 (1963) 351.

[16] Peçirka, Enktesis 83-84.

― 91 ―

'inline image (see LGPN I s.vv .), and inline image (Collitz, Sammlung Dialekt-Inschriften no. 2659 line 2)[17] also appear possible. However, the semantic affinity of the names inline image and inline image makes their suggestion attractive. If it is correct, the oldest son might well have also been named inline image, i.e., homonymous with his father. This restoration exactly fits the space in line 8. It is perhaps, therefore, worth suggesting the following restoration for lines 7-10:

figure

IG II2 233 line 29

H. B. Pope, Non-Athenians in Attic Inscriptions (New York 1935) 229, made the suggestion that inline image, be restored here from line 9 of IG II2 232. If the plural inline image is correct—and it seems to be[18] —this proper name with inline image exactly fills the 16 spaces required. Read then lines 29-30 as:

figure

Although we still do not know the exact temporal relationship between IG II2 232 and 233, they are clearly closely related, the one a rather short general decree honoring the city of Tenedos and Aratos and his brothers, the other longer, more detailed, and more specific in its honors. If the suggested restoration is correct, this longer decree praised by name Aratos and just one of his brothers , whom we must imagine distinguished himself in rendering the financial support mentioned in the decree.

IG II2 307 line 5

The first two letters repeat the last two of the previous line. They are clearly a dittography; braces ( { } ) should be placed around them, and the pointed brackets printed by Kirchner should be deleted.

[17] I am indebted to Ch. Habicht for this reference.

[18] J. Cargill, The Second Athenian League (Berkeley 1981) 113, discusses this line and regards the plural as "shaky." His discussion makes no mention of Pope's suggestion.

― 92 ―

IG II2 338 = IG VII 3499

This inscription was found in the Amphiaraion near the temple. It is a decree of the demos of the Athenians and was inscribed by the present workman, one of the most prolific Athenian cutters of the time. It would be interesting to know whether he travelled to the sanctuary to do the work or whether he did it in Athens. Perhaps there is a clue to be had from the other Athenian decrees of the second half of the fourth century found at Oropos.

Following the battle of Chaironeia the Athenians regained control of Oropos and the Amphiaraion; they held it for about a quarter of a century, until the year 312, when Antigonos' general Polemaios invaded and took control.[19] This text is part of a dossier of six Athenian inscriptions, all found at Oropos and all dating to the time of Lykourgos. In addition to the present text, from the first prytany of 333/2, which honors Pytheas of Alopeke for repairing the spring and water supply at the sanctuary, four of the texts reveal the Atthidographer Phanodemos of Thymaita as instrumental in promoting the sanctuary. At a plenary session of the assembly in the spring of 331, he proposed a measure praising the god for ensuring the health and safety of the countryside[20] and was himself crowned at this same meeting for his legislation that had set up the quadrennial festival and sacrifices and for his contributions for them and for repair of the sanctuary.[21] In 329/8 he headed the board of ten epimeletai who supervised what was apparently the first (very elaborate) staging of the festival.[22] This

[19] Diodoros 19.77.2-4. On these events, see also Billows, Antigonos 123-124. What effect, if any, Polyperchon's short-lived declaration had in 319 that the Oropians should have Oropos (Diodoros 18.56.6-7) is unclear. Kassandros and the Athenians certainly controlled it in 317 and the years immediately after.

[20] IG VII 4252 (= Schwenk no. 40), esp. lines 12-15.

[21] IG VII 4253 (= Schwenk no. 41), esp. lines 11-17. M. Walbank's attempt to interpret Agora 17063 (Hesperia Suppl. 19, 173-182) as the specific regulations for this festival is not entirely convincing. This text is too fragmentary.

― 93 ―

board was composed of some of the most important political figures in Athens, including Lykourgos and Demades.[23] The next year he and Demades joined others in making a special dedication at the sanctuary.[24] Lastly the ephebes of Leontis made a dedication in the sanctuary, probably at the great penteteric games of 329.[25]

Of these inscriptions only the first, i.e., the present text, is by one of the cutters known from this study, and only the first does not deal exclusively with the sanctuary of Amphiaraos. It also praises Pytheas for constructing a spring at the shrine of Ammon and instructs that two copies be made and set up, one at the shrine of Ammon and one at the Amphiaraion. It appears probable that the two copies were made in Athens by the present cutter and shipped to the separate sites, while the decrees dealing with matters related only to the Amphiaraion were inscribed and set up there by local workmen.

IG II2 1496-1641

This cutter clearly inscribed a significant number of accounts, inventories, and exetasmoi ; he was particularly active in the creation of the Brauroneion inventories. The present results, however, must be preliminary, for I do not have access to all the material. In short I am not able to affirm that this cutter's hand occurs in only the places listed. I do feel certain about those listed, but for a number of inscriptions or parts of inscriptions either I have had no squeeze, or else the squeezes of them available to me are not good enough to render a useful judgment.

IG II2 1675 line 18

The letters YTHNDW do not follow the stoichoi and are crowded together in an erasure. The cutter first inscribed inline image, which he subsequently changed to inline image with the minimum of erasure.

Agora 1 631a + 939

M. Crosby, the initial editor, also published Agora 1 686 as a nonjoining part of this text, and this has been accepted by M. Langdon in the most

[23] IG VII 4254 lines 23-24.

[24] AE , 1917, 40-48 (= Agora XV no. 49 = Schwenk no. 56). In view of the prominence of some of the contributors, the inscription on this monument is remarkably unprepossessing. The letters are small (0.005 m in height) and crowded. No effort was made, not even in the heading, to achieve a stoichedon arrangement.

[25] AE , 1918, 73-100 (= Reinmuth no. 15). Above 13.

― 94 ―

recent edition in Agora XIX. This fragment is P29b . This association is unlikely, for I 686 was inscribed by a different workman, the Cutter of IG II2 354.

Agora I 4133, 7062, 7123

M. B. Walbank published elaborately these three fragments and associated them with three others, IG II2 1590, 1591, and Agora I 7117 (Hesperia 52 [1983] 100-135).[26] Although the subject matter on all of these fragments is obviously similar, there are no compelling textual arguments, as Walbank himself acknowledges (pp. 110-111), that relate the pieces. Moreover, despite the technical discussion of "foliation, weathering, and cleavage" (p. 110), the author offers no convincing argument for his placement of the pieces in relation to one another.

Furthermore, Walbank's report of the thickness of these fragments, which all apparently preserve their original backs, raises serious doubts about his reconstruction of the stele. See page 103 for his descriptions and measurements. To give one example: he places Agora I 4133 (fragment F) directly below Agora I 7117 (fragment E); see figure 1 on page 102. How can this be possible, given that I 4133 is—these are all Walbank's measurements—0.120 m thick at its top, while I 7117 is 0.121 m thick at its bottom? To come directly below I 7117 any fragment would have to be at least 0.121 m thick or thicker over its entirety.

"There is little variation in script or spacing" (p. 110). This is true. The lettering is all in the same general style—a style that is apparent on many accounts of the second half of the fourth century. However, the three fragments listed above are by this cutter; the others reveal a consistent difference in the shape of certain key letters, which suggests that they are not by the same man. To be specific, sigma is quite uniform and symmetrical, with slanting top and bottom strokes. Epsilon has a long central horizontal which touches the vertical. Omega is usually round and open at the bottom; the horizontal strokes at the bottom extend out to make it quite a wide letter. For the way the present cutter makes these letters, see the description above. There are thus at least two hands present on these six fragments. The conclusion must be that they do not go together, at least not as Walbank presents them. To elaborate, he places Agora I 7117 (fragment E) between the fragments inscribed by this cutter. This large fragment preserves parts of three different columns and should reveal the lettering of this cutter in column II and very probably also in column III, if

[26] The text is repeated in Agora XIX no. L6.

― 95 ―

the editor of the editio princeps was correct in his association and placement of these fragments. It does not; his work does not appear on this fragment. Judging, however, from the published measurements and descriptions, these six fragments do appear to derive from at least two closely similar stelai.

― 96 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 244
Dates: 340/39-ca. 320

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 3)

This cutter varies the height of his letters a good deal—alpha, delta, lambda, omikron, chi, and omega tend to be shorter, while beta, sigma, and sometimes phi are taller than letters such as epsilon and kappa. Where his lettering is well preserved, double cutting is often in evidence. He tends to thicken the ends of strokes, particularly of epsilon, sigma, upsilon, and omega.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter is quite wide and often, though not always, is made in a most idiosyncratic fashion, viz. the left slanting hasta is a trifle longer than the right and is raised up from the baseline. The right does not slant out as much and reaches down to the base of the letter. The letter thus seems to lean forward.

Kappa

This is a wide letter. Only this cutter's mu and omega are wider.

Mu

The strokes which make the central v usually do not meet precisely and usually do not extend down to the bottom of the letter. The right half of the letter is usually wider than the left, sometimes markedly so. The slanting stroke at the right side often begins just down from the top of the stroke which it joins.

Nu

The slanting stroke begins below the top of the first vertical; the second vertical usually begins at the slanting stroke and sometimes extends up a bit higher than the first vertical.
― 97 ―

figure

Figure 3.
IG  II2  244 lines 37-48.

Omikron

This letter is often quite small, usually slightly misshapen, and placed up in the space.

Rho

The loop is fairly round and often rather small.

Sigma

The top and bottom strokes always slant; the lower half of the letter is usually wider than the upper. The lowest stroke dips down into the interline and thickens at the end perceptibly more than the top hasta . This letter is quite idiosyncratic.

Omega

This letter is often quite short and almost always very wide. Sometimes it sits on the baseline and sometimes it hangs from the top of the letter-space. About half the time it is open at the bottom. Prominent horizontal strokes, thickened at the ends and double-cut, extend out, making the letter as wide as mu. The stroke on the left is often bigger.
― 98 ―

List of inscriptions

IG II2 242 + 373 lines 1-15

Archon Phrynich[o]s (337/6). M. B. Walbank, ZPE 86 (1991) 199-202, has joined these two and offered some new readings.[1] For IG II2 242 see Schwenk no. 10 and Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A98 and pl. 50.1 (top only); concerning II2 373 see Peçirka, Enktesis 72-74; Schwenk no. 88. The second decree on II2 373 (lines 16-33) of the year 322/1 has different writing; this lettering is by no cutter as yet known to me.

IG II2 244

Maier, Gr. Mauerbauinschriften no. 10; Schwenk no. 3; Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines 2 no. 62. Nor discussion and restoration of lines 31-36 see G. Thör, Lebendige Altertumswissenschaft: Festgabe H. Vetters (Vienna 1985) 66-69. For the discussion surrounding the date of this text, namely either in the second half of 338/7 or in 337/6, see Schwenk ad loc .

IG II2 276

Schwenk no. 12.

+IG II2 306

The date "ante a . 336/5" in IG is arbitrary.

IG II2 310

The date "ante a . 336/5" in IG is arbitrary.

IG II2 336

Archon [Nikokrates] (333/2). Osborne, Naturalization no. D23; Schwenk no. 31; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A101.

IG II2 373

Joins IG II2 242.

IG II2 392 + 586

Osborne, Naturalization no. D31. The join was made by Chara Karapa, Arch. Delt . 29 (1974) 158-164.

IG II2 402 + Agora I 4900

For the join and discussion of the date, see S. V. Tracy in Hesperia 62 (1993) 249-251. For a better assessment of the date, E. Badian, "A Reply to Professor Hammond's Article," ZPE 100 (1994) 389-390; and A. B. Bosworth, "Perdiccas and the Kings," CQ 43 (1993) 420-427. On the speaker, Archedikos of Lamptrai, Ch. Habicht, "The Comic Poet Archedikos," Hesperia 62 (1993) 253-256.

IG II2 429

 

IG II2 437

 
― 99 ―

+ IG II2 449

This text cannot be dated precisely. The date recorded in IG, "a . 318/7," is overly precise and probably not correct. The hand reveals that it should not be placed much after 320; Dow's study of the preambles of Athenian decrees which list symproedroi (Hesperia 32 [1963] 335-365) showed that the first one thus far known (IG II2 336 III) dates to the year 333/2. The present text could easily be a bit earlier.[2] For a small improvement in the reading of line 12, see Hesperia 32 (1963) 348.

IG II2 539

Osborne, Naturalization III p. 120.

IG II2 549

See my comments below on IG II2 306. Koehler associated this text honoring a Kythnian general with the action of the Athenians when they liberated the island from pirates in 315/4.[3] Robert summarizes what is known of the history of the island and finds the association of this text with the events of 315/4 "séduis- ant."[4] The hand suggests, however, that this date is probably too late. It appears likely that the Kythnians and their general, the son of Parmenon, aided the Athenians in the years 338-320.

IG II2 1155b

Archon Lysimachides (339/8). Although the lettering of fragment a was done in large letters by a different cutter, Koehler seems to have been correct to associate these fragments. The heading for this dedication by the taxiarch and soldiers of Kekropis to Athena was in- scribed by one man, and then the other cutter, the subject of the present study, added the short decrees and the wreaths.

IG II2 1202

Archon Theophrastos (340/39). E Ghiron-Bistagne, Recherches sur les acteurs dans la Grèce antique (Paris 1976) 88-90; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A140 and pl. 44.1. The date of this text has been a matter of dispute. W. Peek, MDAIA 66 (1941) 219; Ghiron-Bistagne; D. Whitehead, The Demes of Attica (Princeton 1986)

[2] J. D. Morgan will offer a complete new edition and discussion of the date. This will include his join of EM 13401 (above 78).

[3] We learn of this event from IG II 682 lines 9-13.

[4] L. Robert, "Monnaies hellénistiques," Rev . Num ., 1977, 23-26 and n. 89 (= Opera Minora Selecta VI [1989] 185-188)

― 100 ―
 

218-219 n. 251; and Meyer all choose the year 313/2; only T. B. L. Webster (without discussion or giving his reasons), Monuments Illustrating Tragedy and Satyr Play[2] (London 1967) 34 no. AS7, opts for 340/39. Although 313/2 is possible, the known dates of this cutter point toward the earlier date.[5]

IG II2 1238

Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A160. See C. W. Hedrick, "An Honorific Phratry Inscription," AJP 109 (1988) 111-117, for a new text and discussion of this inscription. His date, "earlier in the fourth century rather than later" (p. 113), is based on o for ov in line 13; but this is at best a rough criterion. See IG II2 229 for the occurrence of o for ov after midcentury. The date of this inscription should be ca. a . 330 a .

IG II2 1257

Archon Hegesi[as] (324/3). Schwenk no. 77.

IG II2 1543

This account is dated to the year 336.

IG II2 1571

 

IG II2 1574

D. M. Lewis, Hesperia 28 (1959) 233-238, comments on this class of inscription and rightly, it appears from the hand, associated this text and IG II2 1571 (pp. 234-235). Together with these he also groups IG II2 1575 and 1573. The latter I have not seen; the former is not the work of this cutter.

IG II2 1582

Not earlier than 343/2 (Agora XIX no. P26 line 471). Agora I 817, 1749 (Hesperia 5 [1936] 393-413), 1664, 1782, and 1816 (Hesperia 19 [1950] 251-254) belong to this stele, which has been re-edited as Agora XIX no. P26.

IG II2 1599

W. Peek offers some improved readings in MDAIA 67 (1942) 20 = SEG 21 no. 574.

IG II2 2402

 

+ IG II2 2408

 

Agora I 58

Archon [Chairondas] (338/7). Hesperia 3 (1934) 51, with corrections in Hesperia 13 (1944) 266.

Agora I 1851

Hesperia 19 (1950) 210-218; Agora XIX no. P13. Mar-

[5] On the archon Theophrastos of the year 313/2, see above 73 n. 7.

― 101 ―
 

garet Crosby, the initial editor, assigned a date "near the middle of the fourth century" (p. 215), and Merle Langdon, the editor of these texts in Agora XIX, retains this date. It appears to be somewhat early.
 

Agora 1 631d, f , 679, 810, and 1570 + 2738 are published as belonging to Agora I 1851; they are all by this cutter, but whether they all are parts of this stele is doubtful. Some may belong, for example, with IG II2 1582.

Agora I 2719

Hesperia 29 (1960) 51.

Agora I 3023

Unpublished.

Agora I 4990

Joins IG II2 402, q.v .

Agora I 5093

Published below.

+Agora I 6496

Archon [Archipp]os (321/0). Hesperia 30 (1961) 289- 292; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A127. Dow suggested a possible restoration of the secretary's name in HSCP 67 (1963) 44-45.

Agora I 7063

Hesperia Suppl. 19 (1982) 173-182; above, 11 n. 25.

K. Kourouniotes, inline image I (Athens 1932) 189-208

Maier, Gr. Mauerbauinschriften no. 19

Preliminary publication of a fragment from the Athenian Agora (fig. 4)

Fragment of gray marble, back and right side (smooth) preserved, found in a modem house wall south of the market square (P 20) on 21 December 1937.

H 0.235 m; W 0.057 m; Th 0.098 m; LH 0.008 m

Checker ca . 0.018 x 0.018 m

Inv. no. 15093

ca. a . 330 a .

STOICH.

_ _ _ _ _KA

_ _ _ _ _HT

3 _ _ _ _ _ME
― 102 ―

figure

Figure 4.
Agora 15093.

_ _ _ _ _NO

_ _ _ _ _AD

6 _ _ _ _ _D E

_ _ _ _ _TIS

_ _ _ _ _TW

There is not sufficient context to enable restoration.

― 103 ―

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 306

D. M. Lewis (ABSA 49 [1954] 50) observes that the left side is preserved and that there are about two letters less at the left than reported in IG. In addition it is perhaps the case that this text is to be associated with IG II2 549. However, the letters are a little more widely spaced horizontally than those on IG II2 549. This cutter is uneven in his spacing, so this is not in itself fatal to the proposed association. Study of the stones in Athens should enable a determination of this matter.

IG II2 449

Line 1. The inscribed surface is preserved blank above this line for a space of 0.038 m. There was, thus, above the present line 1 either an area of decoration, carved or painted, or, as Koehler thought probable (quoted by Kirchner in IG ), another decree of the same year. Whichever the case, the formula containing the archon date came at the beginning in the part now lost.

Line 5 . At the right edge of the stoichos before the initial sigma, there appears the upper part of a vertical stroke which can only be part of nu or eta. The name of the chairman was thus [. . . . . . ]inline image. He does not seem to be attested elsewhere.

IG II2 2408 line 1

Read inline image. An ancestor is PA 9922, epistates at Eleusis in 408/7 (IG I3 386 line 2).

Agora I 6496 line 9

The demotic of the speaker can be determined. Under the left side of omikron in line 8 appears the top of an apex. We may now read this line as:

inline image

There is no known name with this ending as yet attested in this deme.

― 104 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 354
Dates: 337-324

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 5)

This lettering conveys a solid, well-made impression; the hastae are relatively thick and often double-struck. Only the crossbars of alpha and eta, the central horizontal of epsilon, the central strokes of mu and sigma, and the diagonal of nu are usually thinner and more lightly inscribed. This cutter tended to thicken the ends of strokes and in some cases to make what look like real serifs, e.g., at the bottom of upsilon. His lettering is very uniform.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter is usually relatively wide and short. The crossbar is sometimes omitted; if present, it tends to be lightly inscribed, to be placed below the midpoint, and to slant.

Epsilon

The central horizontal varies in length but is almost invariably shorter than the other two.

Kappa

The diagonals usually meet the vertical stroke below the midpoint and are as long as or longer than it is.

Mu

This letter is carefully made and usually nearly symmetrical. The central v does not quite extend down to the bottom of the letter.

Nu

The diagonal not infrequently, in contrast to the practice of many other cutters at the time, begins at the top of the first vertical and ends at the bottom of the second. The second vertical sometimes slants to the right.

Omikron

This letter is quite round and uniform in size; it is usually slightly smaller than the other letters.

Rho

The loop is oblong and often relatively large.
― 105 ―

figure

Figure 5.
IG II2  354 lines 2-13.

Sigma

This letter is taller than the others; the top and bottom strokes slant. The lower central diagonal often meets the upper in from its end.

Upsilon

This letter begins at the baseline and extends up into the interline. It is made with three strokes—the vertical is at least half the height of the letter and usually more; the surmounting v is large.

Phi

The central oval is often placed quite low in the letter- space. The vertical is made in two parts and does not usually pass through the oval; the lower part extends down into the interline.

Omega

This letter is often open at the bottom, quite round, and placed up in the space. The finials are either rather short or of moderate length.
― 106 ―

List of inscriptions

IG II2 113

Archon [Hegemon] (327/6). Schwenk no. 60; M. B. Walbank, ZPE 76 (1989) 257-261, has attributed, it appears correctly, EM 12918 (Hesperia 7 [1938] 296) to this text.[1]

IG II2 241

Archon [Phrynichos] (337/6). Schwenk no. 8.

+IG II2 339a

Archon [Ni]kokrate[s] (333/2). Schwenk no. 29; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A100. Photograph in B. D. Meritt, The Athenian Year (Berkeley 1961) fig. 1 (opposite p. 49).

IG II2 339b

 

IG II2 354

Archon [Euthykritos] (328/7). Schwenk no. 54.

IG II2 359

Archon Chreme[s] (326/5). Schwenk no. 63.

IG II2 426

Peçirka, Enktesis 77-78.

IG II2 1196B

Face A of this text is very worn; it too seems to be by this cutter. D. Whitehead, ZPE 47 (1982) 38-39, argues, following Lolling, that this text belongs to the archon- ship of Chremes (326/5) and that the demarch in line 4 is Dor[otheos]. The restoration and the date are drawn from IG II2 1198, also inscribed by this cutter. It does seem probable that the deme officials of Aixone commissioned this man to inscribe these two texts on the same occasion.

+ IG II2 1198

Archon Chremes (326/5). Schwenk no. 66.

IG II2 1493

Archon [Ktesikles] (334/3).

IG II2 1494

 

IG II2 1495

IG II2 1493 and 1494 have been attributed by Koehler and Kirchner in IG , it seems correctly, to this inscription. See E W. Mitchel, TAPA 93 (1962) 218-219, for a new text of IG II2 1493. Mitchel's discussion of the relative placement of the fragments based on their thick- nesses (pp. 216-217) is vitiated by the apparent fact that none of the fragments preserves the original back.

[1] On page 260 of his study Walbank attributes "to the mason who inscribed IG ii ,113" 18 other inscriptions. In the first place, I do not think there are enough letters preserved on IG II 113 to allow one to speak of the hand. Second, I consider only one of those in his list to be by the present cutter, namely IG II 426. The inscriptions listed by Walbank, however, are all more or less in the same style and do suffice for his purpose, which is to strengthen the case for the date 327/6.

― 107 ―

IG II2 1496A h

Not earlier than 338/7 (line 18). This cutter's work appears only in columns I and II on face A.

IG II2 1497

Archon Hegemon (327/6).

IG II2 1544

Archon Niketes (332/1).

IG II2 1583

Hesperia 19 (1950) 220-221; Agora XIX no. P14. M. Langdon, the editor in Agora XIX, suggests "ca. a . 350/49 a ."; a better date is ca. a . 330 a

IG II2 1584

Agora XIX no. P15. The date "ca. a . 350/49 a ." is at least a decade too early.

IG II2 1593

The date given in IG , "med. s. IV ," is somewhat early.

IG II2 1627

Archon Aristophon (line 216; 330/29).

IG II2 1629

Archon Antikles (line 794; 325/4). Tod, GHI no. 200.

IG II2 2500

The date of this text is ca. a . 330 a. rather than "fin. s. IV " (IG ).

Agora I 686

Hesperia 19 (1950) 263-267; Agora XIX no. P29, frag. b , lines 32-58. This fragment most probably should be dissociated from fragment a , lines 1-31 (Agora 1631 + 939), for the hands differ. Fragment a was inscribed by the Cutter of IG II2 334.

Agora I 2205

Hesperia 19 (1950) 260-262; Agora XIX no. P28.

Agora I 2260

Not earlier than 346/5 (line 31). Hesperia 25 (1956) 101-109.

Agora I 3134

Unpublished.

Agora I 3247

Hesperia 6 (1937) 456-457.

+Agora I 3364

Archon [Niketes] (332/1). Hesperia 8 (1939) 26-27 = Schwenk no. 39.

Agora I 3625

Archon Hegemon (327/6). Hesperia 7 (1938) 94-96 = Schwenk no. 61.

Agora I 4355

Published below.

Agora I 5500

Unpublished.

Agora I 5749

Hesperia 19 (1950) 222-223; Agora XIX no. P16. The date assigned, "ca. a . 350/49 a.," seems a trifle early.

Agora I 6421

Hesperia 37 (1968) 267-268. For an improved text, see Sokolowski, LSCG no. 179. The date of this text is ca . 330.

Agora I 7178

Hesperia 43 (1974) 322-324.
― 108 ―

EM 12918

Probably part of IG II2 113. Hesperia 7 (1938) 296-297.

REG 91 (1978) 289-306 lines 1-17

Archon Niketes (332/1). Schwenk no. 43. The second decree on this stele is in this general style but appears to be by a different hand. The worn surface renders it difficult to be certain.

Preliminary publication of a fragment from the Athenian Agora (fig. 6)

Fragment of white marble, left side (finely claw-chiselled) preserved, found in modern house walls over the southwestern part of the Eleusinion (S-T 20) on 18 December 1936.

H 0.155 m; W 0.075 m; Th 0.08 m; LH 0.005 m

Checker ca . 0.01 x 0.01 m

Inv. no. I 4355

ca. a . 332 a .

STOICH. IT

1 T _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _

K_ _ _ _ _ _

OI _ _ _ _ _

7

figure
_ _ _ _

S

figure
_ _ _

S XION _ _ _

10 P THN _ _ _

W TTH _ _ _

MET _ _ _ _

OIY _ _ _ _

14 WS _ _ _ _ _

Line 6 . Merely the bottom of dotted iota is legible; upsilon is also possible.

Line 13 . Of dotted upsilon only the tip of the left slanting stroke is visible; chi is also possible.

This fragment puzzles. One might restore inline image in lines 8-9. The only nouns known which would suit the remains in line 11 are inline image (in

― 109 ―

figure

Figure 6.
Agora I 4355.

― 110 ―

koine form) and inline image, a word apparently meaning "taskmaster" or "overseer." But these are not otherwise attested in Attic inscriptions.

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 339a line 1

The last letter is rho, for the curving bottom of the loop as it touches the vertical is just visible at the break. This letter occurs over upsilon in line 2, i.e., exactly in the center. This line should therefore be read as follows:

inline image

IG II2 1198 line 10

The reading of the numeral is problematic. Schwenk, the latest editor reads II[III]:, which in essence follows Kirchner's adoption of Premerstein's reading. This amount, 8 drachmas, is ridiculously small,[2] and the reading highly suspect. Moreover, I cannot confirm the reading of the pi. Indeed, this cutter normally places two dots on each side of numerals, and that is what he appears to have done in this case. On the squeeze available to me in Princeton, I can discern with certainty the two dots of punctuation on each side of the space where the numeral was originally inscribed. They are centered in stoichoi 11 and 13. The left half of the space in between them is abraded, and I can in consequence read nothing there. In the right half, as improbable as it seems, there appears an upsilon; it is located in the space between stoichoi 12 and 13. It was preceded by another letter now lost. We must read therefore: inline image :. The use of an alphabetic numeral in an Attic inscription before the second century B.C. is almost unparalleled.[3] The occurrence, however, does not seem surprising, especially in a deme decree. The numeral was perhaps: inline image :, i.e., 1,400 drachmas, a very generous amount.

Agora I 3364

This text and three others (IG II2 345, 346, 347) were passed at the same meeting. It seems noteworthy that three of the four were inscribed by dif-

[2] In IG II 1157, an exactly contemporaneous tribal decree for a choregos, the gold crown was at least 500 drachmas (lines 8-9).

[3] An isolated example from the fifth century is IG I 760. See M. N. Tod, "The Alphabetic Numeral System in Attica," ABSA 45 (1950) 126-139 (reprinted in M. N. Tod, Ancient Greek Numerical Systems [Chicago 1979] 84-97).

― 111 ―

ferent cutters. IG II2 345 is the work of the Cutter of IG II2 334; IG II2 347 was done by the Cutter of IG II2 337. It is impossible to speak with certainty about IG II2 346; it is in the general style of the Cutters of IG II2 334 and 354 but very worn. Given what we know about later inscribing patterns, it is probably the work of another cutter. Indeed, during the period 229-86 there is no case known of two decrees passed on the same day being inscribed by the same cutter.[4] Apparently there was felt a need, at least in later times, to have inscribed copies of decrees finished in a timely fashion. There is no reason why this should not also have been the case in Lykourgan Athens. There are, however, several cases known from this study in which decrees passed on the same day were inscribed by the same workman; see pages 126-127, 145, 156, 162-163 below. It is noteworthy that they all appear to have been relatively short, i.e., able to be finished within a few days. Thus they could be assigned to a single cutter.

[4] ALC 234-236.

― 112 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 337
Dates: 337-323

General characteristics of tile lettering (fig. 7)

This workman inscribed lettering which conveys a rather elegant appearance. The letter-strokes thicken at the ends, and sometimes there is the definite suggestion of a serif. The hastae of the letters are thin and tend to curve slightly, especially the horizontals of gamma, pi, and tau, the upper slanting stroke of sigma, and the verticals of gamma, epsilon, eta, kappa, nu, pi, and rho.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This is a relatively wide letter. The slanting strokes which compose it often curve slightly; the crossbar occurs at approximately the midpoint, sometimes crosses one of the slanting strokes, and often slants.

Delta

This letter has a squat appearance because it is quite wide and does not extend to the bottom of the letterspace; the crossbar is often placed slightly up from the bottom.

Epsilon

The top and bottom horizontals are longer than the vertical and tend to be placed just slightly in from the ends of the vertical. The central horizontal is shorter.

Mu

The outer strokes of this letter slant rather sharply, with the result that the central v (which reaches to the baseline) is unusually narrow, almost awkward in appearance.

Omikron

This letter is quite round, small, and placed somewhat up in the space.

Pi

The horizontal usually bows downward perceptibly; it begins at the first vertical and either ends at the second or extends just a small bit beyond it. This is one of this cutter's most idiosyncratic letters.
― 113 ―

figure

Figure 7.
IG II2  337 lines 36-44.

Sigma

The top and bottom strokes always slant; the lower half is often slightly wider and extends into the interline.

Tau

The horizontal tends to be slightly shorter than the vertical and curves markedly. At times this letter could be taken for upsilon made with an extremely shallow v.

Upsilon

This letter is made with three strokes. The vertical is normally just slightly more than half the height of the letter. The v is large and symmetrical.

Phi

This letter is taller than the others. The central part is a small oval placed above the midpoint of the letter-space. About half of the time the oval seems to have been inscribed first, with a short vertical then added at top and bottom; that is to say, the vertical in this case does not continue through the oval.

Omega

This is a relatively short letter which is placed up from the baseline in the middle of the letter-space. Short hor-
― 114 ―
 

izontals extend to the right and left, one usually slightly longer than the other; there is no consistency as to which one. In contrast to the dominant tendency of his contemporaries, this cutter does not extend the horizontals much into the letter.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 243

Archon Phrynichos (337/6). Schwenk no. 11.

IG II2 337

Archon Nikokrates (333/2). Schwenk no. 27; Sokolowski, LSCG no. 34; Tod, GHI no. 189. For an assessment of Lykourgos' reasons (primarily economic) for proposing to grant to the Kitians the right to build a temple in Piraeus, see R. R. Simms, "Isis in Classical Athens," CJ 84 (1988/9) 216-221.

+IG II2 347

Archon [N]iketes (332/1). Schwenk no. 38; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A103 and pl. 50.2 (relief only). See also SEG 39 no. 86 and, on the other decrees passed at this session, above 110-111.

IG II2 348

Archon [Aristophanes] (331/0). Schwenk no. 44.

IG II2 434

 

+IG II2 547

Archon [Hegesias] (324/3). Schwenk no. 74.

+IG II2 1189

Archon Ktesikl[es] (334/3). Reinmuth no. 3. An improved text with photographs is offered by E W. Mitchel in Ancient World 9 (1984) 114-118.

IG II2 1229

The date to be assigned to this text is ca. a . 330 a .

IG II2 1244

The date offered for this text in IG ("fin. s. IV ?") is somewhat late. R. Schlaifer (CP 39 [1944] 25) improved the restoration of line 7 by suggesting inline image for inline image; the latter is too long by one letter.

+Agora 17134

Hesperia 51 (1982) 45-46.

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 347 line 11

Schwenk reads the name as inline image is clearly preserved on the squeeze available to me.

― 115 ―

IG II2 547 line 16 (Schwenk)

In letter-space 22 and directly above omikron in the next line appears N. I can discern no trace of Schwenk's lower part of a vertical in the next letter-space.

IG II2 1189 line 5

There is an erasure in this line that has not been noted by any previous editor. It begins after the first Kaí and continues as far as the stone is preserved. One can see it quite dearly in the photographs published by Reinmuth (plate IV) and Mitchel (p. 114). Indeed, the words inline image (read by D. Philios, the first editor [AE , 1890, 91-93], and repeated by subsequent editors) are, if correctly deciphered, not only quite carefully erased, but unparalleled in the language of Attic inscriptions.[1] The precise nature of the error is unclear. However, given that haplography and dittography are the most common copying errors,[2] the occurrence in successive lines of the phrase inline image doubtless contributed to the problem. In any case, the erased section of line 5 was not reinscribed. Perhaps this was the extent of the erasure, for with this space left blank the suggested restorations make good sense. See IG II2 1156 of the same year for a similarly worded decree.

Agora I 7134 line 13

The second letter cannot be mu, which this cutter makes with slanting strokes, for the preserved stroke at the beginning of the stoichos is vertical. Kappa (which should be dotted) seems to be the letter preserved.

Without stating his criteria, M. B. Walbank in his editio princeps of Agora 1 7134 (Hesperia 51 [1982] 45-46) tentatively suggests that Agora I 5464 (Hesperia 30 [1961] 208-210), 16421 (Hesperia 37 [1968] 267-268), and IG IF 229 are by the same hand as that on 1 7134 (p. 46). By the method and criteria which I employ[3] I judge none of these to be by this cutter and only the last as in the same general style.

[2] For examples, see S. V. Tracy, The Lettering of an Athenian Mason (Hesperia Suppl. 15 [1975]) 109-114.

[3] See above 2 n. 2.

― 116 ―

The extant texts of this cutter are all relatively short decrees; all but one (Agora 1 7134) are inscribed on white marble, and all are stoichedon . With the exception of IG II2 1189, the number of letters per line varies from 20 to 29; II2 1189, a dedicatory base, probably had in the body of the decree 62 letters per line. These are all honorary decrees, six of the city, one of the deme of Eleusis, and two passed by gene .

― 117 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 330
Date: 335/4

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 8)

The lettering of this cutter is quite uniform. There tends to be a slight thickening at the ends of strokes, apparently deliberate and a precursor to the serif.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter is quite wide. The crossbar is frequently omitted when the letter-height is 0.006 m or less, with the result that it is indistinguishable from lambda. Not infrequently the left slanting hasta extends at the apex beyond the right one.

Delta

Sometimes the crossbar is not placed exactly at the bottom, with the result that this letter can be mistaken for alpha.

Epsilon

The vertical usually extends down just slightly below the lowest horizontal. The central horizontal is often quite short.

Mu

This is a wide letter; the first and third slanting strokes often extend up above the strokes which join them. The central v tends to reach down to or near the base of the letter.

Nu

The slanting stroke very often begins below the top of the letter and ends above the bottom.

Omikron

This letter varies in size but is usually slightly smaller than the surrounding letters. It is quite round and appears to have been inscribed in two semicircles in such a way that a small gap often appears on the left side. It tends to hang from the top of the letter-space.
― 118 ―

figure

Figure 8.
IG II2  330 lines 13-25.

Pi

The crossbar slants down a bit and usually crosses the second vertical.

Sigma

The top and bottom strokes usually slant, although the top is more nearly horizontal. Occasionally it is horizontal. The bottom is usually rendered by a short slanting stroke which extends down from the lower central stroke at about its midpoint.

Upsilon

The v at the top is very shallow and asymmetrical. The left stroke is longer and more horizontal than the right.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 330 and 445

Archon [E]uainetos (335/4). Schwenk no. 18.

+ IG II2 553

Osborne, Naturalization no. D44.
― 119 ―

+ Agora 12767

Hesperia 29 (1960) 5. For Meritt's simple "saec. IV a. " we can specify ca. a . 335 a .

Agora 15280

Unpublished.

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 553

Osborne's date, "(?) 304/3, prytany 7," is not impossible, but I suspect that a much earlier date is more likely. Given the strategic importance of Eleusis to the city, the upheavals after 338 or those in 323/2 may well offer the proper context for this inscription. It is perhaps worth adding that the only general known in this period who might be restored in line 5 is inline image; (PA 14187).[1] He served twice in our evidence. He was crowned by his troops in an inscription from Rhamnous dated ca . 333 (IG II2 2968 = Pouilloux, La forteresse de Rhamnonte [Paris 1954] 114 no. 4) and about four years later by the ephebes of Leontis for his service as inline image (Reinmuth no. 15 dextra lines 4-6 [II]).[2]

Agora I 2767 lines 7-8

In view of this cutter's habit of omitting the crossbar of alpha, the letters at the end of line 8, which Meritt read as l o, are almost certainly aq . One should restore at the end of line 7 and beginning of 8 the standard phrase [inline image].[3]

[1] Osborne suggested (ZPE 19 [1975] 153 n. 18) that "Dromokleides" be restored. This man was a well-known orator from Sphettos and adherent of Demetrios Poliorketes (Plutarch Demetrios 13, 34.4; PA 4568). He is not, however, known to have served as general and is first attested in 295 B.C ., not (as previously believed) in 307. Habicht has convincingly shown (Untersuchungen 34-44) that his fulsome decree for Demetrios quoted in part in Plutarch (Demetrios 13) does not date to 307, but rather to 292 or 291.

[2] This inscription from the Amphiaraion was dated by Reinmuth on no certain evidence to 324/3; it more probably belongs to the time of the first great Athenian festival of the year 329/8 (above 25-26 and nn. 15, 22).

[3] A. M. Woodward independently (I now discover) suggested this in the margin of Meritt's copy of Hesperia .

― 120 ―

The Cutter of EM 12807
Dates: 334/3-314/3

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 9)

The letter-strokes of this prolific cutter are relatively thin and straight. There is little evidence of double cutting. There is often a slight thickening at the ends of strokes and even sometimes the suggestion of a serif. The cutter is not consistent in this matter; otherwise, his lettering is quite uniform.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter is of average width; the left slanting stroke often overlaps the right a small amount at the apex. The crossbar is placed at the midpoint or below, slants, and often cuts through the left slanting hasta .

Epsilon

The top and bottom horizontals are just a bit longer than the vertical. The central horizontal is a little more than half as long as the others.

Mu

The outer strokes slant; the central v extends down to, or almost to, the bottom of the letter. The outer slanting stroke on the right often begins decidedly down from the top of the stroke which it meets.

Nu

This letter is relatively wide. The second vertical sometimes extends up higher than the first. The slanting stroke often begins markedly below the top of the first vertical and meets the second above its bottom. It slants at a gentle, mild angle.

Omikron

This letter ranges in size from medium to large and is placed near the top of the letter-space. Though quite round, it was incised by hand, and one can see that it was made in a series of arcs.
― 121 ―

figure

Figure 9.
EM 12807 lines 6-14 (left part).

Pi

The horizontal usually extends beyond the second vertical just a bit.

Rho

The loop is relatively large and wide.

Sigma

This letter is made with four long slanting strokes. The upper stroke occasionally is almost horizontal. It tends to be thickened slightly at the end or to have a pointlike serif. Moreover, it not infrequently begins in from the end of the stroke which it joins.

Upsilon

This letter is composed of three strokes; the vertical is at least half as tall as the letter and often more.

Phi

The vertical is often made in two parts on each side of the flattened oval. The letter is somewhat taller than the others.

Omega

This letter is quite round and large. The finials at the bottom are large and sometimes extend into the letter, but rarely close it. One of them often has a serif.
― 122 ―

List of inscriptions

+IG II2 264

The date in IG , "ante a . 336/5," appears to be some what early.

IG II2 292

Based on the lettering, J. Kirchner in IG dated this inscription to the period before 336/5.

+IG II2 335

Archon Ktesik[les] (334/3). Schwenk no. 23; photograph in Hesperia 9 (1940) 339. E. Schweigert, Hesperia 9 (1940) 339, attributed EM 12773 (Hesperia 4 [1935] 169-170) to this text. The lettering—what little survives on this fragment—is very similar to this hand, but I cannot confirm that it is by this cutter. In any case, I do not find the association convincing. EM 12773 could also be part of IG II2 405 (so also M. B. Walbank, ABSA 85 [1990] 443 no. 14) or conceivably a number of other stelai.

+IG II2 369

Archon Ke[phisod]oros (323/2). E. Schweigert, Hesperia 9 (1940) 335-338, attributed to this inscription IG II2 414b, c , Agora I 2752, 4935a-f , and 5496. Osborne, Naturalization no. D25. Photographs of the fragments appear in Hesperia 8 (1939) 28 and 9 (1940) 337. These fragments are, with the exception of Agora I 5496, by this cutter and most probably do belong to this text.[1] The sigma of Agora I 5496 has an elongated bottom slanting stroke, and I suspect it is not by this cutter. It is closer in style to the lettering of the Cutter of IG II2 105.

IG II2 383b (add. p. 660)

Archon Neaichmo[s] (320/19).

IG II2 393

Osborne, Naturalization no. D32; Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines2 no. 66.

+IG II2 405

Archon [Ktesikles] (334/3). Osborne, Naturalization no. D21; Schwenk no. 24.

IG II2 407

See Agora I 7050, below.

[1] I am not completely confident, however, that fragments E, H , and K (as labelled by Schweigert) could not be from one or more other inscriptions.

― 123 ―

+IG II2 414a

Archon [Ktesikles] (334/3). Schwenk no. 25; photograph in Hesperia 9 (1940) 341.[2]

IG II2 414b,c

Part of IG II2 369.

+IG II2 416b

Because of differences in the marble, fragment a was separated from this text by M. B. Walbank (as reported in JHS 97 [1977] 157 n. 31). One may add in confirmation that the writing differs in character from b . Fragment a , moreover, has been misread; there is a clearly preserved iota after the third alpha in line 2. This line reads:
 

inline image[3]
 

With the new reading, there is no longer the possibility of a coincidence of name between the two fragments.[4] In addition, Ch. Habicht points out to me, Praxias is a name characteristic of Delphi[5] and plausibly suggests the restoration inline image.

+ IG II2 430

 

IG II2 448

Archon Archippos (line 35; 318/7). Osborne, Naturalization no. D38; Schwenk no. 83; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A134 and pl. 39.1 (relief only).

[2] M. B. Walbank, ABSA 85 (1990) 443, says that "it is possible" that IG II 414a , 430, 285, and 414d "derive from the same stele." IG II 430 is by the same hand as 414a and could belong to the same stele, but I can see no compelling reason to put them together. As for the other two pieces, they are not by this cutter. Each has a very large and tall upsilon, which is not characteristic of this cutter. In addition, the nus on these pieces do not reveal this cutter's habit of placing the diagonal noticeably down from the top of the first vertical. (Walbank now withdraws this suggestion [SEG 40 no. 75].)

[3] On the use of the dative case in expressions of this kind, see J. J. E. Hondius, Novae Inscriptiones Atticae (reprinted in Suppl. Inscr. Atticarum II [1979]) 42 n. 14, who adduces as parallels IG II 130, 133, 136, 161, 162, 205, 231, 339, 357.

[5] See, for examples, Fouilles de Delphes III.2 nos. 20 line 2, 79 line 5, 93 line 7, 228 line 11; III.4 nos. 225 line 1, 246 line 2, 280C line 14; and Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes II nos. 32 line 89, 76 I line 14, 94 line 3. The last two references name a Praxias who was a prytanis in 335 B.C . and one who was hieromnemon in 328/7, i.e., individuals contemporary with the present cutter.

― 124 ―

IG II2 450

Archon Nikodoros (314/3). Osborne, Naturalization no. D42. See the discussion of this text, pages 40-41 above.

IG II2 601

The date of this text is ca. a . 325 a . rather than "fin. s. IV " (IG ).

Agora I 1000 + 4448

Hesperia 63 (1994) 186-187. M. B. Walbank, the initial editor, associates Agora I 1627 with these fragments. His date, "ante reed. saec . III a .," should rather be ca. a . 325 a .

Agora I 2752

Part of IG II2 369.

+Agora I 4224

Archon Hegesias (324/3). Schwenk no. 72, who repeats B. D. Meritt's text published in Hesperia 10 (1941) 50-52; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A124.

Agora I 4448

Joins Agora I 1000.

Agora I 4902b

Hesperia 9 (1940) 334-335.

Agora 14935a-f

Part of IG II2 369.

Agora 15250

Reinmuth no. 12 and pl. XIII.

Agora I 5824

Hesperia 13 (1944) 243-246. B. D. Meritt, the editor of the editio princeps , compared the lettering of this text to that of IG II2 472 (to which it bears only a very general resemblance) and dated it ca . 300. The date should be ca . 325.

Agora I 7050

Hesperia 51 (1982) 47-48.[6] The mention of the anagrapheus in line 5 dates this text to the years 321/0-319/8. M. Walbank, ZPE 67 (1987) 165-166, has tentatively associated this with IG II2 407.

EM 5181

Unpublished.

+EM 12807

A. A. Palaios, Polemon 1 (1929) [1933] 227-232; P. D. Stavropoullos, AE , 1932, Chronika , 30-32. Palaios suggests 375-350 as the date, while Stavropoullos places it a little after 350 and before 325. Whitehead, The Demes of Attica 508/7-ca . 250 B.C . (Princeton 1986) 381, gives the date as mid-fourth century. These dates are all somewhat early.

[6] EM 13412 (Hesperia 40 [1971] 181) is not, as M. B. Walbank suggests in his editio princeps of Agora I 7050 (p. 48), by this hand. The omikrons on it are too small and uncharacteristic of this cutter.

― 125 ―

EM 13336

Archon Arist[ophanes] (331/0) or Arist[ophon] (330/29). Agora XV no. 45; Schwenk no. 47; photograph in Hesperia 31 (1962) pl. 118 no. 3.

Hesperia 31 (1962) 54-56

D. Behrend, Attische Pachturkunden , Vestigia 12 (Munich 1970) no. 28; photograph in Hesperia pl. 23 no. 138. The original editors opined "second half of IV cent. B.C .," while Behrend suggested "etwas nach 300 a.C." Around the year 325 appears to be as accurate a date as possible.
 

It seems notable that the language of the lease at lines 11-14 (inline imageinline image) actively anticipates the possibility of an invasion of Attica.[7] There are two periods coinciding with the working career of this cutter when the external situation would certainly have warranted this expectation, namely after Chaironeia (338-335 B.C .) and during and just after the Lamian War (323-320). One should probably also add the confused period in 318 when Polyperchon and Kassandros were contesting for control of Athens.

L. Robert, Études épigraphiques et philologiques (Paris 1938) 293-296 and pl. I

G. Daux, inline image I (Athens 1964) 87-90, with a photograph; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A137 and pl. 41.2; good photograph also in BCH 96 (1972) 77.
 

Robert (p. 294) suggested that the speaker might be identical with a councillor of the year 360/59; he did not otherwise commit himself on the date. Daux discusses the date on pages 89-90 and places this text about midcentury and certainly before 337/6. B. Holtzmann, BCH 96 (1972) 73-79, based on the style of the relief dates it to the years 340 to 335. Meyer, also using
― 126 ―
 

stylistic arguments (pp. 69-70), arrives at what must be fairly close to the correct general date, i.e., ca . 320. The known dates for the cutter's career, 334/3-314/3, support such a date, perhaps indeed during the time of Lykourgos. The construction of altars to Ares and Athena Areia in Acharnai, one of the most populous demes of Attica, certainly suits what we know of Lykourgos' interest in promoting the cults of Athens and Attica.[8]

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 264 line 17

The last letter of this line is delta, not alpha. The general's name is inline image are perhaps the most probable names. Since the final lines of the inscription instruct the general to look after the safe passage of the ambassador to Iatrokles, we should perhaps conceive of a voyage by sea and danger from pirates. A possible candidate for the general is the general Diotimos who is known from IG II2 1623B lines 276-285 to have led an expedition against pirates in 335/4.[9]inline image, who was general over the countryside in 319/8 (Plutarch Phokion 32.3), is another very likely candidate.[10] By the same token, it is unlikely that Iatrokles, son of Pasiphon, the Athenian (PA 7442), who was taken prisoner by the Macedonians at Olynthos in 348, was then freed, and acted as an ambassador to Philip, is the Iatrokles mentioned in this inscription. The present Iatrokles seems to have been a foreigner.

IG II2 335, 405, 414a

E. Schweigert, Hesperia 9 (1940) 339-341, noted that these texts were inscribed by the same man and demonstrated that they were passed at the same meeting of the assembly. The first two were proposed by Demades, and the last by Lykourgos. Only the preamble of the first survives; the second preserves a grant of citizenship for Amyntor, son of Demetrios,

[8] F. W. Mitchel, "Lykourgan Athens: 338-322," in Lectures in Memory of Louise Taft Semple , 2d set. (Cincinnati 1970), 42-47.

[9] E. Schweigert, Hesperia 9 (1940) 341, plausibly restores his name in line 11 of IG II 414a .

[10] On him see E W. Mitchel, "Derkylos of Hagnous and the Date of I.G ., II , 1187," Hesperia 33 (1964) 337-351; and J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families (Oxford 1971) pp. 97-98.

― 127 ―

otherwise unidentifiable; the third may well honor the Athenian general Diotimos. It is somewhat surprising to find three decrees passed on the same day inscribed by the same cutter, for in the years 229-86 there is no attested case of two decrees passed at the same meeting being cut by the same man (above 111). However, the decrees under discussion here are all relatively short. The best-preserved, IG II2 405, had at least 22 lines of 19 letters, i.e., 418 letters, and probably no more than 30 lines, or around 570 letters. The other two were probably about the same length. None will have taken more than two or three days to inscribe. Thus all three could be inscribed by the same man in a relatively short time. In the later period, when longer decrees were the norm, it became necessary to assign the decrees passed at the same meeting to different cutters.

IG II2 369 = Osborne, Naturalization no. D25

Osborne's text and study of these fragments is the most recent and likely to be primary for many students. I offer these comments on his text because it is defective in several places.

Line 19. The dotted epsilon goes back to Schweigert's reading. I suspect that it is wrong, for the top of the letter-space seems to be preserved, and there is no trace of a horizontal. Dotted kappa or eta would appear to be preferable.

Line 36. Omega was Schweigert's reading; it is incorrect. There is a completely preserved vertical on the right side of the stoichos , with just a trace of a horizontal at midpoint. Eta is an all-but-certain reading.

Line 43a . Osborne has completely omitted this line, which is line 41 in Schweigert's publication.

Line 54a . Osborne omitted this line, line 53 in Schweigert.

IG II2 416b lines 7-8

The name inline image has been incorrectly restored here, as discussed above. Indeed this name is not attested for Kos in W. R. Paton and E. L. Hicks, The Inscriptions of Cos (Oxford 1891); nor in R. Herzog, Koische Forschungen und Funde (Leipzig 1899).[11] However, names ending in inline image are quite common on Kos. As examples, the following appear in Paton and Hicks and are the correct length for this text: inline imageinline imageinline image This inscription be-

[11] LGPN I p. 384 records the name for Kos, but gives this inscription as the sole reference.

― 128 ―

longs in the dossier of evidence relating to the severe grain shortages in Athens in the years 331-ca . 320.[12]

IG II2 430

In line 2, Koehler restored inline image with a mark of interrogation. This seems to be correct, for I can read from the squeeze in Princeton inline image. The dotted lambda is read based on a worn apex. The bottom of dotted iota alone appears.

It represents a small, but not completely inconsequential, gain to be able now to affirm that this very fragmentary inscription conferred honors on a Thessalian from Pharsalos for his good will and good deeds toward the people of Athens. The Thessalians maintained good relations with the Athenians and were their steadfast ally during the Lamian War (above 29). It is obviously not possible to specify the exact occasion on which the present honors were conferred.

Agora I 4224

Line 6. The second letter has only a vertical and a downward-slanting stroke that begins below the top of the vertical. Meritt, followed by Schwenk, interpreted this as kappa, which they print with a dot. If they are correct, the kappa should be printed in pointed brackets, because the upper slanting stroke was never inscribed. However, I think that this letter is this cutter's rather idiosyncratic nu. He often begins the slanting stroke quite low. The second vertical is lost. Given the mannerisms of this cutter I would print this letter as nu with no dot.

Line 7. Both Meritt and Schwenk print a shading after the epsilon. But there appears three-quarters of a clear vertical at the left edge of the stoichos . There is no trace of a central crossbar; hence nu and pi are alone possible.

EM 12807 line 31

The numeral is, as Stavropoullos saw,: DD :.

[12] See 30-35 above.

― 129 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 1176
Dates: ca. 330-324/3

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 10)

The work of this cutter is characterized by the facts that his known inscriptions are not stoichedon and the letters of his texts are crowded together. These habits set him apart from most of his contemporaries. His letters vary in height, with rho, upsilon, and phi usually being taller, and omikron and omega smaller, than the other letters. He tends to thicken the ends of his strokes and cuts his round letters deeper.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Gamma

The horizontal begins just below the top of the vertical and is almost as long as the vertical, making this letter quite wide.

Epsilon

The central horizontal is normally shorter and sometimes placed nearer the topmost horizontal.

Kappa

The angle and placement of the slanting strokes vary. These hastae are as long as or longer than the vertical, thus rendering this letter unusually wide.

Nu

This letter varies in width from thin to average. The second vertical at times rises above the first. The diagonal rarely connects the two verticals with precision. It usually begins at or just below the top of the first vertical and often cuts through the second at or near the bottom.

Omikron

This letter is made with upper and lower arcs which sometimes do not perfectly join. The letter is slightly oblong and has at times the appearance of a rugby ball viewed from the side.

Rho

The loop varies in size. Like omikron it is made in two segments. The top one curves; the lower one some-
― 130 ―

figure

Figure 10.
IG  II2  1176 lines 28-40.

 

times curves and sometimes is straight. The shape is a rather flattened small oval and is highly idiosyncratic.

Upsilon

This letter varies in height. The vertical is usually more than half the height of the letter and is surmounted by a fairly large and slightly asymmetrical v.

Omega

This letter varies in size and is usually placed up in the letter-space. The straight-line finials on each side can be quite large, and not infrequently they close the letter at the bottom.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 1176

Archon Hegesias (324/3). R. S. Stroud joined a fragment and provided a new edition of the whole in CSCA 7 (1974) 290-298. Schwenk no. 76; Agora XIX no. L13; photograph in CSCA 7 (1974) plate 4.
― 131 ―

IG II2 1361

Sokolowski, LSCG no. 45.

IG II2 1751

Agora XV no. 32.

IG II2 1752

Agora XV no. 52.

Agora I 2440

Joins IG II2 1176.

Agora I 6439

Joins IG II2 1176.

The prosopographical discussions of the councillors known from IG II2 1751 and IG II2 1752 by Meritt and Traill in Agora XV and by Kirchner in IG II2 suggest that these texts should be dated ca . 330-325. This evidence adds to our one dated text to reveal that this workman flourished in the decade before Demetrios of Phaleron came to power.

― 132 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 1187
Dates: 326/5-318

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 11)

This lettering is plain, and the individual hastae of letters tend to be quite thin. Strokes often do not meet precisely or overlap. Round letters in particular are made in definite segments, which frequently are awkwardly shaped and do not join precisely. The lettering makes a somewhat careless impression.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter tends to be relatively wide; the left slanting hasta is often longer than the right and slants more. The crossbar is placed at the midpoint or below and slants, usually downwards from right to left. It frequently bisects the right slanting stroke.

Epsilon

The vertical usually extends up above the topmost horizontal. The central horizontal is shorter, does not touch the vertical, and tends to slant downwards.

Eta

The horizontal often occurs below the midpoint of the letter.

Omikron

This letter varies in size and is normally placed up in the letter-space. The letter is made in two segments with small gaps left on each side., i.e., left and right.

Pi

The first vertical frequently extends up above the horizontal; the second vertical varies in length but is at times quite long.

Sigma

This letter is made with four long slanting hastae ; the top and bottom ones always slant. The letter varies in height; it is usually taller but occasionally it is
― 133 ―

figure

Figure 11.
IG II2  1187 lines 3-12.

 

squashed down so that it is shorter than the other letters.

Tau

The crossbar is as long as the vertical and sometimes off-center to the left to such a degree that the letter has the appearance of a backward gamma.

Upsilon

This letter tends to be taller than the others. Often it is rendered by two strokes, with a vertical which continues and bends or curves into the right part of the v. The left, somewhat longer, meets it near the middle or sometimes lower.

Phi

This letter is the same height as the other letters; the central part is a flattened oval which tends to be open on the left.

Omega

Shorter than the other letters, this letter is sometimes up in the space and sometimes at the bottom. It varies
― 134 ―
 

in size but is usually quite small in height and fairly wide. The finial at the bottom on the right tends to be decidedly longer than the one on the left.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 381 (W)[1]

Archon [Neai]chmos (320/19).

IG II2 401 (W)

Kirchner observed: "Litt. leviter ac parum accurate incisae ; IIY et V. Indicant eandem manure atque t. 381. " On the date (320) and the phraseology in lines 7-10, Ch. Habicht, Vestigia 17 (1973) 373.

IG II2 620 (W)[2]

 

IG II2 1157

Archon Ch[re]m[e]s (326/5). Schwenk no. 65.[3]

IG II2 1187 (W)

Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A133 and pl. 38.2 (relief only). The hand confirms E W. Mitchel's arguments ("Derkylos of Hagnous and the Date of I.G., II2 , 1187," Hesperia 33 [1964] 337-351) that this text should be dated in 319/8. Kirchner in IG , following Foucart and Koehler, indicated the date as "reed. s. IV. "

IG II2 1195 (W)

Sokolowski, LSCG no. 38. For the join of Agora I 5825 and association of I 6630, see M. B. Walbank in Hesperia 63 (1994) 233-239.[4]

+ IG II2 1266 (W)

The date of this text is ca. a . 322 a . and not "fin. s. IV? " (IG ). For an improved text and restoration, A. Wilhelm, "Attische Urkunden V," SB Wien 220 (1942) 186-188.

[1] Fragments marked with a "W" were assigned to one hand by M. B. Walbank; see the Addendum on pages 148-149.

[2] M. B. Walbank (Hesperia 63 [1994] 233-239) associates this piece with IG II 1195 and offers some improvements in readings. In a companion piece (Hesperia 63 [1994] 241-244) the present author adds some discussion of the text and restoration of this inscription.

[4] Walbank also associates with this text two very small fragments from the excavations in the Athenian Agora, inv. nos. 1 2799 and 1 5572. These two fragments are so small that I am not prepared to affirm positively they are by this hand; they are, however, very close in style. Whether they belong to this text or not seems to me unprovable.

― 135 ―

Agora I 3878 (W)

Archon [Apo]llod[or]os (319/8). Hesperia 7 (1938) 476-479; Moretti, ISE no. 4. For small improvements in the readings, see S. Dow, HSCP 67 (1963) 49.

Agora I 5825

Joins IG II2 1195.

Agora I 6630

Part of IG II2 1195.

Adnotatiuncula

IG II2 1266

The third preserved letter in line 5 is theta, not delta.

― 136 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 1262
Dates: ca. 320-ca. 296

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 12)

This lettering is plain and somewhat sloppy in appearance, for the strokes often do not meet precisely, and horizontals tend to slant haphazardly. Round letters too are not round but are rendered, wholly or in part, by straight strokes. This cutter tends to leave ample space between letters.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

The crossbar varies in placement, though it is often approximately in the middle; it is frequently thicker and deeper at the right and does not quite touch the left hasta .

Epsilon

The horizontals tend to be about the same length; the central one is sometimes placed near the bottom and has a decided upward slant.

Kappa

The slanting strokes vary in length; the lower tends toward the horizontal.

Mu

This letter is rendered by two thin lambdas placed side by side.

Omikron

This letter varies quite a bit in size, occurs in the upper part of the letter-space, and is often smaller than the others. Made as it is with some straight strokes, it is at times rendered in a most awkward manner, with one or more segments which do not quite join.

Rho

The loop is usually one-third to one-half the height of the vertical and is composed of one or more straight segments. It is often awkwardly pennant-shaped.

Sigma

This letter is both wider and taller than the other letters. It is made with four very long slanting strokes.
― 137 ―

figure

Figure 12.
IG  II2  1262.

― 138 ―
 

The lower half is often larger than the upper and extends back a bit farther. Occasionally the two halves do not quite join at the midpoint of the letter.

Phi

This letter is the same height as the others; the central part consists of a straight line or a thin flattened oval. Very occasionally, the cutter varies the straight line with an arc.

Chi

In contrast to most of his contemporaries, this workman makes chi quite large.

Omega

This letter is less tall than the others, relatively thin, open at the bottom, and hangs from the top of the letter-space. The left side is often rendered by a straight stroke. Small strokes of approximately the same size extend to right and left at the bottom. One side of the letter frequently extends down below the other; sometimes it is the right, and sometimes the left.

List of inscriptions

IG II2 273a

The date given in IG, "ante a . 336/5," is too early. Fragment b is so worn that I can read nothing with certainty and, therefore, can draw no conclusion about the hand.

IG II2 394

Osborne, Naturalization no. D33

IG II2 400

 

IG II2 418[1]

 

+ IG II2 440

 

IG II2 455

Archon [Anaxikrates] (307/6). Pritchett and Meritt, Chronology 20.

+ IG II2 460 (W)[2]

Archon [Ana]xikrate[s] (307/6).

IG II2 464 (W)

Archon [Anaxikrates] (307/6).

IG II2 468 (W)

Maier, Gr. Mauerbauinschriften no. 12.

[1] M. B. Walbank's attempt (ZPE 59 [1985] 110-111) to date this text to late 333 and to connect it with IG II 342 is unlikely to be correct, as he himself admits (ABSA 84 [1989] 404 n. 38). See also SEG 39 no. 109; and above 36 n. 2.

[2] The inscriptions marked with a W were assigned to one hand by M. B. Walbank; see the Addendum on pages 148-149 below.

― 139 ―

+ IG II2 496 + 507

Archon [L]eostr[atos] (303/2). Osborne, Naturalization no. D61

+ IG II2 497 (W)

Archon Leostra[tos] (303/2).

+IG II2 504 (W)

Archon [Nikokles] (302/1).

+ IG II2 505 (W)

Archon Nikokles (302/1). Maier, Gr. Mauerbauinschriften no. 13; Peçirka, Enktesis 80-81.

IG II2 538 (W)

Osborne, Naturalization no. D59.

IG II2 573 (W)

 

IG II2 591 (W)

 

IG II2 641 (W)

Archon E[uktemon] (299/8). Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines2 no. 73.

IG II2 727 (W)

S. Dow provided a new text and suggested a date of ca. 330-308/7 (Hesperia 32 [1963] 356-357); B. D. Meritt (ibid . 439) thought a date in the third century, scil . in the period of twelve tribes, was possible. If Meritt is to be correct, the tribe in prytany will have to have been Antigonis (I), for the chairman is from Demetrias (II) and the first symproedros from Erechtheis (III). The chances of that are 1 in 10. It appears much more probable that this decree belongs to the period of ten tribes, i.e., before 308/7.[3] This probable fact and the dates of the cutter point to a date ca . 320-308/7 for this text.

+ IG II2 733

 

IG II2 1194 + 1274 + Eleusis inv. no. 714

Hesperia 8 (1939) 177-180.

IG II2 1230

 

IG II2 1241

Archon Hegemachos (300/299).

+ IG II2 1260

Maier, Gr. Mauerbauinschriften no. 23.

+IG II2 1262

Archon [Kl]earchos (301/0).

+IG II2 1264

Archon Hegemachos (300/299).

[3] Walbank, ABSA 84 (1989) 402, failed to realize this point or to note Dow's work on this text. He does suggest that the demotic of the secretary ended in -YS ; this appears to be correct, for on the (not very good) squeeze available to me the sigma seems clear.

― 140 ―

IG II2 1265

 

IG II2 1487a A (W)

Line 31 has larger letters and appears to be the work of a different cutter.

IG II2 1491A, B (W)

Archon [Koroi]bos (306/5). On this text and related inventories, see D. M. Lewis, "The Last Inventories of Athena," in Comptes et inventaires dans la cité grecque (en l'honneur de J. Tréheux ), ed. D. Knoepfler (Geneva 1988), 297-308, esp. 299-300.

Agora I 1541 (W)

Osborne, Naturalization no. D63.

Agora I 1947

Published below.

+ Agora I 2636 (W)

Hesperia 8 (1939) 35-41; H. H. Schmitt, Die Staatsverträge des Altertums III (Munich 1969) no. 445.

Agora I 2995

Hesperia 29 (1960) 5-6. The date "post med. saec. IV a. " should be changed to ca. a . 310 a .

Agora I 3293

Unpublished.

Agora I 3661

Published below.

Agora I 5251

Hesperia 29 (1960) 80-81.

Agora I 5361

Unpublished.

Agora I 5439 (W)

Hesperia 11 (1942) 278-280. Habicht, Untersuchungen 20-21, dates this text to the first half of the year 298/7.

Agora I 5444

Part of Agora I 5709, q.v .

Agora I 5491

Unpublished.

Agora I 5709 (W)

Hesperia 9 (1940) 348-351. M. B. Walbank has joined Agora I 5444 (Hesperia 58 [1989] 89-90). For a discussion of Adeimantos and this text see L. Robert, Hellenica II (Paris 1946) 15-32. On the league of Corinth, see E. Badian and T. Martin, "Athenians, Other Allies, and the Hellenes in the Athenian Honorary Decree for Adeimantos of Lampsakos," ZPE 61 (1985) 167-172.

Agora I 5723

Hesperia 30 (1961) 211-212, where the date assigned by B. D. Meritt, "ca. a . 285/4-283/2 a .," is somewhat late. Meritt connected the reference to Piraeus in line 5 with the attempts to recover it from Macedonian control in these particular years. But one can scarcely be this specific. The strategic importance of Piraeus to the city throughout the last years of the fourth century and the first years of the third make any number of dates dur-
― 141 ―
 

ing this man's working career (ca . 320-ca. 296) possible. Indeed, the upheavals after 307 seem to offer a very probable time for this text.

Agora I 5772

Hesperia 13 (1944) 242-243; Peçirka, Enktesis 132-133. On account of the fact that the trittyarchoi and the exe-tastes paid for the stele, its date can be narrowed to the years 301/0-295/4; indeed Habicht (Untersuchungen 15) has argued that it belongs to the time of Lachares, whose dates he establishes as 298/7-295/4 (ibid . 16-21).

Agora 15836 (W)

Hesperia 30 (1961) 258-259.

+ Agora I 5884

Archon [Anaxikrates] (307/6). Pritchett and Meritt, Chronology 8.

Agora I 6314 (W)

Hesperia 30 (1961) 257-258.

Acropolis Museum inv. no. 7010

Archon Leostrato[s] (303/2). AE , 1971, B 26 no. 16 (= SEG 30 no. 70).

EM 5423

Unpublished.

EM 12573

Unpublished.

EM 12706 (W)

Archon Anaxik[rates] (307/6). Hesperia 2 (1933) 398-399 .[4]

EM 12906 (W)

Hesperia 7 (1938) 307.

Preliminary publication of fragments from the Athenian Agora

1 (fig. 13). Fragment of white marble, back (rough-picked) preserved, found built into the wall of a late pit in the Bouleuterion plateia (F 11) on 10 May 1934.

H 0.135 m; W 0.14 m; Th 0.095 m; LH 0.005 m

Checker ca . 0.01 m × 0.01 m

Inv. no. I 1947

[4] Walbank, ibid . 404, suggests that this might be the top of IG II 418. There is really no positive evidence. Many fragments "might" go together. The question is, Is there compelling evidence to put them together?

― 142 ―

figure

Figure 13.
Agora I 1947.

ca. a . 310 a. .

STOICH.

[............]T[_ _ _ _]

figure

 

figure

 

figure

 

[...........]OTE[_ _ _]
― 143 ―

6 [..........]OY[.]E[ _ _]

[............]ND [_ _ _ _]

figure

 

figure

 

figure

 

[....]TO[.]NTIKAq E[_ _ _]

12 [....]YN[_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _]

This fragment is heavily scratched and worn smooth on the left side. As a result it is quite difficult to read.

Line 1. Only the vertical of dotted tau remains.

Line 2. Merely a small segment from the bottom of omikron is visible.

The possible names in line 9 are inline image and inline image. This is part of an honorary inscription. The reference in line 10 is most probably either to a gift (inline image) or to citizenship (inline image) previously granted. No exact parallel exists. For the former, see Vitae X Oratorum 851f (inline imageinline image); and, for the latter restored in a citizenship decree, see IG II2 734 lines 10-11 (= Osborne, Naturalization no. D46), [inline imageinline image].

2 (fig. 14). Fragment of gray marble, face only preserved, found in the foundations of the Church of Christ, outside the market square to the southeast (T 17), on 2 March 1936.

H 0.095 m; W 0.10 m; Th 0.032 m; LH 0.006 m

Checker ca . 0.013 m × 0.013 m

Inv. no. I 3661

ca. a . 310 a .

STOICH.

1 ...... H

..... PO

3 .... ID H

.. HSf ..

NKIAN ..

6 NOS T...

q HN ....

Line 4 . Of dotted eta the bottom third of the right vertical hasta is legible.

― 144 ―

figure

Figure 14.
Agora I 3661.

Lines 5, 7 . Of the dotted nus just the top of the left vertical can be made out. Line 5 should perhaps be restored [-- inline image --]. This city in Bithynia, if this restoration is correct, here receives its first mention in Attic epigraphy.[5]

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 440 line 8

The cutter inscribed nu, not mu, as the fourth preserved letter.

IG II2 460 lines 7-10

These lines are inscribed in rasura . Numerous traces of the originally inscribed text reveal that the first text was displaced to the left one letter-space. This in turn shows that the mason originally omitted one letter at

[5] For its history and inscriptions, see T. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Kios (Bonn 1985).

― 145 ―

the beginning of line 7. It is of some technical interest to note that the stoichedon order was apparently important enough to him that he was willing to erase and reinscribe quite a large number of letters rather than simply crowd in the single omitted letter.

IG II2 496 + 507, 497, 504, 505

The first two decrees were passed at the same meeting at the dose of the year 303/2; IG II2 495 was also passed at this same session.[6] The second two were enacted at meetings held on successive days near the dose of 302/1. For examples of decrees passed on the same or successive days inscribed by the same cutter, see 110-111, 126-127, 162-163.

IG II2 733

Line la . Above the second epsilon in line 1 appears omega.

Line 6 . Under the lambda in line 5 appears the top of a round letter, most probably omikron, and before it the top part of what appears to be nu, though mu could also be read. I can discern no other sure remains of letters in this line.

IG II2 1260 line 12

As B. Stais recorded in his editio princeps (AE , 1900, 147), inline image, not inline image, is the first preserved word in this line.

IG II2 1262 line 17

The reading of this line in both instances is inline image, not inline image (IG ). inline image is clearly a transliteration of a foreign word; it is not, so far as I can determine, attested elsewhere. The closest reflex I can discover is inline image, the name of a place on the west side of Thebes in Egypt that is known from papyri of the mid-second century B.C.[7] According to Wilcken the word transcribes an Egyptian phrase meaning "the grave of Nbunn " and may be a reference to the grave of the high priest Nb-wnnf of Rameses II (1290-1224 B.C. ). Given the existence in Attica before 333/2 of shrines of Isis (IG II2 337 lines 43-45) and Ammon (IG II2 338 line 14),[8] it is

[6] On these decrees see above 22 n. 99.

[7] U. Wilcken, Urkunden der Ptolemäerzeit II (Berlin 1957) pp. 129-136 nos. 175a-c, esp. p. 133.

[8] Ammon had a special interest for the Greeks as having an important oracle (Dow, "The Egyptian Cults in Athens," HThR 30 [1937] 183-232, esp. 184-185). Alexander's visit to that oracle is legendary. The Athenian generals of the year 333/2 sacrificed to Ammon (IG II 1496 lines 96-97). Ammon also has important associations with Thebes as the major tutelary god of the city. In addition, Rameses II's tomb was located to the west of Thebes.

― 146 ―

not impossible that there was an association of devotees of an ancient Theban (Egyptian) cult in Piraeus in the late fourth century B.C.

IG II2 1264 line 1

The first reported letter seems to have a central bar or very flattened oval; phi (dotted) should be read rather than iota. In the letter-space before it occurs a centered vertical. ['inline image is the almost certain restoration. He is perhaps identical with, and surely related to, Antiphon of Teithras who was the father of Euthios (Hesperia 7 [1938] 102 line 24). Euthios served as archon in 283/2.

Agora I 2636

E. Schweigert in the editio princeps in Hesperia dated this alliance between Athens and Sikyon to the year 303/2. W. S. Ferguson, however, doubted that this date was correct, for in 303 Sikyon was renamed Demetrias.[9] H. Taeuber has argued that this renaming lasted scarcely beyond the year 300.[10] The alliance has therefore been redated to soon after 300.[11] However, I am informed, thanks to the kindness of J. McK. Camp II, that a new fragment of this alliance has been discovered which shows that Schweigert's date was correct. We await publication of the new fragment.

Agora I 5884

A nu is preserved in line 10 after the omikron; the only name attested in Attic epigraphy that suits the remains is 'inline image. Before the first alpha in line 14 a kappa can be discerned.

The inscriptions of this cutter that are dated by archon cluster in the years of Anaxikrates to Euktemon, that is, from 307/6 to 299/8. He was dearly very busy in these years and was one of the leading inscribers of decrees. That he began work about 320 is revealed by two inscriptions, IG II2 394 and II2 400. The mention in the former of the anagrapheus (line 18) as responsible for the writing-up and erection of the stele places it in the first period of the anagrapheus (321/0-319/8). The speaker of the second

[9] "Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Hellenic League," Hesperia 17 (1948) 126 n. 39.

[10] "Sikyon statt Aigeira," ZPE 42 (1981) 181-186.

[11] A. Griffin, Sikyon (Oxford 1982) 78.

― 147 ―

was almost certainly Demades the eider, who was executed in 319, probably in the late spring or summer.[12] It therefore belongs to the first half of the year 319 or before. See page 33 above for the relevance of this text to the grain supply. The probable date of IG II2 727, ca . 320-308/7, suggests that this cutter may well have done some inscribing during the years of Demetrios of Phaleron's control.

[12] On the date of Demades' death see J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families (Oxford 1971) 101; and B. Gullath and L. Schober, "Zur Chronologie der frühen Diadochenzeit," in Studien zur alten Geschichte [Festschrift Lauffer ] I (Rome 1986) 331-378, esp. 350. Concerning the date of IG II 400, see also Pritchett and Meritt, Chronology 2-4.

― 148 ―

Addendum to the Cutters of IG II2 1187 and 1262

Recently M. B. Walbank, "Two Attic Masons of the Late 4TH Century B.C., " ABSA 84 (1989) 395-405, has published an article that overlaps with the study of the present cutters. My primary work on these hands was done in the summer of 1989, independent of Walbank's work and with no knowledge of it. I completed my study and final dossiers of the inscriptions that are in my opinion attributable to these cutters before seeing Walbank's article.

Walbank's second workman ("The Mason of IG ii2 . 497") is the same for the most part as the Cutter of IG II2 1262. There is, indeed, a good deal of overlap between his list and mine[1] —this much is encouraging. However, his study has serious methodological shortcomings. Most notably, it is my opinion that IG II2 497 does not have a large enough sample of lettering-it has 52 well-preserved letters—to enable one to establish reliably the peculiarities of the hand.[2] Using this inadequate base, Walbank attributed to this cutter a form of phi, viz. a double cruciform, which he never to my knowledge made.[3] This led to the erroneous assignment of IG II2 541, II2 542, and Agora I 5972 and 1441 (SEG 30 no. 69) to this hand. These three texts also share a "bobby-pin"-shaped omega, another shape unknown in this cutter's lettering. Walbank also assigned to this hand IG II2 1492A (non vidi ), IG II2 2414, a very worn text,[4] and Agora I 1997 (Agora XV no. 58). The last has a horseshoe-shaped omega and, though close in style, is not, I think, by this cutter.

Walbank's first mason ("The Mason of IG ii2 . 1195") is largely identi-

[1] I have placed W's in parentheses in my list after the texts which he definitely assigns to his IG II 497 Mason.

[2] Ideally several hundred are the minimum needed; on this point see ALC 3-4.

[3] It does not occur on IG II 497, and so I do not know by what methodology one can attribute it to him. All the other texts of this group that Walbank claims have a phi "with two horizontals" have one either with a very flattened oval or with an arc.

[4] Neither the sigma nor the epsilon of this text are to my eye characteristic of this cutter.

― 149 ―

cal with the Cutter of IG II2 1187[5] —again the overlap in assignments is notable—but this presentation also strikes me as flawed. It is, in the first place, contaminated with three texts by the Cutter of IG II2 1262, namely IG II2 273,[6] II2 394, and Agora I 2995. Second, IG II2 1195, the inscription chosen as the exemplar, has about 170 well-preserved letters. This is about the minimum needed to establish accurately the writing of a cutter. In addition, the photograph on page 396 is not legible and does not, therefore, allow one to see the writing for oneself and thus potentially to be in a position to accept or reject proposed assignments to the hand.[7] Unless one studies these hands as the present writer does, the reader is simply left to take the author's word for it. Walbank in this article also assigned to this "mason" IG II2 362, 382, 428 + 277, 1462, 1467, and Agora I 4071. Of these, IG II2 382 and 1462 are close in style, though I would not include either in the dossier of this cutter. The letter-shapes of the others are not in my opinion characteristic of this cutter.

In conclusion, Walbank's criteria and methods remain rather unclear. This much can be said: I am a minimalist and very conservative in my assignments. In addition, I adhere as strictly as possible to writing as the sole criterion for attribution. If anything about the writing of a fragment strikes me as uncharacteristic, I exclude it. Walbank is, I think it fair to say, a maximalist. Whatever his criteria, they are fairly elastic. He obviously allows criteria other than the writing to influence his assignments; it is, of course, difficult to do otherwise. Supposed dates or historical arguments clearly become at times a controlling factor in his assignments.[8] To risk prejudicing one's eye in this manner is, in my opinion, no way to proceed in a study which is subjective by nature and requires precise, not to say very difficult, stylistic judgments.

[5] The W's in parentheses indicate texts which he attributes to this cutter.

[6] Walbank, be it noted, attributes this only tentatively to his "Mason of IG ii . 1195" (p. 399).

[7] See my comments on the need for good photographs in GRBS 11 (1970) 327; Studies Presented to Sterling Dow on His Eightieth Birthday , Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Monograph 10 (1984) 279; and Chiron 20 (1990) 60.

[8] See especially his discussion of dates and assignments on pages 404-405.

― 150 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 498
Dates: 321-302

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 15)

This cutter inscribes lettering which has a neat and regular appearance. With the exception of omikron and omega, which are smaller than the other letters, the lettering is quite uniform in height. Round letters are quite round, and the individual strokes are placed carefully. The exceptions to this are the horizontals of epsilon, which often cut through the vertical, and the central strokes of sigma, which not infrequently cross.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter is of medium width; the crossbar is straight and occurs at about the middle of the letter or a bit lower.

Epsilon

The vertical tends to extend above and below the horizontals just a bit. The central horizontal varies in length; sometimes it is quite long, i.e., as long as the other two, and at other times it is clearly shorter. It tends to thicken at the end more than the other two.

Eta

The horizontal has a tendency to cut through the left vertical.

Kappa

This is a wide letter. The slanting strokes do not usually reach the top and bottom of the letter; the lower tends to be a bit longer than the upper.

Mu

This letter appears to be two thin lambdas placed contiguously.

Nu

This letter is quite tall and thin; the diagonal connects the two verticals rather precisely.

Omikron

This letter is round and quite carefully inscribed. It is slightly smaller than the other letters and placed in the center of the stoichos .
― 151 ―

figure

Figure 15.
IG  II2  498 lines 9-16 (right part).

Pi

The horizontal extends just slightly past the verticals.

Upsilon

This letter consists of three strokes; the vertical is usually half the height of the letter or less .

Phi

This letter is the same height as the others, with a flattened oval which fills the width of the letter; it is placed at the midpoint or slightly below.

Omega

This letter tends to sit on the baseline; it is quite round and usually was inscribed so that initially a space was left open at the bottom. Straight strokes were then added to right and left which extend out and into the letter, often closing it. The extension on the left is usually longer than that on the right.
― 152 ―

List of inscriptions

+ IG II2 304 + 604 lines 1-16

R. O. Hubbe, "Decrees from the Precinct of Asklepios at Athens," Hesperia 28 (1959) 169-171; Schwenk no. 14; photographs in Hesperia 28 (1959) pl. 35.

IG II2 358

Archon [Anaxikrate]s (307/6). Dow's establishment of the date as 307/6 (archon Anaxikrates) depended on the calculation that only the archon and secretary of that year suited the spatial requirements. By moving this text to the period of twelve tribes he also removed the troubling problem of the calendar date[1] —for it, see Kirchner ad loc . in IG II2 . Schwenk, although she accepts the restoration of Anaxikrates as archon, includes this text as no. 62 in her collection.

IG II2 372

Archon [Philokles] (322/1). Schwenk no. 87; photograph in Hesperia 8 (1939) 174 fig. 3.[2]

IG II2 483

Archon Pherekles (304/3).

+ IG II2 489

Archon Leostratos (303/2). The height of the letters of this text is erroneously reported in IG as 0.008 m; it is 0.005 m or a bit smaller.
 

Osborne, Naturalization II 122-123, has pointed out that the tribe to be restored in lines 1-2 is not Kekropis, but rather Erechtheis or Antiochis.[3]

+IG II2 498

Archon [Leostratos] (303/2). The chairman's name in line 7, inline image, was first restored by the editor of

[1] HSCP 67 (1963) 58-60. In an otherwise quite critical article, B. D. Meritt ("The Year of Neaichmos," Hesperia 32 [1963] 425-438) accepted Dow's date as a "most noteworthy achievement" (p. 435).

[2] E. Schweigert, Hesperia 8 (1939) 173-175, was wrong to associate IG II 289 with this text. It is not by this hand; the writing is very different. J. Peçirka, Enktesis 57, saw this and rejected the association already in 1966. SEG 32 (1982) 93, however, still apparently accepts it. M. B. Walbank, Hesperia 58 (1989) 85-86, has now suggested the association of Agora I 4421 with this text. However, the single omega preserved on the Agora fragment has a wide opening at the bottom and very small finials. This shape sharply differs from the omegas made by this cutter. The Agora fragment, therefore, was not inscribed by this cutter and is not part of IG II 372.

[3] M. B. Walbank, ABSA 85 (1990) 446, claims that IG II 532 is by the same hand as IG II 489 and part of the same inscription. IG II 532 is worn and has few well-preserved letters. The lettering is similar in style, but I cannot affirm that it is the same hand. Without more to go on, I think the proposed association has little to recommend it.

― 153 ―
 

Hesperia Index 1-10 p. 180; for his name fully preserved see Agora XV no. 62 line 80.

IG II2 555

 

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 304 + 604 lines 17-19

These lines are by a different hand. Hubbe interpreted them, I think correctly, as a dating formula by the name of the priest and accepted Kirchner's restoration of Theopha[nes] of Ach[arnai]. The restoration is very probable, but hardly certain. Hubbe then used Kirchner's date ("decreta propter scripturae rationem a. 352/1-337/6 tribuenda ") and the tribal cycle for the priests of Asklepios to establish 337/6 as the date for this text. Schwenk follows him in this. If the present attribution is correct, this date is probably too early. We may note that a priest from Acharnai, if that is in fact the correct restoration of line 19, can be accomodated in quite a number of years from 327 to 300 and later.[4] Schwenk's suggestion (p. 71) that this text refers to honors conferred for the treatment of wounded after Chaironeia must therefore be abandoned.

IG II2 489 line 9

On the squeeze in Princeton I can read the beginning of this line as [ . . .. ] D HS [.]KPATHSSW KP. Kirchner read an undotted upsilon in stoichos 8. There is no trace of it, and, in view of the present evidence, the reading should be disregarded as a mistake. The demotic of the speaker in line 8 is now known to be Sphettios .[5] Lines 8 and 9 may therefore be restored as follows:

inline image

IG II2 498

Above the first line the stone is preserved uninscribed to a height of 0.182 m.

[4] For an up-to-date list of the annual priests and the cycles, see S. Aleshire, The Athenian Asklepieion (Amsterdam 1989) 370-373.

[5] Agora XV no. 62 line 79.

― 154 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 650
Dates: 318/7-283/2

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 16)

This workman makes tidy lettering, with strokes that are rather thin. Occasionally the ends of strokes thicken or even have a tiny serif. He tends to curve slightly some verticals or vertically slanting strokes, particularly those of mu, nu, and pi. His round letters are quite round and appear to be inscribed just a shade deeper than the other letters. He generally inscribes his texts stoichedon , but sometimes confines iota with the letter following it to a single stoichos .

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter varies in width from average to quite wide. The crossbar comes at about the middle or a bit above.

Epsilon

This can be quite a wide letter. The central horizontal is shorter than the other two. Not infrequently the bottom horizontal is a bit longer; occasionally it curves slightly.

Kappa

The upper slanting stroke reaches almost to the top of the letter, while the lower does not ordinarily approach the base.

Mu

This letter tends to be asymmetrical, with the left side often slightly smaller than the right. The central v usually extends down no more than halfway, and often much less. The outer strokes tend to curve.

Nu

The initial vertical sometimes leans in slightly. The diagonal joins the verticals quite neatly. The second vertical is occasionally taller than the first and/or curves out a bit.

Omikron

The cutter varies the size of this letter and its position. It is usually quite large and can be in the upper part of the space or sit on the baseline.
― 155 ―

figure

Figure 16.
IG  II2  650 lines 6-14.

Pi

The second vertical varies in length; it is always shorter than the first and sometimes very short.

Rho

The loop is often relatively small, particularly in width.

Sigma

The top and bottom strokes slant. The upper sometimes extends out beyond the lower and imparts to the letter the impression of leaning forward.

Phi

The oval is relatively small and centered.

Omega

This letter is large and round, open at the bottom and with fairly small finials, of which the one on the right tends to be larger.

List of inscriptions

+ IG II2 487

Not earlier than 304/3.

+IG II2 592

Ch. Habicht, Studien 200-201, proposes a line length of 37 letters and restores the speaker as inline image
― 156 ―
 

inline image. His son [Aris]teides is known as a general in 290/89[1] and as an ambassador honored in Arcadian Orchomenos at the start of the Chremonidean War.[2] The father, then, is likely to have been active well before 300 B.C. , and this inscription is probably to be dated before 300. It may even belong to the years of Demetrios of Phaleron.

+IG II2 646

Archon [Nikostrat]os (295/4). Osborne, Naturalization no. D68; Meyer, Urkundenreliefs no. A169 and plate 45.2 (upper part only); Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines2 no. 74. On Herodoros, see Habicht, Untersuchungen 4-8; and Billows, Antigonos 389-390.

+IG II2 649

Archon O[lym]pi[o]doro[s] (293/2). The right half of this inscription was found in 1928, and a new text was published by W. B. Dinsmoor, The Archons of Athens (Cambridge, Mass. 1931) 3-15.

+ IG II2 650

Archon Diokles (286/5). Kirchner-Klaffenbach, Imagines2 no. 75. For discussion of Zenon's actions regarding the grain supply, see T. L. Shear, Jr., Hesperia Suppl. 17 (1978) 20-21, 63, 92-93; and, contra , Habicht, Untersuchungen 48; and M. J. Osborne, "Kallias, Phaidros and the Revolt of Athens in 287 B.C. ," ZPE 35 (1979) 189-190.

IG II2 651

Archon [Diok]les (286/5). Peçirka, Enktesis 92-93.

+ IG II2 659

Archon Euthios (283/2). For an improved text, see Sokolowski, LSCG 73-74.

IG II2 692

 

IG II2 723

Peçirka, Enktesis 100-101.

IG II2 753

 

+Agora 1559

Archon Archippos (318/7). Hesperia 4 (1935) 35-37; and B. D. Meritt, The Athenian Year (Berkeley 1961) 127.

Agora I 2841

Archon [Diokles] (286/5). Hesperia 8 (1939) 42 and photograph. Schweigert, the first editor, seems to have been correct in concluding that this fragment and IG II2 651 were passed at the same meeting. For other exam-

[1] IG II 2797 = Moretti, ISE no. 12.

[2] BCH 38 (1914) 451 = Moretti, ISE no. 53. See also Ch. Habicht, "Aristeides, Sohn des Mnesithos, aus Lamptrai," Chiron 6 (1976) 7-10.

― 157 ―
 

pies of texts passed at the same meeting being inscribed by the same cutter, see 126-127, 145, 162-163.

Agora 15415

Agora XV no. 66.

Agora 15760

Hesperia 30 (1961) 258.

+Agora 15886

Hesperia 11 (1942) 281 and photograph.

Agora 17360

Hesperia 49 (1980) 251-255. The initial editor, M. B. Walbank, sought to connect this inscription to "the grain shortage of the Lykourgan era" (p. 252) and dated it with a mark of interrogation ca. a . 331-324 a . This date is too early; this inscription belongs ca . 285 (see p. xxx).

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 487 line 9

Pi stands in stoichos 13, and not gamma.

IG II2 592

Small improvements can be made in the readings of this text, as follows.

Line 5 . In the center of the stoichos before theta appears the lower half of a vertical stroke that can only be part of an iota or a tau.

Line 7 . After the second iota appears the top of an apex; it is centered in the letter-space and is directly under the omikron in line 6. Only alpha, delta, and lambda are possible. The restoration inline image immediately comes to mind. However, I see no obvious way to fill out the letters OI at the beginning of this line.

Line 8 . The top half of a sigma can be discerned before omikron.

IG II2 646 line 5

Psi is superimposed on a phi; the cutter simply got ahead of himself.

IG II2 649 line 39

In stoichos 14, directly under the iota of inline image, occurs an eta. We thus have the following sequence of letters at the end of line 38 and in line 39: inline image. This reading reveals that both Dinsmoor's restoration of the line after inline image as inline image and E Roussel's (in REA , 1932, 196 n. 1) as inline image are impossible. I can cite no exact parallel, but perhaps inline image is not impossible.

― 158 ―

IG II2 650 line 21

The first preserved letter is not sigma but xi.

IG II2 659

Line 1 . This line has been added, and squeezed in, at the top clearly after the decree was inscribed.

Line 5 . The letters K Y A are spaced out in a rasura . Though erased, the letters S T[.]AT can be easily read. The cutter first inscribed inline image.

Line 9 . Lambda should be printed in pointed brackets, for alpha was inscribed.

Agora I 559

The last preserved letter in line 4 as well as the second preserved letter in line 5 is omega. P. Roussel noted these readings and suggested some restorations in Rev. Arch . 18 (1941) 220-222.

Agora I 5886

Line 1 . B. D. Meritt, the editor of the editio princeps , read the fourth letter as dotted nu and restored Nikias the archon of 296/5. All that remains for certain, however, of this letter is the lower half of a vertical. There may be a trace of a horizontal at the top. Gamma or pi appears to be a more likely reading on purely epigraphical grounds. However, if Meritt's reconstruction is wrong, the name of the archon must have been very long. I have no probable alternative to suggest.

Line 6 . The stone is preserved blank where Meritt prints rho in square brackets. The top of the rho ought to be preserved, if it had been inscribed here. The basis for dotted alpha is an apexlike gouge under epsilon. If indeed there was a letter inscribed here, and this space was not blank, then it was alpha, delta, or lambda.

The temporal distribution of this cutter's known work is curious. His earliest known inscription, Agora I 559, was passed very early in the year 317, probably before Demetrios of Phaleron came to power. His next inscription that can be dated precisely is from some twenty-two years later, IG II2 646 of the year 295/4. However, both IG II2 487 and 592, as indicated above, could date to the period before 300 B.C. Still, it appears unlikely that this workman did much inscribing before 300, for none of the numerous inscriptions known from the years 307-300 came from his hand. Per-

― 159 ―

haps he was very young, just at the start of his trade in 317. With the demand for the work of cutters sharply curtailed under Demetrios, he may have had to give up inscribing for some years. If this is indeed what happened, it took him some time to get back his trade. By the mid-290's in any case he had become one of the major cutters of the city.

― 160 ―

The Cutter of IG II2 495
Dates: 304/3-303/2

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 17)

When one considers the letters individually, this lettering is plain and solid enough. There is, however, a tendency for strokes to overlap slightly and for horizontals to be not quite horizontal. When, moreover, one considers the lettering as a whole, one becomes aware that the letters vary greatly in shape. Just as the hastae are placed imprecisely, so the letters seem to float both vertically and horizontally in the stoichoi . Although the texts of this cutter are stoichedon , the vertical alignment is not precise, with the result that the vertical lines meander some. This cutter had particular problems with iota, which he often places on the left side of the letter-space instead of in the center. In summary, while I would not characterize this lettering as sloppy, it is hardly careful.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter is relatively wide. The crossbar usually is placed in the middle-to-upper part of the letter; it often slants and is thicker and deeper on the right side.

Gamma

The horizontal is often longer than the vertical.

Epsilon

This letter is very idiosyncratic. The three horizontals tend to be nearly the same length and longer than the vertical. Occasionally the central stroke is somewhat shorter than the other two.

Kappa

The slanting strokes usually meet the vertical at the midpoint or below.

Mu

This is a wide letter, with a central v which reaches to the base of the letter. The outer slanting strokes often join the inner strokes below the tops.
― 161 ―

figure

Figure 17.
IG  II2  495 lines 15-23 (left part).

Nu

This letter is quite wide. The diagonal usually is placed below the top of the first vertical and often crosses the second. The second vertical often does not extend down to the base of the letter.

Omikron

This letter varies in size but is usually quite a bit smaller than the other letters and placed in the upper part of the letter-space.

Rho

This letter tends to be taller than the others; the loop varies in size and is often quite small.

Sigma

The top and bottom strokes often slant, but sometimes they are virtually parallel to one another. The two strokes which make up the lower half of the letter are each usually positioned in from the ends of the strokes to which they are attached. The variety of this letter is one of the hallmarks of this cutter.
― 162 ―

Upsilon

The three strokes which compose this letter are of about equal length and thicken at the ends. This letter tends to be slightly taller than the others.

Phi

This letter is the same height as the others.

List of inscriptions

+IG II2 486

Archon Pherekles (304/3). Osborne, Naturalization no. D45. See Horos 4 (1986) 13-14 for an improved restoration of lines 11-14.

+IG II2 495

Archon Leostratos (303/2). Osborne, Naturalization no. D60; Moretti, ISE no. 6.[1]

Agora I 4484

Unpublished.

Agora I 4906

Hesperia 26 (1957) 208-209.

Agora I 5215

Joins Agora I 6516.

+Agora I 6516 + 5215

Archon [Leostratos] (303/2). Hesperia 21 (1952) 367-368 and 58 (1989) 89.

+Horos 4 (1986) 11-18

Archon [Pherekles] (304/3). SEG 36 no. 163.

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 486, Horos 4 (1986) 11-18

These two decrees were passed at the end of the year at the same meeting as two others, viz. IG II2 597 (+ add. p. 662)[2] and Hesperia 7 (1938)

[1] M. B. Walbank, ABSA 85 (1990) 446, asserts (without discussion) that IG II 709 is by the same hand as IG II 495 and suggests that they are part of the same stele. IG II 709 is very worn. The one dearly preserved epsilon (the one in line 3) has a relatively short central horizontal and is uncharacteristic of this cutter. Both kappas reveal a lower slanting stroke which verges on the horizontal. The IG II 495 Cutter habitually makes his kappa with a lower slanting stroke that extends down at a much sharper angle. Finally, the omega with little points on its feet in line 3 (the one in line 4 also appears to have them, but it is worn and scratched) contrasts with the practice of this cutter, who makes definite lines of varying size at the base of his omegas. In short, I think it impossible that IG II 709 is the work of this cutter. The association should be discounted.

― 163 ―

297.[3] All but IG II2 597 are well enough preserved to reveal that Stratokles of Diomeia proposed, at Demetrios Poliorketes' specific request, these honorary decrees for his followers. The two inscriptions which are the work of the present cutter are both relatively short decrees granting citizenship and could therefore have been inscribed by him in a timely fashion. The other two are not the work of this cutter, nor of any other known to me.

IG II2 495, Agora I 6516 + 5215

These decrees were passed on successive days at the dose of the year 303/ 2, the former on the thirty-first day of the prytany, the latter on the thirty-second. Both have a line length of 29 stoichoi and could, like the pair above, have been inscribed in a relatively short time. Two further decrees passed at the same session as IG II2 495, viz. IG II2 496 and 497, were inscribed by the IG II2 1262 Cutter (above 145).

[3] A. M. Woodward, ABSA 51 (1956) 5-6, suggested a restoration of the name. Koumanoudes, Horos 4 (1986) 14-17, has demonstrated that the restorations of Schweigert (the initial editor) and Woodward for line 16 of this text are incorrect.

― 164 ―

The Cutter of Agora I 4266
Dates: ca. 304-271

General characteristics of the lettering (fig. 18)

This lettering is, generally speaking, tidy and plain. Double cutting is not infrequently in evidence on long strokes. This cutter's round letters, i.e., beta, omikron, rho, phi, omega, tend to be rather small.

Peculiarities of individual letters

Alpha

This letter tends to be quite wide. The left slanting stroke is often longer and less vertical than the right. When this is the case, it joins the right hasta just below the top. This is also true of delta and lambda.

Beta

This letter is normally very thin.

Epsilon

The top and bottom horizontals tend to be longer than the vertical and to curve slightly. The central stroke is usually quite short, lightly inscribed, and often does not quite touch the vertical.

Eta

This letter is of average width or a bit more; the crossbar is placed a little above the midpoint.

Kappa

The slanting strokes do not usually approach closely the top and bottom of the letter-space.

Mu

This letter is made with slanting outer hastae and tends to be quite symmetrical. The depth of the central v varies from about half to two-thirds or extends down to the base of the letter.

Nu

This is a wide letter.

Rho

The loop tends to be small, sometimes very small. It usually curves nicely, but sometimes it sags.

Upsilon

The vertical is often quite short and is surmounted by a wide v.
― 165 ―

figure

Figure 18.
Agora I 4266 lines 2-12.

Phi

This letter is the same height as the others. The central part is small, being in shape a rather flattened oval, an arc placed on a small horizontal, or (less often) simply an arc.

Omega

This letter is open at the bottom, raised a bit in the letter-space, and has finials of moderate size. The round part sometimes has a segment which is straight. One side of the letter can extend lower than the other. The letter at times has a rather awkward appearance.

List of inscriptions

+ IG II2 379

 

IG II2 479

Not before 305/4 (line 12). For a complete restoration of this text and its counterpart, IG II2 480, A. Wilhelm, "Beschluss der Athener zu Ehren eines Herakleoten,"
― 166 ―
 

Anz. Wien , 1942, 65-72.[1]IG II2 480 is not the work of this cutter, nor of any other cutter as yet known to me.

IG II2 571

 

+IG II2 652

Not before 286/5 (line 7). Osborne, Naturalization no. D75.

IG II2 653

Archon [D]iotimos (285/4). For discussion of the family of Spartokos and their relations with Athens, see Osborne, Naturalization no. T21; and S. M. Burstein, "I.G . II2 653, Demosthenes and Athenian Relations with Bosporus in the Fourth Century B.C. ," Historia 27 (1978) 428-436.

IG II2 663

Archon [Diokles] (286/5). Osborne, Naturalization no. D74 B. IG II2 662, the companion of this text, was inscribed by the Cutter of Agora I 3238 (Hesperia 57 [1988] 304).

+IG II2 684 and 752b

Archon [Philokrates] (276/5). A. Wilhelm, "Attische Urkunden III," SB Wien 202.5 (1925) 47-49 (= SEG 3 no. 94), associated these two texts and restored them. IG II2 752a is also part of this text; see below.

IG II2 704

Archon [Lysitheides] (272/1). B. D. Meritt provides a new text and photograph in Hesperia 26 (1957) 56-57 and pl. 10. On the reading in lines 2-3, see S. Dow, "Three Athenian Decrees," HSCP 67 (1963) 62-63.

IG II2 716 and 1226.

Osborne, Naturalization no. D86. I have not seen IG II2 1226.

+ IG II2 752a

 

IG II2 752b

Part of IG II2 684.

+IG II2 1263

Archon Hegemachos (300/299).

+ IG II2 2390

If the present attribution is correct, the date in the corpus, "med. s. IV a., " should be changed to ca . 290.

Agora I 4266

Archon Nikias (282/1). Hesperia 7 (1938) 100-105; Moretti, ISE no.14.

Agora I 4424

Archon Euthios (283/2). Agora XV no. 71; photograph in Hesperia 9 (1940) 84.

Agora I 5039

Osborne, Naturalization no. D77; photograph in Hesperia 9 (1940) 354.

[1] Kuenzi, EIIID OS IS (Bern 1923) 42, suggests a somewhat different restoration for line 4.

― 167 ―

IG II2 752a and IG II2 684

The hand, marble, and text all suggest that IG II2 752a is part of the same inscription as IG II2 684. Its first line forms part of line 9 of IG II2 684 and reveals that Wilhelm's restoration ("Attische Urkunden III," SB Wien 202.5 [1925] 48) was correct. The combined text is as follows:

a . 276/5 a .

STOICH. 34

IG II2 752a

IG II2 684

figure

 

uncertain number of lines lost

The underlined letters in lines 14 and 16 are not legible on the squeezes available to me.

Just as they had come to the aid of the Athenians in 340/39,[2] the people of Tenedos have now sent ambassadors and rendered signal service to Athens and to the sanctuary at Eleusis for which they are praised during the year 276/5. The chairman of the meeting in line 6, Kalliades, is not attested elsewhere. The number of lines missing between IG II2 684 + 752a and IF 752b is uncertain, but enough so that on the latter the cutter had increased the line length to 35 stoichoi . He was influenced to do this

[2] See IG II 232 and 233.

― 168 ―

no doubt by the increased surface width created by the tapering sides of the stele. For the text of b see Wilhelm, "Attische Urkunden III," SB Wien 202.5 (1925) 47-48.

Adnotatiunculae

IG II2 379

If this attribution is correct, the date of this text must be ca . 290. It honors a former military man and recounts some of his previous good deeds. The reading and restoration of the archon's name in line 12 as 'inline image, the archon of 321/0 or 318/7, seems correct. The chi, however, is far from certain and should at least be dotted. I can make out no sure trace of it, though there is a rough chi shape in the worn area at the edge. The inscribed surface in fact may be gone at this point. There is, however, no other archon name known during the period when this cutter was active which will fit the space.

W. K. Pritchett, Hesperia 9 (1940) 112, has restored inline image for inline imageinline image? in line 3; and J. H. Kent, Hesperia 10 (1941) 349 and note 14, questioned the restoration of inline image in line 11. He prefers inline image.[3] If Kent is correct, the cutter will have left two spaces blank at the end of this line (as he did in line 4) so as to begin the next line with a word of one syllable.

IG II2 652 line 22

The second nu was completely omitted by the cutter. Kirchner underlined it; Osborne prints it as though it were preserved.

IG II2 1263

This is a carefully inscribed complete text; nevertheless, three incorrect letters stand on the stone. Those in lines 8 and 38 are noted by Kirchner. In line 32, pi has been inscribed as the second letter of the archon's name.

― 169 ―

Presumably these incorrect letters were corrected with paint. The final line is spaced out slightly in a rasura . It is probable that the cutter first inscribed the patronymic and then erased it and put in the ethnic.

IG II2 2390 line 22 (II)

The first part of this line is preserved, and it is uninscribed.

This cutter shows a marked preference for dark gray or gray marble. Of the fourteen texts assignable to him, only the citizenship decree, IG II2 716, and the decree of the thiasotai, IG II2 1263, are inscribed on white marble.

― 171 ―
PART II ATTIC LETTER-CUTTERS OF 340 TO 290 B.C.
 

Preferred Citation: Tracy, Stephen V. Athenian Democracy in Transition: Attic Letter-Cutters of 340 to 290 B.C.. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1995 1995. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5290060z/