12—
Future Events
Things to come play a very important role in the Aeneid : the significance of the
narrated action lies principally in the fact that it lays the foundation for the future.
That is why we need prophecies for Aeneas' own fate; we have to learn how, after
the death of Turnus, the two peoples are united, who the descendants of Aeneas will
be, how Lavinium, Alba and finally Rome, will be founded. But that is still not
enough: the whole mighty history of Rome, the development of the imperium Ro -
manum [Roman empire] to its recently attained pinnacle is pulled into the contents
of the poem, as much as the prehistory of Italy and the prehistory of the Trojans
going back to before the Trojan War and their original home in Italy: Homer, too,
who only described a few days of the Trojan War, had also understood how to
incorporate both past and future events into his poem.[36] Homer also served as a
395 splendid example of how to introduce the future: he did not do it by stepping
forward and explaining that history will run on in such and such a way; he puts a
prophecy into the mouth of one of his characters, about Achilles' death or Troy's
fall or Aeneas' dominion, or whatever else he wants his listeners to learn. The
device was extremely useful in Hellenistic times in the writing of short poems:
where only one episode of a myth is being narrated, the listener has to be told what
the consequences will be: to this end we have prediction, vision or prophecy.[37] We
have also seen that Virgil's Iliu Persis [Sack of Troy], which was conceived as a
separate work, was also rounded off in exactly the same way, with a prophecy which
contains everything of significance in Aeneas' later destiny (p. 36 above). It is true
that the whole Aeneid is really just one episode – granted, one of the most important
396 episodes – from the whole mighty epic of Roman history, of which the final cata-
strophe was the Battle of Actium, and whose last scene of splendour was Augustus'
reign of peace: the episode is therefore extended by the usual means to include
these. That is why the poem starts with Jupiter's comprehensive prediction, which
touches on only the highest pinnacles and brings us to the poet's own time; in the
very centre of the poem there stands the vision in the Underworld, when the heroes
of Rome pass by in a long procession; before Aeneas himself goes to fight he is able
to gaze on the battle-feats of his descendants, pugnata in ordine bella [in order, the
battles which were fought], pictured on the shield sent by Vulcan, who knows
everything about the future; finally, the end of the real action of the poem, which
lies outside the time-span of the narrative, is given in Book 12 in Jupiter's promise
for the future. Thus in none of these cases is the continuity broken: even during the
description of the shield the action does not come to a complete halt since we have
to think of Aeneas contemplating it, who rerum ignarus imagine gaudet [having no
knowledge of the events nevertheless rejoiced in their representation] and then
strides off attollens umero famamque et fata nepotum [lifting onto his shoulder the
glory and the destiny of his heirs].