N
N-Bloctin
additive to reduce nitrosamines, 147
regulation as drug by Food and Drug Administration, 147
N-nitrosonornicotine, carcinogen in smokeless tobacco, 313
Nat Sherman cigarettes, as fire-safe, 316
National Academy of Sciences
environmental tobacco smoke report, 392
smoking restrictions in public buildings, 430
Sterling, Theodor, submitted material, 297
National Association of Counties, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Association of Attorneys General, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Association of Convenience Stores, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Association of Latino Elected Officials, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Association of Neighbors, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Black Caucus of State Legislators, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Cancer Institute
Chemosol, 213
cocoa increases carcinogenicity, 220
eugenol, study of, 227
menthol carcinogenicity, 227
passive smoking, 384
"safe" cigarette program, rationale for, 159 -160
support of research leading to this book, xviii
threat to industry, 247
tobacco substitutes, 163
Tobacco Working Group, 155 -162
National Center for Initiative Review, Tobacco Institute support of, 385
National Conference of State Legislatures, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health, 178
National League of Cities, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Legislative Services and Securities, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Licensed Beverage Association, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
National Order of Women Legislators, Tobacco Institute support of, 386
natural cigarettes, 218
NCI. See National Cancer Institute
Never Say Never Again
disappointment of B&W with product placement in, 373
Kool cigarettes, appearance in, 371
Winston cigarettes, appearance in, 371
New England Journal of Medicine , paper by Henry Rothschild, 292
New Jersey
Sanitary Code, proposed amendments to limit public smoking, 432
workplace smoking restrictions, 431
new smokers, denial that industry seeks to attract, 161
new smoking material. See Tobacco substitutes
New Smoking Material (NSM), 137 -138, 162 -165
New York Times , reporting early studies on smoking and cancer, 25
nicotine
a nice jolt of, 54
absorption site, 94
acetylcholine, 86
active agent in tobacco smoke, 86 -87
added to nontobacco product, 83
avoiding knowledge of pharmacology of, 245
benefits of, 60 -61, 64 , 71 , 73
brain, effects on, 87 , 92 , 315 -316
cardiovascular system, effects on, 82 , 97
central nervous system, effects on, 61 , 66 , 68 , 82 , 85 -87
cigarette design, 96
cocaine, compared to, 15
crucial element in tobacco use, 81 -82
CTR special projects, 334
diet and weight, 69
dose and smoker satisfaction, 93 -94
drug effects, 3
electroencephalogram, 86
environmental tobacco smoke, as measure of, 413
essential to use of tobacco products, 104
eugenol, 220
extractable, 78 -79
Fate of Nicotine in the Body , 65 -68
fortification of cigarette paper, use for, 124
heroin, compared to, 15
humectants, as affecting absorption of, 223
importance to industry, 98 -99
irritant in cigarette smoke, 130
market for, 243
marketing cigarettes, 375
nonextractable, 78
optimal level of, 81
other drugs, compared to, 86
overdose by smoking impossible, 61
peripheral targets, 66
pharmacology, 65 -68, 76 , 85 , 92 , 95 , 447
pituitary gland, 62 , 68
poison, 103
powder added to tobacco, 124
reason people smoke, 58 , 78 , 97 , 98 , 376
reserpine, compared to, 62 , 63 -64
"safe" cigarette research, 126
self-dosing, 69
selling of, 58
smoker compensation, 16 , 94
smoker satisfaction, 92 -94
squirrel monkeys, 85 -86
synergistic effects with other drugs, 82
taste of cigarettes, as affecting, 104
tolerance for, 63 , 67 , 68 , 69
tranquilizers, compared to, 62 , 75
tranquilizing effects, 64 , 73
uptake by smokers, 95
withdrawal, 64 , 68
—edited out of industry documents, 101 -102
See also Janus, Project
nicotine absorption, See Nicotine delivery
nicotine addiction
avoidance of warning label regarding, 59 -60
Brown and Williamson response to JAMA articles, 444
CTR not interested in studying mechanism of, 304 -305
cocaine, similarity to nicotine, 101
definition, 58
denials of, 100 , 101 , 5 , 59
dose necessary, 84
Ellis, Sir Charles, recognition of, in 1962, 60
extent, 59
Food and Drug Administration, 102 , 103 , 345 , 436
heroin, similarity to nicotine, 101
importance to industry, 58 , 97
liability for, 344 -345
mechanism, 69 , 80 , 65 -68
public versus private statements by industry, 15
Sandefur, Thomas, statement on, 105
scientists' views as causing problems in court, 344 -345
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, withholding information from, 50
Surgeon General's reports, 15 , 58
tolerance, 63 , 65 , 67 -69
withdrawal, 65 , 101 -102
See also Janus, Project
nicotine analogues
antitrust issues, 286
Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute, 316
Philip Morris, 97
safer cigarettes, 104
search for, 97
nicotine blockers, Council for Tobacco Research, 286
nicotine content
controlled, 76
potential legislative limits of, 247
reconstituted tobacco, 85
taxation on basis of, 249 -250
nicotine delivery
acidity, effects on, 67 , 79 , 96
addition to tobacco, 124
additives, effects on, 79 , 81
advertising claims for Kent cigarettes, 29
ammonia, effects on, 211
boost to achieve same nicotine delivery with less tar, 124
chemical form, effects on, 83
chewing tobacco and snuff, 84
determinants of, 80
device. See Nicotine delivery device
effect-type test, 87
Federal Trade Commission method, 91
filter, effects on, 27
Food and Drug Administration, relevance of manipulation, 83
form of nicotine as affecting, 80
inhalers versus noninhalers, 66
Kent cigarettes, claims, 29
low-nicotine cigarettes, 29
manipulated, 83
mouth, 78
PEI boosts, 124
pH, 67 , 79 , 96
product design to control, 137
smoker compensation, 87 , 96
sucker control agents, effects on, 203
toxicity reduced, 126
nicotine delivery device
Ariel, 62 , 65 , 74 -78, 131
Eclipse, 440
Premier, 30 , 219
nicotine enhancement
effects on human smoking behavior, 245
legal dangers of pharmacological information, 245
nicotine patch
business for tobacco companies, 105
Food and Drug Administration, 105
nicotine powder, addition to tobacco, 124
nicotine substitutes, Council for Tobacco Research, 286
Night People (All Night Long) , product placement in, 390
Nine to Five , product placement in, 390
nitrogen oxides, in cigarette smoke, 154
nitromethane fraction index (NMFI), 153 -154
nitrosamines
carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke, 126 , 398 , 398
high in stems, 143
N-Bloctin reduces, 147
Philip Morris research, 143
presence in tobacco, 143
regulatory concerns, 399
sidestream smoke, 398 , 400 , 402 , 403 -404, 432
NMFI (nitromethane fraction index), 153 -154
NNN, carcinogen in smokeless tobacco, 313
nonextractable nicotine, 78
nontobacco material, relationship to nicotine delivery, 83
noninhalers, nicotine absorption, 67
nonsmokers' rights
clean indoor air ordinance produced by industry, 251
Colorado, 428
defeats viewed as positive for industry, 352
early history, 391 -393
early recognition of importance by industry, 257 -258
emergence of, 416 -417
Florida, 428
growing problem for industry, 258
Proposition 5 , 417 -428
Proposition 10 , 352 , 428 -431
Proposition P, 431
recognition that public smoking restrictions are constitutional, 263
zealots, 393
North Carolina Tobacco Foundation, support of annual pesticide residue meetings, 209
Now cigarettes
coumarin used, subsequently removed, 222
smoking-and-health controversy used for marketing advantage, 259
NSM (New Smoking Material), 137 -138, 162 -165