A

Academicians: books by for sale in Paris, 191 -192

as collectors, 195

in conflict with Academy, 199 , 204 -209

compared with assistants, 211

as Fellows of Royal Society, 202

housing of, 20 , 32 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 52 , 55 , 294 n.41

as inventors, 156

naturalization of, 23

origins and careers of, 15 -25, 26 , 32 , 36 , 171 -174, 186

and religion, 19 , 23 , 178 , 190 , 200 , 201

as teachers of mathematics and science, 16 , 38 , 114 , 194 , 197 .

See also names of individuals ; Académie royale des sciences; Community; Pensions

Académie française, 22 , 23 , 25 , 74 , 183 , 191

Académie physique (Caen), 205

Académie royale d'architecture, 21 , 197

Académie royale des inscriptions, 23 , 24

Académie royale des sciences.

See also Academicians; Bibliothèque du roi; Colbert; Jardin royal; Louvois; Louvre; Observatoire; Patronage; Pensions paid to academicians; Pontchartrain

—accomplishments of, 3 , 10 , 221 -226, and passim

—assistants to, 14 , 34 , 40 , 41 , 48 , 55 , 209 , 210 -211, 295 n.2

—audience for work of, 5 , 26 , 44 , 73 -74, 101

—books dedicated to, 210

—dynasties in, 17

(see also Bourdelin; Cassini; Couplet; La Hire; Marchant)

—exchange, scholarly, and, 101 , 103 -104, 169 , 170 , 180 -198, 199 -217

effect of, 212 -213, 215 -217

restrictions on, 199 , 204 -217

unequal character of, 210 -212

—expectations about, 4 , 8 , 9 , 14 , 27 , 28 -33, 60 -61, 222 , 225

—failures of: in natural history of plants, 65 , 69 , 88 , 102 , 103 -116

response to, 65 , 89 -90, 91 -93, 94 -95, 96 , 97 -98, 98 -100, 100 -101, 137 -144, 225

(see also Analogical reasoning; Analogies)

—finances of, 24 , 34 -45, 46 -61, 88 , 111 , 208 , 224

jetons , 291 n.3

for mathematical sciences, 47 -48, 51 , 52 , 53 -54, 56 , 57 , 58 , 60

for natural philosophy, 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 54 -55, 56 , 57 , 58 -59, 60 , 80 , 104 , 114

for Observatory, 43 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 60

overview, 47 , 51 -53, 56 -58, 60

for pensions, 34 , 35 -38, 46 , 47 , 52 , 57 , 60

for practical projects, 47 , 48 -50, 51 , 52 , 55 -56, 57 , 59 , 60

for repairs to equipment and physical plant, 51 , 52

for shared expenses, 47 , 52 , 57 , 60

for small expenses, 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 57

—foundation of, prototypes for, 28 -29, 30 -33

—functions and goals of, 10 , 27 , 37 , 50 , 79 , 110 , 169 , 221

apologist for use of vernacular in science, 223

arm of

government, 178

clearing-house of information, 212 , 217

disseminator of knowledge, 197 -198, 204 , 210 -211, 217 , 222 -223

educator, 44 , 197 -198, 204 , 211 , 217 , 223

instrument of royal propaganda, 8 , 31 , 223

"moral person," 222

referee of ideas, inventions, and prospective publications, 59 , 60 , 115 -116 169 , 175 , 205 , 210 , 216 , 222 , 290 -291 n.27

reform science, medicine, and technology, 9 , 29 -30, 60 -61, 98 , 99 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 117 , 119 , 154 , 169 -179, 209 , 217 , 221 -222

research institution, 45

technical consultant to government, 50 , 51 , 169 , 178 , 223

—hierarchy of, 13 -14, 16 , 23 -24, 83 , 182 , 211 , 224

associate memberships, 14

celebrities and regulars, 37

corresponding memberships, 14

honorary memberships, 14

ministerial spokesmen, 23 -24

and pensions, 35 -36

president, 14 , 24

secretary, 13 , 14 , 334 n.81

students, 14 , 35 , 36 , 182 , 211

treasurer, 14

usher, 211

—laboratory of, 18 -19, 20 , 34 , 39 , 48 , 58 , 71 , 82 , 101 , 109 , 210 , 304 n.36

crisis in, 54 -55

portrait of, 40

—Louis XIV, and: attitude toward science and Academy, 22 , 25 -26, 31 , 32 , 48 , 49 , 223

flattered by Academy, 110 , 113

founder and patron of Academy, 3 , 13

visits Academy and Observatory, 5 -8, 26 , 32 , 80 , 107 , 208 , 294 n.40

—medical interests of, 19 , 98 , 99 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 169 -179, 204 , 212

—meetings of, 14 -15, 82 , 96 , 110 , 132 , 209 , 285 -286 n.5, 333 -334 n.80

attendance at, 103 , 223 , 291 nn.3, 12

function of changes, 59 -60

minutes of, 15 , 83 , 107 , 208

—membership in: aspirants to, 210 , 217 , 224

compared with being assistant to, 211

composition of, 15 -25, 48 , 53 , 54 , 58

criteria for, 15 , 17 , 32 , 224

effect of lifetime appointment, 224

kinds of, 13 -14, 22 -23, 24 , 36 , 291 n.12

prestige and privileges of, 200 , 211

—ministerial protectors, 23 -24, 24 -25, 26 , 28 , 216 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226

control Academy's research, 46 -61, 103 -116

influence Academy, 8 -9, 23 -25, 32 , 37 -38, 39 , 107 -111, 113 , 174 , 208 , 222 , 224 , 225

live near Academy, 38 -39

policies of compared, 13 , 36 -37, 46 -47, 51 , 107

—morale of, 15 , 19 -20, 22 , 24 , 25 , 34 , 37 -38, 52 -53, 55 , 56 , 59 , 83 , 107 , 111 , 174 , 204

—names of, 28 , 30

—patronage of, 5 -8, 8 -9, 30 -31, 44 , 170

advantages of, 65 , 71 , 75 , 80 , 223

effects of, 9 , 10 , 25 , 34 , 43 , 45 , 61 , 69 , 107 -111, 115 -116, 169 , 207 -208, 221 -226

control of Academy through, 23 , 32 , 37 -38

extent of, 34 -64

motives of, 3 , 29 -30, 30 -31, 109 , 110

—physical quarters of, 7 , 38 -45, 59

—portraits of, 5 -8, 39 -42

—publication program of, 21 -22, 33 , 34 , 100 -101, 103 -116, 205 -209, 212 -213, 216 , 217 , 222 -223

Colbert, Louvois, and Pontchartrain compared, 25 , 46 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59

restrictions on, 56 , 87 , 97 ,104 , 107 , 205 , 206 , 208 , 223

—regulations of, 9 , 13 , 28 , 58 , 170 , 199 , 200 , 204 -209, 211 -212, 216 , 223

—relations of with others, 18 , 44 , 170 , 174 -175, 178 , 179 , 180 -198, 199 -217

Bibliothèque du roi, 38 -43

Compagnie des arts et métiers, 59 , 197

Dutch scientists, 203

Jardin royal, 38 -43, 107 , 114

Malpighi, 201

medical faculties, 173

other royal institutions, 217

other scientific societies, 165 , 172 , 196 -197, 199 -200, 202 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 223

public, 45 , 79 , 101 , 103 -104, 179 , 212 -213, 222

scientific community, 9 -10, 101 , 169 , 170 , 178 , 186 , 198 , 205 , 210 , 216 -217, 222

—religion and, 17 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 43 , 44 , 55 , 170 , 172 , 178 , 190 , 200 , 201

—reputation of protected, 48 , 87 , 97 , 101 , 170 , 205 -207, 208 , 216

—research of, 5 -7, 60 , 65 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225

in botany, 65 , 67 -88, 89 -102, 103 -116, 203 -204

in chemistry, 89 -102, 108 -109

control of, 111 , 223

how planned, 59 -60, 60 -61, 83 , 110 -111

individual and collective, 29 , 59 , 60 -61, 80 , 82 , 87 -88, 111 , 115 , 157 , 207 , 217 , 224 , 225

long-term, 59 , 83

—rivalry: within Academy, 9 , 69 , 83 , 87 , 102 , 113 -115, 174 , 206 , 225

between

Academy and others, 202 , 204 , 205 -207, 307 -308 n.29

—size of, 15 , 37 , 52 , 57

as "working Academy," 13 -14, 15 , 37

—traits of, 4 -5, 9 -10, 13 , 35 , 37 , 45 , 50 , 59 , 60 -61, 65 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 74 , 115 -116, 154 , 165 , 169 -170, 171 -174, 180 , 199 , 204 -209, 209 -217, 221 -226

agnosticism of, 48 , 211 , 222

Baconianism of, 147 , 165

as collector, 38 , 44 , 49 , 55 , 56 , 80 , 156 , 195 , 210

as company, 28 -29, 31 -33

corporate esprit of, 217

experimentalism of, 100 , 222

medical empiricism of, 99 , 173

mistrust of Platonism and Paracelsianism, 87

Parisian, 186

pragmatism of, 99 , 102

proprietor of equipment, 44 -45

as society in microcosm, 38 , 45

—utility of, 3 , 25 -26, 32 , 46 , 47 , 48 -50, 51 , 52 , 55 -56, 57 , 59 , 61 , 101 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 222 , 223

—war, political hostilities and, 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 60 , 80 , 103 , 104 , 107 , 108 , 201

Academy of Inscriptions. See Académie royale des inscriptions

Academy of Sciences. See Académie royale des sciences

Accademia del Cimento (Florence), 22 , 29 , 34 , 156 , 206 , 208 , 291 n.12, 317 n.3, 331 n.56, 335 n.101

Acids and alkalis: Mariotte translates Boyle's study of, 214

theories of, 173

Agriculture, interest of Academy in, 49 , 169 , 194

Air: nature and functions of, 154 , 160 , 161 , 165 , 336 n.102

role of in vegetable physiology, 141 , 150 , 160 -165, 166

Airlessness, effects of on plants, 203 -204

Air pressure, 18 , 44 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 312 -313 n.34

Air pump, 118 , 141 , 155 , 156 , 193 , 203 , 211 , 212 , 320 n.27

illustration of Huygens's, 6

use of in Academy, 154 , 159 -166

Alchemy. See Duclos

Aldrovandi, Ulisse, 66

Alkahest, Duclos's recipe for, 97

Alpin, Prosper, 70

Amielle, seller of cylindrical mirrors, 194

Amsterdam, publishing in, 97 , 206

Analogical reasoning, 117 -130, 131 -144

biological and technological models in, 119 , 128 , 129 , 144

in biology, 119 , 120 , 122 -123

in Harveian model, 128 -130

merits and disadvantages of, 119 , 120 , 121 -124, 144

problem of crucial dissimilarities, 123 , 132 -133, 136 -139, 140 -142, 144

problem of material similarities, 121 , 123 , 132 , 134 -137

problem of pretheoretic similarities, 121 , 123 , 132 , 133 -134

Analogies: in botany, 51 , 61 , 146 , 147 , 164 , 166 , 225

in chemistry, 90 -91

failure of, 124

types and functions of, 120 , 121 , 123 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 137 , 142 , 143 , 144

in zoology, 148

Anatomical research of Academy. See under Natural philosophical research of Academy

Anatomy. See also Histoire des animaux; Sap

—animal and human, 21 , 48 , 54 , 66 , 142 , 225 , 311 n.9

influence of on botany, 65 , 126 -127, 133 -134

—vegetable, 67 , 118 , 136 -137, 140 , 141 , 142 , 146 -149, 157 -159, 215

putative air vessels and valves in, 136 -137, 142 , 144 , 214 -215

Ancients, 71 , 120 , 122 , 123 , 147

Aristotle, Aristotelianism, 66 , 67 , 117 , 131 , 133

Euclidean model, 222

Animalcules, 148 , 159 , 158 , 204

Animals: in air pump, 159 -160

compared to plants, 135 , 148 , 165

distinguished from plants, 214

illustrations of, 194 -195, 213 .

See also Anatomy; Chemical analysis; Histoire des animaux; Natural history; Physiology; Plant-animals

Antidotes. See Poisons and antidotes

Antipathy and sympathy, theory of. See Sympathy and antipathy, theory of

Aqueducts: of Arcueil, 44

for water supply of Versailles, 50 , 55 .

See also Frontinus

Architecture, 18 , 21 , 22 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 185 .

See also Blondel; Perrault, Claude; Vitruvius

Arnauld, Antoine, 19 , 201

Arts and crafts, 59

Astronomy, 20 , 53 , 56 , 58 , 225

assistants for, 210

Copernican system, 44 , 48 , 211

fictionalism of Academy about, 48

information about supplied by outsiders, 210 , 212 -213

maps of moon and stars, 44 , 211

observations of satellites of Jupiter,

53 , 58

Ptolemaic system, 48

Tychonic system, 48 , 211

Atomism. See Corpuscularian and atomist theories

Attraction, concept of, 140 , 141

Audience for science. See Science

Auzout, Adrien, 41 , 156 , 203 , 295 n.3, 327 n.57, 330 n.36

Fellow of Royal Society, 202

helps Furetière, 184