References

Claudia Gorbman's "Bibliography on Sound in Film," Yale French Studies 60 (1980): 269–86; and the invaluable annotated version (excluding music) reprinted in Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 427–45, are the definitive bibliographies of works on film sound to date. The books and articles listed below have been of particular help to me in this work.

Agee, James. 1958. Agee on Film. Toronto: McDowell, Obolensky.

Allen, Robert C. and Douglas Gomery. 1985. Film History: Theory and Practice. New York: Knopf.

Altman, Rick, ed. 1980a. Cinema/Sound. Yale French Studies 60 (1980).

———. 1980b. "Moving Lips: Cinema as Ventriloquism." Yale French Studies 60 (1980): 67-79.

———. 1985. "Psychoanalysis and Cinema: The Imaginary Discourse." Originally published in Quarterly Review of Film Studies 2, no. 3 (August 1977). Reprinted in Nichols 1985, pp. 517-31.

Arnheim, Rudolf. 1936. Radio. Translated by Margaret Ludwig and Herbert Read. Glasgow: Faber & Faber. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1976.

———. 1957. Film as Art. Reprint. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.

Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Balázs, Béla. 1952. Theory of the Film: Character and Growth of a New Art. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1972.

Barnouw, Erik. 1966-70. A History of Broadcasting in the United States. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barr, Charles. 1983. "Blackmail: Silent and Sound." Sight and Sound 52, no. 2 (Spring): 122-26.

Barthes, Roland. 1974. S/Z. Translated by Richard Miller. New York: Hill & Wang.

———. 1977. "The Grain of the Voice." In Image-Music-Text, selected and translated by Stephen Heath, pp. 179-89. New York: Hill & Wang.

Bazin, André. 1967. What Is Cinema? Vol. 1. Translated by Hugh Gray. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Baudry, Jean-Louis. 1985. "Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus." Originally published in Film Quarterly 28, no. 2 (Winter 1974-75): 39-47. Reprinted in Nichols 1985, pp. 531-43.

———. 1976. "The Apparatus." Camera Obscura, no. 1 (Fall): 104-26.

Belton, John. 1985. "Technology and Aesthetics of Film Sound." In Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 63-72.

Bergstrom, Janet. 1979. "Enunciation and Sexual Difference, Part 1." Camera Obscura, nos. 3/4 (Summer): pp. 33-69.

Bordwell, David, Janet Staiger, and Kristin Thompson. 1985. The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960. New York: Columbia University Press.

Burch, Noël. 1979. To the Distant Observer: Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema. Revised and edited by Annette Michelson. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Cameron, Evan William, ed. 1980. Sound and the Cinema: The Coming of Sound to American Film. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Redgrave Publishing.

Cameron, James. 1929. Motion Pictures with Sound. Foreword by William Fox. Manhattan Beach, N.Y.: Cameron Publishing.

———. 1930. Encyclopedia on Sound Motion Pictures. Manhattan Beach, N.Y.: Cameron Publishing.

Chion, Michel. 1982. La Voix au cinéma. Paris: Editions de L'Etoile.

———. 1985. Le Son au cinéma. Paris: Editions de L'Etoile.

Colton, John, and Clemence Randolph. 1936. Rain. 9th ed. Introduction by Ludwig Lewisohn. New York: Liveright.

Comolli, Jean-Louis. 1972. "Technique et ideologie." Cahiers du cinéma 241 (September-October): 20-24.

Cook, Pam. 1978. "Duplicity in Mildred Pierce ." In Kaplan 1978a, pp. 68-82.

Dayan, Daniel. 1976. "The Tutor Code of Classical Cinema." Originally published in Film Quarterly 28, no. 1 (Fall 1974). Reprinted in Nichols 1976, pp. 438-51.

Doane, Mary Ann. 1984. "The 'Woman's Film': Possession and Address." In ReVision: Essays in Feminist Film Criticism, edited by Mary Ann Doane, Patricia Mellencamp, Linda Williams, pp. 67-82. Frederick, Md.: AFI/University Publications of America.

———. 1985a. "Ideology and the Practice of Sound Editing and Mixing." Originally published in The Cinematic Apparatus, edited by Teresa de Lauretis and Stephen Health. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980. Reprinted in Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 54-62.

———. 1985b. "The Voice in the Cinema: The Articulation of Body and Space." Originally published in Altman 1980a, pp. 47-56. Reprinted in Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 162-76.

———. 1987. The Desire to Desire: The Woman's Film of the 1940's. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Eisenstein, Sergei. 1957. Film Form [and] The Film Sense . Translated and edited by Jay Leyda. New York: Meridian Books.

"The Evolution of Recordings: From Cylinder to Video Disc." Anonymous pamphlet [1978].

Fielding, Raymond. 1980. "The Technological Antecedents of the Coming of Sound: An Introduction." In Cameron 1980, pp. 2-23.

Fischer, Lucy. 1985a. "Enthusiasm: From Kino-Eye to Radio Eye." Originally published in Film Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Winter 1977-78): 25-34. Reprinted in Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 247-64.

———. 1985b. "Applause: The Visual and Acoustic Landscape." Originally published in Cameron 1980, pp. 182-201. Reprinted in Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 232-46.

Flinn, Carol. 1986. "The 'Problem' of Femininity in Theories of Film Music." Screen 27, no. 6 (November-December): 56-72.

French, Brandon. 1978. On the Verge of Revolt: Women in American Films of the Fifties. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.

Freud, Sigmund. 1964. "Femininity." In New Introductory Lectures, translated and edited by James Strachey, pp. 99-119. New York: Norton.

Gelatt, Roland. 1955. The Fabulous Phonograph: From Tin Foil to High Fidelity. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Gomery, Douglas. 1980. "Hollywood Converts to Sound: Chaos or Order?" In Cameron 1980, pp. 24-37.

Green, Fitzhugh. 1929. The Film Finds Its Tongue. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.

Heath, Stephen. 1978. "Difference." Screen 19, no. 3 (Autumn): 51-112.

Hirsch, Marianne. 1989. The Mother/Daughter Plot: Narrative, Psychoanalysis, Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Jacobs, Lea, and Richard de Cordova. 1982. "Spectacle and Narrative Theory." Quarterly Review of Film Studies 7, no. 4 (Fall): 293-308.

Kaplan, E. Ann, ed. 1978a. Women in Film Noir. London: BFI Publishing. Revised edition 1980.

———. 1978b. "The Place of Women in Fritz Lang's The Blue Gardenia ." In Kaplan 1978a, pp. 83-90.

———. 1983. Women and Film: Both Sides of the Camera. New York: Methuen.

Kinder, Marsha. 1985-86. "The Image of Patriarchal Power in Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) and Ivan the Terrible, Part I (1945)." Film Quarterly 39, no. 2 (Winter): 29-49.

Kozloff, Sarah. 1988. Invisible Storytellers: Voice-Over Narration in American Fiction Film. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kramarae, Cheris, ed. 1988. Technology and Women's Voices: Keeping in Touch. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Kristeva, Julia. 1980. "Word, Dialogue, Novel." In Desire in Language, translated and edited by Leon S. Roudiez, Thomas Gora, and Alice Jardine, pp. 64-91. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kubie, Lawrence S., and Sydney Margolin. 1944. "The Process of Hypnotism and the Nature of the Hypnotic State." American Journal of Psychiatry 100, no. 5 (March): 611-22.

Kuhn, Annette. 1982. Women's Pictures: Feminism and Cinema. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Lacan, Jacques. 1977. Ecrits: A Selection. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton.

———. 1978. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis. Edited by Jacques-Alain Miller. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton.

Levin, Tom. 1984. "The Acoustic Dimension." Screen 25, no. 3 (May-June): 55-68.

McKay, Anne. 1988. "Speaking Up: Voice Amplification and Women's Struggle for Public Expression." In Kramarae 1988, pp. 187-206.

Marie, Michel. 1980. "The Poacher's Aged Mother: On Speech in La Chienne by Jean Renoir." In Altman 1980a, pp. 219-32.

Maugham, W. Somerset. 1967. "Rain." In Cakes and Ale [1930], edited by Angus Wilson. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.

Metz, Christian. 1982. The Imaginary Signifier. Translated by Ben Brewster. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

———. 1985. "Aural Objects." Originally published in Atlman 1980a, pp. 24-32. Reprinted in Weis and Belton 1985, pp. 154-61.

Modleski, Tania. 1988. The Women Who Knew Too Much: Hitchcock and Feminist Theory. New York: Methuen.

Mulvey, Laura. 1975. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema." Screen 16, no. 3 (Autumn): 6-18. Reprinted in Nichols 1985, pp. 303-15.

Nichols, Bill. 1976, 1985. Movies and Methods. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Parr, Leslie, Andrea Hicks, and Marie Stareck, eds. 1976. The Best of Sears Collectibles, 1905-1910. New York: Arno Press.

Place, Janey. 1978. "Women in Film Noir." In Kaplan 1978a, pp. 35-67.

Rakow, Lana F. 1988. "Women and the Telephone: The Gendering of a Communications Technology." In Kramarae 1988, pp. 207-28.

Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch. 1976. From Tinfoil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph. 2d ed. Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams.

Renov, Michael. 1980. "From Identification to Ideology: The Male System of Hitchcock's Notorious ." Wide Angle 4, no. 1: 30-37.

Rosolato, Guy. 1974. "La Voix: Entre corps et langage." Revue française de psychanalyse 37, no. 1 (January).

Sachs, Jacqueline, Philip Lieberman, and Donna Crickson. 1973. "Anatomical and Cultural Determinants of Male and Female Speech." In Language Attitudes: Current Trends and Prospects, pp. 74-84. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University Press.

Seymour, Henry. [1918]. The Reproduction of Sound: Being a Description of the Mechanical Appliances and Technical Processes Employed in the Art. London: W. B. Tattersall.

Silverman, Kaja. 1988. The Acoustic Mirror: The Female Voice in Psychoanalysis and Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Spoto, Donald. 1976. The Art of Alfred Hitchcock: Fifty Years of His Motion Pictures. New York: Hopkinson & Blake.

———. 1983. The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. Boston: Little, Brown.

Swanson, Gloria. 1980. Swanson on Swanson. New York: Random House.

Vertov, Dziga. 1984. Kino-Eye: The Writings of Dziga Vertov. Edited and with an introduction by Annette Michelson. Translated by Kevin O'Brien. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Weis, Elisabeth. 1982. The Silent Scream: Alfred Hitchcock's Sound Tracks. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

———, and John Belton, eds. 1985. Film Sound: Theory and Practice . New York: Columbia University Press.

Williams, Alan. 1980. "Is Sound Recording Like a Language?" In Altman 1980a, pp. 51-66.

Williams, Linda. 1984. "When the Woman Looks." In Doane, Mellencamp, and Williams 1984, pp. 83-99.

Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. London: Oxford University Press.

Wills, David. 1986. "Carmen: Sound/Effect." Cinema Journal 25, no. 4 (Summer): 33-43.