Bibliography

Adams, Barbara. 1974. Ancient Hierakonpolis, Warminster: Aris and Phillips .

———. 1975. Ancient Hierakonpolis Supplement . Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

———. 1984, The Koptos Lions . Contributions in Anthropology and History 3. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Museum.

Aldred, Cyril. 1980. Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs, 3100–320B.C . London: Thames and Hudson.

Alpers, Svetlana. 1988. Rembrandt's Enterprise . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Arnett, William S. 1982. The Predynastic Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs . Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.

Asselberghs, Henri. 1961. Chaos en Beheersing: Documenten ult aeneolithisch Egypte . Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 8. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Bach, Kent. 1970. "Part of What a Picture Is." BJA 10:119–37.

Baines, John. 1989. "Communication and Display: The Integration of Early Egyptian Art and Writing." Antiquity 63:471–82.

Bal, Mieke. 1983. "The Narrating and the Focalizing: A Theory of Agents in Narrative." Style 17:234–69.

———. 1985. Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative . Trans. Christine van Boheemen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Bard, Katherine. 1987. "The Geography of Predynastic Excavated Sites and the Rise of Complex Society." JARCE 24:81–93.

———. 1989. "The Evolution of Social Complexity in Predynastic Egypt: An Analysis of the Naqada Cemeteries. " Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2:36–49.

Barthes, Roland. 1977. Image-Music-Text . Trans. R. Howard. London: Hill and Wang.

Baumgartel, Elise J. 1955. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt . Vol. 1. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press/Griffith Institute.

———. 1960. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt . Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press/Griffith Institute.

Bénédite, Georges. 1905. "Le Stèle dite du roi serpent." Fondation Eugène Piot, Monuments et Mémoires 12: 5–17.

———. 1916. "Le Couteau de Gebel el-'Arak: Etude sur un nouvel objet préhistorique acquis par le Musée du Louvre." Fondation Eugène Piot, Monuments et Mémoires 22, fasc. 1.

———. 1918. "The Carnarvon Ivory." JEA 5:1–15, 225–41.

Bernstein, David J. 1987. The Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bersani, Leo, and Ulysse Dutoit. 1986. The Forms of Violence: Narrative in Assyrian Art and Modern Culture . New York: Schocken.

Black, Max. 1962. "Metaphor." In Models and Metaphors, pp. 25–47. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Boehmer, R. M. 1974a. "Orientalische Einflüsse auf vierzierten Messergriffen aus dem prädynastischen Ägypten." Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran (DAI Teheran) NF 7: 15–50.

———. 1974b. "Das Rollsiegel im prädynastischen Ägypten." Archäologischer Anzeiger 4:495–514.

Bothmer, Bernard. 1969–70. "A New Fragment of an Old Palette." JARCE 8:5–8.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice . Trans. R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brémond, Claude. 1973. Logique du récit . Paris: Seuil.

Brilliant, Richard. 1984. Visual Narratives: Story-Telling in Etruscan and Roman Art . New York: Columbia University Press.

Brunton, Guy. 1937. Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture . London: Egyptian Research Account.

———. 1948. Matmar . London: Egyptian Research Account.

Brunton, Guy, and Gertrude Caton-Thompson. 1928. The Badarian Civilization. London: Oxford University Press.

Bryson, Norman. 1979. Vision and Painting: The Logic of the Gaze . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1990. Looking at the Overlooked . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Burks, Arthur. 1949. "Icon, Index, and Symbol." Journal of Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 9:673–89.

Butzer, Karl W. 1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Capart, Jean. 1905. Primitive Art in Egypt . Trans. A. S. Griffiths. London: Grevel.

Case, H., and J. C. Payne. 1962. "Tomb 100: The Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolls." JEA 48:5–18.

Cénival, Jean-Louis de. 1982. "La Naissance de l'écriture [en Egypte]." In Naissance de l'écriture, pp. 61–62. Paris: Galeries nationales du Grand Palais.

Chatman, Seymour. 1975. "Towards a Theory of Narrative." NLH 6:295–318.

———. 1978. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Churcher, C. S. 1984. "Zoological Study of the Ivory Knife Handle from Abu Zaidan." In Needler 1984, pp. 152–68.

Clark, Timothy J. 1985. The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers . New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Coste, Didier. 1989. Narrative as Communication . Introd. by Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Crompton, Winifred M. 1918. "A Carved Slate Palette in the Manchester Museum. JEA 5:57–60.

Cros, Edmond. 1988. Theory and Practice of Sociocriticism . Trans. Jerome Schwartz, introd. by J. Link and U. Link-Heer. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Culler, Jonathan. 1980. "Fabula and Sjuzhet in the Analysis of Narrative." Poetics Today 1:27–37.

Danto, Arthur C. 1986. The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Davis, Whitney. 1976. "The Origins of Register Composition in Predynastic Egyptian Art." Journal of the American Oriental Society 96:404–18.

———. 1978. "Two Compositional Tendencies in Amarna Relief." AJA 82:287–94.

———. 1979. "Sources for the Study of Rock Art in the Nile Valley." GM 32:59–74.

———. 1981a. "The Foreign Relations of Predynastic Egypt, I: Egypt and Palestine in the Predynastic Period." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 11:21–27.

———. 1981b. "An Early Dynastic Lion in the Museum of Fine Arts." In Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Sudan: Essays in Honor of Dows Dunham, ed. William Kelly Simpson and Whitney Davis, pp. 34–42. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts.

———. 1982. "Canonical Representation in Ancient Egyptian Art." Res 4:20–45.

———. 1983a. "Cemetery T at Nagada." MDAIK 39:17–28.

———. 1983b. "Artists and Patrons in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." SAK 10:119–39.

———. 1987. "Replication and Depiction in Paleolithic Art." Representations 19: 111–47.

———. 1988. "Pleasure and Its Contents." [Review of Bersani and Dutoit 1986.] Art History 11:445–56.

———. 1989. The Canonical Tradition in Ancient Egyptian Art . Cambridge New Art History and Criticism. New York: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1990a. "Style and History in Art History." In The Uses of Style in Archaeology, ed. Margaret W. Conkey and Christine Hastorf, pp. 18–34. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1990b. "The Study of Rock Art in Africa." In A History of African Archaeology, ed. Peter W. Robertshaw, pp. 271–95. London: John Currey.

———. 1990c. Review of Kemp 1989. AJA 94:686–90.

———. 1992. "On Depiction and Metaphor: Comment on Michael Podro [see Podro 1991]." In Visual Theory, ed. Norman Bryson, Michael Ann Holly, and Keith Moxey (forthcoming).

———. 1992. "The Deconstruction of Intentionality in Archaeology." Antiquity 66 (in press).

———. n.d. Seeing Through Culture: The Possibility of the History of Art (unpublished manuscript).

Derrida, Jacques. 1973. Speech and Phenomena . Trans. D. B. Allison. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.

———. 1976. Writing and Difference . Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1981. Dissemination . Trans. Barbara Johnson. London: Athlone Press.

———. 1987. The Truth in Painting . Trans. Geoff Bennington and Ian McLeod. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Douehi, Milad. 1983. "Traps of Representation." [Review of Marin 1988.] Diacritics 14, no. 1:66–77.

Dunbar, J. H. 1941. The Rock Pictures of Lower Nubia . Cairo: Government Printing Office.

Earle, Timothy K. 1978. Economic and Social Organization of a Complex Chiefdom: The Halelea District, Kaua'i, Hawaii . University of Michigan Publications in Anthropology 63. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Edwards, I. E. S. 1972. "The Early Dynastic Period in Egypt." In The Camhridge Ancient History, ed. I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, and N. G. L. Hammond, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 1–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Elgin, Catherine Z. 1983. With Reference to Reference . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Emery, Walter B. 1949–58. Great Tombs of the First Dynasty . 3 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

———. 1954. Great Tombs of the First Dynasty . Vol. 2. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

———. 1961. Archaic Egypt . Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Erlich, Victor. 1965. Russian Formalism: History, Doctrine . The Hague: Mouton.

Faulkner, R. O. 1969. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts . 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Finkenstaedt, Elizabeth. 1984. "Violence and Kingship: The Evidence of the Palettes." ZAS 111:107–10.

Fischer, Henry G. 1958. "A Fragment of Late Predynastic Egyptian Relief from the Eastern Delta." Artihus Asiae 21:64–88.

———. 1986. L'Ecriture et l'art de l'Egypte ancienne . Paris: Collège de France.

Fodor, Jerry A. 1973. The Language of Thought . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Forster, E. M. 1927. Aspects of the Novel . New York: Harcourt Brace.

Frankfort, Henri. 1925. Studies in Early Pottery of the Near East . 2 vols. Royal Anthropological Institute Occasional Papers 6. London: Royal Anthropological Institute.

———. 1941. "The Origin of Monumental Architecture in Egypt." American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 58:329–58.

———. 1951. The Birth of Civilization in the Near East . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Freud, Sigmund. 1918. "From the Case History of an Infantile Neurosis." Trans. James Strachey. In Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey et al., vol. 17 (1952), pp. 7–122. London: Hogarth Press/Institute of Psycho-Analysis.

Fried, Michael. 1981. "Representing Representation: On the Central Group in Courbet's Studio ." In Allegory and Representation, ed. Stephen Greenblatt, pp. 94–127. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

———. 1987. Realism, Writing, Disfiguration: On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fried, Morton. 1967. The Evolution of Political Society . New York: Random House.

Gaballa, G. A. 1977. Narrative in Egyptian Art . Mainz-am-Rhein: Phillip von Zabern.

Gardiner, Alan H. 1938. "The House of Life." JEA 24:157–79.

Gardiner, Alan H., and Jaroslav Cerny^[*] . 1952–55. The Rock Inscriptions of Sinai . 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gasché, Rodolphe. 1986. The Tain of the Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Reflection . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Genette, Gérard. 1980. Narrative Discourse . Trans. Jane E. Lewin. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

———. 1988. Narrative Discourse Revisited . Trans. Jane E. Lewin. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

George, Beate. 1975. "Frühe Keramik aus Ägypten: Die dekorierte Negade II-Keramik im Medelhavsmuseet." Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin 10.

Gilbert, Pierre. 1949. "Fauves au long cou communs à l'art égyptien et à l'art sumérien." Chronique d'Egypte 22: 38–41.

Girard, René. 1978. "To Double Business Bound": Essays on Literature, Mimesis, and Anthropology . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Godelier, Maurice. 1986. The Mental and the Material . London: Verso.

Goodman, Nelson. 1949. "On Likeness of Meaning." Analysis 1:1–7.

———. 1972. Languages of Art: An Approach to the Theory of Symbols . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

———. 1978. Ways of Worldmaking . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

———. 1979. "Metaphor as Moonlighting." Critical Inquiry 6:125–30.

Greimas, A. J. 1966. Sémantique structurale . Paris: Larousse.

———. 1971. "Narrative Grammar: Units and Levels." Modern Language Notes 86: 793–806.

Groenewegen-Frankfort, Henrietta A. 1951. Arrest and Movement: An Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East . London: Faber and Faber.

———. 1970. " 'Narratives' in Ancient Egypt." Art News Annual 36:112–21.

Haas, Jonathan. 1982. The Prehistory of the State . New York: Columbia University Press.

Hall, Emma Swann. 1989. The Pharaoh Smites His Enemies . Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Munich: Münchner Ägyptologische Studien.

Hanfmann, George M. A. 1957. "Narration in Greek Art." AJA 61:71–78.

Harris, J. R. 1960. "A New Fragment of the Battlefield Palette." JEA 46:104–5.

Hassan, Fekri A. 1988. "The Predynastic of Egypt." Journal of World Prehistory 2: 135–85.

Hayes, William C. 1953. The Scepter of Egypt . Vol. 1. From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hellström, Pontus. 1970. The Rock. Drawings . 2 vols. Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia 1. Odense: Scandinavian University Books.

Hoffman, Michael. 1979. Egypt before the Pharaohs . New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

———. 1982. The Predynastic of Hierakonpolis: An Interim Report . Egyptian Studies Association Publication 1. Cairo: American University in Cairo.

Holland, Norman. 1975. Five Readers Reading . New Haven: Yale University Press.

Husserl, Edmund. 1970. Logical Investigations . Trans. J. N. Findlay. New York: Humanities Press.

Immerwahr, Sara. 1990. Aegean Painting in the Bronze Age . University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Iser, Wolfgang. 1978. The Act of Reading . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Iversen, Erik. 1975. Canon and Proportions in Egyptian Art . 2d ed. with Y. Shibata. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

Jameson, Fredric. 1981. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Janssen, J. J. 1978. "The Early State in Egypt." In The Early State, ed. Henri J. Claessen, pp. 213–34. The Hague: Mouton.

Jonnes, Denis. 1990. The Matrix of Narrative: Family Systems and the Semiotics of Story . Approaches to Semiotics 91. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Kaiser, Werner. 1956. "Stand und Problem der ägyptischen Vorgeschichtsforschung." ZAS 81:87–109.

———. 1957. "Zur Inneren Chronologie der Naqadakultur." Archaeologia Geographica 6:69–77.

———. 1964. "Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit, III: Die Reichseinigung." ZAS 91:86–125.

Kaiser, Werner, and Gunther Dreyer. 1982. "Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof." MDAIK 38:211–69.

Kantor, Helene J. 1942. "Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt." JNES 1:174–213.

———. 1944. "The Final Phase of Predynastic Culture: Gerzean or Semainean JNES 1:110–36.

———. 1952. "Further Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt." JNES 11:239–50.

———. 1957. "Narration in Egyptian Art." AJA 61:44–54.

———. 1965. "The Relative Chronology of Egypt and Its Foreign Correlations before the Late Bronze Age." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, ed. R. W. Ehrich, pp. 1–46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1974. "Ägypten." In Frühe Stufen der Kunst, ed. Jan Filip and Machteld Mellink, pp. 67–72. Propylaen Kunstgeschichte 13. Berlin: Propylaen Verlag.

Kaplony, Peter. 1966. Kleine Beiträge zu den Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

———. 1972. "Die ältesten Texte." In Texts et langages de l'Egypte pharaonique, vol. 2, pp. 3–13. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.

Kelley, Allyn L. 1974. "The Evidence for Mesopotamian Influence in Predynastic Egypt." Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities . 4:2–13.

Kemp, Barry J. 1973. "Photographs of the Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis." JEA 59:36–43.

———. 1982. "Automatic Analysis of Predynastic Cemeteries: A New Method for an Old Problem." JEA 68:5–15.

———. 1983. "Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686–1552 B.C. " In Bruce G. Trigger et al., Ancient Egypt: A Social History, pp. 71–182, 352–56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1989. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civillsation . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Klaus, Peter. 1982. "Description and Event in Narrative." Orbis Litterarum 37:201–16.

Klebs, Luise. 1915. Die Reliefs des Alten Reiches . Heidelberg: Winter.

———. 1922. Die Reliefs und Malereien des Mittleren Reiches . Heidelberg: Winter.

———. 1934. Die Reliefs und Malereien des Neuen Reiches . Heidelberg: Winter.

Kubler, George. 1962. The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things . New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1985. Studies in Ancient American Art: Collected Essays of George Kubler . Ed. Thomas F. Reese. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lee, Rensselaer W. 1940. " 'Ut Pictura Poesis': The Humanistic Theory of Painting." Art Bulletin 22:197–206.

Legge, F. 1900. "The Carved Slates from Hieraconpolis and Elsewhere." Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology 22:125–39.

Leroi-Gourhan, André. 1967. Treasures of Prehistoric Art . Trans. Norbert Guterman. New York: Harry N. Abrams.

———. 1986. The Dawn of European Art . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Levinson, Jerrold. 1979. "Defining Art Historically." BJA 29:232–50.

———. 1989. "Refining Art Historically." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47:21–33.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1971. L'Homme nu . Paris: Plon.

Lewis, David. 1967. Convention: A Philosophical Study . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1984. "Ideological Continuities in Prehistoric Southern Africa: The Evidence of Rock Art." In Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies, ed. Carmel Schrire, pp. 225–52. Orlando: Academic Press.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and T. A. Dowson. 1988. "The Signs of All Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic Art." Current Anthropology 29:201–45.

Lewis-Williams, J. D., and J. H. N. Loubser. 1986. "Deceptive Appearances: A Critique of Southern African Rock Art Studies." Advances in World Archaeology 5: 253–89.

Lingis, Alphonso. 1986. Phenomenological Explanations . Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer.

Lotman, Juri. 1975. "The Discrete Text and the Iconic Text." NLH 6:333–38.

Marin, Louis. 1988. Portrait of the King . Trans. Martha M. Houle (French ed., 1981), introd. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Marshack, Alexander. 1977. "The Meander as a System: The Analysis and Recognition of Iconographic Units in Upper Paleolithic Compositions." In Form in Indigenous Art: Schematisation in the Art of Aboriginal Australia and Prehistoric Europe, ed. Peter J. Ucko, pp. 286–317. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

Martin, Wallace. 1986. Recent Theories of Narrative . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Massoulard, Emile. 1949. La Préhistoire et protohistoire de l'Egypte . Travaux et mémoires de I'Institut d'ethnologie 53. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie.

Mathieu, Michel. 1977. "Analyse du récit." Poétique 30:226–59.

McNulty, J. Bard. 1989. The Narrative Art of the Bayeux Tapestry Master . New York: AMS Press.

Meillassoux, Claude. 1978. "The 'Economy' in Agricultural Self-Sustaining Societies." In Relations of Production, ed. D. Seddon, trans. Helen Lackner, pp. 127–58. London: Cass.

Meyer, Elizabeth. 1985. "Component Design as a Narrative Device in Amarna Tomb Art." In Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, ed. Herbert L. Kessler and Marianna Shreve Simpson, pp. 35–51. Studies in the History of Art 16. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art.

Meyer, Klaus-Heinrich. 1974. "Kanon, Komposition, und 'Metrik' der Narmerpalette." SAK 1: 247–65.

Millet, Nicholas B. 1990. "The Narmer Macehead and Related Objects." JARCE 27:53–59.

Mitchell, W. J. T. 1986. Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mode, Markus. 1984. "Frühes Vorderasien und frühes Ägypten: Motivgeschichtliche Berührungspunkte in der Kunst." Halle'sche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft 6: 11–35.

Morgan, Henri de. 1909. "L'Egypte primitiv (Suite)." Revue de l'Ecole d'anthropologie de Paris 19:263–81.

Morgan, Jacques de. 1896–97. Récherches sur les origines de l'Egypte . 2 vols. Paris: E. Leroux.

Mueller, Hans-Wolfgang, 1959. "Ein neues Fragment einer reliefgeschmückten Schminkpalette aus Abydos." ZAS 84:68–70.

Murnane, William J, 1987. "The Gebel Sheikh Suleiman Monument: Epigraphic Remarks." JNES 46:282–85.

Murray, Margaret A. 1905. Saqqara Mastabas I . London: B. Quaritch.

Myers, Oliver H. 1958. "Abka Re-Excavated." Kush 6:131–41.

———. 1960. "Abka Again." Kush 8:174–81.

Needler, Winifred. 1980. "Two Important Predynastic Graves from Henri De Morgan's Excavations." Bullétin de l'Association international pour l'étude de la préhistoire égyptienne 1:1–15.

———. 1984. Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum . Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum.

Newberry, Percy E. 1908. "The Petty-Kingdom of the Harpoon and Egypt's Earliest Port." Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 1:17–22.

O'Connor, David. 1990. "Egyptology and African Archaeology." In A History of African Archaeology, ed. Peter J. Robertshaw, pp. 236–51. London: John Currey.

Pager, Harald. 1989. The Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg . Pt. 1, Amis Gorge . 2 vols. Ed. Rudolph Kuper and Tilman Lenssen-Erz. Africa Praehistorica (Monographs on African Archaeology and Environment) 1. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.

Panofsky, Erwin. 1939. Studies in Iconology . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

———. 1960. Renaissance and 'Renascences' in Western Art . Copenhagen: Russak.

Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1932. Elements of Logic . Ed. C. Hartshorne and Paul Weiss. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Petrie, W. M. F. 1900–1901. Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty . 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

———. 1906. Researches in Sinai . London: J. Murray.

———. 1913. Tarkhan I and Memphis V . London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

———. 1920. Prehistoric Egypt . London: Egyptian Research Account.

———. 1921. Prehistoric Egypt Corpus . London: Egyptian Research Account.

———. 1927. Tombs of the Courtiers . London: Egyptian Research Account.

———. 1953. Ceremonial Slate Palettes and Corpus of Protodynastic Pottery . Ed. H. F. Petrie and M. A. Murray. London: Egyptian Research Account.

Petrie, W. M. F., and J. E. Quibell. 1896. Naqada and Ballas . London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Podro, Michael. 1992. "On Depiction and Metaphor." In Visual Theory, ed. Norman Bryson, Michael Ann Holly, and Keith Moxey (forthcoming).

Polanyi, Michael. 1970. "What Is a Painting?" BJA 10:225–36.

Pollini, John. 1992. "The Gemma Augustea: Ideology, Rhetorical Imagery, and the Creation of a Dynastic Narrative." In Narrative and Event in Ancient Art, ed. Peter Holliday. New York: Cambridge University Press (in press).

Porada, Edith. 1990. "The Earliest Seals and the Rise of Civilization." In Edith Porada, "Near Eastern Art, Mostly in Seals." Una's Lectures in the Humanities, University of California at Berkeley (unpublished lecture, February 27, 1990).

Porter, Bertha, and R. L. B. Moss. 1950. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings . Vol. 5, Upper Egypt . Oxford: Oxford University Press/Griffith Institute.

Prendergast, Christopher. 1986. The Order of Mimesis: Balzac, Stendhal, Nerval, Flaubert . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Prince, Gerald. 1987. A Dictionary of Narratology . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Quibell, J. E. 1905. Archaic Objects . Catalogue Générale des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire 23–24. Cairo: Institut francals d'archéologie orientale/Service des antiquités de l'Egypte.

Quibell, J. E., and F. W. Green. 1900–1901. Hierakonpolis . 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Ranke, Hermann. 1925. Alter und Herkunft der Löwenjagd Palette . Heidelberg: Winter.

Raphael, Max. 1949. Prehistoric Pottery and Civilization in Egypt . Bollingen Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ray, John D. 1986. "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt." World Archaeology 17:307–16.

Ricoeur, Paul. 1981. "Narrative Time." In On Narrative, ed. W. J. T. Mitchell, pp. 165–86. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1984. Time and Narrative . Trans. Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Riffaterre, Michael. 1990. Fictional Truths . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sagan, Eli. 1985. At the Dawn of Tyranny: The Origins of Individualism, Political Oppression, and the State . New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Saleh, J. M. 1987. "Rémarques sur les représentations de la peinture d'Hierakonpolis (tombe no. 100)." JEA 73:51–58.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1949. The Psychology of the Imagination . Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Free Press.

Scamuzzi, E. 1965. Egyptian Art in the Egyptian Museum of Turin . New York: Harry N. Abrams.

Schäfer, Heinrich. 1957. "Das Niederschlagen der Feinde." Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 54:168–76.

———. 1974. Principles of Egyptian Art . 4th ed. Ed. Emma Brunner-Traut, trans. J. R. Baines. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scharff, Alexander. 1929. Die Altertümer der Vor- und Frühzelt Ägyptens . Vol. 2. Mitteilungen aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung Staatliche Museen zu Berlin 5. Berlin: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.

Schott, Siegfried. 1950. Hieroglyphen: Untersuchungen zum Ursprung der Schrift . Abhand-lungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse 24. Wiesbaden: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Mainz).

Searle, John R. 1979. "What Is an Intentional State?" Mind 98:74–92.

Service, Elman R. 1975. The Origins of the State and Civilization . New York: Norton.

Smith, William Stevenson. 1949. A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom . 2d ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

———. 1965. Interconnections in the Ancient Near East . New Haven: Yale University Press.

———. 1981. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt . Rev. ed. William Kelly Simpson. The Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Spencer, A. J. 1980. Early Dynastic Objects . Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum 5. London: British Museum Publications.

Stewart, Andrew F. 1983. "Stesichoros and the François Vase." In Ancient Greek Art and Iconography, ed. Warren G. Moon, pp. 53–74. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

———. 1987. "Narrative, Genre, and Realism in the Work of the Amasis Painter." In Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World, pp. 29–42. Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum.

Tefnin, Roland. 1979. "Image et histoire: Refléxions sur l'usage documentaire de l'image égyptienne." Chronique d'Egypte 54:218–44.

———. 1981. "Image, écriture, récit: A propos des représentations de la bataille de Qadesh." GM 47:55–76.

———. 1983. "Discours et iconicité dans l'art égyptien." Annales d'histoire de l'art et d'archéologie 5:5–17.

Teissier, Beatrice. 1987. "Glyptic Evidence for a Connection between Iran, Syro-Palestine, and Egypt in the Fourth and Third Millennia." Iran 25:27–53.

Terrace, E. L. B., and Henry G. Fischer. 1970. Treasures from the Cairo Museum . London: Thames and Hudson.

Trigger, Bruce G. 1983. "The Rise of Egyptian Civilisation." In Bruce G. Trigger et al., Ancient Egypt: A Social History, pp. 1–70, 349–52, 365–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vandier, Jacques. 1952. Manuel d'archéologie égyptienne . Vol. 1, Les Epoques de formation . Paris: Picard.

———. 1964. Manuel d'archéologie égyptienne . Vol. 4, Bas-reliefs et peintures: Scènes de la vie quotidienne . Paris: Picard.

Van Dijk, Teun A. 1975. "Action, Action Description, and Narrative." NLH 6:273–97.

Vialou, Denis. 1981. L'Art pariétal en Ariège magdalénienne . 3 vols. Mémoires de la Laboratoire de paléontologie humaine et de préhistoire 13. Paris: Institut de paléontologie humaine.

———. 1982. "Niaux, une construction symbolique magdalénienne éxemplaire." Ars Praebistorica 1:19–45.

Vitoux, Pierre. 1982. "Le jeu de la focalisation. "Poétique 51:359–68.

Walton, Kendall L. 1990. Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Ward, William A. 1969. "The Supposed Asiatic Campaign of Narmer." Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut) 45:205–21.

Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society . Ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Weitzmann, Kurt. 1970. Illustrations in Roll and Codex: A Study of the Origin and Method of Text Illustration . 2d ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Weitzmann, Kurt, and Herbert L. Kessler. 1990. The Frescoes of the Dura Synagogue and Christian Art . Dumbarton Oaks Studies 28. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.

Wildung, Dietrich. 1981. Ägypten vor den Pyramiden: Münchner Ausgrahungen in Ägypten . Mainz-am-Rhein: Phillip von Zabern.

Williams, Bruce. 1986. Excavations between Abu Simhel and the Sudan Frontier . Pt. 1, The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul: Cemetery L . Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1988a. Decorated Pottery and the Art of Naqada III . Mürichner Ägyptologische Studien 45. Munich: Münchner Ägyptologische Studien.

———. 1988b. "Narmer and the Coptos Colossi. " JARCE 25:35–59.

Williams, Bruce, and Thomas J. Logan. 1987. "The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer." JNES 46:245–84.

Williams, Caroline Ransom. 1932. The Decoration of the Tomb of Per-Neb: The Technique and the Color Conventions . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Winkler, Hans A. 1937–38. The Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypts . 2 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Winter, Irene J. 1981. "Royal Rhetoric and the Development of Historical Narrative in Neo-Assyrian Reliefs." Studies in Visual Communication 7:2–38.

———. 1985. "After the Battle Is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East." In Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, ed. Herbert L. Kessler and Marianna Shreve Simpson, pp. 11–32. Studies in the History of Art 16. Washington, D. C.: National Gallery of Art.

———. 1987. "Legitimation of Authority through Image and Legend: Seals Belonging to Officials in the Administrative Bureaucracy of the Ur III State." In The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East, ed. McGuire Gibson and Robert D. Biggs, pp. 69–106. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wollheim, Richard. 1987. Painting as an Art . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Wolterstorff, Nicholas. 1981. Works and Worlds of Art . Oxford: Clarendon.

Wood, David. 1989. The Deconstruction of Time . Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Yadin, Yigael. 1955. "The Earliest Record of Egypt's Military Penetration into Asia? (Some Aspects of the Narmer Palette, the 'Desert Kites,' and Mesopotamian Seal Cylinders)." Israel Exploration Journal 5:1–16.