1. Quoted in Robert Lestrange, Les Animaux dans la littérature et dans r'histoire (Gap: Ophrys, 1937), 135-136. Told to Gaston Picard, "for the readers of Nouvelles littéraires, " by Georges Payele, the first honorary president of the Cour des Comptes and one of the six young men selected as Hugo's pallbearers at the national funeral on 1 June 1885 (Lestrange, Les Animaux, 135).

2. For M. Cheval's statement see Bulletin 19 (1874): 397, and on 386 one by a cemetery keeper, which first appeared in Le Figaro. For a discussion of the governing council, see the Bulletin 20 (1875): 7, 13, and a member's comment on 277-278. For Chéri's death see Bulletin 21 (1876): 53-54.

3. See Michael W. Fox, Understanding Your Dog (New York: Bantam, 1981). Konrad Lorenz, King Solomon's Ring, trans. M. K. Wilson (New York: Harper, 1979), 118-119.

4. Quoted in Lestrange, Les Animaux, 137.

5. Bulletin 17 (1872): 349; A. Mahé de la Bourdonnais, Le Chien: L'ami de r'homme (Paris, 1893), 6; Jean Robert, Le Chien d'appartement et d'utilité: Education, dressage, hygiène, maladies (Paris, 1888), 122. See also Jean Robert and L. Fortin, Les Chiens: Chiens de luxe et d'utilité, chiens de chasse, nomenclature, description, élevage, hygiène, et maladies (Paris, 1898); Henri Lautard, Zoopbilie ou sympathie envers les animaux: Psychologie du chien, du chat, du cheval (Paris, 1909), 114; le baron de Vaux, Notre Ami le chien (Paris, 1897), 4.

6. "Car l'oeil a sa langue, surtout quand il s'éteint" (Bulletin 1 [1855]: 236). The poem "Mon Dernier Coup de fusil," also known as "La Mort d'un che-vreuil," was recited by Lamartine at the society's annual meeting and reported in Bulletin 21 (1876); the quote is from 236.

7. Lestrange, Les Animaux, 137; Robert, Chien d'appartement, 61.

8. Lestrange, Les Animaux, 129; Aurélien Scholl, preface to Vaux, Notre Ami le chien, xviii, xix.

9. Vaux, Notre Ami le chien, 196-198.

10. For French hunting laws in the nineteenth century see La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris, 1886-1902), s.v. "chasse."

11. Jean-Claude Schmitt, The Holy Greyhound: Guinefort, Healer of Children since the Thirteenth Century, trans. M. Thom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 138.

12. For the enduring importance of the aristocracy in the nineteenth century see Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York: Pantheon, 1981).

13. Scholl, preface, Notre Ami le chien, xvii, xviii; le comte de Bony de la Vergne, Les Chiens (Metz, 1858), 13.

14. Lestrange, Les Animaux, 123.

15. Oscar Honoré, Le Coeur des bêtes (Paris, 1863), 40; Honoré's summary of the story is on 36-37.

16. See, for instance, Bulletin 9 (1863): 365: "he who stays when the others depart, he who by his tenderness in the face of all life's trials consoles the man who is unhappy and who would have precluded the cry of the afflicted Ovid, 'solus eris, you will be alone,' if Ovid had had a dog near him, when he wrote his Trirtia in exile." Also see the Bulletin 12 (1866): 231.

17. The most famous faithful British dog may be Bobby of Greyfriars' churchyard who for fourteen years after his master's death until his own in 1872 spent his days and nights mourning on his master's grave, leaving only for brief periods to satisfy his hunger.

18. Bulletin 20 (1875): 435-436.

19. For examples see Bulletin 2 (1856): 227, which describes a dog who dies on his owner's grave; Bulletin 24 (1879): 346, which describes a dog who attempts to dig his owner out of the grave; Bulletin 17 (1872): 72, a dog who dies on the doorstep of the hospital; and Bulletin 7 (1861): 175, a dog who, after "paying his last respects to his master," returns home to die. Henri Blatin in Nos Cruautés envers les animaux (Paris, 1867), 105-106, describes how the vigil of a starving dog on the banks of the Seine near where his master committed suicide is broken when the dog is taken to the pound. The Société protectrice des animaux decides to rescue the faithful dog from the pound where he would certainly be destroyed. When representatives of the society arrive there, however, they discover that they are too late: "[he] has gone to rejoin his master."

20. On the importance of Larousse's Grand Dictionnaire see Pascal Ory, "Le 'Grand Dictionnaire' de Pierre Larousse," in Pierre Nora, ed., La République, vol. 1 of Les Lieux de Mémoire (Paris: Gallimard, 1984). For the chien du Louvre see Pierre Larousse, LeGrand Dictionnaire universel (Paris, 1865-1890), s.v. "chien." John Russell mentions Médor, le chien du Louvre, in his Paris (New York: Abrams, 1983), 98.

21. Bulletin 21 (1876): 53-54. For comments on other canine suicides see Bulletin 21 (1876): 128; and Mme Charles Boeswillwald, Le Chien de luxe: Comment élever, dresser, et soigner nos chiens (Paris, 1907), 65, which illustrates the prototypical faithful dog who "threw himself in despair from the third floor during a long absence of his master."

22. "So many times superior to humanity itself," for example, as an anonymous contributor noted in a society journal, La Vieélégante 1 (1880); Vaux, Notre Ami le chien, 2.

23. Reprinted in Bulletin 20 (1875): 344-345. Bateaux-mouches were introduced during the 1867 exposition.

24. Bulletin 20 (1875): 345.

25. Version one is in Oscar Honoré, Le Coeur des bêtes (Paris, 1863), 59-60. Version two appears in A. L. A. Fée, Les Misères des animaux (Paris, 1863), 67. For variations see Bulletin 19 (1874): 212; in this version the nearly drowned dog returns home to the master who tried to kill him.

26. Mine F. H. Jobert, trans., Jocelyn: An Episode, Journal Found at the House of a Village Curé (Paris and London, 1837), 347. The excerpt from Jocelyn is quoted also in Lestrange, Les Animaux, 139-140.

27. Bulletin 20 (1875): 391. On Argus see also Société du jardin zoologique d'acclimatation du bols de Boulogne, Exposition universelle des races canines de 1865: Catalogue des chiens exposés (Paris, 1865), 5. See also Lautard, Zoophilie, 90.

28. Quoted in Lestrange, Les Animaux, 136. Dated 12 July 1855, no. 18 from book 3 of Le Livre lyrique: La destinée.

29. Lestrange, Les Animaux, 140.

30. Dossier Durand, le cimetière des chiens, Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand.

31. Dossier Durand, le cimetière des chiens; Lucien Richard, Annuaire Richard pour 1898: Chiens célèbres et céiéns de célébrités (Paris, 1898), 70.

32. Lautard, Zoopbilie, 105; Richard Thomson also notes the prevalence of this theme ("'Les Quat' Partes': The Image of the Dog in Late Nineteenth-Century. French Art," Art History 5, no. 3 [September 1982]: 323-337).

33. Blatin, Nos Cruautés, 95.

34. Bulletin 10 (1864): 295-296.

35. Charles Baudelaire, The Parisian Prowler: Le spleen de Paris, petits poèmes en prose, trans. Edward K. Kaplan (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 126.

36. Walter Benjamin, "Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century," in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, trans. Edmund Jephcott, ed. Peter Demetz (New York: Harvest, 1978).

37. The barbet is a type of poodle from which the French poodle developed in the nineteenth century; see chapter five. The story ends with the comment, "A complete recovery is expected" (Bulletin 5 [1859]: 340). Honoré also notes the story (Le Coeur des b ê tes, 18).

38. The event was reported in Le Figaro of 15 April 1872; see Bulletin 17 (1872): 165.

39. Aaron H. Karcher, "Are Companion Animals Good for Your Health?" Aging Magazine, September-October 1982, 7.

40. E. Leroy, L'Enfance du chien (Paris, 1896).

41. In La Curée, for example, Zola presents the villainous Saccard enjoying the prospect of modernization (Emile Zola, Les Romans d'Emile Zola: La Curée [Lausanne: Henri Guillermin, 1961], 4:125-126).

42. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, Pages from The Goncourt Journal, ed. and trans. Robert Baldick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 18-19:

After reading Edgar Allan Poe. Something the critics have not noticed: a new literary world, pointing to the literature of the twentieth century. . .. Something monomaniacal. Things playing a more important part than people; love giving way to deductions and other sources of ideas, style, subject, and interest . . .
16 July 1856