Index
A
Abalone fishing, 187 n. 1
Acapulco, 14 , 15
Acosta de Hollman, Micaela, 108
Adoption of children, 108 , 111 , 113 , 122 , 124 –125
Aguílar, Carmen, 69 , 70
Aguílar, Javier (Thomas Smith), 66
Almenares, Juana, 71 , 72
Alta California, 4 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 28 , 33 , 35 , 169 , 170 ;
map of, 17 .
See also names of individual locations
Alvarado, Pedro, 186 n. 7
Alvarez, Abel, 129
Alvarez, Antonio, 125
Alvarez, Beatrice, 125
Alvarez, Mercedes, 125
Alvarez, Roberto, 125
Alvarez, Roberto, versus Lemon Grove School Board, 155
Alvarez, Ursino, 76 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 98 , 103 , 107 , 125
Alvarez family, 57 , 73 , 107 , 110 , 111 , 118 , 125 , 129 , 138 , 142 , 154
Alvarez Smith, Guadalupe, 159
Amazons, 12 , 13 , 14 , 185 n. 5
American interests and investments, 29 –30, 35 , 37 , 52 , 163 , 188 nn. 7, 9
Americanization programs, 152
American Land and Cattle Company, 36
Apex families, 119 , 132 –138, 144 , 192 n. 2
Apex individuals, 136 , 138 –141, 144
Arce de Sotelo, Angelina, 72 , 125 , 134 –135
Arce family, 67
Arizona, 187 n. 5
B
Baptisms, 49 , 107 , 135 , 139 , 158 , 160 , 189 n. 1
Baegert Johann Jakob (Jesuit missionary), 11
Baja California, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 24 , 25 ;
allegiance to, 4 , 6 , 156 (see also Nationality; Patriotism);
cape region, 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 23 , 28 , 33 , 40 , 41 , 56 ;
climate of, 6 , 7 , 10 –12, 13 , 18 , 24 , 32 ;
colonization of, 6 ;
demographics of, 30 , 188 –189 n. 12;
desert zone of, 7 , 8 , 10 , 12 ;
discovery of, 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 ;
exploration of, 12 –16, 20 , 23 ;
foreign interests
and investments in, 25 –26, 27 , 28 , 29 –30, 32 , 35 , 163 , 169 , 188 n. 6;
frontera (see Frontera);
geography of, 6 , 7 –10, 12 , 13 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 32 ;
during gold rush, 27 –28, 38 , 188 n. 7;
map of, 9 , 17 ;
mountains of, 7 , 8 , 51 –52, 63 , 64 ;
northwestern zone of (see Frontera);
occupation of, by U.S., 26 ;
population of, 10 , 18 , 36 , 37 , 44 , 53 , 67 ;
Spanish settlement of, 6 , 8 , 10 (see also Settlement);
during U.S.-Mexican War, 26 –27.
See also names of individual locations
Baja California Sur, 10 , 21
Bareño, Enrique, 112 , 115
Bareño, Francisca, 112
Bareño, Juan, 112
Bareño, Luis, 112
Bareño, Manuel, 112
Bareño, Miguel, 112 , 115 , 120
Bareño family, 110 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 191 n. 8
Barretero (miner), 33 , 34 . See also Mines
Bay of La Paz, 8 , 14
Becerra, Alfredo, 149
Becerra, Francisco, 131
Becerra, Vicente, 80 , 149 –150
Becerra family, 57 , 111
Bernardo Reyes, El (steamer), 90 , 91
Bias against Mexican-Americans, 152 –156
Binationality, 164
Birthdays, 49 , 139 , 158
Blacksmithing, 87 , 90
Blackwell family, 57 , 86
Bolume, Guadalupe, 76 , 79 , 80 , 139 –141, 149 –150
Bolume family, 31 , 57 , 73 , 76 , 79 , 81 , 100 , 133 , 140
Bonilla, Guadalupe, 142
Bonilla, Paula, 142
Bonilla, Paulina, 142
Bonilla, Sarah, 142
Bonilla family, 118 , 141 –142, 143
Border control, 101 , 102 , 103 , 170 . See also Immigration policy, U.S.
Brown, Kenneth, 91 –92
Bureau of Biological Survey, USDA, 189 n. 1
C
Cabo San Lucas, 3 , 10 , 15 , 46
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, 15
Cactus, 7 , 10 , 51 , 63
Calexico, 36 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 82 , 84 , 86 , 95 , 98 , 100 , 103 –104, 105 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 119 –120, 121 , 122 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 141 , 149
Calmallí, 33 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 50 –55, 56 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 71 , 73 , 77 , 79 , 80 –81, 82 , 83 , 84 , 94 , 125 , 131 , 133 , 149 , 190 n. 9, 191 n. 7;
discovery of, 52 ;
mines in, 43 , 50 , 51 , 52 –53, 57 , 58 , 64 , 73 –76, 77 , 80 –81, 84 ;
social relations in, 51
Campo, 103 , 133
Cananea, 33 , 113 , 138 , 171
Capataz (gang leader in mines), 34 , 75 , 81
Cape zone, 7 , 10 , 23 , 28 , 33 , 40 , 41 , 56 ;
climate in, 11 , 12
Caravana, Juan, 187 n. 12
Carmelites, 186 n. 9
Castellanos, Abel, 80 , 125 , 131
Castellanos, Alicia, 143
Castellanos, Angelina, 143
Castellanos, Espiridiona, 80
Castellanos, Francisca (Panchita) 80 , 82 , 108 , 125 , 161
Castellanos, Gloria, 143
Castellanos, Jesus, 76 , 80 , 131 , 150
Castellanos, Juana, 80 , 108 , 125 , 130 , 161
Castellanos, María del Rosario, 71 ,
72 , 190 n. 7
Castellanos, Narcisso (Chicho), 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 –76, 79 –80, 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 90 , 92 , 104 , 122 , 124 , 125 , 134 , 149 , 161 , 190 n. 7
Castellanos, Ramona, 71 , 72 , 76 , 79 , 80 , 159 , 107 , 118 , 125 , 129 , 159
Castellanos, Ricardo, 83 , 161
Castellanos, Roberto, 143 , 159
Castellanos, Tiburcio, 71 , 72 , 83 , 125 , 135 , 137 , 139 , 143 , 149 , 161
Castellanos family, 31 , 50 , 51 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 66 , 71 –73, 76 , 77 , 79 –81, 82 –84, 90 , 94 , 103 , 104 , 106 , 108 , 111 , 118 , 122 , 125 , 129 , 133 , 135 , 138 , 142 , 143 , 145 , 149 , 154 , 161
Castellanos-Sotelo family, 135 , 136 , 138 , 139 , 143
Castro, Jesus, 106
Cattle raising, 38 , 39 , 53
Cavendish, Thomas, 16
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), 155
Cedros Island, 8 , 16 , 92
Centralizing women, 136 , 138
Central Valley, 46
Cermeño, Sebastian Rodriguez de, 15
Ceseña, Daniel, 108
Ceseña, Eugenio, 106
Ceseña, Manuel, 106
Ceseña, Nicolás, 105 , 106 –107, 129 , 150
Ceseña family, 106 –107, 111 , 118 , 129 , 142
Charles V, of Spain, 13
Chartered Company of Lower California, 30
Chavez, Luisa, 106 , 129
Child rearing, 56 , 57
Chubascos (tropical cyclones), 11 , 185 n. 2
Chula Vista, 160
Citrus orchards, 127 , 155 , 156 , 160
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 155
Climate, 6 , 7 , 10 –12, 13 , 18 , 24 , 32
Coal mines, 31 , 32 , 187 n. 6
Colima, 13 , 185 n. 5
Collin family, 67
Comondú, 2 , 3 , 28 , 30 , 55 , 66 –67, 71 , 77 , 79 , 86 , 106 , 110 , 120 , 135 , 138 , 142 , 150
Compadrazgo (godparenthood), 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 56 , 59 , 76 , 79 , 80 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 104 , 105 , 107 , 110 , 115 , 117 , 131 , 133 , 135 –136, 138 , 139 , 142 , 152 , 157 –158, 189 n. 1
Compadres (coparents), 189 n. 1
Company mines, 24 , 38 , 74 –75
Confianza (trust), 57 –59, 104 , 105 , 134 , 136
Constraint-choice model, 166 –167
Contracted labor (Enganchados ), 46 , 111 , 112 , 191 –192 n. 8
Convention of American Mining Engineers (1901), 188 n. 6
Cooper, George, 190 n. 9
Copper mines, 33 , 92
Cortéz, Hernán, 12 , 13 –14, 185 n. 4, 185 –186 n. 5, 186 nn. 7, 9
Cortéz de Buenaventura, Francisco, 185 –186 n. 5
Cotton industry, 35 , 36 , 45 , 96 , 103 , 110 , 111 –112, 121 , 190 n. 6
Cristábal de Olid (Tehuantepec), 13 , 28
D
Davis, William G., 166
Demographics, 30 , 188 –189 n. 12. See also Population
Depression (economic), 152 –155
Deserts, 7 , 11 , 33 , 82
Desert zone, 7 , 8 , 10 ;
climate in, 12 ;
gold mines in, 10
Díaz, Melchior (sixteenth-century explorer), 15
Díaz, Porfirio, 29 –30, 38 , 187 n. 6, 188 n. 8. See also Porfiriato
Disease, 10
Ditch digging, 91
Dolores del Sur, 28
Dominicans, 21
Drake, Sir Francis, 16
Drew family, 30 , 67
Dyads (dyadic relations), 57 –58, 144
E
El Alamo, 34 , 43 , 51 , 84 –86
El Barril, 53
El Boleo, 30 , 32 , 65 , 93 , 138
El Cajon, 68 –69, 90 , 92 , 93 , 120 , 129
El Camino Real (King's Highway), 7 , 21 , 23 , 28 , 53 , 82 , 84 , 169
El Marmol, 34 , 43 , 72 , 81 , 83 –84
El Palmar, 64
El Rosario, 8 , 11 , 73 , 79 , 82 , 84
El Triunfo, 57 , 61 , 62 , 69
Empalme, 171
Endogamy, 98
Enganchados (contracted labor), 111 , 112 , 191 –192 n. 8
Ensenada, 2 , 11 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 83 , 84 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 98 , 106 , 108 , 119 , 124 , 126 , 127 , 131 , 145 , 188 n. 11, 189 n. 12
Espinosa, Faracisco, 122
Espinoza, Antonio, 66
Espinoza, Ramon, 131
Estrada, José, 69 , 72
Estrada, José, Jr., 69
Estrada family, 72
Exploration, 12 –16, 20 , 23
Exploration routes, 186 n. 5
F
Family, role of, in migration, 1 –2, 4 –5, 42 –43, 44 , 78 –79, 94 , 165 , 170 . See also Network formation
Farming, 89
Farm labor, 48 , 79 , 84 , 100 , 106 , 120 , 155 , 156 , 157
Fernandez, Antonio, 138
Fernandez de Simpson, Sarah, 135 –136
Fernandez de Smith, Flora, 135
Fernandez family, 135
Fierro, Pancho, 63
"Filibustering," 27 , 149 , 187 n. 3
Fischer, Claude S., 166 –167, 192 n. 1
Flora and Fauna, 7 , 8 , 10 , 51 , 63 , 67
Flores, Hale, and Company, 30
Flour mills, 89
Foreign interests and investments, 25 –26, 27 , 28 , 29 –30, 32 , 35 , 163 , 169 , 188 n. 6
Foundries, 87 . See also Smelters
Franciscans, 20 , 186 n. 9
Fresno, 120
Frontera, 7 , 8 , 15 , 21 , 23 , 82 , 94 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 103 –105, 126 –127, 130 , 131 , 132 , 136 , 144 , 148 , 149 , 169 ;
climate of, 11 ;
development of, 35 –39;
employment in, 100 ;
map of, 102 ;
migration to, 106 –117;
mobility in, 104 , 107 ;
settlement of, 95 , 96 , 101 , 103 , 107 –108, 118 , 119 (see also Settlement);
Spanish influence on culture of, 39
Funerals, 42 , 49 , 139 , 158 , 160 –161
G
Gadsden Purchase, 187 n. 5
Gambling, 37
Garcia, Presentacion, 69
Gastelum de Ceseña, Josefa, 108
Gastelum de Hollman, Eulogia, 108 , 110
Gaxiola de Castellanos, Cleofas, 71 , 72 , 79 –80, 82 , 83 , 84 , 122 , 124 , 134 , 190 n. 7
Gaxiola family, 71 , 77
Geography, 6 , 7 –10, 12 , 13 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 32
Godparenthood, 3 , 41 , 45 , 48 , 49 . See also Compadrazgo
Goldbaum, David, 52 , 53 , 85
Goldman, G. A., 189 n. 1
Gold mines, 10 , 13 , 31 , 34 , 38 , 42 , 52 –53, 74 –75
Gold rush, 27 –28, 38 , 85 , 188 n. 7
Gomez family, 98 , 136
Gonzales, Guadalupe. 80
Gonzales de Fernandez, Balvina, 138
Gonzales de Sotelo, Refugio, 136 , 138 –139
Gonzales family, 57 , 129 , 154
Gonzales-Nuñez family, 142
Goodenough, Ward H., 97
Granite, 7 , 8 , 63
Green family, 30 , 67 , 148
Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty signed at, 26
Guadalupe Island, 8
Guatemala City, 192 n. 2
Guaymas, 30 , 46 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 113 , 138 , 171
Guerrero (Pedro Alvarez Chico), 13
Guerrero Negro, 185 n. 1
Guilin family, 129 , 142
Gulf Coast Desert, 8
Gulf of California, 4 , 7 , 13 , 15
Guzmán (sixteenth-century explorer), 13 –14
H
Holidays, 49 , 139
Hollman, Bernardo, 108 , 109 , 110
Hollman, Chicho, 97
Hollman, Federico, 191 n. 5
Hollman, José, 108 , 191 n. 5
Hollman, Josefa, 108 , 109
Hollman, Marcos, 103 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 191 n. 5
Hollman, Sarah, 108
Hollman, Victor, 108 , 109 , 191 n. 5
Hollman family, 103 , 105 , 107 –110, 111
Hoover, Herbert, 152
Horse racing, 37
Horton, Alonzo, 99
Howard, Charlie, 67 , 77 , 78
I
Ibarra, Emiliano, 52 , 53
Ibarra Gold Mining Company, 52 –53
Ideology, 148 –150
Immigration policy, U.S., 47 , 101 –104, 151 , 152 , 170 , 189 n. 2, 191 nn. 2, 3
Imperial Valley, 35 , 36 , 45 , 46 , 111 , 153
Incorporation, 119 , 141 –144
Indians, 10 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 169 , 186 n. 9, 187 n. 12
Indies, 13 , 168 –169
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (Wobblies), 148 , 149 , 192 n. 4
Intermarriage, 30 , 35 , 47 , 49 , 81 , 96 , 131 , 141 , 142 , 144 , 145 , 152 , 157 , 160 . See also Marriage
International Company of Mexico, 30 , 33 , 36
Investors, American, 29 –30. See also American interests and investments; Foreign interests and investments
Iron mines, 31 , 187 n. 6
Irrigation, 36
Isthmus of Panama, 28
J
Jacumba, 103
Jesuits, 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 169 , 171 , 186 n. 9
Jesus María, 28
Jiménez, Ortuno, 14
Juárez, Benito, 29 , 188 n. 8
Julio César, 34 , 43 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 149
K
Kin, 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 118 . See also Family; Network formation
Kino, Eusebio Francisco, 18 , 19 , 187 n. 11
Kin ties. See Network formation
L
La Bomba, 115
Labor:
for collecting wood, 34 , 70 , 77 , 85 , 120 ;
contracted, 46 , 111 , 112 , 191 –192 n. 8;
in cotton industry (see Cotton industry);
for digging ditches, 91 ;
farm, 48 , 79 , 84 , 100 , 106 , 120 , 155 , 156 , 157 ;
migrant, 3 , 33 ;
in the mines, 33 –35, 53 , 61 –62, 63 (see also Mines);
in tourist industry, 37 ;
unskilled, 100 , 120 ;
Yaqui, 33
La Concepción, 186 n. 10
Lafaye, Jacques, 171
Laguna Chapala, 84
Laguna Mountains, 120
Lakeside, 131
La Mesa, 125
Land booms, 35 , 37 , 38 , 99 , 157 , 160
Land grants, 30 , 188 n. 8
Land investments, 36
La Palmilia, 107 , 191 n. 4
La Pasita (steamer), 115
La Paz, 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 28 , 33 , 45 , 57 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 71 , 186 n. 9, 190 n. 7
La Purisma Concepción, 20
Larrinagos family, 86
Las Flores, 33 , 43 , 51 , 55 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 77 , 86 , 125 , 133 , 149 , 191 n. 7
Las Flores Company, 63
Las Rosas family, 113
Las Tres Vírgenes, 8
Lemon Grove, 41 , 48 , 106 , 107 , 118 , 119 , 121 , 126 , 127 –132, 134 , 138 , 141 –142, 145 , 149 , 151 –157, 159 –160, 161 , 162 , 166 , 167 ;
citrus orchards of, 127 , 155 , 156 , 160 ;
during Depression, 152 –155;
employment in, 127 –128, 155 , 156 , 157 ;
school segregation attempts in, 153 –155;
unions in, 156
Lemon Grove Neighbors Committee, 153
Leñadores (wood collectors), 34 , 70 , 77 , 85 , 120
Lieras, Pepe, 107 , 140
Lieras family, 105 , 107 , 118 , 129 , 142
Livestock breeding, 20
Logan Heights, 157 , 158 , 160
Lomnitz, Larissa, 98
Lopez family, 76
Loreto, 2 , 3 , 10 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 30 , 45 , 57 , 61 , 66 , 67 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 169 , 187 n. 12
Loreto, Nuestra Señora de, 19
Los Angeles, 38 , 90 , 99 , 138 , 153
Lower California Colonization and Mining Company, 31
M
McIntosh family, 30
McKinley Tariff Act, 32
McLish family, 30 , 67 , 148
Magdalena, 11
Magdalena Bay, 16 , 25 , 30 , 33 , 187
Magdalena Plain, 8
Magellan, Ferdinand, 13
Maneadero, 2 , 84 , 131
Manila galleon, 12 , 15 –16, 27 , 71 , 169 , 186 n. 8
Manriquez, Teresa, 61
Manzanillo, 63
Marquez, Doroteo, 61 , 66 , 89 , 90
Marquez, Loreto, 19 , 52 , 58 , 61 –66, 73 –76, 77 , 80 , 83 –84, 86 –94, 106 , 133 , 192 n. 3
Marquez, Nicolas, 19 , 61
Marquez family, 31 , 50 , 55 , 57 , 60 ,
61 –66, 71 , 73 , 76 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 88 , 92 , 94 , 111 , 133
Marriage, 2 , 3 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 56 , 59 , 79 , 80 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 104 , 105 , 110 , 117 , 131 , 133 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 142 , 145 , 157 , 158 , 164 . See also Intermarriage
Martinez, Ramon, 98
Martyrs of Japan, 186 n. 10
Mazatlán, 28 , 46 , 63 , 64
Mendoza, Antonio de, 14 , 186 n. 7
Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de, 14
Mesa, Antonia, 77
Mesa, Juana, 78 –79, 84
Mesa, Levorio, 113 , 115 , 121 –122
Mesa, Maria, 66
Mesa, Salvador, 78 –79, 84
Mesa de Bareño, Berta, 112 , 115 , 120 , 121
Mesa de Ceseña, Hirginia, 79 , 84 , 131
Mesa de Espinoza, Paula, 78 , 84 , 131
Mesa de Romero, Martina, 77 , 103 , 112 –113, 115 , 121 –122
Mesa de Smith, Apolonia, 67 , 69 , 70 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 84 , 85 –86, 87 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 135 , 120 , 121 , 135
Mesa family, 67 , 77 , 78 –79, 84 , 122 , 129 , 131 , 135 , 138
Mesa-Smith family, 50 , 60 , 66 –71, 79 , 131 , 138 , 139
Mexicali, 4 , 35 –36, 37 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 73 , 86 , 95 , 96 , 98 , 103 –104, 108 , 119 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 134 , 145 , 149 , 157
Mexicali Valley, 110 , 111 , 112 , 115 , 126 , 190 n. 6
Mexicanidad,133 , 148 , 192 n. 1. See also Nationality; Patriotism
Mexican Information Bureau, London, 188 n. 6
Mexican Land and Colonization Company, 31
Mexican revolution, 103 , 108 , 115 , 141 , 192 n. 4
Mexico, 3 , 4 , 7 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 –30, 31 , 141 , 145 , 149 , 156 , 162 , 164 , 169 , 170 , 172 , 187 n. 3;
economic conditions in, 163 ;
French occupation of, 29 , 188 n. 7;
at war with U.S., 26 –27, 31 .
See also Baja California
Mexico City, 13 , 98 , 188 n. 6
Migrant labor, 3 , 33
Migration, reasons for, 26 , 45 , 67 , 81 , 82 , 94 , 111 , 115 , 119 , 127 , 163 , 165 –166, 168 , 169 ;
role of family in, 1 –2, 4 –5, 42 –43, 44 , 78 –79, 94 , 165 , 170
Migration routes, 15 , 18 , 169 . See also El Camino Real
Mines, 3 , 4 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 –35, 36 , 43 , 61 , 62 , 81 , 85 –86, 163 , 187 –188 n. 6, 188 nn. 7, 9, 10 , 190 n. 6;
in Calmallí, 43 , 50 , 51 , 52 –53, 57 , 58 , 64 , 73 –76, 77 , 80 –81, 84 ;
class system evolving through, 35 ;
coal, 31 , 32 , 187 n. 6;
company, 34 , 38 , 74 –75;
copper, 33 , 92 ;
gold, 10 , 13 , 31 , 34 , 38 , 42 , 52 –53, 74 –75;
iron, 31 , 187 n. 6;
labor for, 33 –35, 53 , 61 –62, 63 ;
as motivation for migration, 33 –34;
for nonferrous metals, 31 , 187 n. 6;
onyx, 83 ;
quartz, 85 ;
silver, 31 , 34 , 74 , 187 n. 6, 190 n. 4;
as way of life for migrants, 33 , 34 , 94
Missionaries, 10 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 169 , 171 , 186 n. 9, 192 n. 9. See also Missions; individual names of orders
Missions, 18 , 19 –20, 22 , 25 , 169 , 171 . See also Missionaries
Mitchell, J. Clyde, 55
Moeller and Company, 30
Moluccas (Spice Islands), 13
Montejano, Narcisso, 108
Monterey, 21 , 23
Moore, Maria, 125
Moore family, 57
Moorehead, Joseph, 27
Mountains, 7 , 8 , 51 –52, 63 , 64
Mulegé 30 , 55 , 63 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 190 n. 7
N
National City, 160
Nationality, 148 –149
Nayarit, 185 n. 5
Nelson, E. W., 51 –52, 85 , 189 n. 1
Network formation, 162 –167;
Calmallí phase of, 40 –41, 42 –43, 50 –94;
Lemon Grove phase of, 41 , 48 –49, 118 –150;
San Diego-Calexico phase of, 41 , 43 –47, 95 –117
New Mexico, 187 n. 5
New Spain, 12 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 186 nn. 7, 8
Nogales, 138 , 171
Northwestern zone. See Frontera
Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur, 20
Nuñez de Lieras, Antonia, 107
Nuñez family, 118 , 129
O
Oaxaca (Pedro de Alvarado), 13 , 31
Ojo de Liebre, 28
Onyx mines, 83
Otondo y Antillon, Isidro, 18
Otter hunting, 24 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 35 , 38
Our Lady of Guadalupe, 20
Oyos, Guillermo, 143
Oyos, Lorraine, 143
Oyos, Ramon, 143
Oyos family, 141 , 143
P
Padrimos de bautismo,135 . See also Baptisms; Compadrazgo
Palo blanco wood, 114 , 192 n. 9
Panama, 28
Panamalgamation, 31
Parentesco (family sentiment), 95 , 96 –98, 132 , 136 , 152
Parientes (kin), 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 118
Patriotism, 148 –149
Pedro Alvarez Chico (Guerrero), 13
Pedro de Alvarado (Oaxaca), 13 , 31
Peninsula. See Baja California
Peru, 169
Philippines, 13 , 15 , 27 , 169 , 186 n. 8
Pichilingue, 16
Pícolo, Francisco María, 19 , 20
Pindray, Charles de, 27
Piscas (fruit-picking migrations), 33
Population, 10 , 18 , 36 , 37 , 44 , 53 , 67
Porfiriato, 29 , 31 , 35 , 40 . See also Díaz, Porfirio
Portugal, 13 , 186 n. 6
Pozo Alemán, 57 , 190 n. 9
Prohibition, 37
Punta Prieta, 34 , 43 , 51 , 84 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 92
Purisima, 28
Q
Quartz mining, 85
R
Railroads, 32 , 38 , 89 , 99 , 106 , 127 –128, 188 nn. 9, 11
Rainfall:
in Alta California, 24 ;
in Baja California, 7 , 11 , 16
Rancho de Little, 149
Raousset-Boulbon (filibuster), 27
Reciprocity, 58 , 76 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 105 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 165 , 192 n. 2
"Recruitment," 141
Repatriation, 152 , 155
Revolution, 103 , 108 , 115 , 141 , 192 n. 4
Roads, 6 –7, 20 , 31 , 32 , 37 , 53 , 61 –62, 64 –65, 98 , 169 , 186 n. 5
Rock quarries, 121 , 128 , 157
Rogers, Woodes, 16
Romero, Jesus, 112
Romero, María 112
Romero, Olayo, 112 –113, 121 –122
Romero, Trinidad, 69
Romero family, 112 –113, 115 , 122 , 154 , 191 n. 8
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 155
Rosario, 28
Rosas, Ramona de las, 129
Royal Order of Pacific Exploration, 13
Rubio, Ramona, 92 , 94
Ruiz family, deportation of, 155
Rural (traditional) versus urban communities, 165 –167, 192 n. 1
S
Saavedra Leron, Alvaro, 13
St. Denis (steamer), 83
Salgado, Guadalupe, 115 , 123 , 149 , 158
Salgado, Manuel, 190 n. 10
Salgado, Rosa, 85 –86, 190 n. 10
Salgado de Smith, Dolores, 110 , 120 , 121 , 123 , 130 , 158 , 190 n. 10
Salgado family, 108 , 110 , 123
Salvatierra, Juan María de, 19 , 20 , 61 , 187 n. 11
Salvatierra family, 110
San Agustin, 186 n. 10
San Andreas, 28
San Andreas fault, 7
San Antonio, 57 , 61 , 62 , 133 , 190 n. 4, 192 n. 3
San Blas, 28
San Bruno, 18
San Diego (city), 15 , 21 , 35 , 36 , 37 –38, 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 69 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 82 , 83 , 88 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 95 –96, 98 –99, 100 –101, 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 118 –119, 120 , 121 , 122 , 124 –125, 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 139 , 141 , 143 , 144 –145, 148 , 149 , 150 , 156 , 157 , 160 , 169 , 192 n. 3;
economic development of, 98 –99, 156 ;
employment in, 119 , 131 , 157 ;
as major port, 37 –38, 99 ;
natural resources of, 99 ;
rainfall in, 11
San Diego (county), 2 , 3 , 8 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 67 , 88 , 151 , 157 , 158 , 162 , 164 , 166 ;
map of, 128
San Diego and Arizona Railroad, 106
San Diego Bay, 16
San Diego Bee (newspaper), 38
San Felipe, 46 , 115
San Felipe Desert, 8
San Fernando, 72 , 84 , 133
San Francisco, 27 , 28 , 33 , 96 , 106 , 169
San Francisco de Borja, 186 n. 10
San Francisco Xavier, 20 , 186 n. 10
San Geronimo, 186 n. 10
San Ignacio, 28 , 72 , 79 , 134 , 186 n. 10
San Joaquín Valley, 111 , 153
San José de Comondú, 20 , 190 n. 5
San José de Las Flores, 69
San José del Cabo, 10 , 20 , 46 , 57 , 61 , 66 , 98 , 107 , 108 , 129 , 150
San José de Magdalena, 138
San Joseña, 108
San Juan, 33 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 72
San Matias, 186 n. 10
San Miguel de Comondú, 113 , 190 n. 5
San Nicolas de Tolentino, 186 n. 10
San Pedro, 145 , 186 n. 10
San Pedro Mártir range, 8 , 11
San Quintín, 8 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 83 , 84 , 88 –89, 188 n. 11;
rainfall in, 11
San Regis, 82 , 84
San Sereno, 186 n. 10
San Simeon, 186 n. 10
Santa Ana, Calif., 131
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopéz de, 29 , 190 n. 4
Santa Catalina, 16
Santa Catarina, 82 , 83 , 84
Santa Clara gold strike, 36 , 85
Santa María de Calamajue, 20
Santa Rosalía, 33 , 45 , 51 , 53 , 65 , 66 , 79 , 86 , 93 , 115 , 135 , 138
Santa Rosalía de Mulegé, 20
Santee, 131
Santo Domingo, 52 , 53
Santo Tomás, 69
San Valeno, 186 n. 10
San Xavier, 19 –20, 28
San Ysidro, 103 , 108
Scammons Lagoon, 185 n. 1, 187 n. 1
School segregation, 153 –155
Sea-Ianes, establishment of, 14 , 15
Seal hunting, 38 , 187 n. 1
Sea otters. See Otter hunting
Segregation, 153 –155
Sepulveda, Maria, 149 , 158
Sepulveda, Vicente, 149
Serra, Junipero, 21
Settlement, 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 18 –23, 26 , 28 , 29 , 67 , 89 , 95 , 96 , 101 , 103 , 107 –108, 118 , 119 , 126 , 162 ;
effect of climate on, 10 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 32 ;
effect of geography on, 6 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 32
Seven Lost Cities of Gold, 169
Shelvoke, George, 16
Shipping industry, 27 –28, 38 , 52 –53, 63 , 90
Sierra de la Gigante, 8
Sierra de San Borja, 51
Sierra Juárez range, 8
Sierra La Victoria, 10
Sierra San Ignacio, 63
Sierra San Juan, 63
Silver mines, 31 , 34 , 74 , 187 n. 6, 190 n. 4
Simpson, Artemicia, 125 , 134 –135
Simpson, Guillermo, 84 , 125 , 134 , 135
Simpson, Guillermo, II, 135
Simpson, Guillermo, III, 150
Simpson family, 30 , 31 , 57 , 76 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 103 , 125 , 126 , 133 , 138 , 148 , 154
Sinaloa, 14 , 19 , 71
Smelters, 31 , 34 , 120 . See also Foundries
Smith, Adalberto, 71 , 76 , 77 , 85 –86, 87 , 120 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 129 , 190 n. 10
Smith, Antonio, 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 120
Smith, Encarnación, 69
Smith, Francisca, 71 , 77
Smith, Jesus, 87
Smith, José, 120 , 123 , 124 , 130
Smith, José Maria, 69
Smith, Malvino, 120
Smith, Manuel, 67 , 69 , 70 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 84 , 85 –86, 87 , 120 , 135 , 190 n. 9
Smith, Manuel, II, 135
Smith, Manuel, III, 150
Smith, María (daughter of Manuel and Apolonia), 77 , 86
Smith, Osidiano, 67
Smith, Panchita, 86
Smith, Thomas (Javier Aguílar), 66
Smith de Alvarez, María (daughter of Adalberto and Dolores), 120 , 123 , 124 , 130 , 158 , 190 n. 9
Smith de Howard, Ramona, 67 , 69 , 77
Smith family, 30 , 31 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 66 –69, 72 , 73 , 76 , 77 –79, 81 , 82 , 84 –86, 94 , 100 , 106 , 110 , 111 , 120 , 122 , 129 , 133 , 142 , 148 , 150 , 154 , 191 n. 7
Social networks. See Network formation
Society of Jesus, 18
Sonora, 18 , 19 , 27 , 31 , 171
Sotelo, Amalia, 73 , 126
Sotelo, Federico, 72
Sotelo, Francisco (Pancho), 72 , 73 , 125 –126, 134 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 145
Sotelo, Guillermo, 72 , 126
Sotelo, Prudencio, 72
Sotelo, Refugio, 72 , 126 , 135 , 137 , 143
Sotelo, Teodora, 72
Sotelo family, 51 , 72 , 81 , 83 , 122 , 125 , 129 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 138 , 142 , 143 , 145 , 154
South Sea, 13
Spain, 13 , 31 , 168
Spice Islands, 13
Spice trade, 13
Spreckles family, 99
Spring Valley, 48
Stamp-milling, 31
Steamer travel, 38 , 46 , 63 , 83 , 90 , 96 , 99 , 107 , 108 , 111 –112, 191 n. 4
T
Tecate, 2 , 106 , 119 , 127 , 131 , 145 , 157
Tehuantepec (Cristóbal de Olid), 13 , 28
Tenth International Geologic Congress (1906), 188 n. 6
Tijuana, 2 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 44 , 47 , 98 , 119 , 122 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 131 , 145 , 157 , 189 n. 12;
rainfall in, 11
Tortolero, Luis de Torres y, 19
Tourism, 36 –37
Trade, 27 , 28 , 36 , 38 , 89 , 96 , 99
Transcontinental railroad, 99
Transpeninsular highways, 7
Transportation, 31 , 32 –33, 36 , 42 , 45 –46, 53 , 64 –65, 82 , 100 , 120 , 141 . See also Railroads; Steamer travel
Treaty of Tordesillas, 186 n. 6
Tropic of Cancer, 10 , 11
Trust, 76. See also Confianza
Tuna canneries, 157
U
Ugarte, Juan de, 20
Ulloa, 186 n. 7
Union de Campesinos y Obreros, La (Agricultural and Workers Union), 156
Unions, 156
Unskilled labor, 100 , 120
Urban versus rural (traditional) communities, 165 –167, 192 n. 1
U.S. Immigration Service, 104 . See also Immigration policy, U.S.
U.S.-Mexican War, 26 –27, 31
V
Vargas, Albino, 138
Vasquez family, 57
Vegetation. See Flora and fauna
Vera Cruz, 149
Villavicencio family, 57 , 72 , 77 , 190 n. 9
Vineyards, 20
Vizcaíno, Sebastian, 15 –16, 186 n. 9
Vizcaíno Desert, 8 , 11
W
Walker, William, 27
War of Independence, Mexican (1810–1821), 25 , 31 , 187 n. 2
War of Reform, 28
Whaling industry, 24 , 26 , 30 , 35 , 67 , 187 n. 1
Wood collectors, 34 , 70 , 77 , 85 , 114 , 120
World War II, 156
Y
Yaqui labor, 33
Designer: Marvin Warshaw
Compositor: Prestige Typography
Text: 11/12 ITC Korinna
Display: Korinna
Printer: Maple-Vail Book Mfg. Group
Binder: Maple-Vail Book Mfg. Group