5—
Unity of Person
In order that an action which forms a whole in itself should also be felt to be a unity,
it must have an obvious centre and concentration of interest. In the majority of the
examples discussed so far, the poet had the advantage that the action is grouped
around one person, Aeneas, and is leading this person to a definite goal. However,
Virgil also used this device in other places, deliberately in order to create a unity. In
the scene of Priam's death (which is made into a separate, independent action for the
reasons given on p. 24), note how skilfully Priam himself is set in the centre, by the
fact that this section of the narrative is cut off from the rest of Neoptolemus' deeds,
that it has Priam as its starting-point, and that it ends with reflective thoughts on his
death; Aeneas himself is left completely out of the picture. Further, we have seen
how the battle-descriptions are almost all presented as aristeiae : the reader's interest
is held for as long as possible by one character, or by an exceptional pair of fighters:
in Book 9 it is Turnus, in Book 10, in succession, Aeneas, Pallas, Turnus, then
Aeneas and Mezentius, who is replaced by Lausus for a short time only; in Book 11
Camilla predominates, in Book 12 Aeneas and Turnus are kept before the observer's
eyes throughout. In this case the interest had to be divided equally between them, for
practical reasons; where that is not required, Virgil prefers to let Aeneas step back,
rather than divide the interest: in Book 8, all the time that Evander is on the stage he
is definitely the main character who leads the action and whose speeches are re-
ported; Aeneas himself speaks only twice, when he greets him, and after the
intervention of the heavenly sign promised by Venus.[13]
447 This aspect must be kept in mind above all when the action divides into two parts
set in different places. If both are given equal treatment the listener is forced to
move continually from one to the other, and the unity of the scene is disturbed. In
such cases, Virgil puts one part firmly to the fore; the other is made smaller by
perspective. We have already seen this in the case of Book 9 when we studied its
narrative form (p. 302f.): in the first part we stand on the Latin side, and see the
Trojan side only momentarily; in the second part, the Nisus episode, we set out from
the Trojan camp and return to it afterwards; it is only in the third part that the two
sides are brought together. In the introductory scenes of Book 4, Aeneas does not
appear at all; in the scenes after Mercury's first errand, Dido is the only protagonist,
we see her suffering develop, and Aeneas' action, which runs parallel to Dido's,
apparently serves only to motivate the separate stages of that suffering. In Book 11
we are led first for a short time into Aeneas' camp, but then the action moves to the
Latin side and remains there until the end; we experience the battle and its results
from the side of Camilla and her followers. Above all, however, it is the composi-
tion of Book 7 which is ruled by this approach. As soon as we have been taken by
the second proem to the side of the Latins, the position from which to view every-
thing which is to come has been given. We are not actually told how Aeneas
encountered cordial goodwill at first, how a sudden change in the situation then
meant that his hopes were dashed, he saw himself embroiled in a fight and, in spite
of all his efforts, felt the war gradually becoming inevitable. On the contrary, we are
told how Latinus, whom prodigies had made anxious about his daughter's future,
448 received an oracle from Faunus, which he saw fulfilled by the arrival of the Trojans;
how then, because of the resistance, first of his wife, then of Turnus, then of all his
subjects, his marriage plans were frustrated, and he himself, incapable of confront-
ing the attack, retired, so that war flared up in Latium where peace had reigned so
long; rex arva Latinus et urbes iam senior longa placidas in pace regebat (7.45f.)
[King Latinus had been ruling over the cities and farms in serenity for many years of
peace, and he now was growing old] begins the narrative; it ends with the Latins
preparing for war. We are only led back to Aeneas once, at the beginning, where it is
a question of narrating the previous history of the embassy which Latinus receives;
we hear later that the ambassadors leave richly rewarded but do not hear the im-
pression which their message had on Aeneas: we do not return to him until the
beginning of the next book. In this case the completeness of the narrative suffers as a
result of the artistic principle; for we should like to know why Aeneas does not take
up Latinus' invitation, why he does not prevent the first bloody clash, etc.[14]