Acknowledgments

As a student who began her doctoral program past middle age, when most people are planning for retirement in another sixteen years or so, I could not have proceeded with the assurance that I did without the help of many individuals and institutions on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.

David Reimers, Marilyn Young, Sumiya Mikio, Nishikawa Shunsaku, Nakagawa Keiichiro^[*] , Kamei Shunsuke, Okubo^[*] Takaki, the late Maeda Ai, Sugimoto Teruko, Ohashi^[*] Kazuhiro, Earl Kinmonth, the late Albert Romasco, Mary Nolan, Margaret Hunt, Sharon Sievers, Glenn Omatsu, and Russell Leong gave indispensable assistance in the early years of the project, introducing me to unfamiliar territory, reading, and offering intellectual guidance and support. Yukiko Hanawa and an unknown reader gave me important advice when I first submitted the manuscript to University of California Press. In the later stages Miriam Silverberg was most generous. She offered inspiring insights, comments, and precious time, as did Paulla Ebron, e. frances White, Samuel Fromartz, and Valerie Matsumoto, who read portions of the manuscript. I am truly indebted to them. Patricia Vidil, historian, companion, and partner, pored over the whole work before final submission to the press. Her consistent support, when I felt unable to devote the hours necessary to complete my work, was decisive in preserving my sanity. My family and extended family in New York and Tokyo sustained my efforts with optimism and trust, helping me achieve much more than I believed I could. I regret that my brother, Kenichi, did not survive to see the final product.

The digging up of materials would have been impossible without the patience and generosity of Soma^[*] Tamiko, who was then in the Social and Political Section, National Diet Library; Inouye Yuichi^[*] of the Diplomatic Record Center, Foreign Ministry of Japan; Hori Kunio, Tokyoto^[*] Kobunshokan^[*] ; Kitane Yutaka, Meiji Shimbunzasshi Bunko, University of Tokyo; Nagahama Satsuo, Sanko^[*] Toshokan; Yuji Ichioka, Asian American Studies Center, UCLA; and Yasuo Sakata, Japanese American Research Project, UCLA. The library personnel at Keio University, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, and the Research Library, New York Public Library also gave indispensable aid. In addition, New Yorkers Haru Kishi, the late George Gentoku Shimamoto, Mitsuye Ohori^[*] Katagiri, Yeiichi Kelly Kuwayama, John Manbeck of the Kingsborough Historical Society, and Lisa Garrison provided me with or directed me to rare and precious primary sources. Countless others—some of whom I barely know—gave me clues that steered me to vital people and places. Their interest and assistance were invaluable.

Financial support from the New York University history department, a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship, UCLA's Japanese-American Studies Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the Asian American Studies Center, and a Sasakawa Faculty Research Grant from the UCLA-Japan Exchange Program helped me through the years.

Sheila Levine of the University of California Press was unfailing in her patience and confidence in me. My original manuscript rested for many years in her files. I also owe thanks to Monica McCormick, Scott Norton, Larry Borowsky, and Rebecca Bauer for their assistance in the final stages of publication. Kate Blackmur provided her cartographic skills to the century-old map of Tokyo, and Karen Graubard inserted the final manuscript changes in the bibliography and notes.