S

Sacrifice: animal, 103 , 167 , 171 ;

auto-, 111 , 144 , 145 , 146 ;

Aztec, 6 , 124 -125, 145 , 146 -147;

blood, 6 , 30 , 38 , 45 , 60 , 75 -76, 103 , 126 , 135 , 142 , 145 -146, 147 , 167 , 182 , 186 ;

to Chac, 60 ;

of children, 18 -19, 24 ;

Christian, 158 ;

for corn, 116 , 118 , 146 ;

climbing stairs precedes, 84 , 85 , 124 -125;

creation myths charge, 111 , 145 , 146 ;

cycles continued by, 146 ;

via decapitation, 30 , 113 , 119 , 147 ;

via drowning, 19 ;

for fertility, 146 , 170 ;

flayed skin in, 80 -81, 147 ;

flesh eaten at, 81 ;

flowers associated with, 182 , 186 ;

of god-impersonator, 125 , 146 , 147 , 213 n. 30;

heart, 3 , 76 , 125 , 135 , 158 ;

hour of, 124 -125;

to Huitzilopochtli, 6 ;

to life-force, 135 ;

Maya, 18 , 142 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 158 ;

of prisoners of war, 6 , 81 -82;

as reciprocal, 30 , 45 , 60 , 116 , 126 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 158 , 171 ;

to rain god, 18 -19, 24 ;

for regeneration, 118 ;

serpent associated with, 30 , 38 , 45 , 79 ;

simulated, 167 , 171 ;

site of, 6 , 45 , 85 , 113 (see also Ciudadela; Pyramid; Templo Mayor);

to sun, 6 , 124 -125;

in Tehuacán valley, 103 ;

Tlaloc associated with, 38 ;

to Toci, 147 ;

tongue associated with, 38 ;

for transformation, 145 -146, 147

Sahagún, Fr. Bernardino de, 5 , 6 , 18 , 138 , 141 , 149 , 202 ;

on Aztecs, 51 -52;

on Cortés and Moctezuma, 97 -98;

on feather artist, 150 ;

on 52-year cycle, 132 ;

on Huitzilopochtli, 80 , 148 ;

on sacrifice, 81 -82

St. Andrew's cross, 14 , 15 -16, 24 , 26

St. Anne, 159

St. James, 157 , 160

St. John the Baptist, 159

St. Thomas, 157

Salmerón, Francisco, 158

Sánchez Andraka, Juan, 171 , 172 , 173

San Isidro, Chiapas, 90

San Lorenzo:

drains at, 17 , 21 ;

monuments at, 11 -12, 13 , 17 , 21 , 24 , 29 , 37

San Martin Pajapán, 20 , 24

San Miguel Chapultepec, Veracruz, 76 , 77 (pl)

San Nicolás Tolentino, 172 -173, 177

Satterthwaite, Linton, 130

Saville, Marshall H., 94

Scarification, 79 -80, 125 , 146 , 147

Schele, Linda, 59 , 70 , 75 , 118 , 130 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 151 -152, 207 n. 4, 212 n. 17

Scott, John, 72

Sea ania, 182 , 185

Secondary masks, 13 , 40 , 64 , 65 , 95

Séjourné, Laurette, xv , 35 , 36 , 79 , 81 , 92 , 210 n. 152;

on Tlalocan mural, 42 , 45 , 213 n. 36

Sekaquaptewa, Emory, 68 , 69

Seler, Eduard, 17 , 30 , 36 , 46 , 52 , 115 ;

on butterfly, 148 ;

on flayed skin ritual, 81 ;

on Tlaloc, 53 -54

Sepúlveda Herrera, Maria Teresa, 194 , 222 -223 n. 8

Serpent:

agriculture associated with, 30 ;

Aztecs on, 42 , 85 ;

blood associated with, 30 , 38 , 45 ;

Chac associated with, 56 ;

Christianity on, 31 ;

of Coatlicue, 30 , 119 ;

Cocijo associated with, 29 , 30 , 31 , 37 , 38 , 63 , 79 ;

corn associated with, 44 ;

deified, 31 ;

Ehécatl associated with, 44 , 177 , 178 ;

emergence from, 72 -73, 75 -76;

eyes of, 43 -44;

fertility associated with, 30 , 38 , 44 , 73 ;

fire, 5 , 7 , 30 , 42 , 113 , 148 ;

headdress, 73 -74, 75 ;

jaguar associated with, 21 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 37 , 44 , 72 ;

as lightning, 21 , 30 , 42 , 46 , 79 ;

liminal role of, 31 , 45 , 73 , 75 -76;

at Monte Albán, 78 -79;

mouth of, 15 , 41 , 44 , 72 -73, 76 -77;

Olmec, 17 ;

as phallic symbol, 30 ;

plumed/feathered, 31 , 32 , 43 , 44 -45, 46 , 47 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 177 , 178 ;

Quetzalcóatl identified with, 44 -45, 72 , 73 , 78 , 97 , 177 , 178 ;

rain associated with, 15 , 30 , 45 ;

as red, 31 ;

regeneration associated with, 30 -31, 118 -119;

in ritual, 175 , 177 , 178 , 189 ;

rulership associated with, 46 , 76 ;

sacrifice and, 30 , 38 , 45 , 79 ;

sexuality associated with, 30 ;

shells associated with, 47 ;

Tlaloc associated with, 30 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 41 , 43 -44, 45 , 48 , 52 , 55 , 177 -178;

tongue of, 20 , 21 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 63 ;

as transforming agent, 148 ;

as undulating line, 30

Sexuality: disguised, 15 ;

duality in, 15 , 137 ;

in ritual, 170 , 174 , 175 , 176 ;

serpent associated with, 30

Shaffer, Peter, 67 , 69

Shaman/shamanism:

ancestors of, 102 ;

Aztec, 104 , 105 , 145 ;

birds associated with, 104 ;

in burial rituals, xiii , 103 ;

on center as sacred, 122 ;

and Christianity, 165 ;

on cosmology, 102 -103, 106 , 108 ;

in creation myth, 111 ;

on death, 148 ;

dwarf helper of, 103 ;

Ehécatl as, 106 ;

on gods, 105 -106;

hallucinogens used by, 104 , 145 ;

healing by, 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 144 ;

incantations of, 105 , 106 ;

jaguar associated with, 103 , 104 ;

journey of, 83 , 84 , 101 , 102 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 121 -122, 184 ;

on life-force, 102 , 117 ;

masks of, 102 , 103 , 106 ;

as mediator, 4 , 101 , 102 , 122 ;

in Mesoamerican religion, xiii , xviii, xix , 3 , 4 , 101 , 102 -105, 106 , 117 , 129 , 144 ;

Quetzalcóatl as, 106 , 111 ;

on reality, 105 -106, 107 ;

on spirit, 84 , 102 , 144 ;

Siberian, 108 , 219 , n. 91;

on solar cycles, 108 -109;

Tezcatlipoca as, 105 -106;

transformation by, 69 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 117 , 143 , 145 ;

on unity of all things, 101 -102, 108 , 145 ;

visions/trances of, 101 , 102 -103, 104 , 143 , 145

Sharp, Rosemary, 61

Shells, 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 90 , 92

Sierra de Puebla, 127 , 144 , 162 , 192

Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 196

Smith, Mary Elizabeth, 49

Song/singer, 105 , 106 , 148 , 149

Soul, 102 , 144 , 145 , 157 . See also Spirit

Soustelle, Jacques, 13 , 71 , 103 , 142 , 212 n. 246

South, 6 , 83 , 122 , 137 -138, 139

Sowing Priests of Teotihuacán, 48 , 73 -74, 75 , 213 n. 36

Soyaltepec, Oaxaca, 90

Space:

order of, xii , 121 -128, 143 ;

and time, merged, 45 -46, 54 , 83 , 122 -123, 143 , 158

Spanish dances, 161 -163

Speech glyphs, 16 , 23 , 59 , 78

Spicer, Edward, 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 186 , 187 , 188

Spirit:

body houses, 88 , 144 , 145 ;

face reveals, 150 ;

matter and (see Matter/spirit);

shaman on, 84 , 102 , 144

Spirit world:

burial as return to, 127 ;

communication with, 26, 103 , 104 ;

manifested, 63 ;

shaman enters, 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 143

Split masks, 89 -90, 92 , 109

Stairways:

as liminal, 84 ;

masks line, 82 , 84 -85, 85 -86, 125 ;

ritual climbing of, 84 , 85 , 124 -125

Starfish, 38 , 39 , 41

Stela, 56 , 57 , 110 , 117

Stierlin, Henri, 46 -47, 75 , 86 , 87

Stone, Martha, 165

Stone masks, 92 , 95 -96

Stormy Sky, 58 -59, 61

Stucker, Terry, 15

Suárez Jácome, Cruz, 171 , 173

Sun: xii , 108 -116;

Aztecs honor, 6 , 111 , 112 -114, 124 -125;

birth of, 5 , 113 , 125 ;

butterfly associated with, 148 ;

calendar based on, xiii , 33 , 87 , 109 , 110 , 123 , 129 , 130 , 131 -132, 135 , 158 -159;

Capella announces, 109 ;

cave associated with, 83 , 86 ;

centers aligned with, 109 , 110 , 119 ;

Chac associated with, 60 , 156 ;

Christ associated with, 112 ;

cosmic order revealed by, 110 , 115 -116, 119 , 121 , 128 ;

creation of, 144 ;

in creation myths, 111 , 113 , 124 , 125 , 132 ;

daily cycle of, 5 , 6 , 83 , 86 , 108 -109, 111 , 112 , 113 , 121 , 122 , 128 , 133 ;

eclipses disrupt, 114 -115;

god, 112 , 113 , 114 , 138 ;

Huitzilopochtli associated with, 4 , 5 , 7 , 138 ;

jaguar associated with, 86 , 126 ;

as life source, 111 ;

as male, 113 , 114 ;

Maya on, 114 , 118 , 156 ;

at night, 86 , 126 , 138 ;

observatories for, 109 -110, 124 , 125 , 127 ;

and other heavenly bodies, 112 -114, 115 ;

Pacal associated with, 118 ;

path of, 122 , 123 , 138 ;

regeneration of, 60 , 88 , 115 , 118 , 156 ;

revolves around world center, 121 ;

rise/rebirth of, 5 , 6 , 83 , 86 , 110 , 115 , 125 ;

ritual to, 6 , 33 , 110 , 124 -125, 158 -159;

sets/death of, 83 , 86 , 110 , 115 ;

yearly cycle of, 109 , 111 , 112 , 133 , 135 ;

zenith passage of, 125

Syncretism, 155 , 156 -166;

in pascola, xiv , 161 , 164 , 179 -182, 183 , 184 -186, 187 , 188 , 192 ;

in tigre dance, 172 -173