1. Robert S. Cohen, “Adolf Grünbaum: A Memoir,” in Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Adolf Grünbaum, R. S. Cohen and Larry Laudan, eds., Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 76 (Dordrecht, 1983), p. xii.

2. Frederick Crews, “The Future of an Illusion,” The New Republic, January 21, 1985; repr. in Crews, Skeptical Engagements (New York, 1986), p. 81.

3. David Sachs, “In Fairness to Freud: A Critical Notice of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis, by Adolf Grünbaum,” The Philosophical Review 98, no. 3 (July 1989), p. 350. Sachs’s essay has been reprinted in The Cambridge Companion to Freud, Jerome Neu, ed. (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 309–38.

4. Robert R. Holt, “Some Reflections on Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses,” and Irwin Savodnik, “Some Gaps in Grünbaum’s Critique of Psychoanalysis,” both in “Open Peer Commentary” on Adolf Grünbaum, “Précis of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique,” The Behavior and Brain Sciences 9, no. 2 (1986), p. 242 and p. 257.

5. Marshall Edelson, Hypothesis and Evidence in Psychoanalysis (Chicago, 1984).

6. Adolf Grünbaum, The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique (Berkeley, 1984), p. 41. Hereafter, page references to this work will appear in parentheses in the text.

7. Grünbaum, “Précis of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis,” p. 220.

8. Freud, letter to Saul Rosenzweig, February 28, 1934, quoted by Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York, 1988), p. 523n.

9. Freud, An Autobiographical Study, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey (London, 1953–74), vol. XX, pp. 32–33.

10. Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (New York, 1971), p. 246.

11. Ibid., p. 271.

12. Ibid., p. 261.

13. Paul Ricoeur, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, trans. Denis Savage (New Haven, 1970), p. 6.

14. Ibid., p. 369.

15. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore, 1976), p. 163.

16. Paul Ricoeur, “Technique and Nontechnique in Interpretation,” trans. Willis Domingo, in Ricoeur, The Conflict of Interpretations, ed. Don Ihde (Evanston, Ill., 1974), p. 186.

17. Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (London, 1963), p. 34.

18. Karl Popper, “Replies to My Critics,” in The Philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. 2, Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed. (La Salle, Ill., 1974), p. 985.

19. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, p. 37.

20. Freud, “A Reply to Criticisms of My Paper on Anxiety Neurosis,” Standard Edition, vol. III, p. 134.

21. Freud, The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1907, ed. and trans. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (Cambridge, Mass.: 1985), p. 264.

22. Adolf Grünbaum, “Is Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Pseudo-Scientific by Karl Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation?” American Philosophical Quarterly 16, no. 2 (April 1979), p. 137; Seymour Fisher and Roger P. Greenberg, The Scientific Credibility of Freud’s Theories and Therapy (New York, 1977), p. 394.

23. Freud, “On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement,” Standard Edition, vol. XIV, p. 16.

24. Freud, letter to Saul Rosenzweig, February 28, 1934, quoted by Grünbaum, Foundations, p. 101.

25. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Standard Edition, vol. XVI, p. 445.

26. Freud, Introductory Lectures, SE, vol. XVI, p. 452.

27. Grünbaum, “Précis of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis,” p. 221.

28. Freud, “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy,” Standard Edition, vol. X, p. 104.

29. Freud, “Two Encyclopedia Articles,” Standard Edition, vol. XVIII, p. 236; Freud, The Question of Lay Analysis, Standard Edition, vol. XX, p. 256.

30. Judd Marmor, “New Directions in Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy,” in Modern Psychoanalysis, Judd Marmor, ed. (New York, 1968), p. 6; quoted by Grünbaum, Foundations, p. 146.

31. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory (New York, 1984), p. xviii.

32. Freud, “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” Standard Edition, vol. III, p. 199.

33. Freud, Complete Letters to Fliess, p. 264.

34. Freud, “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” Standard Edition, vol. XXIII, p. 249.

35. Freud, Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Standard Edition, vol. XX, p. 154.

36. Freud, “Psycho-Analysis,” Standard Edition, vol. XX, p. 265.

37. Freud, The Question of Lay Analysis, SE, vol. XX, p. 254.

38. Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Standard Edition, vol. XXII, p. 152.

39. Ibid., p. 151.

40. Freud, Introductory Lectures, SE, vol. XVI, p. 255.

41. Freud, “Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis,” Standard Edition, vol. X, p. 208n.

42. Adolf Grünbaum, “Is Psychoanalysis a Pseudo-Science?” Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung 32, no. 1 (January–March 1978), p. 53.

43. Ibid.

44. Freud, An Autobiographical Study, SE, vol. XX, p. 45.

45. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Standard Edition, vol. VI, p. 9.

46. Ibid., p. 11.

47. Ibid., p. 14.

48. Marshall Edelson, Hypothesis and Evidence, p. 121.

49. Ibid., p. 125.

50. Ibid., p. 63.

51. Ibid., p. 66.

52. Ibid., pp. 68, 124.

53. Ibid., p. 122.

54. Ibid., p. 147.

55. Ibid., p. 146.

56. Adolf Grünbaum, “Cognitive Flaws in the Psychoanalytic Method” (1985), p. 23. Unpublished manuscript courtesy of Professor Grünbaum.

57. Sachs, “In Fairness to Freud,” p. 351.

58. Freud, Introductory Lectures, SE, vol. XVI, p. 449.

59. Freud, “The Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific Interest,” Standard Edition, vol. XIII, p. 165.

60. Sachs, “In Fairness to Freud,” p. 366.

61. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, SE, vol. VI, p. 34.

62. Ibid., p. 35.

63. Freud, Introductory Lectures, SE, vol. XV, pp. 158–59.

64. Ibid., p. 159.

65. Sachs, “In Fairness to Freud,” p. 364.

66. Frank Cioffi, “Did Freud Rely on the Tally Argument to Meet the Argument from Suggestibility?” in “Open Peer Commentary” on Grünbaum, “Précis of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis,” p. 230.

67. Freud, “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” SE, vol. III, p. 205.

68. Freud, “Remarks on the Theory and Practice of Dream Interpretation,” Standard Edition, vol. XIX, p. 116.

69. Cioffi, “Did Freud Rely on the Tally Argument?” p. 231.

70. Ibid.

71. Grünbaum, “Is Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Pseudo-Scientific by Karl Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation?” p. 135; quoted by Frank Cioffi in “ ‘Exegetical Myth-Making’ in Grünbaum’s Indictment of Popper and Exoneration of Freud,” in Mind, Psychoanalysis and Science, Peter Clark and Crispin Wright, eds. (Oxford, 1988), p. 61.

72. Carl Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (New York, 1991), p. ix.