E

Eastern Chin, 323

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 126

Economic activism, 76 , 89 , 136 , 302 , 309 ;

Chou dynasty models for, 84 n15;

defined, 77 -78;

and economic growth, 79 -80;

and New Policies, 81 , 84 -85, 125 ;

relation to military weakness, 81 ;

from T'ang through Northern Sung, 125 . See also Famine relief; Managing wealth; New Policies

Economic development, 78 , 79 n4, 124

Economic issues, language of, 35

Economy, as serf-regulating process, 295

Education: Chen Te-hsiu on, 371 -72;

corrupted by civil service recruitment, 339 ;

of elite, 1 , 126 , 161 ;

and localism, 256 ;

and maintenance of elite status, 260 ;

and New Policies, 145 , 169 , 190 ;

role of state in, 14 , 180 ;

Wang An-shih's view of, 135 . See also Examination system; Imperial University; Schools

"Eight great prose masters of T'ang and Sung," 61

Elementary Learning (Chu Hsi), 360 , 362

Elites: and government service, 4 , 125 -26;

growth of, 1 , 3 ;

hereditary, 125 , 138 -39, 189 ;

involvement in politics, 13 -14;

local-ism of, 4 , 31 , 50 ;

in Ming and Ch'ing, 4 ;

mobility strategies of, 126 ;

in Northern and Southern Sung, 4 , 46 , 255 -56;

role in community compacts, 24 ;

strategies for maintaining status, 260 ;

view of state and society, 1 -2. See also Bureaucratic elite; Local elites

Elvin, Mark, 80 , 126

"Emperology" (Wilhelm), 354

Emperor: authority of, 37 , 42 ;

as moral leader, 27 -28;

need for self-cultivation, 345 ;

relation of, to officials, 42 n61, 343 . See also Rulership

Encirclement, 80 n6

Endowed estates, 256 , 257 . See also Charitable estates

Enfeoffment system, 215 , 216 -17, 218

"Engrossers": campaign against, 86 , 145 , 174 -75;

as cause of rural poverty, 115 ;

in Chou, 84 ;

concern with, before Wang An-shih, 47 ;

and Green Sprouts policy, 112 -13, 117 ;

New Policies campaign against, 85 ;

and rural credit, 90 , 93 , 234 ;

and State Trade Agency intervention, 86 ;

use of term, 85

Equitable field system, 90

Equitable Tax Policies, 169

Equitable Transport and Price Equalization Policy, 168

European state-building, 49 , 124

Ever-Normal Granaries: abuses of, 231 , 231 n30;

and capitalization for Green Sprouts loan fund, 91 , 92 ;

centralized surveillance of, 121 ;

and charitable granaries, 230 , 231 n30, 232 ;

failure of, 91 ;

geographic range of, 229 ;

origins of, 292 ;

and rice prices, 228 , 295

Ever-Normal Granary intendancies, 77 , 89 , 92 , 100

Ever-Normal Granary intendants: appointments of, 106 ;

attributes of, 101 , 102 -3, 107 ;

and bureaucracy of famine relief, 228 ;

careers of, 103 -4;

conflicting roles of, 111 -12, 113 ;

control over, 108 -9;

and fiscal intendants, 170 ;

as intermediaries between center and localities, 105 -6;

investigation of, 109 , 114 ;

misappropria-tions by, 230 ;

system of mutual surveillance, 108 , 108 -9n72;

terms of, 103 -4

Ever-Normal Granary System, 90 , 92 n33, 97 , 112 , 223 , 374

Ever-Normal reserves, 178

Examination system, 129 , 192 ;

and ancient prose movement, 146 ;

and change in literati, 126 , 189 -90;

criticism of, 139 ;

expansion of, 138 , 188 ;

and local academy movement, 256 ;

and New Policies, 169 , 173 ;

reform of, 60 ;

Ssu-ma Kuang's view of, 132 , 180 ;

Wang An-shih's views on, 132

Examinations, language of, 13

Executions, 42 n61

Expediency, 62 , 211 , 212

Explanations for Characters (Wang An-shih), 133 , 134 n10, 181 , 186

Exploitation, 121 , 176 , 253 -54, 373 . See also "Engrossers"

Extended Meaning of the Great Learning (Chen Te-hsiu), 357 , 375 ;

Ch'iu Chün's supplement to, 57 , 360 , 361 , 363 , 375 , 378 ;

and Learning of the Emperors, 357 ;

as Ming text, 378 ;

on moral cultivation, 359 ;

preface to, 359 , 360 ;

preoccupation with ruler, 360 ;

on regulating the family, 359 -60, 360 -61;

structure of, 358 -60;

substance and function in, 361 , 379 . See also Ch'iu Chün